CN103975480A - 具有集成在蓄电池单元壳体中的温度传感器的蓄电池单元 - Google Patents
具有集成在蓄电池单元壳体中的温度传感器的蓄电池单元 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种锂离子蓄电池单元,所述蓄电池单元包括壳体(70)和温度传感器(20),在壳体内安置有电极装置(10),温度传感器安置在壳体(70)的内部,其中,温度传感器(20)具有电热振荡器,所述电热振荡器将温度转化成频率。本发明此外还涉及一种具有按照本发明的蓄电池单元(100)的车辆。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种蓄电池单元,优选地涉及一种锂离子蓄电池单元,其具有安置在蓄电池单元壳体中的温度传感器。
背景技术
在未来无论是在固定应用还是在车辆中,例如,混合动力车辆和电动车辆逐渐加强推广使用蓄电池系统这种趋势日渐明显。尤其是越来越多地使用蓄电池作为混合动力车辆和电动车辆的牵引蓄电池和用于向电驱动装置馈电。图1显示的就是一种现有技术的蓄电池200。该蓄电池是由一个壳体70和一个电池核构成,该电池核包括一个电极装置10用于产生能量。使用数学蓄电池模型使蓄电池200运行。但是,动态蓄电池单元特性的内电阻和时间常数在负载情况下很大程度上依赖于电池核内的温度,在该电池核内发生化学反应。基于这种与负载相关的发热,电池核内的温度能够快速发生变化。图2示范性地显示20Ah的蓄电池单元的内阻的瞬态部分在一定温度下的特性变化曲线。尤其很明显,在较低的温度范围中内阻具有很高的变化率。因此在此,错误地测量的温度会对从中算出的蓄电池的状态以及从中预测的蓄电池的工作功率具有很大的影响。
按照现有技术是借助安装在壳体上面的温度传感器来测量蓄电池单元的温度。DE19961311A1公开了一种温度传感器,其通过一个蓄电池夹子从外部固定在蓄电池上面。然后与温度相关的蓄电池模型的参数可以在线或离线地通过壳体温度体现出来。但是壳体温度既不与电极装置处的位于壳体内部的电池核温度相符,而且与该温度之间没有明确的逻辑关系。因此,由于蓄电池单元内和朝外的热接触电阻,必须延迟或根本不能在蓄电池壳体上面测量电池核温度的变化。
不能准确地探测电池核内的最新温度会导致在蓄电池的运行状态的与温度相关的蓄电池模型内出现误差。蓄电池模型不仅能够应用在蓄电池控制设备内用于监控和控制蓄电池的运行也能够在离线-模拟的方式应用中应用在蓄电池的外部。
从DE10056972A1中已知一种蓄电池单元,在所述蓄电池单元中安置有传感器用于确定蓄电池单元的壳体内的蓄电池温度。温度传感器形成为温度计,并且通过电线与蓄电池壳体的外部区域连接。虽然将常用的例如包含传统的三维结构形式的NTC-测量单元的测针安装在蓄电池单元的内部能够获取电池核温度,但是获取和分析单元以及信号线路会影响蓄电池内的放热和热流。
此外,Makinwa和Snoeij(“A CMOS Temperature-to-FrequencyConverter With an Inaccuracy of Less Than±0.5℃(3σ)From-40℃~105℃,K.A.A.Makinwa,Martijn F.Snoeij,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.41,NO.12,December2006,p.2992-2997)公开了一种温度-频率-转换器,其在标准的CMOS-方法中执行。
发明内容
按照本发明提供一种蓄电池单元,优选地是一种锂离子蓄电池单元,所述蓄电池单元包括壳体和温度传感器,在壳体内安置有电极装置,温度传感器安置在壳体的内部。在此,温度传感器包括将温度转化成频率的电热振荡器。
按照本发明的蓄电池单元所具有的优势在于,能够在发生化学反应的地方,即在蓄电池单元壳体的内部,获取温度,而不通过获取或分析单元以及信号线路来影响放热和温度。此外通过获取壳体内温度能够更准确地对蓄电池模型进行参数设置和为了模拟-以及状态识别-和预测目的对蓄电池模型进行分析。
优选地,温度传感器被构造为差分温度传感器。通过本发明可以动态地获取蓄电池单元内的温度变化(ΔT/dt)。优选地,动态值ΔT/dt介于0.5K/min与5K/min之间。
优选地,温度传感器集成在微芯片中的集成电路内。通过能够集成在壳体内部实现了小的结构形式,其成本低并且对外界干扰具有鲁棒性。
优选地,温度传感器包括CMOS-振荡器,即一种通过CMOS-技术在集成电路内实现的热振荡器。在互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)中在一个共用的基底上既可以使用p-通道也可以使用n-通道-场效应晶体管。这种结构的优势在于,其能够直接集成在一个专用集成电路(ASIC)内,并且能够提供一个与温度成比例的频率信号。
优选地,电热振荡器包括具有热电偶的热电堆。与晶体管相比,热电偶的优势在于,其没有偏移和不含1/f噪声。
