CN1041779A - 分散剂/粘度指数改性剂制法 - Google Patents

分散剂/粘度指数改性剂制法 Download PDF

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CN1041779A
CN1041779A CN89107727A CN89107727A CN1041779A CN 1041779 A CN1041779 A CN 1041779A CN 89107727 A CN89107727 A CN 89107727A CN 89107727 A CN89107727 A CN 89107727A CN 1041779 A CN1041779 A CN 1041779A
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carboxylic acid
star polymer
hydrogenation
acid
reaction
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CN1029008C (zh
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阿里·凡·宗
格拉达·杰克巴·克拉沃
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Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
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Abstract

改善分散性/VI的润滑油添加剂制法是将星形聚合物与α，β-不饱和羧酸或其衍生物反应形成活化星形聚合物，然后再与a)烷基羧酸和b)烷基胺或链烷多元醇，或与反应物a)和b)先期形成的产品反应。

Description

本发明涉及具有用作润滑油添加剂性质的改性聚合物。
新型发动机迫切需要采用润滑剂。已去已提出得许多不同的添加剂加入润滑油以改善其性能如粘度指数（Ⅵ）和分散剂。加入润滑油以改善其Ⅵ的这类添加剂之一是一般构型为A-B的双段共聚物，其中A为苯乙烯，而B为加氢异戊二烯，已见于如US3763044和3772196。机械剪切稳定性大大提高的Ⅵ改性剂为选择性加氢的星形聚合物，已见于UK1575507。采用可改善大量润滑性能的单一添加剂可使费用大大降低，并还可防止出现相容性问题，而这在各种添加剂和/或基础油之间是易于出现的。但是，为更好地改进单一润滑性能，必须注意到不要使其它性能下降。例如，通过氧化使极化基连接在聚合物骨架上，已见于US3864268，由于引入了氧化侵蚀性部位而使润滑稳定性降低。
根据本发明，可同时改善分散性和Ⅵ的无灰油溶添加剂按下法制得：
1）将α-β-不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物与包括聚乙烯基芳环和至少4个，如4-25个聚合支链的选择性加氢星形聚合物反应，优选于约100-约300℃下进行约1-约24小时，所说聚合支链中每一支链数均分子量为如5000-150000并与所说芳环连接，其中所说聚合支链选自：
（ⅰ）加氢共轭二烯均聚物和共聚物;
（ⅱ）共轭二烯和单烯芳烃的加氢共聚物;和
（ⅲ）其混合物;
并且其中星形聚合物中脂族不饱和量因加氢而降低至少80%，优选90-98%，而芳族不饱和量降低20%以下，以及
2）将这样形成的活化加氢星形聚合物与以下化合物反应：
a）长链链烷取代羧酸或其活性衍生物，和
b）含1-8氮的1-18碳胺和/或带至少两个羟基的链烷多元醇;或
c）反应物a）和b）的先期形成产品。
用于制取本发明分散性/Ⅵ改性剂的星形聚合物一般用包括以下反应步骤的方法制得：
（ⅰ）在溶液中于离子引发剂存在下将一种或多种共轭二烯聚合以形成活性聚合物;
（ⅱ）将该活性聚合物与聚乙烯基芳族化合物，优选为二乙烯基苯反应形成星形聚合物;和
（ⅲ）将此星形聚合物加氢而形成加氢星形聚合物。
这一制法已详见于UK1575507。
本发明方法反应步骤（ⅰ）中生成的活性聚合物为加氢聚合链母体，从聚乙烯基芳环向外延伸。优选是每一聚合支链都为加氢聚戊二烯均聚物。
