CN1040121C - 制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法 - Google Patents

制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法 Download PDF

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CN1040121C
CN1040121C CN92115394A CN92115394A CN1040121C CN 1040121 C CN1040121 C CN 1040121C CN 92115394 A CN92115394 A CN 92115394A CN 92115394 A CN92115394 A CN 92115394A CN 1040121 C CN1040121 C CN 1040121C
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弓削清博
村松仁
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Abstract

一种制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法,包括使用主要成分是水的发泡剂,在有催化剂、定泡剂和开孔剂存在的情况下,将多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与多元醇按NCO/OH的当量比为1.3~3.0进行反应。

Description

制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法
本发明涉及一种制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法,更具体地说,本发明涉及一种使用基本成分是水的发泡剂来制备不含焦化的开微孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法。
硬聚氦酯泡沫塑料是一种很好的隔热材料,具有极好的可塑性和加工性能,做为一种隔热材料被广泛地应用于冷藏库、建筑物、低温仓库、贮藏柜、冷藏船或管道系统。硬(质)泡沫塑料的导热性每一年都有所改进,目前商品化的产品中可达到0.015w/mk。因此,一般认为,现在常温中使用的隔热材料中,硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料具有最小的热隔离传导性。尽管如此,但人们还是不断地要求得到更低的隔热传导性。
为制备硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料,通常使用一种一次注塑的方法,该方法是将主要由多元醇、催化剂、定泡剂和发泡剂组成的A组分和主要由有机聚异氰酸酯组成的B组分混合在一起,这样组分之间在(模具)垫板中进行反应完成发泡过程和固化过程,从而形成泡沫塑料。
在制备这种硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料所使用的发泡剂中,三氯氟甲烷或R-11是众所周知的。但是,以R-11为例的常规的氯氟烃(CFS)化学性能稳定,这样它们就会扩散到同温层中破坏臭氧层。结果太阳光中的紫外线辐射就不能被臭氧层吸收,而是到达地球表面,造成全球性的环境问题。由于这个原因,CFS的使用从1989年开始受到限制,使用R-11制备聚氨酯泡沫塑料也同样受到限制。
一般说来,由闭孔聚氨酯泡沫塑料组成的隔热材料的热传导性不可能低于在制造该泡沫塑料中所使用的发泡剂的热传导性。因此,如果一定要使用R-11的代用品作为发泡剂,则几乎不可能制造出象至今(使用R-11作为发泡剂)已达到的这样低的热传导性的闭孔聚氨酯泡沫塑料。
因此,一种真空隔热材料近来又得到了重视,它的组成结构是由封装在金属——塑料层合薄片形成的真空容器中的模芯材料所组成,这在日本专利申请64-4112中有所描述。现在已知有两种用于真空隔热材料的模芯材料。一种是无机材料,例如珍珠岩,另一种是有机材料,例如一种开孔的聚氨酯泡沫塑料。无机材料在加工性能方面不如有机材料,除此之外,它(无机材料)的密度大,价格也贵。
另一方面,开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料没有上述无机模芯材料存在的那些问题。但是,当使用CFC做为制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的发泡剂时,从全球性的环境保护观点来考虑,要求所有被使用CFC都要回收。这就需要大量的大型、昂贵的设备。
很明显,如果使用水作为单一的发泡剂就不再存在上述的问题。从所周知,水和有机聚异氰酸酯化合物反应产生二氧化碳,这样就可以作为一种化学发泡剂。但是,当用水作为唯一的发泡剂来制备硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料时,虽然泡沫塑料被生成了,但是因为没有利用CFC蒸发时所需要的蒸发热作为反应热的除去剂,所以所得到的泡沫塑料在其内部的温度可高达约200℃。而且,当开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料被生成时,空气容易深度地进入到生成的泡沫塑料中使之达到上述的高温,这样就容易发生氧化反应,因此,得到的开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料通常在几分钟内就容易发生碳化。
