CN103843557A - Micro-ridging, mulching and sowing method for dry-land corn of cold and cool zones - Google Patents
Micro-ridging, mulching and sowing method for dry-land corn of cold and cool zones Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a micro-ridging, mulching and sowing method for dry-land corn of cold and cool zones. The method has the aims that mulching film covering simultaneously plays a role in micro rainwater collection, soil moisture preservation and temperature increase and the utilization ratio of hydrothermal resources is increased. The method provided by the invention comprises the steps: (1) carrying out soil preparation: deeply plowing at autumn, and harrowing and leveling to preserve soil moisture at the mudding period of thawed soil at early spring; (2) forming micro ridges, wherein faces of the ridges are semi-circular arc-shaped, the width of the bottoms of the ridges is 50cm, the spacing of the ridges is 70cm, the ridging spacing is 120cm, and the height of the ridges is 5-7cm; (3) ditching to fertilize: ditching two rows of fertilization ditches in the outer side of each sowing row, putting a fertilizer in the fertilization ditches in a strip sowing manner, and separating seed fertilizer from seeds; (4) mulching: mulching the ridges and about-15cm-width places of the two sides of the ridges with agricultural polyethylene films; (5) sowing: carrying out rush-early-planting while the soil is damp by using mudding water of soil when the daily average temperature in spring is stably above 7 DEG C or the temperature of 5cm soil layers below ridge side films is stably above 7 DEG C and the field moisture capacity of soil plough layers reaches over 60%; (6) covering sown rows with soil in time, wherein the thickness of covering soil is 2-3cm; (7) pressing, and preserving and raising soil moisture.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to arviculture technical field, relate to the one micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools.
Background technology
Yield in Cold and drought and water shortage are the two large limiting factors that cool in district's corn on dry land production.Traditional film-mulching technique be cool district corn on dry land produce in the soil moisture conservation of extensive use heat yield-increasing technology.But find in producing, although the micro-collection rain of plastic mulching successful after ridging, the capable per day ground temperature of the wheat grown along film sides mulch film that tiles obviously reduces, and along with ridging height increases, film side ground temperature obviously reduces, there is micro-collection rain after ridging overlay film and heat between contradiction.
Summary of the invention
The present invention seeks to the deficiency for overcoming above-mentioned prior art, provide one can make plastic mulching bring into play micro-collection rain, soil moisture conservation and heating effect simultaneously, improve the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools of hydrothermal resources availability.
The inventive method comprises the following steps:
(1) wholely: the autumn ploughs deeply cultivated, the degree of depth 20 cm～23 cm, turn over root stubble and bury well.Thaw and during soil returns slurry, harrow a kind of farm tools soil moisture conservation in early spring; In time shallow plowing rake a kind of farm tools, accomplish without balking, Wu Lifa, without clod, in small, broken bits smooth, retain and conserve soil moisture, make soil reach state to be broadcast in spring.
(2) play micro-ridge: on whole good Shang Qiwei ridge, soil, ridge face is semicircular arc, ridge bottom width 50cm, distance between the ridges 70cm, row spacing 120cm, ridging height is unsuitable too high, is generally 5～7cm, to play micro-collection rain effect.
(3) ditching-fertilizing: utilize applicator boot output in the outside of sowing row two row at a distance of 70cm, be the dressing furrow of 10cm deeply, by fertilizer drilling, in dressing furrow, seed manure and seed separate, in case burn seedling.
(4) overlay film: select fabric width 90cm～100cm, more than thickness 0.008mm common PE Agricultural Films, at the wide overlay film of the about 15cm in Shang Helong both sides, ridge, every mu of about 3kg～4kg of polyethylene film consumption.
(5) sowing: when spring daily mean temperature stable by 7 DEG C, or under the side form of ridge, 5cm soil temperature is stable by 7 DEG C～8 DEG C, and soil plough horizon field capacity reaches 60% when above, can make full use of soil and return the pulp-water early sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil.
Accumulated temperature deficiency is the main limiting factor cooling in district's Maize Production, should stop more district's seed selection when kind is selected.Micro-ridge mulch sowing can be selected the required active accumulated temperature of corn growth stage and the local high-quality density-resisting and high-yield kind that active accumulated temperature is suitable throughout the year, ensures the maturity of corn.
Single grain fine sowing, seed should be without seed-borne disease, and full seed is even, and purity is not less than 98%, and cleanliness is not less than 97%, and seed moisture content is below 12%, and germination rate is more than 95%, and seed vitality is strong, and the crossbreed of the selected classification of process and dressing.