反应步骤（ⅲ）中待加氢星形聚合物分子量可在很宽范围内变化。可制得峰值分子量为约25000-约1250000的星形聚合物。优选分子量为100000-500000。这些峰值分子量用凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）在聚苯乙烯标尺上确定。
步骤（ⅲ）中，星形聚合物用任何适宜技术加氢。适宜的是让至少80%，优选约90-约98%的原烯属不饱和量加氢。必要时加氢的芳族不饱和量取决于所用加氢条件。但是，优选是使少于20%，更优选是少于5%的芳族不饱和量加氢。
加氢星形聚合物分子量对应于未加氢星形聚合物分子量。
加氢按UK1575507进行，优选方法为US3595942所述选择性加氢法。该法中加氢优选是在与制备聚合物时相同的溶剂中进行，其中采用包括烷基铵和镍或钴羧酸盐或醇盐的反应产物的催化剂。
优选催化剂为三乙胺和辛酸镍的反应产物。
加氢星形聚合物然后以固态从加氢溶剂中回收，其中采用任何方便的技术，如蒸发溶剂。另一方面，也可将油，如润滑油加入溶液中并将溶剂从混合物中抽提出来以选得浓缩物。即使在加氢星形聚合物量超过10%W时，也可制得易于处理的浓缩物。适宜浓缩物含10-25%W加氢星形聚合物。
上述制成的选择性加氢星形聚合物本身没有适当的分散性，可按下述改性。
1）星形聚合物经过与α-β-不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物反应而先活化。所谓“其活性衍生物”意指酐和酯等。适宜不饱和酸和衍生物包括马来酸，马来酸酐，衣康酸，衣康酸二甲酯，丙烯酸，丙烯酸乙酯，甲基丙烯酸等，其中以马来酸酐最为优选。
不饱和羧酸化合物和加氢星形聚合物可适当地一起在100-300℃，优选在130-250℃下进行反应。接触时间可为1-24小时，优选为4-8小时。羧酸化合物与星形聚合物中二烯部分上的剩余烯键反应，和/或与聚合链上引发的基团反应;后一情况下适宜温度为100-150℃。
羧酸衍生物加成步骤1）中可采用各种溶剂，其中一般包括无烯链石油烃，芳烃和加氢烃。优选溶剂为润滑油基础油。该转化过程中可适当地采用约1-约20%W共聚物的浓度。
一般来说不饱和羧酸化合物量超过化学计量以便与选择性加氢星形聚合物上二烯部分中剩余的所有双键反应。优选的是，对于在选择性加氢星形聚合物中存在的每一烯属不饱和键采用至少1mol的羧酸化合物，而以羧酸化合物与烯属不饱和双键的当量比为1∶1-2∶1特别合适。但是，羧酸化合物低于化学计量也是可以的。
上述反应可在有或没有催化剂或自由基引发剂如叔丁基氢氧化物或叔丁基过苯甲酸酯存在下进行。任何过量的羧酸化合物一般经真空蒸馏或采用汽提气流去除。
2）上述用不饱和羧酸反应形成的活化加氢星形聚合物然后通过与下述化合物反应而得以改性：a）长链链烷取代羧酸或其活性衍生物，优选为琥珀酸，酐或酯，和b）含1-8氯1-18碳胺和/或带至少两个羟基的链烷多元醇;或c）反应物a）和b）预先形成的产物。将这些反应物适当地一起在100-200℃，优选在140-170℃加热即可进行上述反应。反应可在溶剂，适宜的是在与星形聚合物活化步骤1）中所用的相同溶剂存在下进行，而以润滑油基础油特别适用于两个工艺步骤。要求在惰性气氛下，合适的是在氮气中操作。
长链链烷取代羧酸/衍生物优选是将α-β-不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物与聚烯烃，合适的是2-16优选2-6碳一种或多种烯烃单体的均聚物或共聚物反应而得。共聚物包括无规，嵌段和标记共聚物。适宜单体包括乙烯、丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、戊烯、辛烯，以及二烯烃如丁二烯和异戊二烯。如用二烯作单体，则得到的聚合物优选是加氢而使至少90%，更优选是使基本上所有不饱和键达到饱和。特别优选的是采用源自聚异丁烯的聚烯烃取代基。
聚烯烃取代基的数均分子量合适的是不大于5000，因为分子量大于5000会有碍于最终产品，特别是在曲轴箱润滑油情况下的分散性。为减少问题的危险性，数均分子量优选为700-3000。数均分子量（Mn）可经蒸汽压渗透压测定法或凝胶渗透色谱法并经聚合物校准而确定，这对于本技术领域普通技术人员是已知的。重均分子量（Mn）也可用凝胶渗透色谱法测定。Mw/Mn之比表明了分子量分布范围，合适的是1.5-4.0。
