CN1039892C - 整体纸制货物托盘 - Google Patents
整体纸制货物托盘 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明是一种当运输或储存货物时用来支承货物的托盘,该托盘用纸或者用等同功能的板料构成。该托盘的设计包括构成蜂窝结构的填充物构成的中心台架或盖(可以是分装的),并且可以由数个固定在中心台架上的脚块支承以离开地面。该托盘的底部由一些薄板的组件覆盖,该薄板组件按如下方式构成,即支承着中心台架的腿与中心台架成整体,也就是该脚块(或腿)在与中心台架连接处没有接缝。
Description
本发明涉及一种当货物运输或货物储存时用来支承货物的托盘。
一种轻便的、平放的、刚性的台架,作为一个底座用于汇集、贮存、堆积、搬运,作为负载支承物。已有的托盘一般是木制结构的,在一些木板(如台板)的端部钩或钉在一些连续的坚硬木板(如桁条)上。因此台架的上部和下部(使用处)构成一个开口区域,该开口区域由桁条的厚度来确定。这个开口区域可以容纳一个叉车或手推车的支承叉。用此方法,提升托盘,并使其负载离开地面,从而将托盘从一个地方移动到另一地方。
在美国使用的绝大部分托盘均由木材构成,但是木制的托盘具有许多缺点。对于木制的托盘来说,劳动力和材料价格的增长比通货膨胀更快。由于它们的价格昂贵,这些托盘经常重新使用或者返回到它们的原产地。返回给托盘所有者的空托盘的价格是相当高的。此外,木制托盘的平均重量约为40磅。由于货运价格通常与货运物品的重量相关,则货运价格由于托盘的重量而增高。确实,托盘是相当重的,在小型货物仓库中工人只能用手工搬动托盘,这是很困难的。木制托盘在使用中经常损坏,由于托盘的价格昂贵,如果可能或愿意的话还必须修理。依据工业上的需要,托盘可以在处理之前使用2至4次。任何坚硬材料,包括破损的托盘的处理是一个日益困难的问题,而且花费巨大。
已经有多种托盘的设计方案,它们大多是由纸板制成。
例如:美国专利US-3,661,099描述了一种纸制的货运托盘,具有由小的板条制成的衬芯部分,这些小板条由单块、双块或三块波纹纸板与薄板材料面对面粘合的壁切割而成。具有波纹的薄板粘合到复合衬芯的纵向边缘上。该衬芯和表层板均需要由一种特殊规格的波纹薄板制成,也就是说,具有“A”型槽或者其他形状的槽。该托盘的腿看上去好象木块。
美国专利US-3,650,495描述了一种纸托盘方案,具有一个折叠的波纹薄板作为货物支承面。该货物的盖板设置了若干托盘脚(这些托盘脚在货物盖板内起间隔块作用),托盘脚由塑性材料如聚苯乙烯制成。其中在该货物支承区内没有使用蜂窝状衬芯。
授予Gordon的美国专利US-3,952,672描绘了一种一次使用的、由单个折叠的波纹板制成的托盘。其中在该货物支承区没有使用蜂窝状衬芯。
授予Smith的美国专利US-4,867,074和U S-5,001,991均描述一种托盘的方案,其中,该货物盖板由许多桁条组成,这些桁条从波纹板处折叠并与一系列的横向桁条装配,其中在该货物支承区内没有使用蜂窝状衬芯。
授予Webb的美国专利US-4,790,249描绘了一种托盘方案,其中,货物盖板由大量具有特殊形状的块所隔开的表层板构成。这些块的方案包括用一种搭接材料(如甲醛树脂)粘合在一起的一种纤维素材料,并且全部挤压成型为一个盒形梁。当采用叉式升降机上的尖齿进行搬运时,盒形梁对盖板起保护作用。
荷兰专利83-00024描述一种有趣的纸托盘的方案。该货物支承盖板看上去由许多粘合在一起的纸环构成,这些纸环粘合的位置在盖板内部,也粘合在构成盖板边缘的周边上。在该货物盖板支承面上既没有使用蜂窝状衬芯,也没有使用波纹板。
只有少数已公开的发明描述了在货物支承盖板的衬芯中使用蜂窝材料。
授予Green等人的美国专利GB-2,213,462-A公开了这样一项发明。它描述了一种纸托盘,其中,货物盖板由两个表层板即波纹硬纸板构成,并具有一种开口结构,例如,在它们之间具有一种纸的或硬纸板的蜂窝状结构。如前所述,该盖板利用类似结构的脚从地面举起,该盖板衬芯制成可被叉式升降机的尖齿穿透的形式。此处没有提到关于将波纹板应设置在衬芯的交错面上以使其上的槽不平行的方案。此外,该发明未提到使用的波纹板折叠到中部衬芯的边缘上,和固定到对方的侧边上,同时,该发明没有提到托盘的腿与中部衬芯的外层成整体。