Thickness of sowing is: reasonable construction colony is the important guarantee that corn obtains high yield.Thickness of sowing should be carried out rational close planting according to weather and soil condition, breediness, date of seeding, farming and film mulching method and supplementary irrigation condition.Every mu of plantation 3800 strain～4300 strains of ripe resistance to close type kind in general, every mu of plantation 4300 strain～4800 strains of precocious resistance to close type kind.
Sowing line-spacing is: wait line-spacing sowing, line-spacing is 60cm, has coordinated the docking of sowing and results link, is conducive to the efficient mechanicalization results of corn.
Sowing depth is: seed is broadcast under the side mulch film of ridge, when soil plough horizon soil moisture content reach field capacity 60%～70% time, General Requirements seed level 5 cm, 3 cm under film, earthing 2 cm on film, specifically can suitably increase and decrease sowing depth according to different soil moistures content.
Moisturizing sowing is: when reaching the temperature condition of sowing date for early sowing, but topsoil dry ground layer reaches, 10 cm are above and (10 d～15 are not d) while thering is no rainfall in the recent period, use the corn moisturizing overlay film multifunctional precision seeder in DB14/T 785-2013, moisturizing, ridging, fertilising, overlay film, Precision Seeding, earthing, suppression once complete.The moisturizing degree of depth is for planting lower 5 cm places.
(6) earthing: after planting utilize in time disc type covering device at sowing row earthing, fully bury planting hole, thickness of earth covering 2-3cm.
(7) suppression: can be with press wheel after corn seeding wheel, in time the sowing row after earthing be suppressed, moisture in the soil is put forward in soil moisture conservation.While having damage caused by a drought, should pay attention to especially broadcasting rear suppression and put forward moisture in the soil, make seed and soil close contact.
The inventive method is to reduce for ridging caudacoria side ground temperature, occurs collection rain and heat contradiction proposing, and has coordinated better soil hydro-thermal relation, and its core is micro-ridge overlay film, makes plastic mulching take into account micro-collection rain, soil moisture conservation, heating effect simultaneously.The present invention is through at Yangqu County, Shanxi Province experiment and demonstration for many years, and micro-ridge mulch sowing method is in conjunction with technology such as suitable district's seed selection, sowing date for early sowing, suitable close plantations, and more traditional mulch sowing mode shows obvious the effect of increasing income.The inventive method solved collect rain after ridging overlay film and heat between contradiction, coordinated the soil water, hot relation, make plastic mulching bring into play micro-collection rain, soil moisture conservation and heating effect simultaneously, improved water, thermal resource availability, finally reach the object that increases production and improves productivity.
The present invention is compared with existing invention technology, and employing waits line-spacing plantation, has coordinated the docking of sowing and results link, is conducive to the efficient mechanicalization results of corn, for the operation of corn entire mechanization facilitates.Can be completely achieved mechanization, disposablely complete ridging, fertilising, overlay film, sowing, earthing and suppression, realized the mechanization of agronomic technique, operating efficiency obviously improves.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is Covering techniques ground temperature in the seedling stage comparison diagram recording in river village, Yangqu County, Shanxi Province in May, 2012;
Fig. 2 is river village, Yangqu County, Shanxi Province in 2012 Covering techniques corn economic flow rate comparison diagram.
Embodiment
Step of the present invention is:
(1) meticulous whole ground: the autumn ploughs deeply cultivated, and the degree of depth 20 cm～23 cm turn over root stubble and bury well.Thaw and during soil returns slurry, harrow a kind of farm tools soil moisture conservation in early spring, generally thaw at soil that to reach 3～4cm dark, when daytime, food taken late at night froze, top is insulted and is raked the soil level.Spring soil moisture deficiency plot, put forward moisture in the soil in broadcasting first 2～3 days and suppressing.In time shallow plowing rake a kind of farm tools, accomplish without balking, Wu Lifa, without clod, in small, broken bits smooth, retain and conserve soil moisture, make soil reach state to be broadcast in spring.
Before ploughing, every mu of land used worm gram 1.5 kg or 50% Phoxim emulsion 0.1 kg, stir ripe wheat bran or millet 2～3 kg and make bait and be evenly sprinkled into earth's surface, ploughs deeply into soil in conjunction with arable land.
(2) play micro-ridge: on whole good Shang Qiwei ridge, soil, ridge face is semicircular arc, ridge bottom width 50cm, distance between the ridges 70cm, row spacing 120cm, ridging height, to play micro-collection rain effect, is generally 5～7cm.