当开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料被用作模芯材料时,所生成的真空隔热材料的热传导性在很大程度上取决于开孔的大小。常规的开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的孔的平均大小为300~1000μm,因此就需要使泡沫塑料内部达到大约0.1333Pa这样高的真空水平,以得到高性能的真空隔热材料。然而,使开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料具有平均孔大小为约300~1000μm并且达到上述那样高水平真空所需要的那样长的时间是不可能达到的。而且真空隔热材料的热传导性对在这样高水平的真空下所用材料本身放出的气体很敏感。因此,要求开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料具有更小的孔,以使生成的真空隔热材料能在一个长时间内保持所要求的那样小的热传导性。
因此,本发明的一个目的就是提供一种使用主要含水的发泡剂代替CFC′S来制备不会焦化或燃烧的开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法。
本发明提供了一种制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法,该方法包括通过使用主要成分是水的发泡剂在有催化剂、定泡剂和开孔剂存在的情况下,将多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与多羟基化合物、按NCO/OH的当量比为1.3~3.0进行反应。
多羟基化合物包括在制备常规硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料中所使用的聚醚多醇,它具有2-8官能度和300~600mg KOH/g羟基值,和在制备常规硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料中使用的聚酯多醇,它具有2-4官能度和250~500mg KOH/g羟基值。含有活性羟甲基的酚醛树脂也可以被使用。在这些多元醇中具有300~600mg KOH/g羟基值的聚醚多醇是更可取的,它可以作为环氧乙烷或1,2-环氧丙烷或两者对含羟基的化合物(例如,三羟甲基丙烷或山梨(糖)醇),或聚氨基化合物(例如,邻-甲苯二胺或间-甲苯二胺)的加成(产)物被得到。
用于本发明的多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物,可以通过多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯(在下文有些地方简称为PMDI)与含有羟基的和更可取的是胺当量为140-200的化合物反应而得到,其中PMDI的化学通式为:
Figure C9211539400061
式中n是0-6的整数,它可以从市场上买到。其中可被使用的含有羟基的化合物,例如有官能度为1和分子量为32-300的一元醇或酚(phelolic)化合物,或官能度为2-3和分子量为62-600的多羟基化合物。因此,这里被使用的含有羟基的化合物的例子可以是一元醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇、乙二醇-甲醚、二甘醇-甲醚;二醇例如双酚A、邻一、间一或对一甲酚、1.2-亚乙基二醇、二甘醇、丙二醇、1.4-丁二醇或1.6-己二醇;三醇例如甘油、三羟甲基丙烷;其它多官能醇,例如,甲基葡糖苷、蔗糖、山梨(糖)醇或卫予(己六)醇(dulucitol)。
这里也可以使用有2-3个官能度的聚醚多醇或聚酯多醇作为这里的含羟基化合物。聚醚多醇可以利用上述的二醇、三醇或多官能醇作为引发剂通过烯化氧(例如,环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷,环氧丁烷或是两种或两种以上的这些化合物的混合物)的聚合作用而得到。与此不同,聚酯多醇可以通过多元醇(例如,1.2-亚乙基二醇,二甘醇,1.4-丁二醇或三羟甲基丙烷)与二羧酸(例如,己二酸,琥珀酸,马来酐或苯二甲酸)的缩合反应而得到。
在本发明中特别可取的是使用由多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯与含有羟基的化合物(例如,用三羟甲基丙烷、蔗糖或双酚A作为引发剂而得到的乙二醇-甲基醚或聚醚多醇)反应得到的多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物。
多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物可用如上所述方法得到,并且它可以以两种或更多种的混合物的形式来使用。预聚物可以和甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯或它的预聚物一起使用。
根据本发明,制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料是通过多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与多元醇按NCO/OH的当量比1.3~3.0,更可取的范围是1.5~2.5,用主要成分是水的发泡剂在有催化剂、定泡剂和开孔剂存在下进行反应而达到的。
催化剂可以是已知的异氰脲酸酯催化剂(isocyanuratingcatalyst),因此所使用的催化剂包括,例如胺类催化剂如:2,4,6-三(二甲基氨甲基)苯酚,三乙基胺,N,N′,N″-三(二甲基氨丙基)六氢化三嗪,三亚乙基二胺,二氮杂双环十一碳烯或四甲基己二胺;羧酸碱金属盐例如:乙酸钾,苯甲酸钾,2-乙基己酸钾或环烷酸钾;强碱性金属的氢氧化物,例如:氢氧化钾,氢氧化钠或氢氧化钙;醇化物或酚盐例如:苯酚钾或甲醇钠。上述催化剂可以单独使用或做为混合物使用。
