CN1034863C - 改进了的氨氧化丙烯制丙烯腈的方法 - Google Patents

改进了的氨氧化丙烯制丙烯腈的方法 Download PDF

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CN1034863C
CN1034863C CN92105674A CN92105674A CN1034863C CN 1034863 C CN1034863 C CN 1034863C CN 92105674 A CN92105674 A CN 92105674A CN 92105674 A CN92105674 A CN 92105674A CN 1034863 C CN1034863 C CN 1034863C
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catalyst
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alkene
miscellany
oxide
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CN1080284A (zh
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C·帕帕里佐斯
W·G·肖
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O And D Usa LLC
Ineos USA LLC
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Standard Oil Co
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Priority to DE69216390T priority patent/DE69216390T2/de
Priority to AT92305436T priority patent/ATE147070T1/de
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Abstract

将烯烃如丙烯和异丁烯分别地转化成相应的不饱和腈即丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈,方法是使烯烃、氨、含分子氧的气体的混和物在有催化剂存在的情况下反应,催化剂包括下列元素的氧化物:钼,铋,铁,钴,镍,铬;磷或锑或其混和物;碱金属或其混和物;选择性含有碱土金属,稀土金属,铌,铊,砷,镁,锌,镉,钒,硼,钙,锡,锗,锰,钨,碲或其混和物。

Description

改进了的氨氧化丙烯制丙烯腈的方法
本发明涉及一种改进了的氨氧化烯烃-氨混合物制不饱和腈的方法及催化剂,特别是一种改进了的将丙烯-氨和异丁烯-氨分别进行氨氧化制成丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈的方法和催化剂。该氨氧化反应在催化剂存在下进行,催化剂包括下述元素的氧化物:钼、铋、铁、钴、镍、铬;磷或锑或其混合物;碱金属或其混合物;选择性地含碱土金属,稀土金属;铌、铊、砷、镁、锌、镉、钒、硼、钙、锡、锗、锰、钨、碲中之一种元素或其混合物。可以预见的是,本发明的催化剂在氧化丙烯制丙烯醛的流化床反应中做催化剂也是十分有效的。例如,在美国专利4230640和4267385中公开的方法中做催化剂就有效。上述两篇专利在此引作参考文献。
许多专利提到在合成丙烯腈时使用铋-钼-铁流化床催化剂(如U.S.3642930)。特别是1975.10.7公布的美国专利3911089中公开的丙烯腈制造方法,其中使用的催化剂包括:钼、铋、铁(选择性含有)的氧化物;选择性地含铬、锰、钴、镍、锌、镉、锡、钨、铅的氧化物或其混合物;选择性地含铊、IA或IIA族元素的氧化物及选择性含磷、砷、锑的氧化物或其混合物。
本发明方法使用的催化剂在制造不饱和腈时具有高活性,比此类方法通常使用的反应温度略低,并在老化后持续有效的低温反应。除了在腈合成反应中的高活性,本催化剂还有许多重要的优点使得工艺操作能够高效、经济地进行。本催化剂在本方法的反应条件下具有良好的氧化-还原稳定性,这样就可以使用较低的过程空气与烯烃之比例和较高的重时空速。本催化剂可高效地利用氨,这就大大降低了流出反应器的气流中未反应氨的含量,从而降低了用于中和气流中的氨所需的硫酸的量。这些结果使得改进了:1)本方法回收部分的操作2)污染的控制。使用较低的操作温度有利于延长催化剂寿命、最大限度地减少气流发生诸如复燃等问题。除了较低的反应温度,还可使腈类的单程转化率达到80%或更高。本发明催化剂更重要的优点是催化剂的主要成分成本低,而催化剂的制备又很简易。
本发明制备不饱和腈的反应物为氧、氨及直链含3个碳原子的烯烃,如丙烯、异丁烯及其混合物。
烯烃可以混和于链烷烃,如乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、戊烷,例如丙烯-丙烷混和物即可用作原料。这样就可以不经特别的分离而使用普通的炼厂气体,虽然转化的效果有效下降。同样地,稀释剂如氮气、碳的氧化物也可以存在于反应混和物中而不致带来有害的影响。
本方法一个较优选的方面是在较高温度和大气压或近似大气压下使丙烯或异丁烯、氨、氧的混和物与催化剂混和,制备丙烯腈或甲基丙烯腈。本方法更优选的是在较高温度下,直接使丙烯、氨、氧与流化催化剂接触来制备丙烯腈。
任何氧源在本方法中均可使用,从经济角度考虑,优选采用来自于空气的氧,而从纯技术的观点看,使用相对纯净的分子氧能得到相同的结果。反应器进料中氧与烯烃的摩尔比应在0.2∶1至3.0,优选比值为1.5至2.5。