授予Moog的美国专利US-4,319,530公开了一种托盘,具有一个由叠层的波纹板制成的蜂窝结构的中部衬芯所构成的货物支承盖面,与衬芯相对的一个或者多个波纹板与衬芯粘合,在中部衬芯的货物支承面的衬里可以作成多层波纹板。尽管这些多层板如所述的那样设置,即容许《在各薄板上的槽成直角取向》,没有建议,“使用的波纹板设置在衬芯的交错面上以及该槽是不平行的”这种有用方案。此外,该公开文件没有提出,所使用的波纹板折叠到中部衬芯的边缘上,并固定在相对的侧面上,很明显,任何有利之处均取决于这种折叠的薄板。
这些公开出版物之中都没有描述这样一种由纸构成的托盘,其包括中心台架或由蜂窝状填充物构成的盖板,而该蜂窝状填充物粘合在顶部和底部波纹板上;这些发明也没有描述关于使用一种折叠的波纹板的构思,该构思中还包括,所述的折叠波纹板既作为支承中部衬芯的各个腿上的表板,又作为在中部衬芯本身的底面上的表层板。这些发明没有描述,通过特别设置的波纹板的方向,有利于提高中心台架的抗扭转和抗弯曲强度,并由此该波纹或槽在这些表层板上是不平行的。
鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种由蜂窝状填充物和波形板构成的新结构托盘。这种结构的托盘质轻、价低,且可由互相粘在一起的工业纸或塑料材料制成。
本发明是一种由纸构成的托盘,包括中心台架或盖板,它由一种蜂窝式填充物构成,该蜂窝式填充物可以是分装的。该中心台架不需要很坚硬;这就是说在该台架中的盖在中心台架上的盒形结构内可以设有一些缺口。该托盘的底部由一个薄板的组件覆盖(薄板可以是波纹板),该薄板按下述方式构成,即支承中心台架的脚块与中心台架成整体;这就是说,该脚块(或腿)在与中心台架的连接处没有接缝。需要的话,下部分由两块薄板构成;其中一块薄板(“底板或下盖板”)以下述方法切割和折叠,即该腿和邻接于中心台架底面的表面制成该托盘最后要使用的形状。另一块薄板(“下部或底部的表层板”)制成普通的中心台架底面的尺寸或形状,并具有允许该脚块(由底盖板覆盖的)穿过下部表层板,并从下部表层板出伸出。它设置在邻接中心台架的底表面处。该中心台架的上表面被一个普通的连续薄板(“上表层板”)覆盖。根据托盘最后的用途,该上表层板可以是一种波纹板或者是厚片状材料。为了提高中心台架反托盘的抗扭转和抗弯曲的强度,上表层板可以使用一种波纹板制造,并且其设置方式应使上表层板的波纹与下表层板的波纹不平行。此外,各波纹板可以折叠到蜂窝状衬芯的边缘上,并固定在彼此间的表面上。除了所述托盘的内在强度和低价格以及精选的结构材料之外,本设计可以是完整的压延纸件而不需要分解成组合的零件。
以下结合附图,对本发明作进一步描述。
图1A是本发明基本形式的组件分解图。
图1B表示图1A下盖的一角的局部放大平面图。
图1C表示图1A中所示的托盘下盖的平面图。
图2A和2B分别是本发明托盘的另一变型的下盖和上表层板的平面图。
图3A和3B分别是本发明涉及的托盘的透视仰视图和俯视图。
图4表示使用硬板底角支承件的托盘透视图。
概括地说,本发明是一个在运输和储存时用于装载货物的托盘。该托盘是用纸制造的,托盘的构造包括一个用蜂窝状填料构成的中心台架,托盘的底部由一薄板的组件(也可以是波纹板)覆盖,该薄板的组合件以下述的方式构成,即支承中心台架的脚块与中心台架成整体,这就是说,该脚块(或腿)在与中心台架的接合处没有接缝。理想的是,该下部是由两块板构成;该底面或下盖板是按下述方式切割和折叠的,即它至少覆盖脚块和与中部的底面相邻的表面。托盘的仰视图的形状是托盘最后使用状态。其它的薄板是一个下部或底部表层板,并具有中心台架底面的一般规格的形状,这种带有多切口的中心台架允许被底盖板覆盖的脚块伸出穿过下表层板。它位于邻近中心台架底面处。中心台架的上表面用一种被称为上表层板的普通的连续薄板覆盖,该上表层板也可以是一种波纹纸或者是依据其最终用途而选择的厚片状材料。为了增加中心台架和托盘的抗扭转和抗弯曲的强度,可以使用一种波纹板作为上表层板,并且使上表层板的波纹不平行于下表层板的波纹。此外,各方向的波纹板可以折叠在蜂窝状衬芯的边缘上,并相互固定在对应面上。除了本发明托盘的固有强度和廉价之外,经过认真选择材料,本设计方案可以完全用纸压延而不用分解成许多组件。