(3) trench digging, deep placement base fertilizer: determine fertilizing amount according to target output and soil basic fertility.Base manure: generally use in conjunction with deep ploughing to turn over, all fertilizers, 30% purity nitrogen that is equivalent to total fertilizer amount, 75% phosphorus pentoxide, 75% potassium oxide and whole zinc fertilizer, mix rear full topsoil and apply, and fertilization depth is 20cm～23cm.
(4) overlay film: select fabric width 90cm～100cm, more than thickness 0.008mm common PE Agricultural Films, adopt micro-ridge film mulching method, at the wide overlay film of the about 15cm in Shang Helong both sides, ridge, sow every mu of approximately 3～4kg of polyethylene film consumption under two side forms of ridge.
(5) sowing, the optimum period early sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil:
Suitable district seed selection: select the precision corn sowing of suitable, drought-enduring, cold-resistant, resistance to close, high yield of ripe phase and anti-local main diseases insect pest sub.Seed quality should be without seed-borne disease, and full seed is even, and purity is not less than 98%, and cleanliness is not less than 97%, and seed moisture content is below 12%, and germination rate is more than 95%, and seed vitality is strong, and the crossbreed of the selected classification of process and dressing.
Date of seeding: spring, daily mean temperature was stable by 7 DEG C, or under the side form of ridge, 5 cm soil temperatures are stable during by 7 DEG C～8 DEG C, and 0～10cm soil plough horizon field capacity reaches 60% and can make full use of soil when above and return the pulp-water sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil.Can more local custom plantation 10 d～15 d sowings ahead of time.
Seeding method: cover and broadcast the same period: while reaching the temperature of sowing date for early sowing and moisture condition, can sow with the corn drill with ridging, fertilising, overlay film, precision drilling, earthing, suppression function plot, whole ground of autumn; Cover and broadcast benefit (water) same period: the temperature condition that reaches sowing date for early sowing, but soil plough horizon dry ground layer reaches, 10 cm are above and (10 d～15 are not d) while thering is no rainfall in the recent period, use the corn moisturizing overlay film multifunctional precision seeder in DB14/T 785-2013, ridging, fertilising, moisturizing, overlay film, Precision Seeding, earthing, suppression once complete.The moisturizing degree of depth is for planting lower 5 cm places.
Thickness of sowing: rational close planting is the important guarantee that corn obtains high yield.In every mu of ripe resistance to close type kind plantation 3800 strain～4300 strains.Every mu of plantation 4300 strain～4800 strains of precocious resistance to close type kind.Soil fertility is higher, can suitably increase density of reserved seedlings.
Sowing line-spacing: wait line-spacing sowing, line-spacing is 60cm, has coordinated the docking of sowing and results link, is conducive to the efficient mechanicalization results of corn.
Sowing depth: soil plough horizon soil moisture content reach field capacity 60%～70% time, General Requirements seed level 5cm, 3cm under film, earthing 2cm on film, specifically can suitably increase and decrease sowing depth according to different soil moistures content.
Seeding quality requires: when epiphragma, film should be dragged to exhibition, be close to ridge face, reality is sternly covered by soil pressure in film limit, every 5～7 meters or one waist soil of longer distance (apparent wind power size) pressure, with windproof eardrum.Will note at any time checking seeding quality, ensure that sowing depth is suitable, seed is evenly distributed, and earthing is tight, and suppression really, is found the disconnected bar of broadcast leakage, should mark, and reseeds in time.While having damage caused by a drought, should pay attention to especially broadcasting rear suppression and put forward moisture in the soil, make seed and soil close contact.
Seed manure: execute 10% purity nitrogen, 25% phosphorus pentoxide, 25% potassium oxide that are equivalent to total fertilizing amount for every mu, mix and apply kind of a bed when sowing, accomplish kind, fertilizer separates, kind burn a seedling in case burn.
(6) earthing: after planting utilize in time disc type covering device at sowing row earthing, fully bury planting hole, thickness of earth covering 2-3cm.
(7) suppression: can be with press wheel after corn seeding wheel, in time the sowing row after earthing be suppressed, moisture in the soil is put forward in soil moisture conservation.While having damage caused by a drought, should pay attention to especially broadcasting rear suppression and put forward moisture in the soil, make seed and soil close contact.
Chemical weed control: after planting, in the situation that soil moisture content is suitable, spray in time chemical herbicide.Can select every mu of 150～200ml of 38% atrazine suspending agent or 50% acetochlor ec 100～150ml, be watered 40 L and before broadcasting rear seedling, carry out soil sealing.
Abolish and harden: plastic mulching after planting, in case of rainfall more easily forms soil compaction, should be carried out in time artificial hack and abolish and harden, ensure that corn normally emerges.