反应器进料中氨与烯烃的摩尔比可在0.5∶1至5∶1范围,优选比值为0.9∶1至1.3∶1。氨-烯烃比没有实际的上限,但通常没理由超过1.3∶1。当氨-烯烃比明显小于化学计算比值1∶1时,会生成不同量的烯烃氧化衍生物。当比值超过此范围上限时会生成醛和酸,其数量微不足道;而当比值小于此范围下限时,则会使腈的生成量下降。使人惊异的是,在所规定的氨-烯比范围内,氨都可以得到最大的利用,这是很理想的。通常,未反应的烯和未转化的氨均可循环使用。
在某些情况下,进入反应器里的混合物中的水可以改善反应的选择性和腈的产率。但是,本发明中,向原料中添加水并不是必须的,因为反应过程中会生成水。
如果添加水,一般来说添加水量与烯烃量的比值应大于0.25∶1。此比值从1∶1至4∶1都是特别理想的。更高的比值也可使用,例如大于约10∶1。
反应在约300℃至约600℃的温度范围下进行。优选温度范围是从约380℃至500℃,特别优选的范围是从约400℃至480℃。
反应进行的压力是另一个可变参数。可在任何压力下进行反应,但较适宜的压力为约1大气压或高于大气压(2至5大气压)。
反应的表观接触时间并不关键,其范围可从0.1到50秒。当然,最优的接触时间依参加反应的烯烃而不同,但通常优选的接触时间是1到15秒。
任何类型适宜在气相进行氨氧化反应的装置均可用于实施本方法。该方法可以连续也可以间歇进行。催化剂床可以是装有大量颗粒状或球形催化剂的固定床,或优选是被称作“流化床”的催化剂床。实施本发明的方法可以利用任何常规的流化氨氧化反应器。例如1966.1.18日公布的美国专利3230246中描述的反应器即可用于实施本发明,该篇专利在此引作参考文献。此外,常规的管道反应器也可使用。
反应器可在反应原料混和物导入之前或之后达到反应温度。但是,对于大规模的操作,最好使反应以连续的方式进行。这样的系统里设计有未反应烯烃的回流装置,还设计有催化剂的定期再生或再活化系统。例如在高温下令催化剂与空气接触来实现之。
反应的产物可用本领域专业人员所熟知的任何方法回收。其中一种方法是用冷水或合适的溶剂洗涤从反应器流出的气体从而移走反应产物。如果需要,可用酸化了的水来吸收反应产物并中和未转化的氨。产物的最终回收可用常规手段来实现。当用水做洗涤剂时,在其中加入适当的湿润剂可以提高洗涤操作的效率。此过程中若用分子氧作氧化剂,则分离了腈类之后的终产物的混和物可用残余的,含有循环于反应器中的未反应烯烃和氧的混和物将二氧化碳除去。如果用空气而不是用分子氧做氧化剂,则可用一种非极性溶剂如烃分馏物来洗涤分离了腈类和其他羰基产物的剩余产物,从而回收其中未反应的烯烃。在此情况下,剩余气体即可弃去。设计中还加入适当的抑制剂来防止回收步骤中不饱和产物发生聚合作用。
本发明方法使用的催化剂是下述物质的氧化物的混和物或化合物或可能的复合物。它们是:钼、铋、铁、钴、镍、铬;磷或锑或其混和物;碱金属或其混和物;任选自碱土金属、稀土金属,铌、铊、砷、镁、锌、镉、钒、硼、钙、锡、锗、锰、钨、碲或其混和物。其组成由下述实验试表征:
MoaBibFecCodNieCrfXgYiZiOk
其中X是选自磷或锑或其混和物的一种或几种元素;Y是一种碱金属或其混和物;Z是碱土金属、稀土金属,铌、铊、砷、镁、锌、镉、钒、硼、钙、锡、锗、锰、钨、碲或其混和物。其中的(a)为10-15的数,(b)为1-5的数,(c)为0.5-5的数,(d)和(e)是0.1-6的数,(f)是0.1-4的数,(g)是0.1-4的数,(i)是0.1-2的数,(j)是0-3的数,和(k)为某一个数,其数值取决于存在的其他元素之化合价要求。(g)的优选范围为0.75-3。当Y是除钠之外的碱金属时,(i)的优选范围为0.1-1.5。此外,该催化剂的表面积一般小于100M2/g,优选范围为约20M2/g至约50M2/g。
本领域技术人员可用制备催化剂的多种方法中任意一种来制备本发明的催化剂。例如,可用共沉淀多种组分来制备催化剂,然后将共沉淀物干燥、磨碎至适当大小。或者,用常规方法将共沉淀物制成浆状或喷雾干燥。催化剂可以挤压成粒状也可以如已知工艺那样在油中使其成球形。或者,催化剂成分可以与浆状的载体混和而后干燥或充填于二氧化硅或其他载体上。
分两步将载体材料加入催化剂可制出一种非常耐磨损的催化剂。首先,制备和加热处理催化剂活性组分与0至60%.(wt)载体材料的混和物,然后,将其余的载体物质加入到热处理过的粉状催化剂中。
引入催化剂的碱金属可以用氧化物形式,也可以用任何经煅烧能产生氧化物的盐形式。优选的盐是硝酸盐,因其易于获得且容易溶解。
引入催化剂的铋可以为氧化物形式或任何经煅烧能产生氧化物的盐形式。优选的是在催化剂中易于分散的水溶性盐和热处理能产生稳定氧化物的盐。铋的一种来源是溶于稀硝酸溶液的硝酸铋。使用溶解在熔融金属硝酸盐中的硝酸铋尤为优选。
向催化剂中引入铁组分可以使用任何形式的含铁化合物,只要其在煅烧时产生氧化物。和其他元素一样,优选水溶性的盐以便于其能均习分散于催化剂中,最好是使用硝酸铁。同法可引入钴和镍。
引入钼化物,任何形式的钼氧化物如二氧化钼、三氧化钼、五氧化钼或三氧化二钼均可使用;优选使用可水解或可分解的钼盐。最优选的原料是七钼酸铵(AHM)。
引入磷可以碱金属盐或铵盐的形式,优选的是磷酸。最优的方法是用磷钼酸,这样同时也引入了钼。
引入其他元素,可先将金属形式的原料用氧化性酸如硝酸氧化,再将生成的硝酸盐与催化剂结合。通常硝酸盐都简易可得,是使用很方便的原材料。
本领域专业人员还可以使用其他的原材料,特别是从经济角度上看上文提到的优选原材料不适于大规模生产的时候。总的来说,任何含有所需催化剂成分的化合物都可使用,只要它能在下文公开的加热温度下生成速溶催化剂(instant catalyst)的氧化物。