虽然本发明可以用各种材料制成,但是托盘的构成材料最好是可大批生产的,容易采用压延技术的材料。例如,各种板材最好是由牛皮纸或其它类似的纸材料制成。当然,这取决于该托盘的使用场合。可以选择其它的材料,例如,聚酯树脂、聚乙烯、聚丙烯(透明的或纤维纸产品),或者可接受的类似产品。一些热固性塑料的聚合材料目前不能广泛地采用压延加工,并且从这个观点来看这种材料不是最好的选择。然而,使用不可压延材料这一点对托盘设计的发展将是很明显的。材料的选择和托盘各种组件的连接方法也以可压延性为基础。例如,大多数的水基胶,如皮胶、胶水等等在压延过程中均可与牛皮纸适当粘合。可热焊接的热塑材料、如聚丙烯、是最佳的,并且不需要使用粘合剂。
图1A是一个分解图,描绘了本发明的基本结构的各组件。图1A中的托盘已向下翻转以更好地表示该托盘的各组件,以及它们的关系。在此结构中,中部衬芯(100)由一个扩展了的具有一上表面、下表面和边棱的蜂窝状材料制成。虽然在图中不明显,该中部衬芯(100)不需要是一个单片的蜂窝结构,尽管它很理想。该中部衬芯(100)可以是分装式的,或者由许多类似的块组成,这些块可以彼此邻接,也可以是有间距的而形成一个打开的块网。该托盘可使用的蜂窝结构的密度和厚度是两个工程参数,它们在很大程度上决定中部衬芯的强度,并且确定它是否能够在本发明中使用。如果两个表层板与衬芯的连接方法能很好地实现,在衬芯中的小空间就彼此隔绝。衬芯的强度由这些封闭的小空间增强,并给予衬芯定量的弹性和减振能力。大多数工业用纸的蜂窝结构材料可以作为盖板。
附在中部衬芯(100)上的是若干脚块(102,104,106),它们也可以是扩展的蜂窝状材料。作为可替换的方案是,如果愿意的话,这些块也可以由多层波纹板构成。在图1A中表示的结构是一种“四通道”的托盘,其中,用于移动托盘的车辆和它的承载装置可以进入中部衬芯之下的空间,并可来自四个不同的方向。在图1A中所示的变型包括9个脚块;角脚块(102)位于中部衬芯(100)的每个角上,边脚块(104)位于中部衬芯(100)的每一边的大致中间位置,一个中心脚块(106)位于中部衬芯(100)的大致中心位置。虽然此结构毫无疑问是最适用在工业上的方案之一,本发明也包括特殊的托盘,该托盘只使用角脚块(102)。通常最理想的是在脚块和中部衬芯之间,包括纸的薄板(108),或其它材料,并且用其作为在脚块和中部衬芯中的蜂窝结构上的通道端部的粘合面。
包括中部衬芯(100)和具有选择的粘合表面的纸板(108)的各种脚块(102、104、106)用一个精细制造的下板盖(110)盖住。该下盖板表示在图1A中的是部分折叠的情况,也表示在图1C的平面图中。下盖板的形状的概念是,它构成一个合理地完整的仰视图,该图在该脚块与中部衬芯连接处没有呈现出条痕或接缝,并且提供一个在该盖板与中部衬芯之间的有效的粘合表面区。在脚块与中部衬芯之间不存在接缝,除此之外,实际上每个脚块的外壳也粘合在中部衬芯上,以防止这些脚块被错位的升降叉车的尖齿或类似物从中部衬芯处分离开。换句话说,由于下盖板(110)在功能上作为脚块的外壳和在中部衬芯上的下部外壳,该脚块均非常坚固,并很可能比任何其它用纸托盘的技术更能经受住恶劣的工作环境。因为该下盖板(110)是最理想的单一元件,它可以安放或者折叠在组件上,以便于安装及粘合,将脚块插入下盖板中相关的安装区域内,装上中部衬芯,最后装上上表层板。
该下盖板的各部分和它们的功能用展开的图1B来说明。标示A的部分位于脚块(102)的底部标示“B3”和“B4”的部分均折叠到脚块的内壁上,该内壁位于脚块的底部和脚块接触到中部衬芯的底面之间。“B1”部分设置在靠近脚块的外侧和中部衬芯的外边缘。“B4”部分与“B1”的规格和形状相同,但还具有胶合衔接片“C1”,该衔接片用下述方法粘合,即它可以折叠和粘接在“B1”上。同样,衔接片“C2”可以折叠在“B3”部分上。因此,对于每个角的脚块来说,“A”构成底部,而“B1”,“B2”,“B3”和“B4”构成脚块的侧面。“D1”部分(粘接在B2上并粘接在“B3”上)粘合在中部衬芯(100)的底部,并依次粘合到下盖(110)的其它部分上,该下盖板(110)构成邻近侧边脚块(104)的侧面。“E”部分是一个折片,它直接粘合在中部衬芯(100)的底部。
