CN103548544A - Method for gradually replacing tobacco nitrogen fertilizers with multicropping vetches - Google Patents
Method for gradually replacing tobacco nitrogen fertilizers with multicropping vetches Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for gradually replacing tobacco nitrogen fertilizers with multicropping vetches. The method comprises the following steps of hole-sowing a row of Yunguang early vetches on each of two sides of tobaccos on a tobacco planting ridge, and cradling, chopping, turning and pressing fresh Yunguang early vetches in early March of the next year at the period of full bloom, wherein the using amount of low- and medium-fertility soil is 15,000 kg/hm<2>, and the using amount of high-fertility soil is 7,500 kg/hm<2>; aftercropping the tobaccos, and continuously multicropping the tobaccos and the vetches. Compared with the using amount of conventional fertilizer application, the using amount of tobacco nitrogen fertilizers is reduced by 15 percent in the first year and is progressively decreased year by year on the basis of the using amount of the last year according to 15 percent until the using amount of the nitrogen fertilizers is progressively decreased to zero. According to the method, the using amount of the tobacco nitrogen fertilizers is greatly reduced; furthermore, the yield of tobacco products can be obviously improved and is increased by over 10 percent; the quality of the tobacco products is obviously improved; the output value is increased by over 14 percent; the effect of improving the soil is outstanding; the average annual increase of organic matters in the soil is 0.025 percent; the average annual decrease of the volume weight of the soil is 0.011 g/cm<3>.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to agricultural cultivation low-consumption high-efficiency and sustainable development technical field, specifically a kind of multiple cropping sweet potato method of instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer progressively.
Background technology
The tobacco planting mode of prior art depends critically upon chemical fertilizer application, and continuous cropping obstacle is outstanding, and causes tobacco-growing soil to harden, and degradation degeneration disease shape under productivity, is a kind of unsustainable property mode of production.Being summed up, there is lower column defects and deficiency in the tobacco planting mode of prior art:
(1) heavy chemical fertilizer, light fertilizer.The tobacco Production of Large Fields of prior art is followed the rich water quality management experience of " front attack rear control " always, and after the field planting of cigarette seedling survives, rapidly growth under the effect of quick-acting chemical fertilizer, buddings and control fertile, water after binding and supply with, and allows the blade Huang that falls rapidly.During concrete operations, because chemical fertilizer is violent, validity is shorter, and fertilizer is slow and validity is relatively long, therefore extremely focuses on chemical fertilizer application and ignores fertilizer.
(2) middle and upper part leaf nutrition is bad, and it is poor to hack.In the tobacco planting mode of prior art, due to heavy chemical fertilizer, light fertilizer, easily there is de-fertile phenomenon in the Production of Large Fields middle and later periods, causes middle part and upper tobacco leaf malnutrition, and normal growth impaired development hacks poorly, affects yield and quality.
(3) cost that manually topdresses is high.In the tobacco planting mode of prior art, in order to overcome de-fertile phenomenon of tobacco middle and later periods, need to drop into a large amount of labours and carry out heavy, the loaded down with trivial details work of manually topdressing, greatly increase production cost.
(4) Continuous Tobacco Cropping obstacle is outstanding.Tobacco is a kind of Solanaceae special economic crop, avoid continuous cropping, but the restriction due to Cultivated Land Quantity, every 1 year or several years crop rotation, may, continuous cropping has been universal phenomenon, tobacco disease insect pest aggravation, the continuous cropping diseases such as physiological obstacle are outstanding, but " tobacco-leisure " of prior art or " crop rotation of tobacco-Mai class " is helpless to alleviate or overcome Continuous Tobacco Cropping obstacle.
(5) cause tobacco-growing soil injury.The tobacco planting mode of prior art, due to heavy chemical fertilizer, light fertilizer, causes soil nutrient balance imbalance, structural deterioration, and Quality Down, is in particular in the aspects such as soil compaction and acidifying.In addition tobacco field period covering with plastic film, rainy season, rainwater was difficult to infiltrate tobacco planting ridge, and soil body arid is serious.
