CN103392467A - Corn planting and cultivating method - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种玉米种植栽培方法,包括以下步骤:播前选择玉米品种和整地;采用宽行与窄行间隔配置,宽行宽度为85~95cm,窄行宽度为25~35cm;窄行中间用于铺设滴灌带;玉米播种:采用气吸式精量播种机完成播种、铺管、铺膜和覆土;进行苗期田间管理、穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理。本发明的栽培方法采用宽窄行相配置的方式,能够减少毛管用量。苗期管理的前期喷施调节剂控制株高穗位,克服了常规种植方法玉米株高、穗位偏高易倒的缺陷。中后期管理用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机喷洒农药防治虫害,减少自然灾害对玉米生长的影响,克服玉米拔节后玉米螟、棉铃虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛发生较重对产量的影响。The invention discloses a method for planting and cultivating corn, which comprises the following steps: selecting corn varieties and preparing the ground before planting; adopting wide rows and narrow rows to arrange at intervals, the width of the wide rows is 85-95 cm, and the width of the narrow rows is 25-35 cm; the width of the narrow rows is 85-95 cm. The middle is used to lay drip irrigation belts; corn sowing: the air suction precision seeder is used to complete sowing, pipe laying, film laying and soil covering; field management at the seedling stage, field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage. The cultivation method of the present invention adopts the arrangement mode of wide and narrow rows, which can reduce capillary consumption. Spray regulators in the early stage of seedling management to control plant height and ear position, which overcomes the defects of high plant height and ear position of corn in conventional planting methods. Use self-propelled high-stem crop boom sprayers to spray pesticides to prevent and control insect pests in the middle and later stages of management, reduce the impact of natural disasters on corn growth, and overcome the severe impact of corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, leafhoppers and red spiders on corn production after jointing Impact.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及农作物种植农艺方法技术领域,具体地说是春玉米滴灌宽窄行栽培方法。 The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting agronomic methods, in particular to a spring corn cultivation method with drip irrigation in wide and narrow rows. the
背景技术 Background technique
玉米是我国重要的粮食作物,大田普遍采用的是等行距沟灌栽培方式,产量水平在9000~12000kg/ha;近几年玉米滴灌栽培方法在农业生产中已开始大面积推广应用,其节水、增产的效果得到了充分的验证,产量水平达到13500~18000kg/ha;通过精量播种有效解决了定苗问题,通过滴灌随水施肥有效解决了玉米整个生育期的营养供应问题,但还存在滴灌毛管用量大(667m2用700~1100m),滴灌玉米株高、穗位偏高易倒,在玉米拔节后玉米螟、棉铃虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛发生较重对产量影响较大,虫害没法防治的问题;虽然通过在玉米大喇叭口期人工呋喃丹灌心可防治玉米螟,但需要大量的人力,成本较高。这些问题限制了滴灌玉米技术的普及及应用效果。 Corn is an important food crop in China. The equal-spaced furrow irrigation cultivation method is generally adopted in the field, and the yield level is 9000-12000kg/ha. In recent years, the corn drip irrigation cultivation method has begun to be widely used in agricultural production. The effect of increasing yield has been fully verified, and the yield level has reached 13,500-18,000kg/ha; the problem of fixed seedlings has been effectively solved through precision sowing, and the problem of nutrient supply for the entire growth period of corn has been effectively solved through drip irrigation and fertilization, but there are still drip irrigation capillaries. Large dosage (700-1100m for 667m2 ), the plant height and ear position of drip irrigation corn are high and easy to fall, corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, leafhoppers and spider mites occur heavily after corn jointing, which has a great impact on yield, insect damage Problems that cannot be prevented and controlled; although corn borer can be prevented and controlled by artificial carbofuran filling during the trumpet-mouth stage of corn, it requires a lot of manpower and the cost is relatively high. These problems limit the popularization and application effect of drip irrigation corn technology.