在另一个实施形式中,温度传感器包括与温度相关的双极晶体管。换句话说则是,本发明包括一个集成在微芯片内以硅二极管的特性曲线的温度关系为基础的温度传感器,例如,带隙-温度传感器。在这里温度传感器也能够直接集成在一个专用集成电路(ASIC)内。
在本发明的一个设计方案中,温度传感器的准-数字输出信号是借助电力线通信(“Power line Communication”)从壳体输出。
由此,传感器能够集成在蓄电池单元内,而不需要额外的向外穿过壳壁的电力线。替代地,也能够使用一种以双极技术,例如,带隙,CTAT(与绝对温度成反比的电流产生器)和PTAT(与绝对温度成正比的电流产生器)为基础的方法或一种以简单的二极管为基础的方法。能够针对性地转换输出信号,优选为电压,即,数字化。
优选地,电极装置由第一电极和第二电极以及其间的分离器形成的绕组组成,并且在一个实施例中温度传感器是直接安置在绕组处。
优选地,电极装置与至少一个集流器(Stromsammler)连接,所述集流器将电极装置的电流从壳体中导出,并且优选地温度传感器与集流器热耦合,更加优选地直接安置在至少一个集流器上。在本发明的一个优选的设计方案中,温度传感器通过电极装置与电源电连接。因为集流器是直接与蓄电池单元绕组连接,并且从电极装置量取电流,所以温度传感器能够直接确定蓄电池单元绕组处的温度并且同时从蓄电池单元绕组获取用于运行的电流。
此外还提出一种具有按照本发明的蓄电池单元的车辆,其中蓄电池单元与车辆的驱动装置连接。
在从属权利要求和说明书中对本发明的优选的改进方案进行说明。
附图说明
下面借助附图和说明对本发明的实施例进行更详细的解释。附图简介:
图1示出了现有技术的蓄电池,
图2示出了现有技术绕制的电极装置,
图3示出了蓄电池内阻的瞬态部分在一定温度下的曲线,
图4示出了按照本发明的蓄电池,其具有蓄电池单元和在蓄电池单元壳体内的温度传感器,
图5示出了按照本发明的具有等效电路的蓄电池单元模型,
图6示出了热振荡器的实施方式。
具体实施方式
在图1中显示的是现有技术的蓄电池200。蓄电池200包括一个蓄电池控制设备40和一个具有壳体70的蓄电池单元100。一个电池核,一个电极装置10安置在壳体70内部。电极装置10包括一个第一正电极和一个第二负电极11,12(见图2),所述电极通过一个分离器13分隔开。优选地,电极11,12与其间的分离器13绕制在一起,见图2。在两个相对侧,电极装置10与集流器30接触。第一集流器30与第一电极11接触,第二集流器30与第二电极12接触。集流器30与第一和第二端子60,62连接。端子60,62从蓄电池单元100的壳体70导出电流。蓄电池控制设备40通过电线50与蓄电池单元100的端子60,62连接。蓄电池控制设备40对蓄电池200的运行进行控制,例如,充电和放电过程。优选地,在蓄电池控制设备40内实施蓄电池模型。该模型用于监控蓄电池200。
图3显示的是电池内阻的瞬态部分与电池内部的温度之间的相关性。尤其是在低于20℃的温度范围内曲线具有高的变化率。随着温度的上升蓄电池单元100的电阻值逐渐变小。如果是在壳体的外部测量温度,则温度值常常比壳体的内部温度低5K并且实际上较迟地显示在壳体内部的温度上升。如开篇时所述,这会导致在确定蓄电池模型内的电阻值时出现误差和并进而造成错误地计算蓄电池的电压。
图4显示的是按照本发明的蓄电池200。所述蓄电池的结构与图1中所示的现有技术的蓄电池200基本一致,但是在蓄电池单元100的内部具有温度传感器20。
温度传感器20将温度转换成频率,即,提供一个与温度成比例的频率信号。该温度传感器包括但不限于热振荡器,优选是借助CMOS-技术集成在专用集成电路中的微芯片上的热振荡器。
优选地,热振荡器是一种CMOS-温度-频率-转换器,如Makinwa和Snoeij(“A CMOS Temperature-to-Frequency Converter With anInaccuracy of Less Than±0.5℃(3σ)From-40℃~105℃,K.A.A.Makinwa,Martijn F.Snoeij,IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits,Vol.41,NO.12,December2006,p.2992-2997)所公开的。
优选地,通过这种结构能够简单地通过已有的电流路径从蓄电池壳体向外传输准-数字输出信号。不需要额外的贯穿壳体的电力线。
替代地,也能够使用一种以双极技术为基础的方法。随后能够有针对性地对输出信号,优选电压进行数字化转换。
例如,尤其有针对性地,像图4中一样将温度传感器20直接安置在电池绕组10处。这样就能够直接测量电极温度并同时向温度传感器20供电。温度传感器然后与第一和第二电极电连接。
在另一个优选的设计方案中,温度传感器20也能够直接安置在电池绕组的至少一个集流器30上。集流器30通常具有一个高的导热能力,是由金属制成并且因此能够将电池绕组的温度良好地向温度传感器20传输。
也能够从外部通过端子60,62向位于壳体70内部的温度传感器20供电。