Assist and put seedling: after emerging, in time top seedling, the seedling of curling up, hole dislocation seedling are assisted and put seedling.Put after seedling and with soil, obturaged in seedling hole, the time should be in the morning or afternoon, avoid wind sky and noon scorcher.
Intertill in the usual way, topdress, weeding and the extermination of disease and insect pest, in good time results.
According to above-mentioned embodiment, within 2012, carry out mensuration and the determination of yield of soil environment index in river village, Yangqu County, Shanxi Province.
(1) the dark ground temperature of film side 5cm (2 days-May 31 May in 2012), as Fig. 1, overlay film is processed arbitrary moment ground temperature in one day and is all obviously greater than not overlay film, show obvious warming effect, but during overlay film is processed, different ridging height ground temperature is obviously different, along with the increase of ridging height, day, the highest mean ground temperature obviously reduced, but a day minimum mean ground temperature slightly increases.
Table 1, the dark ground temperature of film side sowing row 5cm on 2 days-May 31 May in 2012
Per day ground temperature (table 1): the per day ground temperature of overlay film is not 17.59 DEG C, is improved significantly after overlay film, but 3 kinds of overlay film processing differences are obvious.The per day ground temperature of overlay film (tiling) is up to 20.14 DEG C in 3 kinds of film mulching methods, in the time that ridging overlay film height is 5cm, it is 20.0 DEG C that per day ground temperature decreases, but in the time that ridging overlay film height increases to 15cm, per day ground temperature is obviously reduced to 18.8 DEG C, reduces by 1.33 DEG C compared with overlay film (tiling).Along with ridging height increases, per day ground temperature obviously reduces, film side sowing row warming effect variation.
The highest mean ground temperature of day (table 1): different disposal day, the highest mean ground temperature difference was obvious.Overlay film processing day the highest mean ground temperature is not minimum is 23.43 DEG C, overlay film (tiling) is up to 28.35 DEG C, in the time that ridging overlay film height is 5cm, day, the highest mean ground temperature decreased, be 27.53 DEG C, but in the time that ridging overlay film height increases to 15cm, day the highest mean ground temperature is obviously reduced to 24.63 DEG C, reduce by 3.72 DEG C compared with overlay film (tiling) daily mean temperature, more overlay film does not only improve 1.2 DEG C.
Day minimum mean ground temperature (table 1): between different disposal day minimum mean ground temperature, difference is little.Overlay film processing is not minimum is 12.22 DEG C, during overlay film is processed, along with ridging height increases, a day minimum mean ground temperature slightly increases, and overlay film (tiling), ridging overlay film (the high 5cm in ridge) and ridging overlay film (the high 15cm in ridge) are respectively 12.58 DEG C, 13.08 DEG C and 13.59 DEG C.
Ridging overlay film is along with the increase of ridging height, and film side sowing row warming effect obviously reduces.
(2) film side in seedling stage top layer 0-15cm soil moisture content (volume): May in 2012, four soil basis determinings showed, overlay film 0-15cm average soil moisture is not 16.4%, overlay film Effect for preservation of soil moisture is obvious, overlay film (tiling) is 18.2%, in the time that ridging overlay film height is 5cm, has certain micro-collection rain effect, 0-15cm average soil moisture increases to 18.6%, in the time that ridging overlay film height is 15cm, micro-collection rain successful, 0-15cm average soil moisture is 19.8%.Ridging overlay film is with the increase of ridging height, and the micro-collection rain of film side effect obviously increases.
(3) economic flow rate (Fig. 2): under the acting in conjunction of Soil moisture and temperature, different disposal economic flow rate is obviously different.Three overlay films are processed output apparently higher than not overlay film processing, and on average more overlay film is not high by 13.0%.But because the collection rain of different overlay film processing is with to heat effect different, so output is different.It is best that overlay film (tiling) heats effect, ridging overlay film (the high 15cm in ridge) collection rain effect is the most obvious, and ridging overlay film (5cm) has been taken into account collection rain and heated effect, therefore output is up to 806.4kg/ mu, respectively compared with overlay film (tiling) and ridging overlay film (the high 15cm in ridge) high 6.1% and 5.0%.
According to above-mentioned embodiment, within 2013, carry out mensuration and the determination of yield of soil environment index in river village, Yangqu County, Shanxi Province, soil temperature, moisture and economic flow rate and within 2012, there is same trend between Covering techniques.