(6) affect bio-diversity.Existing tobacco planting mode, kind is single, concentrates in flakes, and continuous cropping is outstanding, and agricultural chemicals is used general, and bio-diversity is destroyed, and not only easily causes the generation of damage by disease and insect, and causes tobacco production and quality to decline from toxic action.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is to overcome existing tobacco planting mode seriously to rely on nitrogenous fertilizer and middle and upper part leaf growth depauperation; and the defects such as injury and deficiency to soil, bio-diversity; propose a kind of can sustainable protection soil and significantly reduce tobacco nitrogen application, the multiple cropping sweet potato method of instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer progressively that the while can be alleviated again Continuous Tobacco Cropping obstacle.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, a kind of multiple cropping sweet potato provided by the invention is the method for instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer progressively, comprises the following steps:
(1) kind of sweet potato is selected
Select early sweet potato of cloud light;
(2) the early sowing of sweet potato of cloud light
To mid-August, planting in the cigarette ground of tobacco the last ten-days period in July, in plucking on tobacco before two canopy blades, each bunch planting 1 early sweet potato of light that racks in the both sides of tobacco row, this 2 rack light early the line-spacing between sweet potato be 40cm, cave is apart from being 20cm, seeding quantity is 45kg/hm
2, sowing depth 3～5cm;
(3) water and fertilizer management of cloud light sweet potato morning
Cloud light sweet potato morning is not applied fertilizer, do not irrigated;
(4) cloud light sweet potato morning cradles, shreds and turns over
The first ten-day period of the March in next year of early sweet potato sowing of cloud light, cradle cloud light sweet potato morning of full-bloom stage, after chopping, be evenly spread on the earth's surface on tobacco planting ground, then turn over plough soil, cloud light sweet potato morning that is spread on earth's surface is turned in the plow layer on tobacco planting ground, the consumption that is spread on cloud light sweet potato morning of soil surface is determined according to plot soil fertility, the soil to the content of organic matter≤3%, and consumption is 15000kg/hm
2, the soil of content of organic matter > 3%, consumption is 7500kg/hm
2;
(5) play tobacco planting ridge and open cigarette seedling planting pit
The first tenday period of a month in April, play tobacco planting ridge, cross section, tobacco planting ridge is trapezoidal, and top width is 50cm, bottom width 90cm, high 25cm, ridge inter-drain bottom width 30cm opens along its length cigarette seedling planting pit on tobacco planting ridge, planting pit diameter 30cm, dark 20cm, cave is apart from 60cm;
(6) cigarette seedling field planting
In April, field planting in last ten-days period cigarette seedling, before field planting cigarette seedling, by the fertilization type described in step 7), consumption and fertilization mode, apply fertilizer, again the cigarette seedling of 5～6 true leaves that cultivate in seedbed is put into planting pit, banket, irrigate normal root water, then use plastic mulching tobacco planting ridge, ground film edge is real by soil pressure, opens aperture and cigarette seedling cauline leaf is drawn out outside film, then use soil by the ground film edge compacting of aperture surrounding on the mulch film that is positioned at cigarette seedling place;
(7) tobacco fertilising
Before tobacco field planting, with not chloride composite fertilizer, normal superphosphate, potassium nitrate or potassium sulphate, be mixed with tobacco and mix fertilizer, First Year, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, in N, is 76.5kg/hm
2, Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates is with P
2o
5meter is 76.5kg/hm
2, Potassium Fertilizer is with K
2o meter is 153kg/hm
2, impose in cigarette seedling planting pit, and with planting pit in soil stir; Second Year, phosphorus, Potassium Fertilizer are identical with First Year, and nitrogen fertilizer amount reduces 15% on the basis of First Year, in N, is 65kg/hm
2, fertilizing method is identical with First Year; The 3rd year and after, phosphorus, the same First Year of potassium amount of application, nitrogenous fertilizer successively decreases year by year 15% on the basis of upper a year, until be decremented to amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, is zero, fertilizing method is all identical with First Year.
Later every year as stated above the last ten-days period in July to mid-August, pluck on tobacco before two canopy blades, at tobacco both sides bunch planting cloud light sweet potato morning, the first ten-day period of the March in next year, cradle early sweet potato, the chopping of cloud light of full-bloom stage and turn over by step 4), in April, the last ten-days period are by step 6) field planting cigarette seedling, carry out tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1, the inventive method adopts tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato, has significantly reduced tobacco amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, has not only saved cost, has also improved yield of flue-cured tobacco, quality.
The inventive method is applied in height above sea level 1400～2100m cigarette district, southwest, adopt tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato, can significantly reduce amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, compare with conventional fertilizer application, first reduces 15%, Second Year rises, and successively decreases 15% every year on the basis of upper a year, until be decremented to amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, is zero; Significantly improve tobacco leaf (flue-cured tobacco) output, increase production more than 10%; Significantly promote tobacco leaf (flue-cured tobacco) quality, the output value increases more than 14%; The effect of improvement soil is obvious: the soil organic matter increases by 0.025% every year, and it is loose that soil is tending towards, and unit weight reduces 0.011g/cm every year.