优选地,测得的温度被调制到蓄电池内部已有的电流传导路径(端子-集流器-电池绕组)。然后能够从那里开始通过电力线50将温度向蓄电池控制设备40传递。通过将温度传感器20的振荡耦合到电流传导路径能够电容地或电感地将温度信息从壳体70导出。振荡在蓄电池单元100的外部通过用于振荡耦合输出的装置(未显示)被重新耦合输出并且在蓄电池控制设备40中被应用于在那里实施的蓄电池模型。
这能够在线执行,即在蓄电池单元100的运行过程中,也能够离线执行,即在蓄电池单元100的静止状态。在后一种情况下是从外部向温度传感器20加载能量。
在蓄电池控制设备40内使用与蓄电池单元100匹配的和参数化的蓄电池模型。测得的电流通常与测量的温度一起作为输入值输入该模型,该模型模拟从中得出的电压并且将其与测得的电压进行比较,以便对模型参数进行调节,确定充电状态,提供电流或功率的预测,等等。
无论现在在线还是离线,如果优选地在两种应用情况下使用按照本发明的来自电池核的温度测量值,则能够明显改观地计算和预报蓄电池单元的动态特性。
在一个实施示例中,如图5所示,通过一个欧姆电阻和RC-元件在蓄电池控制设备40内实施等效电路(ECM-“equivalent circuitmodel)。
等效电路包括空载电压Uocv,蓄电池单元Ucell,第一电阻R0,欧姆电阻,与该欧姆电阻串联连接的第二电阻R1和一个电容器C1的并联电路。电流I流过第一电阻R0,划分成流经第二电阻R1的电流IR和流经电容器C1的电流IC。电压U1通过第一电阻R1下降。然后如下计算蓄电池单元100的电压:
Ucell=UOCV+R0·Icell+U1 (公式1)
其中U1,具有适当的初始条件U10,是下述公式的答案
对于一个恒定的电流脉冲从t=0开始随后得出明确的关系:
(公式3)
假定,例如,在壳体上面测量的温度只比蓄电池单元内部的实际温度低5K,电阻R0,R1由此只比实际值高大约20%。但是时间常数R1C1保持不变。
对于预测是否存在恒定电流,重要的是蓄电池200的压降值在什么时候超过某一阈值。适用的关系是:
如果现在使用较高的,在壳体上面测量的温度,公式4左侧的数值在每个时间点都比必要的高出20%,并且一直是过低地输出对于应用恒定电流可使用的时间。
但是如果替代上述使用的是在电池核测量的温度,电流的预测将更准确,和更加充分地利用蓄电池的功率。类似的情况也适用于状态评估、功率预测和蓄电池单元100的特性的离线-模拟。
通过蓄电池模型设置按照本发明的蓄电池控制设备40,以用于接收直接在壳体内部测量的蓄电池模型温度和例如,借助于存储在蓄电池控制设备40内的表格,根据直接在壳体内部测量的温度确定电阻。与现有技术在壳体外部测量的温度相比蓄电池模型的精确度借此得以改善。
图6显示的是在本发明中所使用的一个热振荡器300的一个实施例。热振荡器300包括具有加热元件326和热电堆322的电热过滤器320,其中热电堆具有不同的热电偶324。在此,热电偶324被设置为薄层结构。例如,它们能够是p+扩散/铝-热电偶324。与晶体管或电阻相比热电偶324的优势在于,它们没有偏移和不含1/f-噪声。热振荡器此外还包含一个乘法器340、一个积分器360和一个电压控制的振荡器380。热电堆320、加热元件326和电压控制的振荡器380通过一个反馈回路与乘法器连接。因此电热过滤器320的相位移确定电压控制的振荡器380的频率。电热过滤器320的相位移是通过在加热元件326处生成一个热脉冲(短时温度升高)和在热电堆322处识别或再转换到一个电压脉冲之间的延迟产生。这种相位移与热振荡器构造在其上的基底的基本温度相关,而基底又吸收周围环境的温度。由此,热振荡器300的振荡频率与蓄电池单元100的温度有关。
Claims (12)
1.一种蓄电池单元(100),其包括壳体(70)和温度传感器(20),在所述壳体内安置有电极装置(10),所述温度传感器安置在所述壳体(70)的内部,其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)包括电热振荡器(300),所述电热振荡器将温度转化成频率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)是差分温度传感器。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)具有介于0.5K/min与5K/min之间的温度动态(ΔT/dt)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)集成在微芯片中的集成电路内。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)包括CMOS-振荡器。