与聚烯烃反应的不饱和酸为前述适宜于活化加氢星形聚合物的任何酸，特别优选的是马来酸或酐。在马来酸/酐情况下，聚烯烃加成到不饱和键上可得到聚烯烃取代琥珀酸衍生物。
每一聚烯烃基的羧酸根平均值一般为0.5-1.5。这意味着某些聚烯烃基与一个以上的琥珀酸根相连。优选的是琥珀酸根平均值/聚烯烃基为0.9-1.1。
聚烯烃取代羧酸可用要求分子量的烯烃和适当量的不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物按照规定程序制得。因此，聚烯烃，如聚异丁烯可与马来酸酐混合并将氯气通入混合物，从而得到盐酸和聚烯烃取代琥珀酸酐，已见于例如GB-A-949981。另一聚烯烃取代琥珀酸酐制法已见于US-A-3172892，其中将卤代，特别是氯代聚烯烃与马来酸酐反应。
从例如NL-A-7412057已知可将聚烯烃与马来酸酐一起加热反应即可制成烃取代琥珀酸酐，这一工艺，正如GB-A-1440219和GB-A-1543627所述，可与GB-A-949981所述工艺联合使用。这样制得的产品包括聚烯烃链与琥珀酸根中一个或两个α碳原子相连的化合物。
胺或多元醇改性剂（反应物b））将分散性赋予最终改性的星形聚合物联合Ⅵ/分散性改进剂。
本发明所用1-18碳胺可支化或未支化饱和脂肪伯或仲胺，含1-8氮，优选为单或二胺，如乙基胺，丁基胺，仲丁基胺，二乙胺，3-二甲基氨基丙基胺等，但包括更高级多胺如亚烷基多胺，其中由2-4碳亚烷基链连接氮原子对。因此，包括下式多胺：
其中n为2-4，m为0-6。这类多胺例子包括四亚乙基五胺，三亚丙基四胺，三亚乙基四胺，二亚乙基三胺，N-氨基烷基哌嗪，如N-（2-氨基乙基）哌嗪，N，N′-二（2-氨基乙基）哌嗪等。优选的是二亚乙基三胺，三亚乙基四胺或四亚乙基五胺，以及相应的市售混合物如“Polyamine        H”和“Polyamine        500”。
用于成酯的链烷多元醇为带至少两个，优选是带4个羟基的链烷多元醇，如三羟基链烷，如乙二醇，丙二醇，多亚甲基二醇，三羟基丁烷，戊烷，己烷，庚烷，辛烷，壬烷，十二（碳）烷等，以及四羟基链烷，五羟基链烷，六羟基链烷，以及糖醇，如赤藓醇，季戊四醇，丁糖醇，戊糖醇，己糖醇，甘露糖醇，山梨（糖）醇和葡萄糖等。特别优选醇为季戊四醇和甘露糖醇。特别优选为季戊四醇。
胺和多元醇与羧酸化合物总量之mol比典型为约0.1∶1-约2∶1，优选为约0.25∶1-约2∶1，更优选为约0.5∶1。亚胺形成或酯化条件典型是在约150-250℃进行约1-20小时。
在两步反应步骤a）和b）中，优选的是反应在无氧条件下进行。常常是采取氮封来达到这一目的。无氧条件下进行该反应的理由是若添加剂形成过程中有氧存在的话，那么形成的添加剂可能更加氧化不稳定。
若采用过量胺或多元醇，则要求将这过量除去。其方法之一是先经真空蒸馏将三氯苯溶剂换成润滑油基础油，然后加等于油溶液体积的庚烷。之后再加等体积的甲醇并混合。沉降过程中形成两层;第一层主要包括洗涤溶剂和未反应的胺或多元醇，第二层主要包括油，庚烷，和添加剂产品。分出洗涤层后，产品层中存在的挥发性成分可蒸馏除去。另一方面，过量胺或多元醇还可真空或用汽提气流除去。
本发明分散性Ⅵ改性剂的改进粘性与氧化稳定性，机械剪切稳定性和分散性达到了有用的配合。特别是含这些Ⅵ/分散性改性剂的润滑油的高温增稠效果和剪切稳定性配合很好并且还具有低温粘性。一般只需少量的本发明Ⅵ/分散性改性剂就可得到要求的增稠效果，当然是与已有Ⅵ改性剂相比。而且，该Ⅵ/分散性改性剂还与氧化剪切稳定性，永久剪切稳定性和“暂时剪切损失”配合极佳。暂时剪切损失是指在非牛顿特性聚合Ⅵ改性剂形成的高剪应力条件下的暂时粘性损失。此外，本发明聚合添加剂的分散性极佳。
本发明反应产品可加入润滑油组合物中，例如加入曲轴箱的油中，浓度为例如约0.1-约15，优选为约0.1-3%W，以总组合物总量计。
