CN107371780B - Green protection early planting method for tobacco seedlings - Google Patents

Abstract

A tobacco seedling green protection early planting method is characterized in that tobacco leaves are planted as main crops, hairy vetch is planted firstly to carry out green protection, soil temperature is stabilized, aphids are prevented, soil moisture is kept, the tobacco plant is reduced to absorb chloride ions, potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer absorption during growth is increased, and the method has the specific steps that the effects of stabilizing the soil temperature of the root area of the tobacco plant, preventing the aphids and preventing tobacco mosaic disease are achieved under the condition that a film is not used in the early stage (from 4 months to 5 months) after tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and green protection early planting is achieved. A forward transplanting period, wherein the mature growth, harvesting and baking time of the tobacco leaves is moved forward to the optimum period of ecological conditions such as illumination, temperature, moisture and the like; does not delay mature harvest and avoids low temperature in later period. After the tobacco leaves enter 6 months, the withered hairy vetch covers the ground in the middle of the tobacco row, weeds are controlled to germinate, and absorption of potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer during growth is increased; the tobacco is turned and pressed after being harvested, so that the organic matter of the soil is improved, and the microenvironment of the tobacco soil is improved. The method has no residue of agricultural film, no use of herbicide, and no environmental pollution.

Description

Green protection early planting method for tobacco seedlings

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco cultivation, in particular to a green protection early cultivation method for tobacco seedlings, and mainly relates to environment-friendly conservation cultivation of tobacco plants in a tobacco field in the early growth stage.

Background

The flue-cured tobacco transplanting is mainly to cover a mulching film and is divided into two modes of small tobacco seedling transplanting under the mulching film and conventional tobacco seedling transplanting on the mulching film. The film coverage transplantation has the following defects: weeds under the film are difficult to remove in time; the tobacco plants are exposed among rows, the moisture is easy to dissipate, and the quality of the tobacco leaves is influenced by excessive chloride ions caused by multiple times of irrigation; the bare lines have poor water retention capacity, and are not beneficial to absorption of potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer; the seedling ventilation management under the film has high technical requirements and is easy to burn at high temperature.

Chinese patent (application No. CN 201310090999) discloses a covering cultivation method for flue-cured tobacco. The method comprises removing plastic film in the middle and upper ten days of 6 months, covering with wheat straw 7500kg/hm after hilling²And finishing harvesting. The method can keep soil moisture and balance soil temperature in the tobacco growth period, thin films are still needed, weeds under the films are difficult to remove, the straw transportation and covering cost needs to be increased, the covering material does not have the effect of preventing tobacco aphids and tobacco mosaic diseases in the initial stage of transplanting, the land is uncovered and unprotected in winter, and the soil is eroded by wind and rain. As the wheat straws are just covered at the beginning of the initial stage of transplanting, no plants grow in the tobacco field soil in winter and spring, deep nitrogen fertilizer is not absorbed, the nitrogen fertilizer is more in the soil foundation of the plough layer and below, the supply effect of the deep nitrogen fertilizer is not stably balanced, the tobacco leaves at the middle and upper parts excessively develop to form large and thick tobacco leaves, and the quality of the tobacco leaves is poor.

Chinese patent (application No. CN 201410538637) discloses a method for overcoming soil continuous cropping obstacles by utilizing vetches and wheat interplanted flue-cured tobaccos. The method comprises the following steps: sowing smooth vetch in wide rows in 8 months in the first year, and sowing wheat in narrow rows 11 months earlier in the first year; harvesting the smooth-leaf vetches in 3 months in the next year, uniformly scattering the cut smooth-leaf vetches among the wheat row spaces, and then turning over the smooth-leaf vetches scattered on the ground surface into a plough layer; and forming tobacco planting ridges between the wheat row spaces in 4-5 months in the next year, and transplanting the tobacco. According to the application mode of the smooth vetch for planting and turning over, the smooth vetch is decomposed in the tobacco field, and the nitrogen fertilizer is supplied at the later stage, so that the tobacco leaf is not ripe; the biomass of wheat is large, wheat and tobacco are interplanted, the tobacco contents are not full, the tobacco leaves after baking are thin and easy to fade, and the chloride ion content is high.