6.根据权利要求5所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述电热振荡器(300)包括具有热电偶(324)的热电堆(322)。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)包括与温度相关的双极型晶体管。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述电极装置(10)是由第一电极和第二电极(11,12)以及其间的分离器(13)形成的绕组组成,并且所述温度传感器(20)安置在所述绕组(80)处,优选地直接安置在所述绕组(80)处。
9.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述电极装置(10)与至少一个集流器(30)连接,所述至少一个集流器将所述电极装置(10)的电流从所述壳体(70)中导出,并且所述温度传感器(20)与所述集流器(30)热耦合,优选地所述温度传感器(20)直接安置在所述至少一个集流器(30)上。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)的输出信号借助电力线通信从所述壳体(70)输出。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其特征在于,所述温度传感器(20)通过所述电极装置(10)电连接至电源。
12.一种车辆,其包括根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的蓄电池单元(100),其中所述蓄电池单元(100)与车辆的驱动装置连接。
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- 2012-06-19 DE DE102012210253A patent/DE102012210253A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-06-19 DE DE102012210258A patent/DE102012210258A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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DE102012210262A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
EP2780972B1 (de) | 2015-10-21 |
CN103988358B (zh) | 2016-12-14 |
US9478831B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 |
DE102012210253A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
WO2013072280A2 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
WO2013072117A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
ES2552783T3 (es) | 2015-12-02 |
DE102012210263B4 (de) | 2024-01-11 |
US20140377598A1 (en) | 2014-12-25 |
EP2780972A1 (de) | 2014-09-24 |
CN103931046A (zh) | 2014-07-16 |
WO2013072280A3 (de) | 2013-08-22 |
DE102012210263A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
WO2013072281A3 (de) | 2013-08-22 |
CN103931046B (zh) | 2016-12-21 |
DE102012210258A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
CN103988358A (zh) | 2014-08-13 |
US9748613B2 (en) | 2017-08-29 |
WO2013072279A1 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
US20150037635A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
WO2013072281A2 (de) | 2013-05-23 |
US20140368209A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
US9960462B2 (en) | 2018-05-01 |
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