CN1057100C - 制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法 - Google Patents

制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法 Download PDF

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CN1057100C
CN1057100C CN93120132A CN93120132A CN1057100C CN 1057100 C CN1057100 C CN 1057100C CN 93120132 A CN93120132 A CN 93120132A CN 93120132 A CN93120132 A CN 93120132A CN 1057100 C CN1057100 C CN 1057100C
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polymkeric substance
acid
reaction
polymer
compound
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CN1090859A (zh
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J·V·库苏马诺
W·D·迪亚纳
J·埃莫特
K·R·格尔达
R·H·施罗斯博格
D·A·扬格
A·I·耶滋里莱夫
W·B·埃克斯特罗姆
E·E·曼里
M·J·基南
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法,该方法包括使下面的物料反应的工序:(a)至少一种数均分子量至少为500的烃类聚合物,每个聚合物链含有至少一个烯属双键,(b)一氧化碳,(c)至少一种哈梅特(Hammett)酸度小于-7的酸催化剂,和(d)一种选自水、含羟基的化合物和含硫羟基的化合物的亲核捕集剂,该反应在不依靠过渡金属作催化剂的情况下进行。

Description

制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法
本发明涉及用科赫(Koch)反应制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法。更具体地说,本发明涉及在有酸性催化剂和亲核捕集剂的情况下使至少一个碳-碳双键与一氧化碳反应来制备具有羰基或硫代羰基官能团的聚合物及其衍生物的方法。
本文所用术语“聚合物”指的是那些包含由简单而小的化学单元重复构成的大分子的材料。在烃类聚合物中这类单元主要由氢和碳构成。聚合物是通过平均性能来描述的,本发明聚合物的数均分子量(Mn)为至少500。
上文所用术语“烃”指的是那些包含氢和碳并具有均一性能诸如分子量的非聚合化合物、但该术语“烃”并不排除那些分别通过上述均一性能来描述的化合物的混合物。
烃类化合物以及聚合物都已经反应生成含羧基的化合物及其衍生物。
羧基的通式为-CO-OR,式中R可以是H,烃基,或取代烃基。
由烯属烃类化合物,一氧化碳和水在有羧基金属的情况下合成含羧基的化合物的报道见诸如N.Bahrmann,Chapter5,KochReaetions,“New Synthesis With Carbon Monoxide”J.Falbe;Springer-Verlag,New York,1980。有烯属双键的烃按两步反应生成含羧酸的化合物,第一步烯烃化合物在没有水的情况下与酸催化剂和一氧化碳反应。接着第二步将在第一步中生成的中间体进行水解或醇解,生成羧酸或酯。科赫反应的优点是能够在-20℃-+80℃的中温和最高到100巴〔10兆帕斯卡(MPa)〕的压力下进行。
科赫反应能够发生在其中至少一个碳原子是双取代的那种双键场合,生成一种“新”酸或酯。(式中R′和R″都不是氢)
科赫反应还能够发生在两个碳原子都是单基取代的或者一个是单基取代的一个是未取代的时候,生成一种“异”酸(即-R′HC-COOR).Bahrmann等人公开了异丁烯经由科赫型反应转化成异丁酸。
US-A-2831877公开了一种用一氧化碳羧化烯烃的多相,酸催化两步法。
已经研究了在水中的无机酸与BF3的络合物能使烯烃羧化。US-A-3349107公开了使用小于化学计算量的酸作催化剂的方法。这类络合物的例子是H2O·BF3·H2O,H3PO4·BF3·H2O和HF·BF3·H2O。
EP-A-0148592涉及使含碳-碳双键的聚合物,一氧化碳和或是水或是醇,任选在有氧的情况下的催化反应来制造羧酸酯和/或羧酸。该催化剂是诸如钯、铑、钌、铱和钴之类金属配合一种铜的化合物(在有质子酸诸如盐酸的情况下)。优选的聚合物是聚异丁烯,其所含的碳-碳双键至少有80%呈末端双键状态。报道的液体聚异丁烯的数均分子量为200-2,500,最好是最高到1,000。
US-A-4927892涉及使一种共轭二烯聚合物或共聚物在有一种催化剂的情况下与一氧化碳和水和/或醇反应。至少部分上述共轭二烯聚合物或共聚物是通过1,2聚合生成的。上述催化剂的制法是使钯的化合物,某些配位体和/或pKa<2的酸(除氢卤酸之外)化合。可用的路易斯酸包括BF3
关于用科赫型反应在碳-碳双键上官能化的烯烃生成羧酸或其衍生物的技术虽然有公开报道,而关于用科赫机理能够使含碳-碳双键的聚合物,包括含或者是仲型,或者是叔型烯键的末端烯键的聚合物成功地反应却没有公开报道。另外,业已发现,本发明的方法对制造新酸和新酯官能化的聚合物特别有效。业已发现用科赫方法使低分子量烯烃羧化的已知催化剂不适宜于供高分子材料使用。业已发现能够在聚合物的碳-碳双键上生成羧酸或酯的特定催化剂。通过采用强酸性催化剂和/或精心控制浓度,科赫化学过程有使用中等温度和压力的优点。
本发明涉及一种官能化的烃类聚合物,其中聚合物主链的Mn≥500,并用下式的基团使之官能化:
           -CO-Y-R3式中Y是O或S,R3是H,烃基,而且至少50%(摩尔)官能团连接到聚合物主链的叔碳原子上,R3也可以是芳基,取代芳基或取代烃基。
因而该官能化的聚合物可用下式表示:
      POLY-(CR1R2-CO-Y-R3)n         (I)式中POLY是一种数均分子量至少500的烃类聚合物主链,n是大于0的数,R1,R2和R3可以相同或不同并各自是H,烃基但须R1或R2要这样选定,以使至少50%(摩尔)-CR1R2基(式中R1和R2两者都不是H)或R3是芳基取代的芳基或取代烃基。
本文所用的术语“烃基”指的是含有一个直接连接到分子剩余部分的碳原子并具有本发明范围内主要烃特性的基团并包括高分子烃基。这类基有:
(1)烃类基团;即脂族(如烷基或链烯基),环脂族(如环烷基或环链烯基),芳基,脂族取代芳基和脂环族取代芳基,芳族取代脂族基或芳族取代脂环基等,以及环状基其中该环通过分子的另一部分来完成(即两个指出的取代基能够共同形成一个环状基)。这种基是本行业的人熟知的;例子包括甲基,乙基,丁基,己基,辛基,癸基,十二烷基,十四烷基,十八烷基,二十烷基,环己基,苯基和萘基(包括全部异构体)。
(2)取代烃基;即含有非烃取代基的基,该取代基在本发明范围内并不极大改变基的烃特性。本行业的人会意识到适用的取代基(如卤素,羟基,烷氧基,烷酯基,硝基,烷基亚砜基)。
(3)杂原子基;即该基虽在本发明范围内主要显烃特性,却含有存在于链或环中的除碳原子以外的原子,该链或环在其它情况下是由碳原子组成的。合适的杂原子对本行业的人来说是显而易见的,这包括例如氮,氧和硫,尤其是使科赫催化剂减活化的碱性氮。
通常在以烃为基本组分的基中每10个碳原子会有不多于约3个,最好不多于1个取代基或杂原子。
高分子烃基是来自烃类聚合物的烃基,该烃基可以是被取代的和/或含有杂原子,只要它们仍保持主要的烃特性。
官能化聚合物可来自含有非芳族碳-碳双键的烃类聚合物,该碳-碳双键又叫做烯属不饱和键或烯属双键。该聚合物用科赫反应在该双键上官能化,生成羧酸,羧酸酯或者硫代酸或硫酯。
科赫反应迄今未曾应用于数均分子量大于500的聚合物。该烃类聚合物的Mn最好大于1,000。在科赫法中,使含至少一个烯属双键的聚合物在有亲核捕集剂诸如水或醇的情况下与一种酸催化剂和一氧化碳接触。该催化剂最好是一种经典的布朗斯台德酸或路易斯酸催化剂。这类催化剂不同于先有技术中所述的过渡金属催化剂。本发明方法中应用的科赫反应获得的官能化聚合物有令人满意的收率,甚至90%(摩尔)或更高。
通式I中的POLY代表一种Mn至少500的烃类聚合物主链。Mn可用通用的技术诸如凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)来测定。
POLY来自不饱和聚合物。聚合物
可用于本发明的聚合物是含有至少一个碳-碳双键(烯属或烯键)不饱和度的聚合物。因而每个聚合物链中的最大官能团数是被每个链中的双键数限定的。业已发现,采用本发明的催化剂和亲核捕集剂,这种聚合物对科赫方法是敏感的,生成羧酸或它们的衍生物。
可用于本发明的聚合物包括均聚物,共聚物(与共聚体通用)及其混合物的聚链烯烃。均聚物和共聚物包括来自2-约16个碳原子的,通常为2-约6个碳原子的聚合性烯烃单体的聚合物。
特别提到那些用有机金属配位化合物制成的α-烯烃聚合物。一类优选的聚合物是诸如US-A-5017299中公开的乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物。聚合物分子的不饱和性可以在链末端,链内或两者都有。优选的聚合物具有末端不饱和性,最好是高度的末端不饱和性。末端不饱和性是由位于聚合物分子末尾单体单元所提供的不饱和性。该不饱和性可位于这一末端单体单元的任何位置。末端烯烃基包括亚乙烯基不饱和性,RaRbC=CH2;三取代烯烃不饱和性RaRbC=CRcH;乙烯基不饱和性,RaHC=CH2;1,2-二取代末端不饱和性,RaHC=CHRb;和四取代末端不饱和性RaRbC=CRcRd。Ra和Rb中至少一个是本发明的聚合物基,其余的Rb,Rc和Rd是以上对R,R1,R2和R3定义的烃基。
低分子量聚合物,在这里也叫做分散剂级分子量的聚合物,是Mn在下列范围的聚合物:Mn<20,000,较好是500-20,000(如1,000-20,000),更好是1,500-10,000(如2,000-8,000),最好是1,500-5,000。数均分子量用气相渗透压法测定,低分子量聚合物可用于配制润滑添加剂的分散剂。
中分子量聚合物,其Mn是20,000-200,000,较好是25,000-100,000;更好是25,000-80,000,可用于润滑油组合物,粘合涂料,增粘剂和密封胶的粘度指数改进剂。中等的Mn可用膜渗透压法测定。
分子量较高的聚合物的Mn大于约200,000,对于特定的实施方案(300,000-10,000,000)来说可达到15,000,000,更具体的是500,000-2,000,000。这类聚合物可用于聚合物组合物和包括弹性体组合物的共混物。Mn为20,000-15,000,000的较高分子量材料可用普适校准的凝胶渗透色谱或用光散射法测定。Mw/Mn的比值(称作分子量分布MWD)要求不苛刻。但优选的典型最低值为约1.1-2.0,Mw/Mn的典型范围为约1.1-约4。
该烯烃单体最好是聚合性端烯烃;即在其结构中有-R-C=CH2基团为特征的烯烃,式中R是H或烃基。但是也可以使用在其结构中有下列基团为特征的聚合性内烯烃(在专利文献中有时叫做中间烯烃)单体生成聚链烯烃:
Figure C9312013200101
当使用内烯烃单体时,通常是和端烯烃一起使用来制造共聚物的聚链烯烃。对本发明来说,既可列为端烯烃又可列为内烯烃的特定聚合性烯烃单体会被认为是端烯烃。例如戊二烯-1,3(即戊间二烯)被认为是端烯烃。
尽管聚链烯烃通常是烃类聚链烯烃,它们可以含有取代烃基诸如低级烷氧基,低级烷硫基,羟基,巯基,和羰基,只要该非烃部分基本上不影响本发明的官能化反应或衍生化反应。当存在时,这种取代烃基通常不会多于聚链烯烃总重量的约10%。由于该聚链烯烃可以含有这种非烃取代基,显然构成聚链烯烃的烯烃单体也可以含有这种取代基。术语“低级”当在本文中和一种化学基团一起使用时,诸如“低级烷基”或“低级烷氧基”,是用来表示最多到7个碳原子的基团。
该聚链烯烃可以包括芳基和环脂基诸如从聚合性环烯烃或环脂族取代的聚合性丙烯酸类烯烃。通常优选的是不含芳基和环脂基的聚链烯烃(除了已经指出的二烯/苯乙烯共聚物例外)。进一步优选的是来自2-16个碳原子的末端烃类烯烃的均聚物和共聚物。这种进一步的优选也适用于以下的条件,即尽管端烯烃的共聚物通常是优选的,而任选地含有最多到约40%聚合物单元(该单元来自最多到约16个碳原子的内烯烃)的共聚物也在优选的分类范围以内。更优选的一类聚链烯烃选自2-6个碳原子,更好是2-4个碳原子的端烯烃的均聚物和共聚物。但另一类优选的聚烯烃是后者,更优选的聚链烯烃任选地含有最多到约25%的聚合物单元,该单元来自最多到约6个碳原子的内烯烃。
按照通常熟知的聚合法能够用来制备聚链烯烃的端烯烃和内烯烃单体的具体例子包括乙烯;丙烯;丁烯-1;丁烯-2;异丁烯;戊烯-1;等;丙烯四聚物;二异丁烯;异丁烯三聚物;丁二烯-1,2;丁二烯-1,3;戊二烯1,2;戊二烯-1,3;等。
可用的聚合物包括α-烯烃均聚物和共聚物,和乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物和三元共聚物。聚链烯烃的具体例子包括聚丙烯,聚丁烯,乙烯-丙烯共聚物、乙烯-丁烯共聚物,丙烯-丁烯共聚物,苯乙烯-异丁烯共聚物,异丁烯-丁二烯-1,3共聚物,等,和异丁烯,苯乙烯和戊间二烯的三元共聚物,以及80%乙烯和20%丙烯的共聚物。可用的聚链烯烃源是在一种路易斯酸催化剂诸如三氯化铝或三氟化硼的情况下使C4炼油厂气流聚合得到的聚异丁烯。该C4气流的丁烯含量为约35-约75%(重量),异丁烯含量为约30-约60%(重量)。