在制备硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料中上述催化剂可进一步地同常规催化剂一起使用。常规催化剂可以包括,例如叔胺如:二甲基乙醇胺、三乙[邻)二胺、四甲基乙二胺、四甲基丙邻二胺、四甲基-1.6-己二胺或二甲基环己胺;有机金属化合物例如:辛酸亚锡,二丁锡二月桂酸盐或辛酸铅;或叔胺羧化物(叔胺羧酸盐)。
催化剂的使用量占所使用的有机异氰酸盐(酯)重量的0.01~20%。催化剂可以以混合物形式使用。
所使用的定泡剂可以是,例如,(聚)硅氧烷表面活性剂例如,有机多分子硅醚,有机多分子硅醚-聚乙二醇共聚物,含有聚乙二醇侧链的聚链烯基硅氧烷,氟化的表面活性剂,阳离子、阴离子或非离子表面活性剂。定泡剂的使用量占所使用的多元醇重量的0.2-10%。
所使用的开孔剂可以是已知的饱和羧酸(更可取的是脂肪酸)的粉末状二价金属盐,例如硬脂酸钙,硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸锶,硬脂酸锌或肉豆蔻酸钙,这在日本专利申请61-153480中有所描述,或是粉末状热塑性树脂例如,聚乙烯,这是在日本专利申请61-153478中揭示的。开孔剂的使用量占所用多元醇重量的0.1-20%。
根据本发明的方法,使用主要含水的发泡剂,更可取的是使用水作唯一的发泡剂。发泡剂的用量可以根据对生成的硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料所要求的密度来适当地选择,但是通常的范围是占所用多元醇重量的1-20%。
为了容易形成不含焦化或燃烧的开微孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料,将上述原料放在一起,例如用发泡机进行均匀地混合。
本发明以上所述制备的开微孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料可以很好地被用作真空隔热材料。
这种真空隔热材料可以通过将已得到的开微孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料封装在由金属—塑料层合薄片组成的容器中而得到。这种真空隔热材料可被有效地用于多种用途。
如上所述,本发明的方法提供了一种没有焦化和燃烧的开微孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料,包括使用多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物,其相对于所用多元醇的NCO/OH当量比为1.3~3.0,使用主要成分是水的发泡剂取代CFC′S发泡剂,  在有催化剂定泡剂和开孔剂存在的情况下进行反应。
这样得到的开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料与常规硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料相比,具有非常精细开微孔结构,并且也具有完全开孔结构。因此,如上所述,这种开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料提供了一种在容易达到的真空条件下改进了隔热性能的真空隔热材料。
下面将通过实施例和参考例来更详细地描述本发明,但本发明并不仅限于这些例子。
在实施例和参考例中使用的材料如下:
聚醚多醇    烯化氧对三羟甲基丙烷的加成物,其羟基值为
            450mg KOH/g
聚酯多醇    苯二甲酸和二甘醇的缩合产物,其羟基值为
            315mg KOH/g
催化剂      乙酸钾
定泡剂       (聚)硅氧烷表面活性剂(可以从Shinetsu
             Kagaku Koggo K.K得到的F-373)
发泡剂A      R-11
发泡剂B      水
开孔剂       硬脂酸钙
聚异氰酸酯A  PMDI*′
聚异氰酸酯B  PMDI和双酚A-环氧丙烷加成物反应得到的预
             聚物,其胺当量为150
聚异氰酸酯C  甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯和甘油-蔗糖-环氧丙
             烷加成物反应得到的预聚物,其胺当量为150
聚异氰酸酯D  PMDI和二甘醇一甲醚反应得到的预聚物,其胺
             当量为170
*′PMDI:多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯
表1中所给出的材料放在一起用高速混合器在温度30±1℃、混合5秒钟使之反应就可以制得开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料。第二天,把生成的泡沫塑料切成片、检验泡沫塑料中是否有焦化。泡沫中孔的大小也用电子显微照相进行了测定。得到的结果在表1中列出。
                                表1
                         实施例                 参考例