本催化剂在无载体使用时具有很好的活性。它也可以与载体一起使用。载体重量最好是全部组分约10%至90%。任何已知的载体材料均可使用,如二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化钛、钢铝石、碳化硅、氧化铝-氧化硅、无机磷酸盐如磷酸铝、硅酸盐、铝酸盐、硼酸盐、碳酸盐和诸如浮石、蒙德土等材料和其他在反应条件下与催化剂接触能保持稳定的材料。还可以将高度分散的硅胶加入到载体材料中。优选的载体是二氧化硅,制备催化剂时将溶胶状或烟雾状的二氧化硅加入到浆料中即可。载体的重量含量通常在10-70%,优选范围为40-60%(wt.)。
在高温下加热可提高催化剂的活性。通常,在约110℃到350℃之间的温度下将催化剂混和物喷雾干燥,然后热处理约1到24小时或更长。热处理温度为约260°至约1000℃,优选范围是300-400℃到550-700℃。
通常催化剂的煅烧在高温下费时少。取原料试样做点滴实验测定催化剂活性即可确定在任何给定条件下进行的煅烧是否充分。煅烧最好在敞开的炉箱中进行,这样空气或氧可得到循环,以便及时补充消耗掉的氧。
此外,催化剂在使用前也可用还原剂如氨进行活化或预处理,其条件是存有一定量的空气,温度为260至540℃。
下述实施例用以说明制备本发明催化剂的优选方法并对本发明方法做出更彻底的阐述。除了制备不饱和腈,本发明催化剂也可用于烯烃的转化,如将丙烯和异丁烯转化成相应的不饱和醛和不饱和羧酸。
实施例1-8
本发明实施例中所用的催化剂按下述步骤制备。
实施例1
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(65.08g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(121.89g),Ni(NO3)2。6H2O(65.57g)(AHM),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(65.24g),KNO3(1.63g)。将(NH4)6M0O24·4H2O(184.85g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(8.05g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液边搅拌边加热至约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(~3hours),而后喷雾干燥。所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例2
在400ml烧杯中,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(N)3O3·9H2O(65.10g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(121.93g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(65.6g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(65.20g),KNO3(1.63g)。将AHM(184.91g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(6.24g)和85%H3PO4(1.86g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液搅拌加热约90℃(~90℃)、约3小时(~3hours),而后喷雾干燥。所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例3
在400ml烧杯中,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(65.1g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(121.9g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(65.6g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(65.3g),KNO3(1.6g)。将AHM(184.9g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(4.0g)和85%H3PO4(4.65g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液边搅拌边加热至约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(3hours),而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例4
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(65.15g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(122.0g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(63.3g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(65.3g),KNO3(.8g),Cs(NO3)(1.26g)。将TheAHM(185.06g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(4.03g)和85%H3PO4(4.65g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液加热至约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(~3hours),而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例5