USSN 992871(Dec.17,1992)的高分子量聚正丁烯也是可用的。
制造聚正丁烯的一种优选的单体源是石油原料流诸如Raffi-nate II(残油II)。这类原料流在技术上是公开报道的诸如US-A-4952739。乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物
优选的聚合物是乙烯和至少一种可用式H2C=CHR4表示的α-烯烃生成的共聚物,式中R4是有1-18个碳原子的直链或支链的烷基,其中该聚合物含有高比例的末端亚乙烯基不饱合性。上式中的R4较好是1-8个碳原子,更好是1-2个碳原子的烷基。因此,本发明中和乙烯一起可用的共聚单体包括丙烯,1-丁烯,己烯-1,辛烯-1,等,以及它们的混合物(如丙烯和1-丁烯的混合物等等)。优选的聚合物是乙烯和丙烯以及乙烯和丁烯-1的共聚物。
所用聚合物的摩尔乙烯含量较好是在约20-约80%,更好是在约30-约70%范围之内。当丁烯-1与乙烯一起用作共聚单体时,这种共聚物的乙烯含量最好是约20-约45%(重量),尽管可以有较高或较低的乙烯含量。最优选的乙烯-丁烯-1共聚物是在USSN 992192(Dec.17,1992)公开报道的。制造低分子量的乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物的优选方法是在USSN 992690(Dec.17,1992)中描述的。
用作分散剂前体的聚合物其数均分子量的优选范围是500-10,000,较好是1,000-8,000,最好是2,500-6,000。这种测定的方便方法是尺寸排阻色谱法(也叫做凝胶渗透色谱法),该法另外还提供分子量分布的信息。这类聚合物的特性粘度(在135℃下四氢化萘中测定)一般是0.025-0.6dl/g(分升/克),较好是0.05-0.5dl/g,最好是0.075-0.4dl/g。这类聚合物最好呈现一点儿结晶度以使其在接枝时基本上是非晶形的。
该优选的乙烯/α-烯烃聚合物的特征还在于最多到约95%和以上的聚合物链具有末端亚乙烯型不饱和性。因而这种聚合物的一端是式POLY-C(R11)=CH2,式中R11是C1-C18烷基,较好是C1-C8烷基,更好是甲基或乙基,式中POLY代表聚合物链。少量聚合物链可以含有末端乙烯基不饱和性,即POLY-CH=CH2,而部分聚合物可以含有内单不饱和性,即POLY-CH=CH(R11),式中R11定义如上。
该优选的乙烯/α-烯烃聚合物所含的聚合物链的至少约30%具有末端亚乙烯基不饱和性。这种聚合物链所呈现的末端亚乙烯基不饱和性较好是至少约50%,更好是至少约60%,最好是至少约75%(如75-98%)。聚合物链所呈现的末端亚乙烯基不饱和性百分率可用FTIR(傅利叶变换红外)光谱分析,滴定,HNMR,或C13NMR方法测定。
该聚合物的制法是使单体的混合物在有一种金属茂催化剂  体系的情况下进行聚合反应。混合物中有乙烯和其它单体诸如α-烯烃(最好含3-4个碳原子),金属茂催化剂体系含至少一种金属茂(如一种环戊二烯基-过渡金属化合物)和一种活化剂如铝噁烷(alumoxane)化合物。共聚单体含量可以通过金属茂催化剂组分的选定和单体分压的调节来进行控制。
供本发明使用的聚合物可以包括嵌段和结构渐变共聚物,这些共聚物来自有至少一种共轭二烯单体和至少一种单乙烯基芳族单体(最好是苯乙烯)。这些聚合物不应当充分氢化以使该高分子组合物含有烯烃双键,最好每个分子中至少有一个双键。本发明还可包括专利诸如US5,070,131;4,108,945;3,711,406;和5,049,294中公开报道的星形聚合物。
字母n大于0,代表官能度(F)或每个聚合物链的平均官能团数目。因而官能度可用每“摩尔聚合物”官能团的平均摩尔数来表示。术语“摩尔聚合物”被理解为既包括官能化聚合物也包括未官能化的聚合物,因此F相当于式(I)的n。该官能化聚合物应包括没有官能团的分子。特别优选的n的实施方案包括1≥n>0;2≥n>1;和n>2。可用C13NMR来测定n。为满足所要求性能需要的最佳官能团数目一般随聚合物的数均分子量增加。n的最大值取决于未官能化聚合物每个聚合物链双键的数目。
在特别优选的实施方案中,“离去基团”(-YR3)的pKa≤12,较好是<10,更好是<8。该pKa是在室温下利用相应的酸性形式HY-R3在水中测定。
在离去基团是一种简单的酸或烷基酯的场合,该官能化聚合物是特别稳定的,尤其当新(neo)取代的百分率增加时。
本发明对制造那些比同分异构体通常更稳定和不易变的“新”官能化聚合物是特别有用处的。在优选的实施方案中该聚合物可以是至少60%(摩尔),更好是至少80%(摩尔)新官能化。该聚合物的新官能化可以大于90%(摩尔)或99%(摩尔),甚至约100%(摩尔)。
在一个优选的实施方案中该聚合物可用式(I)表示,Y是氧,R1和R2可以相同或不同,它们选自H,烃基,和一个高分子基。
在另一个优选的实施方案中Y是氧或硫,R1和R2可以相同或不同,它们选自H,烃基,取代烃基和一个高分子基,R3选自取代烃基,芳基和取代芳基。这一实施方案通常对与胺和醇的衍生化更易起反应,尤其在R3取代基含有吸电子基团的场合,业已发现,在这一实施方案中,优选的离去基团,HYR3的pKa<12,较好是<10,更好是≤8。pKa值一般是5-12,较好是6-10,最好是6-8。从离去基团的pKa可以推测该系统与衍生化化合物反应生成衍生化产物的容易程度。
在一个特别优选的组合物中,R3可用下式表示:式中X,可以相同或不同,是一个吸电子取代基,T,可以相同或不同,是一个非吸电子取代基(如给电子体)m和p是0-5,m+p总和是0-5。m较好是1-5,更好是1-3。在一个特别优选的实施方案中X选自卤素,最好是F或Cl,CF3,氰基和硝基而p=0。优选的R3来自2,4-二氯酚。
本发明的组合物包括衍生化的聚合物,该聚合物是科赫官能化聚合物和一种衍生化化合物的反应产物。优选的衍生化化合物包括涉及胺,醇,氨基醇,金属反应剂化合物和它们的混合物在内的亲核反应剂化合物。衍生化的聚合物一般含有至少一个下列基团:酰胺,酰亚胺,噁唑啉,和酯,以及金属盐。为提高其对某一最终用途的稳定性,可如下文所述,对衍生化聚合物所用的聚合物Mn和官能度作适当的选择。
科赫反应使不饱和聚合物的受控官能化成为可能。当碳-碳双键的碳被氢取代时,会生成一个“异”官能团,即式I的R1或R2之一是H;或者当双键的一个碳被烃基完全取代时,会生成一个“新”官能团,即式I的R1或R2两者都是非氢基团。
按照本发明的方法,能够把用生成末端不饱和聚合物链的方法制成的聚合物官能化达到较高的收率。业已发现,新酸官能化的聚合物能够衍生化达到较高的收率。