2, the cloud light that the present invention selects early sweet potato kind is conducive to grown tobacco growth.Due to Winter-Spring, Southwest tobacco-growing areas arid, and need to turn over sweet potato before 1 month in the field planting of cigarette seedling, therefore require sweet potato to have the proterties such as early growth and quick tiller, bright careless output are high, drought-enduring, cloud light early sweet potato be adapted varieties.Cloud light early sweet potato cradled while turning in the first ten-day period of the March, was in full-bloom stage, and its bright careless output is high, and nutrient content is also high, is conducive to fertilizing soil.Due to the general covering with plastic film in tobacco planting ridge, and tobacco leaf pluck to continue approximately 2 months, and cloud light early sweet potato adopts bunch planting, to eliminate mulch film to the early impact of sweet potato of cloud light, guarantee cloud light early sweet potato seed fully contact with soil, be conducive to cloud light sweet potato morning and emerge.Cloud light is 30～40 days land for growing field crops symbiosis phases of sweet potato and tobacco early, make full use of hydrothermal condition and space, land for growing field crops at the beginning of autumn late summer and produce cloud light sweet potato trophosome morning and the unlikely leaf tobacco production that affects.For avoiding fertilising to have a negative impact to tobacco and cost increase, cloud light early sweet potato does not apply fertilizer, does not irrigate, but make full use of fabaceous root nodule symbiotic nitrogen fixation, utilize that flourishing root system interts, chesson, and enrichment, activation topsoil and deep layer mineral nutrient, utilize latter stage in rainy season hydrothermal condition to produce early sweet potato trophosome of cloud light, then turn over the early bright grass of sweet potato of cloud light, reached and fostered and apply fertilizer, improve soil object.
3, the present invention, planting progressively instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer of crude opium ground multiple cropping cloud light sweet potato morning, has obvious low-consumption high-efficiency, continuable advantage.
The present invention, by the sweet potato early of bunch planting cloud light on tobacco planting ridge, carries out tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato, and the one, make full use of the space-time hydrothermal resources in tobacco Production of Large Fields later stage, produce early sweet potato trophosome of cloud light, for turning over, improve the soil; The 2nd, utilize early sweet potato root nodule symbiotic nitrogen fixation of cloud light, for this season, rear season tobacco nitrogenous source is provided, significantly reduce tobacco nitrogen fertilizer amount instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer even completely; The 3rd, utilize cloud light early the flourishing root system of sweet potato intert, chesson, and mineral nutrient in enrichment, activation topsoil and deep soil, together with early the bright grass of sweet potato turns over cloud light, has reached and has fostered and apply fertilizer, improved soil object.Meanwhile, the improvement of field nutritional condition, tobacco disease resistance power is improved.Therefore, plant progressively instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer of crude opium ground multiple cropping cloud light sweet potato morning, there is obvious low-consumption high-efficiency, continuable advantage.
In sum, the inventive method has significantly reduced the amount of application of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer, not only saved cost, reduced the pollution to agricultural environment, and improved the Yield and quality of tobacco, foster and apply fertilizer and improved soil, being a kind of low-consumption high-efficiency being worthy to be popularized, being conducive to the good method of agricultural sustainable development.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the field schematic layout pattern of the inventive method.Wherein, W1 is tobacco planting ridge top width, and W2 is tobacco planting ridge bottom width, and W3 is ridge, tobacco planting ridge inter-drain bottom width, W4 is tobacco line-spacing, W5 is the early wide every trade distance of sweet potato of cloud light, and W6 is early sweet potato narrow row line-spacing of cloud light, and H is that tobacco planting ridge is high, T is tobacco (Nicotianal L.), V is early sweet potato (V.villosa Var.) of cloud light, and L1 is tobacco spacing in the rows, and L2 is early sweet potato cave distance of cloud light.
Embodiment
Following examples are except special instruction, and all the other cultivation managements according to a conventional method.