添加本发明添加剂的润滑油不仅包括矿物润滑油，而且包括合成润滑油。也可用合成烃润滑油，以及非烃合成油，其中包括二元酸酯如癸二酸二-2-乙基己基酯，碳酸酯，磷酸酯，卤代烃，聚硅氧烷，聚乙二醇，二醇酯如四亚乙基二醇的13碳含氧酸二酯等。用于汽油或燃料油，如柴油机燃料，2号燃料油等之中时，一般用量为约0.001-0.5%W，以反应产品的总组合物重量计。为更易于处理，也可制成在大量烃稀释剂，如85-55%W的矿物润滑油中包括少量，如15-45%W的所说反应产品的浓缩物。
在上述组合物或浓缩物中，也可存在其它常见添加剂，其中包括染料，倾点下降剂，抗磨剂，如磷酸三羟甲苯基酯，二烷基二硫代磷酸锌，其中含3-8碳，抗氧化剂如苯基-α-萘基胺，叔辛基酚硫化物，双酚如4，4′-亚甲基-双（3，6-二叔丁基酚），粘度指数改性剂如乙烯/高碳稀烃共聚物，聚丙烯酸甲酯，聚异丁烯，富马酸烷基酯/乙酸乙酯共聚物等以及其它无灰分散剂或洗涤剂如高碱性磺酸盐。
下述非限制性实例详细说明本发明。
实例1
Ⅰ氮气氛（50ppmO2）中在过苯甲酸叔丁基酯的存在下让“SHELLVIS 200”（商标）星形聚合物在“XHVI-6”油中的浓缩物（13.8%m/m）与马来酸酐（MALA）（2%m/m在星形聚合物上）于133℃搅拌反应18小时。计量加入自由基引发剂（泵送），历时41分钟（以50%m/m的油溶液）。
克        %m/m
加料：“SHELLVIS        200”        340.94        13.66
MALA        6.82        0.27（二2%m/m
在星形聚
合物上）
“Trigonox        C”（商标）        9.21        0.37（二2%m/m
（二75%过苯甲酸叔丁        过苯甲酸叔丁基
基酯）        酯在星形聚合物
上）
“XHVI-油”        2138.87        85.70
总量        2495.84        100.0
然后于100℃高真空汽提反应混合物以除去未反应残余马来酸酐。
所得Ⅵ改性浓缩物中的马来酸酐含量用0.1mol/l甲醇钠的甲醇溶液滴定测量，其中采用酚酞作为指示剂。高真空汽提前反应产品中的MALA含量为：0.022mmol/g产品，而汽提后为0.012mmol/g。理论MALA含量（假定100%接枝）为0.028mmol/g。因此，MALA接枝效率最大为约70%。
Ⅱ.氮气氛中将1112.7g上述汽提反应产品Ⅰ和21.7gPIBMALA（聚异丁烯/马来酸酐加成物）（1.95meg/g酸值）一起加热到150℃。然后连续泵送57分钟而加入2.18g（2.29ml）二亚乙基三胺（DETA）。温度升至175℃并在该温度下将反应产品保温4小时。在最后1小时内让N2通过反应产品以除去最后的微量H2O和其它残余挥发物质。
ⅡA.（比较例）让1280.1g上述汽提反应产品Ⅰ，224g二甲苯（用以降低粘性）和12.40g二甲基氨基丙胺（DAP）（以接枝MALA升5倍过量）在N2气氛中于80℃搅拌反应1小时。然后在130℃和0.03mmHg下汽提出二甲苯，之后将反应产品在170℃的氮气氛中保持3小时，同时进行搅拌。最后1小时，将N2通入反应产品以除去最后的微量H2O和其它残余挥发物质。
Ⅲ.氮气氛中100℃3小时内将101.48gPIBMALA的二甲苯（以52.2%溶液）加入20.38g二亚乙基三胺（DETA）中。冷至室温后真空蒸出二甲苯，然后170℃真空蒸出未反应的DETA。产品为PIBMALA-DETA和（PIBMALA）2DETA的混合物，后者又可与上述产品Ⅰ反应形成PIBMALADETA接枝星形聚合物。
Ⅳ.可按实例Ⅰ和Ⅱ所述一般程序制得其它各种类似接枝星形聚合物，其中包括本发明以外的几种以进行比较。试验的详细情况列于表1。
Figure 891077278_IMG2
Ⅴ.某些这类Ⅵ改性剂，并且也是市场上可购得的Ⅵ改性剂（“SHELLVIS”250，ECA8358和TLA656）（以矿物油中的浓缩物态）与含约8%W/W添加剂包的SAE10W/40润滑油起来，添加剂包中包括高碱性水杨酸洗涤剂，琥珀酸亚胺无灰分散剂，含锌抗磨添加剂和聚甲基丙烯酸倾点下降剂。得到的油然后按VE顺序评价（见于“Sequence        VE        test        Procedure”7th        draft        19th        May，1988;ASTM        Monitoring        Center，4400        5+h        Avenue        Pittsburgh        USA）。评价结果列于表2，从中可清楚地看出产品M（本发明）对于参予评价的每一参数都达到了最好的性能。