科赫法还能在较低的温度和压力下利用较便宜的材料即一氧化碳。科赫官能化的聚合物用胺或醇衍生化后就可以除去离去基团-YR3并使之再循环。
本发明的官能化或衍生化的聚合物可用作润滑剂添加料诸如分散剂,粘度改进剂和多功能粘度改进剂。
本发明包括含有上述官能化和/或衍生化聚合物的含油组合物。这种组合物包含润滑油组合物和浓缩物。
本发明还提供一种方法,该法包括在以下混合物的状态下进行催化反应的工序:
(a)至少一种数均分子量至少为约500的烃类聚合物,每个聚合物链含有平均至少一个烯属双键,
(b)一氧化碳,
(c)至少一种酸催化剂,和
(d)一种选自水,含羟基的化合物和含硫羟基的化合物,
该反应进行的条件是:a)在没有依靠过渡金属作催化剂的情况下;或b)有至少一种哈梅特(Hammett)酸度小于-7的酸催化剂;或c)其中至少40%(摩尔)烯属双键生成官能团;或d)其中亲核捕集剂的pKa小于12。
本发明的方法涉及一种聚合物,该聚合物含有至少一个借助科赫法反应的烯属双键以生成含羰基或硫代羰基的化合物,该化合物接着可被衍生化。该聚合物在有一种酸催化剂或者一种最好与亲核捕集剂络合的催化剂情况下与一氧化碳反应。优选的催化剂是BF3和优选的催化剂络合物包括BF3·H2O和与2,4-二氯酚络合的BF3。起始聚合物在各不饱和位置与一氧化碳反应或生成异酰基或生成新酰基,与亲核捕集剂,如与水,醇(最好是一种取代酚)或硫醇反应分别生成一种羧酸,羧酸酯基,或硫酯。
在一种优选的方法中,使至少一种含有至少一个碳-碳双键的聚合物与一种酸催化剂或一种哈梅特(Hammett)标度酸值小于-7(较好是-8.0--11.5,最好是-10--11.5)的催化剂络合物接触。不希望被任何特定的理论束缚,可以认为在一个碳-碳双键的部位上能够形成一个碳正离子。然后碳正离子能与一氧化碳反应生成一个酰基阳离子。该酰基阳离子能与至少一种本文所述的亲核捕集剂反应。
至少40%(摩尔),较好是至少50%(摩尔),更好是至少80%(摩尔),最好是90%(摩尔)的该聚合物双键反应生成酰基,其中酰基的非羧基部分取决于亲核捕集剂的本性,即水生成酸,醇生成酸酯和硫醇生成硫酯。用本发明列举的方法进行官能化的聚合物能够用氟化物盐分离出来。氟化物盐可选自氟化铵和氟化钠。
优选的亲核捕集剂选自水,一元醇,多元醇,含羟基的芳族化合物和混杂取代酚类化合物。催化剂和亲核捕集剂可以分别添加或化合生成一种催化剂络合物。
下面是借助科赫法使末端不饱和聚合物反应生成酸或酯的例子。使该聚合物在有一种酸催化剂的情况下与一氧化碳或一种合适的一氧化碳源诸如甲酸接触。该催化剂向碳-碳双键提供质子以生成碳正离子。接着通过CO加成以生成酰基阳离子,该阳离子与亲核捕集剂反应。POLY,Y,R1,R2和R3定义如上。
Figure C9312013200191
科赫反应对使采用金属茂型催化剂生成的聚α-烯烃和乙烯/α-烯烃共聚物的官能化特别有用处。这些聚合物含有末端亚乙烯基。有一个趋势是这种端基主要形成新型(叔)碳正离子。为了使碳正离子形成,酸催化剂最好是较强的。不过当该酸太强时会发生有害的副反应,因此要解决酸催化剂的强度和副反应的矛盾。
科赫催化剂的使用有两种方式。一种是用建议的亲核捕集剂预制一种催化剂络合物,另一种是向反应混合物中分别添加催化剂和捕集剂。后一方式有一个特别优点是省去了催化剂络合物的制造工序。
下面是合适的酸催化剂和催化剂络合物材料及其各自的哈梅特(Hammet)标度酸值的例子:60%H2SO4,-4.32;BF3·3H2O,-4,5;BF3·2H2O,-7,0;WO3/Al2O3,<-8.2;SiO2/Al2O3,<-8.2;HF,-10.2;BF3·H2O,-11.4;-11.94;ZrO2,<-12.7;SiO2/Al2O3,-12.7--13.6;AlCl3,-13.16--13.75;AlCl3/CnSO4,-13.75--14.52。
业已发现,BF3·H2O在用科赫法离子与聚合物使聚合物官能化是无效的。相反,BF3·H2O对同一反应得到高收率的羧酸。用H2SO4作催化剂涉及酸浓度的控制以获得所需的哈梅特(Hammett)标度酸值范围。优选的催化剂是H2SO4和BF3催化剂体系。
适用于本发明的BF3催化剂络合物可用下式表示:
               BF3·xHOR式中R可以是H,羟基(定义如下面关于R1),-CO-R1,-SO2-R1,PO-(OH)2,和它们的混合物,其中R1是烃基,通常是烷基,如C1-C20烷基,和如C6-C14芳基,芳烷基,和烷芳基,x小于2。
在与CO反应以后,反应混合物进一步与水或其它亲核捕集剂反应,捕集剂诸如醇或酚,或硫醇化合物。用水释放出催化剂以形成酸。用羟基捕集剂释放出催化剂以形成酯,用硫醇释放出催化剂以形成硫酯。
科赫产物,本文也叫做官能化聚合物,通常如下文所述使之衍生化。包括酯官能化聚合物的衍生化反应-通常必须从其中置换出醇衍生的一部分。因此,科赫官能化聚合物的醇衍生部分本文往往叫做离去基团。离去基团在衍生化时被置换的容易程度经常取决于其酸性,即酸度越高置换越容易。醇所表现的酸度是用其pKa来表示的。
优选的亲核捕集剂包括水和含羟基的化合物。可用的羟基捕集剂包括脂族化合物诸如一元和多元醇或芳族化合物诸如苯酚和萘酚。下列具体例子表明可生成本发明酯的芳族羟基化合物:苯酚,萘酚,甲酚,间苯二酚,邻苯二酚,2-氯酚。特别优选的是2,4-二氯酚。
该醇最好含有最多到约40个脂族碳原子。它们可以是一元醇诸如甲醇、乙醇、苄醇,2一甲基环己醇,β-氯乙醇,乙二醇的单甲醚,等。多元醇最好含有2-约5个羟基;如乙二醇,二甘醇。其它可用的多元醇包括甘油,甘油的单甲醚,和季戊四醇。可用的不饱和醇包括烯丙基醇,和炔丙基醇。
特别优选的醇包括可用式R2 *CHOH来表示的醇,式中R*分别是H,烷基,芳基,羟烷基,或环烷基。具体的醇包括链烷醇诸如甲醇,乙醇,等。优选的可用醇还包括芳香醇,酚类化合物和多元醇以及一元醇诸如1,4-丁二醇。
业已发现,新一酸酯官能化聚合物是非常稳定的,可认为这是由于位阻现象之故。因此,从其中获得的衍生化聚合物的收率取决于衍生化合物置换官能化聚合物离去基团的容易程度。
最优选的醇捕集剂的制法是用至少一个吸电子取代基取代苯酚,以使所得取代酚的pKa不超出上述优选的pKa范围。另外,苯酚也可以用至少一个非吸电子取代基(如给电子体)取代,最好是在相对于吸电子取代基的间位,以阻碍在科赫反应时聚合物对苯酚不希望有的烷基化。这使得希望的酯官能化聚合物的收率进一步提高。
因此,由上面看来,最优选的捕集剂是可用下式表示的酚类和取代酚类化合物:
Figure C9312013200231
式中X,可以相同或不同,是吸电子取代基,T,可以相同或不同,是非吸电子基团;m和p是0-5,m+p总和是0-5,m较好是1-5,更好是1或2。X较好是选自卤素,氰基,和硝基,较好是位于2-和/或4-位,T选自烃基,和羟基,P是1或2而T最好位于4-和/或6-位。X更好是选自Cl,F,Br,氰基或硝基,m较好是1-5,更好是1-3,还要更好是1-2,最好是2,位次是相对于-OH的2-和4-位。