下盖板(110)的一个变型结构需要由若干个片构成组合结构。例如,两个“对映”部分,例如在图1C中给出的在下盖板(110)上的右线和左线“X”和“Y”。一个中心部分,设置在两条线“X”和“Y”之间,也是构成下盖板的组成部分。
在托盘的下端由下表层板(112)构成完整的托盘部分。该下表层板(112)用如下方法切割、即在脚块(102,104,106)由下盖板(110)构成的外壳覆盖后,下表层板(112)可以配合安装在多个脚块(102,104,106)的组件上。它的边缘配合在中部衬芯(100)的边缘上。下表层板被粘合到下盖板(110)上,用以加强脚块的稳定,从而在恶劣工作环境条件下脚块的移动,同时也使中心台架和全部托盘具有很高的强度。
本发明托架的变型的最后部分是上表层板(114)。如图所示,上表层板(114)具有一个中心区,该中心区在尺寸和外形上近似地对应于中部衬芯(100)的上表面。在上表层板(114)的每个边具有侧边缘(118),该侧边缘向下弯折在中部衬芯(100)的边上和多个脚块(102,104,106)上,这些脚块当然预先被下盖板(110)覆盖好。多个衔接片均折叠在下表层板(120)的底面上,并且折叠在中部衬芯(100)的角外侧上。并且,当脚块(102)用下盖板(110)覆盖之后,衔接片亦折叠在各角的脚块上。邻接另一纸板的上表层的表面粘合在与它们相邻的板上。
如前所述,如果对于连接上表层板(114)的方法适于中部衬芯(100),并适于实施或大量使用有效的蜂窝结构,那么在衬芯的窝蜂结构中的间隔被封闭和相互隔绝,衬芯由这些封闭的间隔提高了强度,并具有适当的弹性,以及振动缓冲能力。
需要的是,当下表层板(112)和上表层板(114)均制成波纹状,将各原板定位,使下表层板(112)的波纹槽不平行于上表层板(104)的波纹槽。在这些槽之间的角度可以在大约0°和90°之间变化,但最好是在30°与90°之间,对于一种很实用的、从强度、功能性和结构简单占有优势的托盘来说,仍需要在所述的槽之间设有大约90°的角。
本发明的中心问题如下:
a),该下盖板(110)盖住中心台架底面的大部分,并且盖住中心台架上的脚块的外表面;该下盖板(110)的边缘不靠近脚块和中心台架的连接部分,该下盖板(10)在邻近的脚块这间是连续的,并且粘合在各脚块之间的中台架的底面上。
b),该下表层板(112)按下述方式切割,即在脚块(102,104,106)被下盖板(110)覆盖之后,下表层板(112)配合在各个脚块(102、104、106)的装配件上。使下表层板(112)与下盖板(110)相粘结。
本发明不限于在图1A中所表示的基本形式。在图2A中表示了另一种形式,其中下盖(200)[与在图1A中的下盖板(110)类似],具有衔接片(204),该衔接片(204)折叠到中部衬芯或盖板的边缘上。如图2B所示,该对应的上表层板(202)具有衔接片(206),该衔接片(206)折叠到衔接片(204)上。这就在中部衬芯的边缘上产生了一个明显的接缝。该图1A所示的变型中部衬芯的下面具有一个明显的接缝。在本发明的范围内具有多种的衔接片,用以包绕着中部衬芯的外廓,因此中心台架的顶部有一明显的接缝。每种变型部具有它的优点和缺点。例如,在托盘顶部上的接缝构成一个小的凸状物,该凸状物可以用来帮助可靠地保持货物的外形,也就是说,松散装袋的疏松材料等放置在中心盖板的上面。
图3A和3B表示了在图1A的分解图中所示的本发明的托盘的仰视图和俯视透视图。
该托盘上可以覆盖一层材料,该材料使托盘变硬或防水或防尘。选择这些材料的标准应当满足托盘的使用。例如,在潮湿的空气中使用,或者在海上使用,或者在冷冻和非冷冻区域之间转运就需要考虑防水问题。需要时可以采用已知的水基和油基的材料。
另外,在盖面上与货物接触的表面可以用适合的材料覆盖或者涂敷以防止货物滑动。
如果本发明的托盘与滚子运输系统有关,可以在被覆盖的脚块底部粘合硬板材料,例如,纸板、夹布胶木板、层压板、硬化波纹板或其它合适的片状材料。该硬板材料需要1/4至1/2英寸的厚度。该纸板可以由薄的纸板经粘合后压缩在一起,与辊子接触的部分底部有硬表面。该硬表面防止波纹板的底部压陷在环绕运输装置的轮子上,并且由此保证承载的托盘容易在运输装置上运行。该纸板提供了足够高的硬度,用以降低与辊子接触部分底部的可压缩性,并且由此减小了施加在托盘上的拉力。