The core production area of the aromatic tobacco leaves has late transplantation, and the development of tobacco plants is not well matched with ecological conditions such as light, temperature, water and the like; after transplanting, low temperature occurs in the middle of unstable temperature, and tobacco virus diseases easily occur after aphid damage; drought occurs for a long time, nitrogen fertilizers with overhigh soil foundation content cannot be absorbed in time, tobacco leaf maturity is delayed, and the tobacco leaf is thick; the temperature is too low in the later period of maturation and the like.

The invention content is as follows:

the invention aims to provide a green protection early planting method aiming at the defects of the prior art and overcoming the existing problems in tobacco leaf production.

The scientific mechanism on which the invention is based is as follows: the method is a cultivation planting mode mainly based on tobacco leaves, and plays roles in stabilizing soil temperature of tobacco plant root areas, preventing aphids and tobacco mosaic diseases under the condition that a film is not used in the early stage (from 4 months to 5 months) after tobacco seedlings are transplanted, so that green protection and early planting are realized. High-temperature seedling burning for transplanting under the film can not occur.

A forward transplanting period, wherein the time for the main tobacco leaves to grow, mature, harvest and bake is moved forward to the optimum period of ecological conditions such as illumination, temperature, moisture and the like; does not delay mature harvest and avoids low temperature in later period.

After the tobacco leaves enter 6 months, the withered hairy vetch covers the middle ground of the tobacco row, weeds are controlled to germinate, soil moisture is kept, moisture evaporation and irrigation times are reduced, the tobacco plants are reduced from absorbing chloride ions, and potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer absorption during growth is increased;

the tobacco is turned and pressed after being harvested, so that the organic matter of the soil is improved, the microenvironment of the tobacco soil is improved, the growth of beneficial microorganisms is promoted, and the root diseases are reduced; overcomes the continuous cropping obstacle of tobacco. No agricultural film residue, no use of herbicide and no environmental pollution.

The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

(1) at the bottom of 9 months in the first year of tobacco planting, ridging the tobacco planting soil, wherein the height is 20-30 cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 80-90 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 40-45 cm, and the distance between every two ridges is 120cm。Sowing seeds of the hairy vetch uniformly on ridges and among rows, wherein the sowing amount of the seeds is 3-3.5 kg per mu, and the density is controlled to be 9 ten thousand basic seedlings per mu.

(2) When the weather is cold from 12 months in the first year to 1 month in the second year, furrows with the width of 20-30 cm are formed on the ridges, and the vetch seedlings at the furrows are frozen to death so as to reserve a row space for planting tobacco leaves;

(3) in the last 4 th month of the next year, when the tobacco seedlings are 4-5 leaves and one core, spreading special compound fertilizer and potassium sulfate for the tobacco in the reserved ditch space, mixing the fertilizer twice by using a drill barrow, digging barrel-shaped transplanting holes with the diameter of 8cm and the depth of 8-10 cm in the ditch, and enabling the distance between the barrel-shaped transplanting holes to be 45-55 cm. Transplanting tobacco seedlings in the bucket holes, and properly watering a small amount of root stabilizing water.

(4) In the 5-month upright vicia arioides in the next year, in the vigorous life period, the wind is prevented, the temperature is reduced in a buffering mode, and in addition, the tobacco seedlings are positioned at the deep holes of the transplanting barrel in the ditches, so that the aphids are not easy to fly onto the tobacco seedlings, the transplanted tobacco seedlings are protected from being damaged by low temperature and the aphids, and virus diseases are prevented. The sweet potato grows in winter and spring, and the nitrogen fertilizer in the deep ploughing layer is absorbed. The vetch covers the soil surface, is not eroded by wind and rain in winter and spring to maintain water and soil, and plays a role in soil conservation. After the tobacco leaves are harvested, the ground temperature is balanced, precipitation and water evaporation after irrigation are reduced, and weeds are inhibited.

(5) Harvesting seeds of the vetch. At the end of 5 months in the second year and 6 months later, when the sweet potato seeds are ripe for two thirds, the sweet potato seeds are harvested. After the tobacco stems are harvested completely in late autumn, the round disc harrow cuts the hair leaf vetch straws, deep ploughing and turning are carried out, the original tobacco row positions are staggered for ridging, and the next round of planting is started.

And (3) continuous planting: and at the end of 9 months in the second year, uniformly sowing hairy vetch seeds on flat and full ridges and between rows again, preparing tobacco for growing in the third year, performing actual operation according to the time of each step in the process of the second year and the technical operation requirement sequence to form the second tobacco year in the third year, circulating the operation in such a way, continuously planting hairy vetch for many years, improving the soil and promoting the sustainable development of tobacco production.