反应物和催化剂的相对量和反应条件要这样控制,从而足以使未官能化聚合物中初始存在的碳-碳双键官能化达到下列程度:一般是至少约40%(摩尔),较好是至少约80%(摩尔),更好是至少约90%(摩尔),最好是至少约95%(摩尔)。
所用的水,醇,或硫醇的量最好至少是与酰基阳离子反应所需的化学计算量。最好使用超过化学计算量的醇。该醇在反应中起反应物和稀释剂的双重作用。不过所用的醇或水的量必须足够提供想要的收率同时还不稀释该酸催化剂以致有害地影响哈梅特(Hammett)标度酸值。
加到反应物系统中的聚合物可以处于液相。该聚合物可以任选地溶解在一种惰性溶剂中。可在反应完成时通过使含有极性酰基的聚合物分子不费力地从未反应的非极性化合物分离出来的方法来测定收率。可用技术上熟知的吸收法进行分离。可用C13NMR法测定初始的碳-碳双键和反应后剩余的碳-碳双键的量。
按照该法,把聚合物加热到所需的温度范围,一般是-20℃-200℃,较好是0℃-80℃,更好是40℃-65℃。可用施加于反应器上的加热和冷却装置来控制温度。由于该反应是放热的,通常需要冷却装置。为保证反应介质均匀,在整个反应期间都进行搅拌。
可以使催化剂(和亲核捕集剂)预光反应以形成一种催化剂络合物,或者在所需的温度和压力下,最好在氮气氛下分别一步向反应器加料就地形成催化剂络合物。在一个优选的催化剂系统中亲核捕集剂是一种用来与BF3结合的取代酚。反应器内容物用高压一氧化碳源连续搅拌然后迅速提到所需的操作压力。可用的压力可以最高到138000KPa(20,000psig),一般应至少2070KPa(300psig),较好是至少5520KPa(800psig),最好是至少6900KPa(1,000psig),通常应是3450-34500KPa(500-5,000psig),较好是4485-20700KPa(650-3,000psig),最好是4485-13800KPa(650-2,000psig)。可通过添加一种催化剂诸如一种铜的化合物来降低一氧化碳压力。催化剂对聚合物的体积比可以是0.25-4,较好是0.5-2,最好是0.75-1.3。
聚合物,催化剂,亲核捕集剂和CO最好一步向反应器加料。然后使反应器内容物在一氧化碳压力下保持所需的时间。反应时间最多可达到5小时,一般是0.5-4小时,最好是1-2小时。然后排出反应器内容物,该产物(即一种或含有羧酸或含有羧酸酯或含有硫酯的科赫官能化聚合物)被分离出来。卸料时任何未反应的CO即被排出。可用氮气冲洗反应器,使容器装载混合物。
取决于所用的具体反应物,含有官能化聚合物的反应混合物可以是单相,也可以是可分溶的聚合物和酸相的混合物,或者是含聚合物相或酸相的乳液(连续相)。
反应完成时用合适的方法回收该聚合物。
当该混合物是乳液时,可用合适的方法分离出该聚合物。一种优选的的方法是使用氟化物盐,诸如氟化钠或氟化铵,配合一种醇诸如丁醇或甲醇以中和催化剂和使反应络合物相分离。氟化物离子有助于捕集那些络合到官能化聚合物上的BF3并有助于使粗产物水洗时生成的乳液破乳。醇类诸如甲醇和丁醇以及市售的破乳剂也有助于破乳,尤其配合氟化物离子使用时。当用来分离聚合物时亲核捕集剂最好与氟化物盐和醇并用。亲核捕集剂作为溶剂存在使官能化聚合物的酯基转移作用减至最低程度。
亲核捕集剂的pKa小于12的场合,用减压法和蒸馏法能把官能化聚合物同亲核捕集剂和催化剂分离。业已发现,亲核捕集剂的pKa较小的场合,该催化剂,即BF3更容易从反应混合物中分离出来。
如上所述,已进行科赫反应的聚合物在本文中也做官能化的聚合物。因此,一种官能化聚合物含有已被至少一种官能团化学改性的分子,从而使官能化的聚合物(a)能够再进行化学反应(如衍生化)或(b)具有合乎需要的性能,没有这种化学改性,单靠该聚合物不会拥有这种性能。
从式I的讨论可以看到,这种官能团的特征可用下面括弧里的式子表示:该式子含有酰基
Figure C9312013200262
。显然,在从单独的反应物中衍生出的意义上尽管
Figure C9312013200263
部分不是加到聚合物上的,但它仍被看作是该官能团的一部分以便讨论和描述。严格地说,构成官能团的酰基,因为这个基团是在化学改性期间加入的。况且,R1和R2是官能化之前原存于桥接双键的两个碳原子上或其构成部分。但R1和R2被包括在括弧内以便靠R1和R2的本性来区分开式中的新酰基和异酰基。
在聚合物的最终用途是制分散剂的场合,如作衍生化聚合物,则该聚合物一般往往具有如下文所述的分散剂范围分子量,(Mn),而其官能度一般往往明显低于制衍生化的多功能粘度指数改进剂的聚合物的官能度,后种聚合物往往具有如下文所述的粘度调节剂范围分子量(Mn)。
因此,尽管可以使随后衍生化的官能化聚合物具有任何有效官能度,应设计为,这种最终用作分散剂的聚合物的官能度(F)一般不大于约3,最好不大于约2,一般可以是约0.5-约3,最好是0.8-约2.0(如0.8-1)。
同样,最终用作粘度调节剂的衍生化聚合物的有效官能度(F)应设计为一般大于约3,最好大于约5,一般可以是5-约10。最终用途使用很高分子量的聚合物应设计为,F一般大于约20,较好大于约30,最好大于约40,一般可以是20-60,较好是25-55,最好是30-50。衍生化的聚合物
如果官能团含有必要的极性基团时,该官能化聚合物即可用作一种分散剂/多功能粘度调节剂。该官能团不能使聚合物参与各种各样的化学反应。通过该官能团的反应能够生成官能化聚合物的衍生物。这类衍生化的聚合物可具有对各种各样用途(包括用作分散剂和粘度调节剂)不可缺的性能。所谓衍生化的聚合物是一种已经化学改性的聚合物,与未官能化聚合物和/或官能化聚合物比较,衍生化的聚合物以明显改进的方式履行一种或多种功能。这种功能的典型是润滑油组合物中的分散力和/或粘度调节作用。
衍生化用的化合物通常含有至少一种选定的活性衍生化基团,该基团能通过种种反应与官能化聚合物的官能团作用。这类反应的典型是亲核取代,酯基转移,盐的形成等。衍生化用的化合物最好还含有至少一种适于使衍生化聚合物具有所需性能的另外的基团,如极性基团。因此,这种衍生化用的化合物一般往往含有一种或多种基团包括氨基,羟基,酯基,酰氨基,酰亚氨基,巯基,硫代酰氨基,噁唑啉基,或羧酸酯基等基团,或者在衍生化反应完成时形成上述基团。
衍生化的聚合物包括上列官能化聚合物与一种亲核反应物(包括胺,醇,氨基醇和它们的混合物)的反应产物,以生成油溶性盐,酰胺,噁唑啉和酯。官能化聚合物还能够与碱性金属盐反应形成聚合物的金属盐。优选的金属是Ca,Mg,Cu,Zn,Mo等。
力图使衍生化聚合物具有的合适性能包括分散力,多功能粘度调节作用,抗氧化力,摩擦改进作用,抗磨,防锈,密封溶胀等其中的一种或多种。力图使衍生化聚合物具有的优选性能包括分散力(单功能和多功能两者)和主要伴有辅助分散剂性能的粘度调节作用。一种多功能分散剂一般主要起分散剂作用并有辅助的粘度调节作用。