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是针对上述玉米栽培方法中存在的问题和缺陷,提供一种春玉米宽窄行全程机械化栽培方法,采用宽窄行减少毛管用量、前期机械喷施调节剂控制株高穗位、中后期用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机喷洒农药防治虫害,减少自然灾害对玉米生长的影响,实现全程机械化,达到省工、省肥、节水、高产的目的。 The purpose of the present invention is to address the problems and defects in the above-mentioned corn cultivation methods, and provide a full-scale mechanized cultivation method for spring corn in wide and narrow rows, using wide and narrow rows to reduce capillary consumption, mechanically spraying regulators in the early stage to control plant height and ear position, and Use the self-propelled high-stem crop boom sprayer to spray pesticides to prevent and control insect pests, reduce the impact of natural disasters on the growth of corn, realize the whole process of mechanization, and achieve the goals of labor saving, fertilizer saving, water saving and high yield. the
本发明具体采用了如下技术方案: The present invention specifically adopts the following technical solutions:
一种玉米种植栽培方法,包括以下步骤: A kind of corn planting cultivation method, comprises the following steps:
步骤1,播前选择玉米品种和整地; Step 1, select corn varieties and soil preparation before sowing;
步骤2,玉米行距采用宽行与窄行间隔配置,宽行宽度为85~95cm,窄行宽度为25~35cm;窄行中间用于铺设滴灌带。优选的,宽行宽度为90cm,窄行宽度为30cm;窄行中间用于铺设滴灌带。 In step 2, the row spacing of corn is configured at intervals between wide rows and narrow rows. The width of the wide row is 85-95cm, and the width of the narrow row is 25-35cm; the middle of the narrow row is used to lay drip irrigation belts. Preferably, the width of the wide row is 90cm, and the width of the narrow row is 30cm; the middle of the narrow row is used for laying the drip irrigation belt. the
步骤3,玉米播种:采用气吸式精量播种机完成播种、铺管、铺膜和覆土;优选的,玉米播种的时间是土壤5cm地温达到12℃时;玉米播种的深度为4~5cm。 Step 3, corn sowing: use an air suction precision seeder to complete sowing, pipe laying, film laying and soil covering; preferably, the time for corn sowing is when the ground temperature of 5cm of soil reaches 12°C; the depth of corn sowing is 4-5cm. the
步骤4,进行苗期田间管理、穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理; Step 4, carry out field management at the seedling stage, field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage;
苗期田间管理包括:播种后田间布管连接毛管,滴出苗水,根据土壤墒情每667m2滴水15~25m3;随水滴施50%玉米滴灌专用肥(32-10-8)2~3kg。 Field management at the seedling stage includes: after sowing, field pipes are connected to the capillary pipes, dripping water for seedlings, 15-25m 3 per 667m 2 of soil moisture; 2-3kg of 50% special fertilizer for corn drip irrigation (32-10-8) is applied along with the water.
穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理包括:通过滴灌灌溉保持土壤含水量在最大田间持水量的60~80%之间;肥料在滴水灌溉过程中随水滴施。 The field management at the earing stage and the field management at the flowering and graining stage include: keeping the soil water content between 60% and 80% of the maximum field water capacity through drip irrigation; fertilizers are dripped with water during the drip irrigation process. the
步骤5,收获 Step 5, Harvest
当苞叶发黄,籽粒变硬,籽粒种胚背面基部出现黑层时,乳线消失,籽粒变硬,呈现品种的固有的色泽,即选择适宜收获机进行收获,实现摘穗、剥皮、脱粒、秸杆还田。 When the bract leaves turn yellow, the grains harden, and a black layer appears at the base of the back of the seed embryo, the milk line disappears, and the grains harden, showing the inherent color of the variety. That is, choose a suitable harvester for harvesting, to achieve ear picking, peeling, and threshing , Straw returning to the field. the
上述的玉米种植栽培方法中,步骤1,所述播前选择玉米种是指选择高产、耐密植、抗倒伏、脱水快、抗病性强的玉米杂交种,如郑单958、KW3564、先玉335。 In the above-mentioned corn planting and cultivation method, in step 1, the selection of corn species before sowing refers to the selection of high-yield, close-planting, lodging-resistant, fast dehydration, and strong disease-resistant corn hybrids, such as Zhengdan 958, KW3564, Xianyu 335. the
所述整地包括冬前整地、深施底肥和播前整地; Described soil preparation includes pre-winter soil preparation, deep base fertilizer application and pre-sowing soil preparation;