               1    2    3    4    5    1    2    3    4    5泡沫塑料的制备1)聚醚多醇           100  100  100  100       100  100  100  100  100聚酯多醇                               100催化剂             3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3    3定泡剂             2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2    2发泡剂A                                     30发泡剂B            3    3    3    3    3         3    3    3    3开孔剂             1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1聚异氰酸酯A                                 120  170  278聚异氰酸酯B        255  307  153  511                      187  596聚异氰酸酯C                  153聚异氰酸酯D                            274NCO/OH比           1.5  1.8  1.8  3.0  1.8  1.1  1.1  1.8  1.1  3.5泡沫塑料的性能孔的大小(μm)      140  150  140  140  150  300  350  370  150  -焦化2)             无   无   无   无   无   无   有   无   有   -注释:1)重量份数。
  2)无:表示未发现焦化;有:表示观察到泡沫塑料中有碳化存在。
在参考例1中,使用R-11做为发泡剂,按照NCO/OH比率为1.1,将多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯与多元醇反应。结果发现反应生成的泡沫塑料的孔大小约为300μm、没有焦化。然而,参考例2表明,如果仅仅使用水代替R-11做为发泡剂,结果发现反应生成的泡沫塑料不仅孔变得更大而且其中有焦化。
同时,如参考例3所指出,当使用大的NCO/OH比率,反应生成的泡沫塑料被异氰脲酸酯化(wasisocyanurated),而且在其耐热性方面获得了改进,没有看到泡沫塑料中有焦化。但是,发现泡沫塑料是大孔的。同样由参考例4所指出,如果多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物被当做有机聚异氰酸酯来使用,就可以得到小孔的泡沫塑料,但是当使用小的NCO/OH比率时还会发生焦化。
相反,根据本发明,如实施例1、2、4、5所示,当多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物和多元醇按NCO/OH比率范围为1.3~3.0,在水作为发泡剂的情况下进行反应,所得到的开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料就是小孔的,并且没有焦烧。同样,当多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与甲代亚苯基二异氰酸酯预聚物的混合物被使用时,得到的硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料具有与上述泡沫塑料几乎相同的全部特性。
然而,如果按照NCO/OH比率高达3.5来使用实施倒1或2中相同的多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物,如参考例5所示,结果发现反应会变得很不稳定,以至于泡沫塑料破裂。因此,反应就无法生成开微孔的泡沫塑料。

Claims (7)

1、一种制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法,包括通过使用主要成分是水的发泡剂,在有催化剂、定泡剂和开孔剂存在的情况下,将多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与多元醇按NCO/OH的当量比为1.3-3.0进行反应。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于多元醇是一种具有官能度为2-8,羟基值为300-600mg KOH/g的聚醚多醇。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于多元醇是一种具有官能度为2-4、羟基值为250-500mg KOH/g的聚酯多醇。
4、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物具有的胺当量为140~200。
5、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于发泡剂的用量是多元醇重量的1-20%。
6、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于多亚甲基聚苯异氰酸酯预聚物与多元醇的反应是按NCO/OH的当量比为1.5~2.5进行的。
7、根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于水被单独地用作发泡剂。
CN92115394A 1991-12-17 1992-12-17 制备开孔硬聚氨酯泡沫塑料的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1040121C (zh)

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