虽然制造多功能粘度调节剂(本文也叫做多功能粘度指数改进剂,MFVI)的科赫官能化和衍生化方法就无灰分散剂而论是一样的,用于衍生化和最后用作MFVI的官能化聚合物的官能度则往往要调节到高于最后用作分散剂聚合物的官能度。这是由于MFVI聚合物主链的Mn同分散剂聚合物主链的Mn不同而引起的。
因此,应该这样设计,从官能化聚合物衍生出来的MFVI,在主链聚合物中每20,000个Mn分子是链段,较好是每10,000个Mn分子量链段,最好是每5,000个Mn分子量链段通常含有最多到约1个和至少约0.5个官能团(即式(I)的“n”)。分散剂
由于油的应用,分散剂在液体悬浮液中保持油不溶性从而防止淤渣的絮凝和沉淀。合适的分散剂包括,例如有灰型(也叫洗涤剂)和无灰型分散剂,后者是优选的。本发明的衍生化高分子组合物可作为无灰分散剂和多功能粘度指数改进剂用于润滑剂和燃料组合物中。
使至少一种官能化聚合物与至少一种胺,醇包括多元醇,氨基醇等混合以形成分散剂添加料。一类特别优选的分散剂由下列各物与本发明的官能化聚合物反应得到:(i)羟基化合物,如一种多元醇或多羟基取代脂族伯胺诸如季戊四醇或三羟甲氨基甲烷(ii)聚氧亚烷基多胺,如聚氧亚丙基二胺,和/或(iii)聚亚烷基多胺,如聚亚乙基多胺诸如四亚乙基五胺(TEPA)。用胺的化合物衍生化
可用来使官能化聚合物衍生化的胺的化合物含有至少一种胺并可含有一种或多种另外的胺或其它活性或极性基团。在官能团是羧酸,羧酸酯或硫酯的场合,它与胺反应生成酰胺。优选的胺是脂族饱和胺。合适的胺化合物的非限制性例子包括:1,2-二氨基乙烷,1,3-二氨基丙烷;1,4-二氨基丁烷;1,6-二氨基己烷;多亚乙基胺诸如二亚乙基三胺;三亚乙基四胺;四亚乙基五胺,等。
其它可用的胺化合物包括:脂环族二胺诸如1,4-二(氨甲基)环己烷,和杂环族氮的化合物诸如咪唑啉。可有利地使用混合胺化合物。可用的胺还包括聚氧亚氨基多胺。一类特别有用的胺是聚酰氨基和有关的胺。用醇衍生化
本发明的官能化聚合物能与醇反应,例如生成酯。醇可以是脂族化合物诸如一元和多元醇,或者芳族化合物诸如苯酚和萘酚。可从中衍生出酯的芳族羟基化合物的具体例子有苯酚,β-萘酚,α-萘酚,甲酚,间苯二酚,邻苯二酚,等。优选的是苯酚和最多到3个烷基取代基的烷基化苯酚。可从中衍生出酯的醇最好含有最多到40个脂族碳原子。它们可以是一元醇诸如甲醇,乙醇,异辛醇,等。一类可用的多元醇是至少有三个羟基的醇,其中一些羟基已被一元羧酸酯化,该一元羧酸含有约8-约30个碳原子诸如辛酸,油酸,硬脂酸,亚油酸,十二烷酸,或妥尔油酸。
酯类还可来自不饱和醇诸如烯丙基醇,肉桂醇,炔丙基醇。能生成本发明酯类的另一类醇有醚-醇和氨基醇,包括例如氧亚烷基-,氧亚芳基-,氨基-亚烷基-,和氨基-亚芳基-取代的醇类,这些醇含有一个或多个氧亚烷基,氨基亚烷基或氨基亚芳基,氧亚芳基团。实例有溶纤剂,卡必醇,苯氧基乙醇,等。
按照通用的酯化或酯基转移法,使本发明的官能化聚合物与醇反应。这通常包括使官能化聚合物与醇一起,任选地在一种通常为液态,基本上是惰性的有机溶剂/稀释剂和/或酯化催化剂存在下加热。用活性金属/金属化合物衍生化
可用的活性金属或活性金属化合物是能够与官能化聚合物形成官能化聚合物的金属盐或者含金属的络合物。使官能化聚合物与胺和/或醇如上所述反应,而且也与生成络合物的反应剂在胺化之际或之后进行反应通常可以得到金属络合物。生成络合物的反应剂包括硝酸盐,亚硝酸盐,卤化物,羧酸盐,等。
合适的本发明官能化聚合物能与任何专用的衍生化用的化合物反应,诸如胺,醇,活性金属,活性金属化合物或任何两种或多种它们的任何混合物;也就是说,例如一种或多种胺,一种或多种醇,一种或多种活性金属或活性金属化合物,或者它们的任何混合物。基本上惰性的有机液体稀释剂可用来便于反应混合物的混合,温度控制和处理。
使本发明的官能化聚合物与衍生化用的化合物(诸如醇,含氮的反应剂,金属反应剂等)反应制成的产物事实上往往是各种反应产物的混合物。这种官能化聚合物本身就可以是各种材料的混合物。尽管官能化聚合物本身具有某些分散剂特性并可作润滑油和燃料的分散剂和添加料,不过,只有当至少约30%,较好是至少约50%,最好是100%官能团被衍生化时才能获得最好的效果。后处理
官能化的和/或衍生化的聚合物可以进行后处理。
衍生化聚合物的后处理方法类似于先有技术的通用分散剂和MFVI所用的后处理方法。因此,可采用同样的反应条件,反应物比率等。于是,衍生化聚合物的后处理试剂可以是诸如尿素,硫脲,二硫化碳,醛,酮,羧酸,烃-取代的琥珀酸酐,腈,环氧化物硼化合物,磷化合物等。
如上所述,本发明的胺衍生化聚合物可进行后处理,特别供用作分散剂和粘度指数改进剂其后处理方法是使该聚合物与一种或多种后处理剂接触。这些后处理剂诸如硼化合物,氮化合物,磷化合物,氧化合物,琥珀酸和酐(如,琥珀酸酐,十二烷基琥珀酸酐,和C1-C30烃基取代的琥珀酸酐),其它的酸和酐诸如马来酸和富马酸和酐,以及上述物质的酯,如马来酸甲酯。胺衍生化聚合物最好用氧化硼,卤化硼,硼酸酯来处理。这类后处理剂和用量最好按每摩尔氮成分提供0.1-20.0原子比率的硼。可用作分散剂的硼酸化的衍生化聚合物可以含有该硼酸化含氮分散剂总重量0.05-2.0%(重量),例如0.05-0.7%(重量)的硼。
后处理按下面的方法能够不费力地进行。把该硼化合物,最好是硼酸,通常以料浆的形式添加到该氮化合物中,然后在约135℃-190℃,例如140℃-170℃搅拌下加热1-5个小时。
本发明的衍生化聚合物还可用聚合性内酯(诸如ε-己内酯)处理以生成分散剂加合物。润滑组合物
除作不制造分散剂和MFVI的中间体以外科赫官能化聚合物还能用作脱模剂、模塑剂,金属加工润滑剂,局部增稠剂等。
本发明产物的主要用途,从官能化聚合物一直到后处理的衍生化聚合物,是作为含油组合物的添加剂。
本发明添加剂的用法是添加到诸如燃料和润滑油之类含油材料中。燃料通常包括液体石油燃料诸如沸点65℃-430℃的柴油,包括煤油,柴油机燃料,家用燃料油,喷气发动机油,等。燃料中添加剂的浓度一般是该组合物总重量的0.001-0.5%(重量),最好是0.005-0.15%(重量)。
本发明的添加剂可供含一种基油的润滑油组合物使用,添加剂能够溶解或者分散在该基油中。这种基油可以是天燃的,或者是合成的。适合于制备本发明的润滑油组合物的基油包括那些按照常规用作发动机曲轴箱润滑油的基油。发动机是诸如汽车和卡车发动机,船舶和铁路柴油机等的火花点火和压缩点火内燃机。在常规用于和/或适合于用作动力传递液,通用拖拉机液和液压油,重型液压油,动力转向液等的基油中使用本发明的添加剂混合物也获得了有利的效果。齿轮润滑油,工业用油,泵油和其它润滑油组合物添加本发明的添加剂也是有效益的。