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(62.21g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(116.51g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(62.68g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(62.36g),KNO3(1.56g)。将AHM(176.7g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(3.85g)和85%H3PO4(4.44g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加Sb2O3(11.22g)和40%二氧化硅溶胶(6.25g)。所得黄色浆液加热约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(~3hours),而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例6
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(59.3g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(111.0g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(59.7g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(59.4g),KNO3(1.5g)。将AHM(168.4g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(3.7g)和85%H3PO4(4.2g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加Sb2O3(22.5g)和40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液加热至约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(~3hours)而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃、2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例7
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(62.22g),Co(NO3)2·6H2O(116.54g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(60.46g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(62.38g),KNO3(.78g)and Cs(NO3)(1.20g)。将AHM(176.75g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(3.85g)和85%H3PO4(4.44g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加Sb2O3(11.22g)和40%二氧化硅(625g)溶液。所得黄色浆液加热约90℃(~90℃)、约3小时(~3hours),而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
实施例8
用400ml烧杯,约70℃(~70℃),将下列次序的金属硝酸盐一起熔化Fe(NO3)3·9H2O(59.3g),Co(NO2)2·6H2O(111.0g),Ni(NO3)2·6H2O(57.6g),Bi(NO3)3·5H2O(59.4g),KNO3(0.7g),and Cs(NO3)(1.2g)。将AHM(168.3g)溶于300ml蒸馏水,而后加入CrO3(3.7g)和85%H3PO4(4.2g)制成溶液。将金属硝酸盐熔融物加入到上述溶液中,再加Sb2O3(22.4g)和40%二氧化硅溶胶(625g)。所得黄色浆液加热至约90℃(~90℃)约3小时(~hours),而后喷雾干燥,所得物料在270℃2小时和425℃、2小时条件下脱硝,最后在空气中于580℃煅烧2小时。
所给出的实例中,不饱和腈的转化率定义如下:
转化成不饱和腈的单程转化率(mol
Figure C9210567400151
表I概括了用丙烯作烃原料并有如实例1-8方法制得的催化剂成分参加的几组氨氧化反应。每个反应均在40cc流化床反应器中进行,且每个催化剂都首先用NH3/N2在440℃还原10分钟。(反应)稳定约40小时之后收集试样。
反应气流在含有冷HCl溶液的泡罩洗涤器中收集。用皂膜气量计测定废气比例,废气成分则在操作完毕后借助Perkin-Elmer Model 154气相色谱仪来确定,该色谱仪装有气相分析分离柱。
回收操作结束时,全部洗涤液用蒸馏水稀释至约200g。用称过重量的甲乙酮(MEK)作为等分的约50g稀释溶液的内标物。
6ml试样在5710Hewlett-Packard气相色谱仪中进行分析,该色谱仪装有火焰离子化检测器和碳填充柱(carbopak column)。HCN的量则用滴定AgNO3来测定。