According to above-mentioned embodiment, within 2011, once carried out the mensuration of economic flow rate in river village, Yangqu County, Shanxi Province, within 2011, belong to the high flow year, ground temperature has become the main limiting factor in Maize Production, ridging overlay film (the high 10～15cm in ridge) is owing to having reduced the capable ground temperature of wheat grown along film sides, tasseling stage is postponed 1-2 days compared with overlay film (tiling), is finally embodied on economic flow rate compared with overlay film (tiling) underproduction 64.4kg/ mu, and amount of decrease is 8.5%.
In plastic film mulching cultivation, if temperature is the main limiting factor in Maize Production, select so overlay film (tiling), if moisture is the main limiting factor in Maize Production, select so ridging overlay film, high 15cm left and right, ridge.Should be according to concrete restriction of production condition in production, select suitable ridging overlay film height.
Claims (8)
1. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools, is characterized in that:
(1) wholely: the autumn ploughs deeply cultivated, the degree of depth 20 cm～23 cm, turn over root stubble and bury well; Thaw and harrow a kind of farm tools soil moisture conservation during soil returns slurry in early spring, make soil reach state to be broadcast in spring;
(2) play micro-ridge: on whole good Shang Qiwei ridge, soil, ridge face is semicircular arc, ridge bottom width 50cm, distance between the ridges 70cm, row spacing 120cm, ridge is high is 5～7cm, to play micro-collection rain effect;
(3) ditching-fertilizing: utilize applicator boot output in the outside of sowing row two row at a distance of 70cm, be the dressing furrow of 10cm deeply, by fertilizer drilling, in dressing furrow, seed manure and seed separate, in case burn seedling;
(4) overlay film: select fabric width 90cm～100cm, more than thickness 0.008mm PE Agricultural Films, at the wide overlay film of the about 15cm in Shang Helong both sides, ridge;
(5) sowing: when spring daily mean temperature stable by 7 DEG C, or under the side form of ridge, 5cm soil temperature is stable by 7 DEG C, and soil plough horizon field capacity reaches 60% when above, can make full use of soil and return the pulp-water early sowing of losing no time in sowing while there is sufficient moisture in the soil;
(6) earthing: after planting, in time at sowing row earthing, fully bury planting hole, thickness of earth covering 2～3cm;
(7) suppression: in time the sowing row after earthing is suppressed, moisture in the soil is put forward in soil moisture conservation.
2. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, it is characterized in that single grain fine sowing, seed should adopt without seed-borne disease, full seed is even, and purity is not less than 98%, and cleanliness is not less than 97%, seed moisture content is below 12%, germination rate is more than 95%, and seed vitality is strong, and the crossbreed of the selected classification of process and dressing.
3. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, is characterized in that waiting line-spacing sowing, and line-spacing is 60cm.
4. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, is characterized in that sowing under the side mulch film of ridge, when soil plough horizon soil moisture content reach field capacity 60%～70% time, seed level 5cm, 3cm under film, earthing 2cm on film.
5. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, is characterized in that carrying out rational close planting according to weather and soil condition, breediness, date of seeding, farming and film mulching method and supplementary irrigation condition; In every mu of ripe resistance to close type kind plantation 3800～4300 strains, every mu of plantation 4300～4800 strains of precocious resistance to close type kind.
6. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, it is characterized in that when the temperature condition that reaches sowing date for early sowing, but while thering is no rainfall more than topsoil dry ground layer reaches 10 cm and in recent 10～15 days, use corn moisturizing overlay film multifunctional precision seeder, moisturizing, ridging, fertilising, overlay film, Precision Seeding, earthing, suppression once complete, and the moisturizing degree of depth is for planting lower 5 cm places.
7. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, the district that it is characterized in that cooling should stop more district's seed selection, select the required active accumulated temperature of corn growth stage and the local high-quality density-resisting and high-yield kind that active accumulated temperature is suitable throughout the year, ensure the maturity of corn.
8. the micro-ridge of the district's corn on dry land mulch sowing method that cools according to claim 1, while it is characterized in that overlay film, every mu of polyethylene film consumption is 3kg～4kg.
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| CN104041275A (en) * | 2014-06-12 | 2014-09-17 | 沧州市农林科学院 | Spring corn planting method in rain-fed dry-farming area of Heilonggang area |
| CN111758513A (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2020-10-13 | 塔里木大学 | Corn planting method |
| CN111758513B (en) * | 2020-08-04 | 2022-03-04 | 塔里木大学 | Corn planting method |
| CN114711071A (en) * | 2021-12-07 | 2022-07-08 | 甘肃省农业科学院生物技术研究所 | Micro-ridge film-covering drought-resisting and grass-controlling cultivation method for day lily |
| CN114375785A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-22 | 苏州硒谷科技有限公司 | Seedling raising method for selenium-rich rice seedlings |
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