The invention has the advantages that:

the protection cultivation mode of the hairy vetch, the ditching and the barrel hole is combined, the temperature in the transplanting hole is stabilized, the tobacco seedlings are protected, the deep planting and the early planting of the seedlings are realized without a mulching film, the transplanting period is moved forward, the survival rate is improved, and the growth and the maturity of tobacco plants are better matched with seasonal climate resources;

the sweet potato and the barrel are protected, aphids are not easy to migrate to tobacco leaves, and the aphids are prevented;

the microclimate, especially the temperature, around the tobacco plant is stable, so that the occurrence of tobacco mosaic disease is prevented and reduced;

the hairy vetch withers at the beginning of 6 months, a covering layer with the thickness of about 5cm is formed on the ground, the soil temperature is reduced smoothly during high-temperature drought, the water evaporation is reduced, and the drought resistance is realized.

The ground is covered, the grass buds can not germinate and see the sunlight, and the growth of weeds is inhibited.

No need of mulch film, no need of weedicide and no pollution to soil environment.

Detailed Description

The invention is further described below with reference to examples.

Examples

Materials and methods

1.1 test site: flat-topped mountain Ruzhou city Wangzhai

1.2 reference varieties: medium cigarette 100

1.3 Experimental treatment settings

Five treatments, using under-mulch transplantation of plantlet as control, and the other four treatments adopting vetch and barrel hole transplantation, and the area is properly controlled (about 6 mu)

Processing one: "conventional Membrane Upper planting" with a plant row spacing of 1.2 m.times.0.5 m. 5-month and 5-day transplantation

And (5) processing: transplanting under seedling film, the plant-row spacing is 1.2 m × 0.5 m. Transplanting in 4 months and 20 days.

And (3) treatment III: barrel planting in flat ditches and transplanting in 4 months and 10 days. And uniformly broadcasting seeds of the vetch on the ploughed and raked land for 9 months, wherein the sowing amount of the seeds is 3-3.5 kg per mu. In winter (11-12 months) in the previous year, a small ditch with the width of 30cm is opened in the middle within the range of the row spacing of 1.2 m, a plough share is used for ditching the ditch with the depth of 10-15 cm, a barrel-shaped transplanting hole with the diameter of 8cm and the depth of 8-10 cm is dug in the ditch, tobacco seedlings are transplanted in the barrel hole, and a small amount of root stabilizing water is properly poured. The row spacing is 1.2 meters multiplied by 0.5 meter.

And (4) treatment: 'bucket planting in furrow on ridge', transplanting in 4 months and 10 days. In autumn, ridging is performed like conventional transplanting, seeds of the hairy vetch are uniformly sown on the ridges and under the ridges, and the seed sowing amount is 3-3.5 kg per mu. Digging a small ditch with the width of 30cm in the ditch on the ridge in winter (11-12 months) in the previous year of transplanting, ditching by using a plough share, digging a barrel-shaped transplanting hole with the depth of 10-15 cm and the diameter of 8cm and the depth of 8-10 cm in the ditch, transplanting tobacco seedlings in the barrel hole, and properly watering a small amount of root stabilizing water. The row spacing is 1.2 meters multiplied by 0.5 meter.

And (5) processing: 'bucket planting in furrow under ridge', and transplanting in 10 days after 4 months. In autumn, ridging is carried out like conventional transplanting, and hairy vetch seeds are uniformly sown on and under the ridges. The seed sowing amount is 3-3.5 kg per mu. And (3) digging a small ditch with the width of 30cm in the ditch under the ridge in winter (11-12 months) in the previous year of transplanting, ditching by using a plough share, digging a barrel-shaped transplanting hole with the diameter of 8cm and the depth of 8-10 cm in the ditch, transplanting tobacco seedlings in the barrel hole, and properly watering a small amount of root stabilizing water. The row spacing is 1.2 meters multiplied by 0.5 meter.

2 results and analysis

2.1 Effect of transplanting mode on tobacco seedling survival rate

The statistical results of the survival rate 5 days after the transplantation of each treatment are listed in table 1, and the results show that the survival rate of the transplanting under the seedling film is higher. The planted hairy vetch is planted in three modes of flat ground, on-ridge and under-ridge trench, seedlings are small during transplanting, the environmental temperature and humidity after transplanting are slightly affected by the outside, and the survival rate is high.