                                        表I实施例     催    化   剂   成   分                                      温度   丙烯腈     HCN       CO2     CO     丙烯腈的(℃)   (%ppc)   (%ppc)   (%ppc)    (%ppc) 选择性(%)1 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.2Cr1.0Ox*50%SiO2               435     76.2      6.6      6.7      2.9       78.22 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.2Cr.8P.2Ox*50%SiO2            435     77.7      6.8      6.5      2.8       78.93 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.2Cr.5P.5Ox*50%SiO2            435     78.0      6.3      6.3      3.1       80.34 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.1Cs.08Cr.5P.5Ox*50%SiO2       435     79.1      5.8      5.4      2.6       81.65 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.2Cr.5P.5Sb1.0Ox*50%SiO2       435     78.3      5.4      5.4      2.7       81.26 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.2Cr.5P.5Sb2.1Ox*50%SiO2       430     80.2      5.5      6.0      2.9       81.87 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.1Cs.08Cr.5P.5Sb1.0Ox*50%SiO2  435     79.4      3.9      5.7      2.7       82.68 50%Ho13Bi1.67Fe2.0Co5.2Ni2.8K.1Cs.08Cr.5P.5Sb2.1Ox*50%SiO2  435     80.2      5.0      5.3      2.4       83.2

Claims (7)

1.用于将选自丙烯、异丁烯及其混和物的烯烃分别转化成丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈及其混和物的方法,反应为约300℃至600℃的温度及高压下的气相反应,所述烯烃与含分子氧的气体和氨与催化剂氧化物共存,而且,氧和烯烃的摩尔比是0.2∶1至3,氨和烯烃的摩尔比是0.5∶1至5∶1,其特征在于其改进包括:
使反应在含有如下述实验式表征的催化剂参与下进行:
MoaBibFecCodNieCrfXgYiZjOk
其中
X是p,Sb或其混和物;
Y是一种碱金属或其混和物;
Z是碱土金属,稀土金属,Nb,Tl,As,Mg,Zn,
 Cd,V,B,Ca,Sn,Ge,Mn,W,Te或其混和
 物;以及
其中
a是从12到14的数;
b是从1到5的数;
c是从0.5到5的数;
d和e是从0.1到6的数;
f是从0.1到4的数;
g是从0.1到4的数;
i是从0.1到2的数;
j是从0到3的数;
k是一个数,决定于存在的其他元素化合价要求。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述温度是从约400℃到约480℃。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于g是从0.75到3的数。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于所述催化剂载于催化剂载体材料上,这些材料选自二氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化钛、钢铝石、碳化硅、氧化铝-氧化硅、无机磷酸盐、浮石,蒙德土或其混和物。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征在于所述的载体材料为二氧化硅。
6.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征在于所述的载体重量为所述催化剂重量的10-70%。
7.根据权利要求4的方法,其特征在于所述的载体重量为所述催化剂重量的40-60%。
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EP0573713A1 (en) 1993-12-15
US5134105A (en) 1992-07-28
EP0573713B1 (en) 1997-01-02
CN1080284A (zh) 1994-01-05
DE69216390T2 (de) 1997-09-04
BR9202497A (pt) 1994-01-18
ATE147070T1 (de) 1997-01-15
ES2095406T3 (es) 1997-02-16

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