图4是表示托盘的透视图,该托盘用一个硬板脚支承(502)粘合在脚块的底部。该硬板脚支承(502)具有位于脚块之间可任选的孔(504),以便采用托盘输送装置。
本发明已由说明书和实施例加以描述。然而该实施例只是例子,在任何情况下都不能用其限制本发明的范围。此外,本技术领域中的任何一个普通技术人员可以认识到本发明还有多种变型形式和等同物,它们都将落入权利要求书范围中。
Claims (15)
1、一种托盘,包括:
具有上表面、下表面和边棱的蜂窝结构台架;
上表层板与该蜂窝结构台架的上表面粘合;
脚块与蜂窝结构台架的下表面粘合,
其特征在于:
下盖板的构成如下,即它覆盖脚块和该蜂窝结构台架的下表面,它在邻近的脚块之间是连续的,并且它分别与蜂窝结构台架的下表面和它所覆盖的脚块的表面粘合;
下表层板被制成带有若干开口,以便该脚块穿过开口从下表层板中,并且下表层板与下盖板的部分粘合,该下盖板粘合在蜂窝结构台架的下表层板上。
2、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:一个或多个蜂窝结构台架,上和下表层板,下盖板可以由纸、聚酯树脂、聚乙烯或聚丙烯的透明状或纤维的片状产品制成。
3、按照权利要求2所述的托盘,其特征是:一个或多个蜂窝结构台架,上或下表层板和下盖板由纸制成。
4、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:至少上表层板或下盖板之一折叠和粘合在蜂窝结构台架的边棱上。
5、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:该蜂窝结构台架粘接在上表层板和下盖板上,因此,大部分的间隔被密封在蜂窝结构台架内。
6、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:还具有角脚块,其位于蜂窝结构台架的各角上。
7、按照权利要求6所述的托盘,其特征是:具有边脚块,其位于蜂窝结构台架的各侧边的大致中部。
8、按照权利要求7所述的托盘,其特征是:还具有一中心脚块,其位于蜂窝结构台架的大致中心处。
9、按照权利要求8所述的托盘,其特征是:这些脚块包括扩展的蜂窝结构。
10、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:该上表层板和下表层板均为波纹板。
11、按照权利要求1所述的托盘,其特征是:
这些波纹板具有许多槽,并且上表层板和下表层板的设置位置应使上表层板中的槽和下表层板中的槽彼此不平行。
12、一种托盘,包括:
扩展的纸制蜂窝结构台架,其具有上表面、下表面、以及四个边棱和角;
上表面波纹板粘合在该蜂窝结构台架的上表面上,该波纹板具有许多槽;
角脚块粘合在蜂窝结构台架的下表面上,并设置在蜂窝结构台架的各角处;
其特征在于:
下盖板按如下构成,即它覆盖脚块和该蜂窝结构台架的下表面,它在邻近的脚块之间是连续的,并且分别与蜂窝结构台架的下表面和它所覆盖的脚块的表面粘合;
下表面波纹板具有许多槽,以便脚块穿过开口从下表层板中伸出,并且下表层板与下盖板粘合,该下盖板粘合在蜂窝结构台架的下表面上,并按照上下表层的波纹槽彼此不平行的方式设置。
13、按照权利要求12所述的托盘,其特征是:设有边脚块,其位于蜂窝结构台架的各侧边的大致中部。
14、按照权利要求13所述的托盘,其特征是:还设有一中心脚块,其位于蜂窝结构的大致中心处。
15、按照权利要求12所述的托盘,其特处是:该蜂窝结构台架粘接在上表层板和下表层板上,因此,大部分的间隔被密封在该蜂窝结构台架内。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/904,990 US5230291A (en) | 1990-12-26 | 1992-06-26 | Integrated two-way paper cargo pallet |