In height above sea level 1400～2100m cigarette district, southwest, multiple cropping cloud light is the progressively enforcement of instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer of sweet potato (V.villosa Var.) early, and referring to Fig. 1, concrete operations are as follows:
The first step: in the soil of plantation tobacco, bunch planting cloud light is sweet potato (V.villosa Var.) early
The last ten-days period in July are to mid-August, in the cigarette ground of planting tobacco of peasant's standardized planting, habits fertilization, in plucking on tobacco before two canopy blades, each bunch planting 1 early sweet potato of light that racks in the both sides of tobacco row, this 2 line-spacing W6=40cm(racking between light sweet potato morning is sweet potato narrow row line-spacing), early the wide every trade of sweet potato is apart from W5=80cm for cloud light, and cloud light early sweet potato cave is 20cm apart from L2, and seeding quantity is 45kg/hm
2, sowing depth 3～5cm;
Second step: cloud light is the water and fertilizer management of sweet potato early
Cloud light early sweet potato does not apply fertilizer, does not irrigate;
The 3rd step: cloud light early sweet potato cradles, shreds and turns over
The first ten-day period of the March in next year of early sweet potato sowing of cloud light, cradle cloud light sweet potato morning of full-bloom stage, after chopping, be evenly spread on the earth's surface on tobacco planting ground, then turn over plough soil, cloud light sweet potato morning that is spread on earth's surface is turned in the plow layer on tobacco planting ground, the consumption that is spread on cloud light sweet potato morning of soil surface is determined according to plot soil fertility, the soil to the content of organic matter≤3%, and consumption is 15000kg/hm
2, the soil of content of organic matter > 3%, consumption is 7500kg/hm
2;
The 4th step: play tobacco planting ridge and open cigarette seedling planting pit
The first tenday period of a month April in next year of early sweet potato sowing of cloud light (turning over the early same year of sweet potato of cloud light), play tobacco planting ridge, cross section, tobacco planting ridge is trapezoidal, top width W1=50cm, bottom width W2=90cm, high H=25cm, ridge inter-drain bottom width W3=30cm, on tobacco planting ridge, open along its length cigarette seedling planting pit, planting pit diameter 30cm, dark 20cm, cave is apart from L1=60cm;
The 5th step: cigarette seedling field planting
In the April in next year of early sweet potato sowing of cloud light, the last ten-days period (turning over the early same year of sweet potato of cloud light) field planting cigarette seedling, before field planting cigarette seedling, by the fertilization type described in step 7), consumption and fertilization mode, apply fertilizer, again the cigarette seedling with 5～6 true leaves cultivating in seedbed is put into planting pit, banket, irrigate normal root water, then use plastic mulching tobacco planting ridge, ground film edge is real by soil pressure, on the mulch film that is positioned at cigarette seedling place, open aperture and cigarette seedling cauline leaf is drawn out outside film, then using soil by the ground film edge compacting of aperture surrounding;
The 6th step: tobacco fertilising
Before tobacco field planting, with not chloride composite fertilizer, normal superphosphate, potassium nitrate or potassium sulphate, be mixed with tobacco and mix fertilizer, First Year, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, in N, is 76.5kg/hm
2, Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates is with P
2o
5meter is 76.5kg/hm
2, Potassium Fertilizer is with K
2o meter is 153kg/hm
2, impose in cigarette seedling planting pit, and with planting pit in soil stir, with peasant habit fertilizing amount (N90kg/hm
2, P
2o
590kg/hm
2, K
2o180kg/hm
2) compare, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium have all reduced 15%; Second Year, phosphorus, Potassium Fertilizer are identical with First Year, and nitrogen fertilizer amount reduces 15% on the basis of First Year, in N, is 65kg/hm
2, fertilizing method is identical with First Year; The 3rd year and after, phosphorus, the same First Year of potassium amount of application, nitrogenous fertilizer successively decreases year by year 15% on the basis of upper a year, until be decremented to amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, is zero, fertilizing method is all identical with First Year; (by above-mentioned amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates, Potassium Fertilizer, with not chloride composite fertilizer, normal superphosphate, potassium nitrate or potassium sulphate, be mixed with tobacco mixing fertilizer and use).
Later every year as stated above the last ten-days period in July to mid-August, pluck on tobacco before two canopy blades, at tobacco both sides bunch planting cloud light sweet potato morning, the first ten-day period of the March in next year, early sweet potato, the chopping of cloud light that cradles full-bloom stage turns in planting the plow layer on crude opium ground, turn over cloud light in early April of the same year of sweet potato, the last ten-days period by step 5 field planting cigarette seedling, carry out tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato.