Influence of transplanting mode on tobacco plant growth period

The statistical results of the growth period of each treatment of the transplanting mode are listed in table 2, and table 2 shows that the transplanting period of the 'bucket planting in a ditch' is advanced and the maturity is advanced, the growth period of the field is relatively short, the tobacco leaves grow in the season time periods with high temperature in 6, 7 and 8 months and much rainwater, the maturity of the middle upper part is favorable for the quality of the aromatic tobacco leaves in the later period under the conditions that the temperature is high in 7 and 8 months and the air humidity is gradually reduced. The shortest growth period of the ridge in-furrow and bucket cultivation is the best.

Incidence of aphids in transplant mode

The incidence rate survey results of the myzus persicae in each transplanting mode are listed in table 3, and the data in the table show that the incidence rate of the aphid transplanted under the film is 3.33%. The incidence rate of aphids reaches 32 percent due to the fact that tobacco seedlings are exposed in the conventional film transplanting, and the possibility of infectious diseases is increased. The incidence rates of the tobacco aphids treated by the 'barrel planting in the flat trench', 'barrel planting in the upper trench of the ridge' and 'barrel planting in the lower trench of the ridge' are equal and all reach 5-7%, and the aphid avoiding effect of the hairy vetch barrier and the 'barrel planting in the trench' can obviously reduce the incidence rate of the aphids and the possibility of infecting virus diseases.

Effect of transplantation mode on the occurrence of viral diseases

The investigation results of the incidence rate of virus diseases in each treatment of the transplanting mode are listed in table 4, and the data in the table can show that the incidence rate of virus diseases in transplanting under the seedling film is only 2% at least, and the incidence rate of virus diseases in barrel planting in flat ditches, barrel planting under ridges and barrel planting in grooves above ridges is 4% -6%, which is far lower than the incidence rate of virus diseases in transplanting on conventional films by 23%. Although the incidence rate of virus diseases of the transplanting mode of barrel planting in the ditch is slightly higher than that of transplanting under the seedling film, the transplanting mode of barrel planting in the ditch for planting the hairy vetch does not use a mulching film, the film cost is reduced, and the pollution is reduced, so the transplanting mode is considered to be a green and environment-friendly transplanting method capable of protecting tobacco seedlings and reducing the occurrence of mosaic diseases.

The influence of the transplanting mode on the root diseases

The root diseases of each transplanting mode comprise black shank and black root rot, the investigation statistical results are listed in table 5, the number of the black shank disease plants of the two transplanting modes with mulching films is large from the investigation data, and the incidence rate of the root diseases is more than or equal to 3 percent by adding the number of the black root rot plants. The root disease incidence rate is lower for three transplanting modes without mulching films, wherein the incidence rate of barrel planting in the upper furrow of the ridge is the lowest, and then barrel planting in the lower furrow of the ridge is carried out. Therefore, the planting of the hairy vetch is beneficial to reducing root diseases.

Influence of transplanting mode on inter-row ground temperature

The results of the inter-row ground temperature of each transplanting mode are listed in table 6, and the results in the table show that the ground temperature of the tobacco inter-row ground temperature of the three planted hairy vetches is lower than the ground surface temperature of the conventional on-film transplanting and under-seedling-film transplanting rows due to the covering of the withered hairy vetches. The ground temperature is reduced, the evaporation of soil moisture is inhibited, and the plants can utilize the soil moisture, so that the soil moisture is effectively consumed and converted. In the measuring period, the temperature of the tobacco planted in the inner bucket on the ridge in the ditch is integrally lowest.

Effect of transplanting mode on inter-row weeds

The results of the investigation of the number of weeds between the tobacco rows in each transplanting mode are listed in table 7, the number of weeds between two treated tobacco rows without planting the vetch between the tobacco rows transplanted on the conventional film and the tobacco rows transplanted under the seedling film is large, the last three treatments of planting the vetch between the rows enter the ground covered by the death and the dryness of the vetch in 6 months, the weeds between the tobacco rows are few, the difference between the number of covered weeds and the number of uncovered weeds is large, and the weed control effect of the vetch is obvious.