US904,990 | 1992-06-26 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1084132A CN1084132A (zh) | 1994-03-23 |
CN1039892C true CN1039892C (zh) | 1998-09-23 |
Family
ID=25420116
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN93109553A Expired - Fee Related CN1039892C (zh) | 1992-06-26 | 1993-06-26 | 整体纸制货物托盘 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5230291A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0647196A4 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1039892C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU682474B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2139126A1 (zh) |
MY (1) | MY109062A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1994000355A1 (zh) |
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-
1992
- 1992-06-26 US US07/904,990 patent/US5230291A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1993
- 1993-06-25 CA CA002139126A patent/CA2139126A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-06-25 AU AU49918/93A patent/AU682474B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-06-25 EP EP93919811A patent/EP0647196A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-06-25 WO PCT/US1993/006200 patent/WO1994000355A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-06-26 CN CN93109553A patent/CN1039892C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-06-26 MY MYPI93001248A patent/MY109062A/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1994000355A1 (en) | 1994-01-06 |
CA2139126A1 (en) | 1994-01-06 |
CN1084132A (zh) | 1994-03-23 |
EP0647196A4 (en) | 1997-10-01 |
AU4991893A (en) | 1994-01-24 |
EP0647196A1 (en) | 1995-04-12 |
AU682474B2 (en) | 1997-10-09 |
MY109062A (en) | 1996-11-30 |
US5230291A (en) | 1993-07-27 |
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