Figure 891077278_IMG3
Ⅵ.用表Ⅰ所列Ⅵ改性剂Q进行炭黑分散性试验，同时采用市售Ⅵ改性剂ECA8358和TLA656。
在炭黑分散性试验中将3%W炭黑加入润滑油配方中并用Ubbelohde粘度计测定60℃时的运动粘度升高情况。升高值大表明性能差。似乎相当简单试验的结果与柴油机曲轴箱润滑油分散性的提高关联极大。试验见于British        Rail        Publication        BR        669：1984。
所用配方为SAE        10W40中东润滑油，其中含二烷基二硫代磷酸盐，高碱性烷基水杨酸钙和聚甲基丙烯酸倾点下降剂的市售配方。向该配方的样品中加入Ⅵ改性剂，其量适于获得100℃等粘度的配制油。形成的油进行炭黑分散性试验（用3%W“Cabot        Carbon        Elftex        460”作为炭黑）。结果列于表3，从中可以看出Ⅵ改性剂Q60℃下运动粘度升值最低，其性能最好。
Figure 891077278_IMG4

Claims (13)

1、分散性/VI改性剂制法，其中包括
1)将α-β-不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物与包括聚乙烯基芳环和至少4个，如4-25个聚合支链的选择性加氢星形聚合物反应，
其中所说聚合支链选自：
(i)加氢共轭二烯均聚物和共聚物；
(ii)共轭二烯和单烯芳烃的加氢共聚物；和
(iii)其混合物；
并且其中星形聚合物中脂族不饱和量因加氢而降低，至少80%，优选90-98%，而芳族不饱和量降低20%以下，以及
2)将这样形成的活化加氢星形聚合物与以下化合物反应：
a)长链链烷取代羧酸或其活性衍生物，和
b)含1-8氮的1-18碳胺和/或带至少两个羟基的链烷多元醇；或
c)反应物a)和b)的先期形成产品。
2、权利要求1的方法，其中聚合支链数为4-25，并且聚乙烯基芳烃化合物为二乙烯基苯。
3、权利要求1或2的方法，其中星形聚合物中，每一聚合支链的数均分子量为5000-150000，并且加氢星形聚合物峰值分子量为25000-1250000。
4、权利要求1，2或3的方法，其中所说星形聚合物和所说羧酸，酐或酯反应时羧酸，酐或酯与选择性加氢星形聚合物中的烯属双键的mol比为1∶1-2∶1。
5、权利要求1-4中任一项的方法，其中星形聚合物和羧酸在130-250℃下反应。
6、上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中长链链烷取代羧酸（反应物a））是将α-β-不饱和羧酸或其活性衍生物与分子量大于5000，Mw/Mn为1.5-4.0的聚异丁烯反应而得的，每一聚烯烃中羧酸根平均值为0.5-1.5。
7、权利要求6的方法，其中将马来酸或其酐作为α-β-不饱和羧酸用于制取活化星形聚合物（步骤1）），以及用于制取聚烯烃取代羧酸（反应物a））。
8、上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中1-8碳胺如下式：
其中n为2-4，m为0-6。
9、权利要求8的方法，其中胺为二亚乙基三胺，三亚乙基四胺或四亚乙基五胺。
10、权利要求1-7中任一项的方法，其中链烷多元醇为季戊四醇。
11、上述权利要求中任一项的方法，其中胺或多元醇与羧酸化合物总量之mol比为0.25∶1-2∶1。
12、无灰油溶分散性/UI改性剂，其中用上述权利要求中任一项所述方法制得。
13、润滑油组合物，其中包括大量润滑油和少量权利要求12所述分散性/UI改性剂。
CN89107727A 1988-10-13 1989-10-09 分散剂/粘度指数改性剂制法 Expired - Fee Related CN1029008C (zh)

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