Conclusion

Three treatment transplanting survival rates of bucket planting in a flat trench, bucket planting in an upper ridge trench and bucket planting in a lower ridge trench for planting hairy vetch are high, the planting period is advanced, the maturity is advanced, and the growth period of the field is relatively short; the aphid incidence rate is lower by 5-7%, the virus incidence rate is 4-6%, the aphid-avoiding effect of the vetch and the 'bucket planting in the ditch' is obvious, the tobacco seedling can be protected, the occurrence of the mosaic disease is reduced, and the incidence rate of root diseases is lower. The ground temperature between the three treatment lines of the planted hairy vetch is low, the evaporation of soil moisture can be inhibited, and the plants can utilize the soil moisture; the weeds are less and the weed control effect is obvious. The aphid incidence rate and virus disease incidence rate of the barrel planting in the upper furrow of the three kinds of furrow planting in the ridge are equivalent to those of other two treatments, the shortest growth period of the barrel planting in the upper furrow of the ridge is 131 days, the lowest incidence rate of root diseases is only 0.66%, the ground temperature between tobacco rows is the lowest, and the total weed occurrence amount is the least. Therefore, the planting effect of the inner barrel on the upper furrow of the ridge is optimal.

Claims (3)

1. A green protection early planting method for tobacco seedlings is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method is characterized in that the method comprises the following steps of planting tobacco leaves as main crops, planting vetch for green protection, stabilizing soil temperature, preventing aphids, keeping soil moisture, reducing chlorine ion absorption of tobacco plants, and increasing potassium fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer absorption during growth, and comprises the following specific steps:

(1) at the end of 9 months in the first year of tobacco planting, ridging the tobacco planting soil, wherein the ridging height is 20-30 cm, the width of the bottom of each ridge is 80-90 cm, the width of each ridge surface is 40-45 cm, the distance between every two ridges is 120cm, hairy vetch seeds are uniformly sown on the ridges and between rows, the seed sowing amount is 3-3.5 kg/mu, and the density is controlled to be 9 million plants/mu of basic seedlings;

(2) when the weather is cold from 12 months in the first year to 1 month in the second year, furrows with the width of 20-30 cm are formed on the ridges, and the vetch seedlings at the furrows are frozen to death so as to reserve a row space for planting tobacco leaves;

(3) in late 4 months of the next year, when the tobacco seedlings have 4-5 leaves and one core, fertilizer is scattered in the reserved ditch space, a drill barrow is used for mixing the fertilizer twice, barrel-shaped transplanting holes with the diameter of 8cm and the depth of 8-10 cm are dug in the ditch, the tobacco seedlings are transplanted in the barrel holes, and a small amount of root stabilizing water is properly poured;

(4) in the 5-month upright and vigorous period of the next year, the vetch is windproof and cooled in a buffering way, and the tobacco seedlings are positioned at the deep holes of the transplanting barrel in the ditches, so that aphids are not easy to fly onto the tobacco seedlings, the transplanted tobacco seedlings are protected from being damaged by low temperature and aphids, and virus diseases are prevented; the sweet potato grows in winter and spring, the nitrogen fertilizer in the deep ploughing layer is absorbed, the sweet potato covers the soil surface, and the water and soil are not eroded by wind and rain in winter and spring to maintain the soil and play a role in soil conservation; after the tobacco leaves are harvested, the ground temperature is balanced, precipitation and water evaporation after irrigation are reduced, and weeds are inhibited;

(5) harvesting seeds of the hairy vetch, harvesting the seeds of the hairy vetch when the seeds of the hairy vetch are mature for two thirds at the bottom of 5 months in the second year, completely harvesting the stems of the hairy vetch in the late autumn, cutting the stems of the hairy vetch by the disc harrow, deep ploughing, pressing, and staggering the original tobacco row position for ridging;

(6) and (3) continuous planting: at the end of 9 months in the second year, staggering the tobacco row positions of the tobacco seeds planted in the previous year, forming ridges in the middle positions of the two tobacco rows, uniformly sowing the hairy vetch seeds on the flat and full ridges and between the rows again, preparing the tobacco seeds planted in the third year, carrying out actual operation according to the time of each step in the tobacco seed planting process in the second year and the technical operation requirement sequence to form the second tobacco seed year in the third year, circulating in this way, continuously planting the hairy vetch seeds for many years to improve the soil, and promoting the sustainable development of tobacco production.

2. The tobacco seedling green protection early planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the fertilizer in the step (3) is a special compound fertilizer for Shanghai tobacco and potassium sulfate.

3. The tobacco seedling green protection early planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (4) in the step (3), the distance between the groove inner barrel-shaped transplanting holes is 45-50 cm.