天然油包括动物油和植物油(如蓖麻油,猪油),液体石油,和加氢精制,经溶剂处理或酸处理的链烷型,环烷型和混合链烷,环烷型矿物润滑油。来自煤和页岩的润滑粘度油也是可用的基油。
合成润滑油包括烃油和卤代烃油诸如聚合的和共聚的烯烃(如聚丁烯,聚丙烯,丙烯-异丁烯共聚物,氯化聚丁烯,等)。端羟基已被酯化,醚化等改性的烯化氧聚合物和共聚物及其衍生物是另一类已知的合成润滑油。另一类合适的合成润滑油包括二羧酸酯。可用作合成油的酯类还包括那些由C5-C12一元羧酸和多元醇与多元醇醚诸如新戊基二醇等制成的油。硅基油诸如聚烷基一,聚芳基一,聚烷氧基一,或聚芳氧基硅氧烷油和硅酸酯油是另一类可用的合成润滑剂,未精制,精制和再精制的油可用于本发明的润滑油中。
本发明的添加剂,尤其是那些适于用作分散剂或粘度调节剂的添加剂,可按任何方便的方式添加到润滑油中。因此,可用将其分散和溶解在油中的方法直接添加到油中。这种掺合到另外的润滑油中的操作可以在室温或升高的温度下进行。另一种方法是,先把添加剂作成浓缩物形式,然后掺合到油中。这种在基油中的分散剂浓缩物通常含有活性组分(A.I)10-80%(重量),一般是20-60%(重量),最好是40-50%(重量)(根据浓缩物重量计算)的添加剂。MFVI浓缩物一般含有5-50%(重量)A.I。
本发明的添加剂可与为完成至少一种所需功能而选定的另外的添加剂混合。这种另外的添加剂的例子是洗涤剂,粘度调节剂,磨耗抑制剂,氧化抑制剂,腐蚀抑制剂,摩擦调节剂,泡沫抑制剂,防锈剂,破乳剂,抗氧化剂,润滑油流动改进剂和密封溶胀控制剂。
当含有这些添加剂时,通常是把各种成分掺合到基油中,用量要有效提供正常存在的功能。这类添加剂的代表性有效量列举如下:
    宽范围%(重量)     优选的%(重量)
V.l.改进剂腐蚀抑制剂氧化抑制剂分散剂润滑油流动改进剂洗涤剂和防锈剂倾点下降剂防沫剂抗磨添加剂密封溶胀剂摩擦节剂润滑基油     1-120.01-30.01-50.1-100.01-20.01-60.01-1.50.001-0.10.001-50.1-80.01-3余量     1-40.01-1.50.01-1.50.1-50.01-1.50.01-30.01-1.50.001-0.010.001-1.50.1-40.01-1.5余量
当使用其它添加剂时,尽管不是必须的但对制备添加剂浓缩物或添加剂组件却是合乎需要的。该浓缩物或组件包含本发明主添加剂和一种或多种所述其它添加剂的浓缩溶液或分散液。借助溶剂和伴有适度加热的混合会促进添加剂浓缩物在润滑油中的溶解,但这并不是必不可少的。最终制剂通常可使用2-20%(重量),如约10%(重量)的添加剂组件,余额是基油。
本文中全部上述重量百分率(除非另有说明)是根据各个添加剂的活性组分(A.I)含量,和添加剂组件或制剂的总量计算的,该总量包括全部油或稀释剂的重量。
                      实施例
成分的份数和百分率是按重量计除非另有说明。全部分子量(Mn)是数均分子量。
                    实施例1-13
              羧酸基的收率(实施例1-5)
                   实施例1(对照例)
将34.5份聚正丁烯聚合物(PNB)(Mn=550)溶解在36.2份正庚烷(正C7)中,所得溶液装入高压釜中,混合并加热到50℃。然后装入662份BF3二水合物(BF3·2H2O),紧接着通入CO使高压釜总压力达到10.34MPa。使混合物在该温度和压力下搅拌3小时。卸压后反应混合物用大量水和丁醇洗涤使聚合物相里不含酸相。聚合物在烘箱里烘干。成品聚合物分析表明小于5%转化成羧酸基。
                    实施例2
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是用37.1份PNB(Mn=550,溶于40.2份正C7中)和690份BF3·1.2H2O代替BF3·2H2O。使BF3气体作泡状通过BF3·2H2O液直到足量的BF3被吸收,形成所需的组成(BF3·1.2H2O)。用CO使压力达到13.79MPa。成品分析表明聚合物85%转化成新-羧酸基。
                      实施例3
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是用203.6份乙烯/丙烯(EP)共聚物(Mn=1800,约50%(重量)乙烯)和159.9份正C7,以及34份BF3·1.1H2O代替反应物装料。用CO使压力达到13.79MPa。转化成新-羧酸的有56%。
                       实施例4
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是使用803份乙烯/丁烯(EB)共聚物(Mn=3700,约45%(重量)乙烯),568份异辛烷,和670份BF3·1.1H2O。用CO使压力达到13.79MPa.把反应产物排放到一种水溶液中,该溶液含有600份氟化钠(NaF),756份水,302份己烷,和50份丁醇,可以不费力地回收同水相分离的聚合产物,烘干。分析表明85.1%转化成新-羧酸。
                     实施例5
按照实施例4所述的方法,只是使用543份丙烯/丁烯(PB)共聚物(Mn=2800,约30%(重量)丙烯),454份异辛烷,和659份BF3·1.1H2O。把反应产物排放到600份氟化钠,945份水,和302份己烷中。成品分析表明75.4%转化成新-羧酸。实施例1-5的结果概述于下面表1中。
表1
  实施例  聚合物     Mn   催化剂络合物   收率(%)
  对照例12345   PNBPNBEPEBPB     550550180037002800   BF3·2H2OBF3·1.2H2OBF3·1.1H2OBF3·1.1H2OBF3·1.1H2O   5855685.175.4
             烷基酯(实施例6-12)
              实施例6(对照例)
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是使用1119.2份PNB(Mn=550),不用溶剂,和350份BF3·二丁醇(使BF3气体作泡状通过正丁醇来制备)。用CO使压力达到13.79MPa.成品分析表明小于5%转化成新-烷基酯。
                   实施例7
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是在配方中使用153.3份EP聚合物(Mn=900,约50%(重量)乙烯)和137.9份正C7,和88份BF3·单丁醇。把聚合物烘干,转化成新-烷基酯的有86%。
                 实施例8