Claims (2)
1. a multiple cropping sweet potato method for instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer progressively, comprises the following steps:
(1) kind of sweet potato is selected
Select early sweet potato of cloud light;
(2) the early sowing of sweet potato of cloud light
To mid-August, planting in the cigarette ground of tobacco the last ten-days period in July, in plucking on tobacco before two canopy blades, each bunch planting 1 early sweet potato of light that racks in the both sides of tobacco row, this 2 rack light early the line-spacing between sweet potato be 40cm, cave is apart from being 20cm, seeding quantity is 45kg/hm
2, sowing depth 3～5cm;
(3) water and fertilizer management of cloud light sweet potato morning
Cloud light sweet potato morning is not applied fertilizer, do not irrigated;
(4) cloud light sweet potato morning cradles, shreds and turns over
The first ten-day period of the March in next year of early sweet potato sowing of cloud light, cradle cloud light sweet potato morning of full-bloom stage, after chopping, be evenly spread on the earth's surface on tobacco planting ground, then turn over plough soil, cloud light sweet potato morning that is spread on earth's surface is turned in the plow layer on tobacco planting ground, the cloud light early consumption of sweet potato is determined according to plot soil fertility, the soil to the content of organic matter≤3%, and consumption is 15000kg/hm
2, the soil of content of organic matter > 3%, consumption is 7500kg/hm
2;
(5) play tobacco planting ridge and open cigarette seedling planting pit
The first tenday period of a month in April, play tobacco planting ridge, cross section, tobacco planting ridge is trapezoidal, and top width is 50cm, bottom width 90cm, high 25cm, ridge inter-drain bottom width 30cm opens along its length cigarette seedling planting pit on tobacco planting ridge, planting pit diameter 30cm, dark 20cm, cave is apart from 60cm;
(6) cigarette seedling field planting
In April, field planting in last ten-days period cigarette seedling, before field planting cigarette seedling, by the fertilization type described in step 7), consumption and fertilization mode, apply fertilizer, again the cigarette seedling of 5～6 true leaves that cultivate in seedbed is put into planting pit, banket, irrigate normal root water, then use plastic mulching tobacco planting ridge, ground film edge is real by soil pressure, opens aperture and cigarette seedling cauline leaf is drawn out outside film, then use soil by the ground film edge compacting of aperture surrounding on the mulch film that is positioned at cigarette seedling place;
(7) tobacco fertilising
Before tobacco field planting, with not chloride composite fertilizer, normal superphosphate, potassium nitrate or potassium sulphate, be mixed with tobacco and mix fertilizer, First Year, amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, in N, is 76.5kg/hm
2, Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates is with P
2o
5meter is 76.5kg/hm
2, Potassium Fertilizer is with K
2o meter is 153kg/hm
2, impose in cigarette seedling planting pit, and with planting pit in soil stir; Second Year, phosphorus, Potassium Fertilizer are identical with First Year, and nitrogen fertilizer amount reduces 15% on the basis of First Year, in N, is 65kg/hm
2, fertilizing method is identical with First Year; The 3rd year and after, phosphorus, the same First Year of potassium amount of application, nitrogenous fertilizer successively decreases year by year 15% on the basis of upper a year, until be decremented to amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer, is zero, fertilizing method is all identical with First Year.
2. the multiple cropping sweet potato according to claim 1 method of instead of tobacco nitrogenous fertilizer progressively, later every year as stated above the last ten-days period in July to mid-August, pluck on tobacco before two canopy blades, at tobacco both sides bunch planting cloud light sweet potato morning, the first ten-day period of the March in next year, cradle early sweet potato, the chopping of cloud light of full-bloom stage and turn in planting the plow layer on crude opium ground by step (4), in April, the last ten-days period are by step (6) field planting cigarette seedling, carry out tobacco, the continuous multiple cropping of sweet potato.
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| CN104041277A (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2014-09-17 | 云南省烟草公司曲靖市公司 | Crop rotation and no-tillage method for reducing chlorine ion content of tobacco leaves in field tobacco planting area |
| CN107371780A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2017-11-24 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | A kind of tobacco seedlings Green Protection morning cultivating method |
| CN108370974A (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-08-07 | 中国烟草总公司重庆市公司烟草科学研究所 | A kind of implantation methods improving continuous cropping obstacle of cured tobacco using winter slack plantation barley |
| CN111771653A (en) * | 2020-06-09 | 2020-10-16 | 昆明学院 | Tobacco planting soil improvement and conservation method for preventing and treating root-knot nematodes |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104041277A (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2014-09-17 | 云南省烟草公司曲靖市公司 | Crop rotation and no-tillage method for reducing chlorine ion content of tobacco leaves in field tobacco planting area |
| CN108370974A (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2018-08-07 | 中国烟草总公司重庆市公司烟草科学研究所 | A kind of implantation methods improving continuous cropping obstacle of cured tobacco using winter slack plantation barley |
| CN107371780A (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2017-11-24 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | A kind of tobacco seedlings Green Protection morning cultivating method |
| CN107371780B (en) * | 2017-09-22 | 2020-03-17 | 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院 | Green protection early planting method for tobacco seedlings |
| CN111771653A (en) * | 2020-06-09 | 2020-10-16 | 昆明学院 | Tobacco planting soil improvement and conservation method for preventing and treating root-knot nematodes |
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| CN103548544B (en) | 2015-08-19 |
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