按照实施例4所述的方法,只是使用143份PNB(Mn=550),不用溶剂,和37份BF3·单甲醇(BF3·CH3OH,使BF3气体作泡状通过甲醇来制备)。把反应产物排放到230份氟化铵和765份甲醇中。转化成新-甲基酯的有91.3%。
                 芳基酯
                 实施例9
按照实施例1所述的方法,只是使用440份PNB(Mn=550),不用溶剂,和244份BF3·四(4-氯酚)。使BF3气体作泡状通过熔融的4-氯酚来制备该BF3络合物。用CO使高压釜压力达到10.24MPa,反应在55℃下保持2小时。分析表明下列结果:收率:4-氯苯基新-酯/酸=聚合物的60%
   烷基苯基酯      =聚合物的11.7%
   烷基苯酚        =聚合物的10.1%总收率                 =聚合物的81.8%
                实施例10
             (催化剂络合物)
使BF3鼓泡进入熔融的4-氯酚来制备一种BF3与4-氯酚的络合物。为了增强BF3气体的吸收以生成BF3·二(4-氯酚),把溶液冷却。几分钟后该溶液固化。焙化该络合物导致BF3的快速释放。
                    (羰基化)
把2.70MPa BF3气体在30℃下充入高压釜,接着再充入0.813MPaCO,使总压力达到约3.45MPa。在搅拌的同时,向高压釜装入440份PNB(Mn=550)和108份3-氟酚的混合物,用CO使压力达到10.34MPa,并使温度达到50℃。反应在此条件下保持2小时,然后将高压釜卸压。洗提反应产物以除去BF3气体和过量的取代酚。成品分析表明,收率为91.5%。
                   实施例11
按照实施例10的方法,只是用BF3在50℃下使高压釜的压力达到1.37MPa,接着用2.08MPa CO使总压力达到3.45MPa,然后把406份EB共聚物(Mn=4600,20%(重量)乙烯)和100.6份2,4-二氯酚(pKa=7.85)在50℃下装入高压釜并用CO使压力达到9.86MPa。收率是84.5%。
                   实施例12
按照实施例10的方法,只是用BF3在50℃下使高压釜的压力达到1.75MPa,接着用1.75mPa CO使总压力达到3.50MPa,然后把110份EB聚合物(Mn=2200,约50%乙烯),31份二氯酚(pKa=7.85)在50℃下装入高压釜并用CO使压力达到13.79MPa。转化率为85.4%。实施例6-9和10-12的结果概述于下面表2中:
表2
实施例  聚合物 Mn 催化剂络合物    收率(%)
    对照例  6789101112   PNBEBPNBPNBPNBEBEB     55090055055055046002200     BF3二丁醇BF3一丁醇BF3一甲醇BF3四(4-氯酚)*BF3+3-氟酚*BF3+2,4-二氯酚*BF3+二氯酚     58691.381.891.584.585.4
*  催化剂和酚类化合物一步分别添加。
         实施例13-17
         PNB-新羧酸与PAM的胺化反应
             实施例13
将200份PNB新羧酸(用类似于实施例2的方法制备)和31.2份聚(亚乙基胺)〔平均每分子含5-8个氮原子,PAM〕在搅拌下装入反应器中。用氮气清洗反应器内容物。密封反应器用氮气使压力达到0.41MPa反应器被加热到240℃保持5小时。然后用氮气经由插入管和架空的排气管线喷射搅动该内容物,接着冷却到30℃。羧酸酰胺的收率(13C-NMR测定)是45.4%。
              实施例14
把374份实施例4的新酸官能化的EB共聚物(溶于700份庚烷中)装入反应容器中。在搅拌下加热该溶液到90℃。然后向该溶液中缓缓添加70份亚硫酰氯,再加入300份庚烷。酰氯的反应完成后,该溶液在常压下加热到100℃,用N2喷射搅动接着在高真空下急骤蒸发(闪蒸)以除去反应副产物和庚烷。使酰氯产物冷却。然后向酰氯产物中添加新制的干庚烷。再把酰氯产物加热到90℃。然后向酰氯中缓缓添加10份多胺(PAM)和17.8份三乙胺。反应混合物经过滤洗提除去过量的三乙胺,制成胺化产物(由红外分析证明)
         实施例15
把17.8份实施例11的EB共聚物的2,4-二氯苯酯装入反应容器中。在搅拌下加热该容器内容物到80℃。然后把0.442份多胺(PAM)装入容器。接着把该容器内容物在8小时期间从150℃缓缓加热到220℃,同时回流释放的二氯酚(pKa=7.85)。在转化成酰胺的反应完成后,借助N2的喷射搅动除去苯酚。把容器内容物冷却到室温。C13NMR分析表明酯定量转化成酰胺。
           实施例16
按照实施例15所述的方法,只是使用20.2份实施例12的2,4-二氯苯酯和0.954份PAM。C13NMR分析表明酯定量转化成酰胺。
           实施例17
把19.4份实施例16中所述的胺化聚合物与10.0份基油混合,并在反应容器中搅拌下加热到140℃。然后向容器内容物中缓缓添加1.407份磨碎的硼酸在基油中的料浆(30%),将反应容器内容物在该温度下用N2喷射搅动2小时,然后向反应容器中添加另外6.26份基油。把容器内容物冷却到120℃,然后过滤。产物分析表明活性组分的含量是45%(0.73%N,0.26%B)。

Claims (3)

1.一种制备官能化的烃类聚合物的方法,该方法包括使下面的物料反应的工序:
(a)至少一种数均分子量至少为500的烃类聚合物,每个聚合物链含有至少一个烯属双键,
(b)一氧化碳,
(c)至少一种哈梅特(Hammett)酸度小于-7的酸催化剂,和
(d)一种选自水、含羟基的化合物和含硫羟基的化合物的亲核捕集剂,
该反应在不依靠过渡金属作催化剂的情况下进行。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中该亲核捕集剂的PKa小于12。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中该亲核捕集剂是卤代苯酚。
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KR100253958B1 (ko) 2000-04-15
US5696064A (en) 1997-12-09
DE69319447D1 (de) 1998-08-06
MY131507A (en) 2007-08-30
CA2110871A1 (en) 1994-06-18
HU9501163D0 (en) 1996-05-28
HUT73198A (en) 1996-06-28
US5717039A (en) 1998-02-10
DE69319447T2 (de) 1998-12-03

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