冬前整地:使用秸秆打捆机将地表上茬作物秸秆打捆回收,然后用重型圆盘耙将地表剩余上茬作物秸秆轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀;或者先用重型圆盘耙将地表上茬作物秸秆初步轧切并晾晒干燥,然后用重型圆盘耙将晾晒干燥的上茬作物秸秆充分轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀; Soil preparation before winter: Use a straw baler to bundle and recycle the crop straw on the surface, and then use a heavy-duty disc harrow to crush the remaining crop straw on the surface and mix it evenly with the topsoil; or use a heavy-duty disc harrow to scrape the surface The last stubble crop stalks are preliminarily rolled and cut and dried in the sun, and then the dried last stubble crop straws are fully rolled, cut and pulverized with a heavy-duty disc harrow and mixed evenly with the topsoil;
深施底肥:每667m2均匀撒施1000公斤厩肥与10~20公斤磷酸二铵的混合肥料,然后进行犁地翻耕,犁地深度在25~30cm; Deep application of base fertilizer: Evenly spread 1000 kg of manure and 10-20 kg of diammonium phosphate mixed fertilizer per 667m 2 , and then plow the land to a depth of 25-30 cm;
播前整地:早春时使用联合整地机耙地,机械喷施除草剂。 Soil preparation before sowing: In early spring, use a combined soil preparation machine to harrow the land, and spray herbicides mechanically. the
上述的玉米种植栽培方法中,步骤4中的苗期田间管理还包括:机械喷施叶面追肥和滴水追肥;机械喷施玉米除草剂;机械喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药以防治玉米苗期叶面刺吸式口器害虫;地老虎发生时,用敌百虫或敌敌畏100~200倍液灌根;地老虎成虫羽化时在田间摆放糖浆盆、安装黑光诱虫灯或频振诱虫灯。 In the above-mentioned corn planting and cultivation method, the field management at the seedling stage in step 4 also includes: mechanical spraying of foliar topdressing and drip topdressing; mechanical spraying of corn herbicides; mechanical spraying of pyrethroids with high efficiency and low residue pesticides to prevent and treat corn seedlings. Leaf piercing-sucking mouthparts pests in the early stage; when cutworms occur, use trichlorfon or dichlorvos 100-200 times liquid to irrigate the roots; when cutworm adults emerge, place syrup pots in the field, install black light trap lamps or frequency vibration lures Bug lights. the
上述的玉米种植栽培方法中,步骤4中的穗期田间管理还包括:小喇叭口期去除玉米茎基部分蘖并喷施矮壮素200~250ml/667m2;大喇叭口期:用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施玉米健壮素;用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药;灌水2~3次,每次灌水量30~40m3/667m2并结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥12~15kg/667m2。优选的,所述玉米专用滴灌肥氮-磷-钾含量配比为32∶10∶8。 In the above-mentioned corn planting and cultivation method, the field management at the ear stage in step 4 also includes: removing the tiller at the base of the corn stem and spraying 200-250ml/667m 2 of chlormequat at the small bell mouth stage; High-stalk crop sprayer equipped with a downward nozzle to spray maize robustin; a self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayer equipped with a downward nozzle to spray pyrethroid high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides; watering 2 to 3 times, each irrigation volume 30 to 40m 3 /667m 2 Combined with drip irrigation and drip irrigation fertilizer 12-15kg/667m 2 special for corn. Preferably, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content ratio of the special drip irrigation fertilizer for corn is 32:10:8.
上述的玉米种植栽培方法中,步骤4中的花粒期田间管理还包括:灌水补施肥料,共滴水5~6次,每次灌水量30~40m3/667m2,前2~3次结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥8~15kg/667m2;优选的所述玉米专用滴灌肥氮-磷-钾含量配比为30∶15∶9。 In the above-mentioned corn planting and cultivation method, the field management in the flower and grain stage in step 4 also includes: irrigation and fertilizer application, a total of 5 to 6 drips, each irrigation volume is 30 to 40m 3 /667m 2 , the first 2 to 3 combined The special drip irrigation fertilizer for corn is 8-15kg/667m 2 , and the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content ratio of the special corn drip irrigation fertilizer is preferably 30:15:9.
防治蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛:用克螨特73%乳油l000~1500倍液和1.80%阿维菌素乳油2000倍液以1∶0.8~2体积比混合成的混合液机械化喷雾防治红蜘蛛;用20%啶虫脒液剂3000倍液机械化喷雾防治叶蝉;用吡虫啉4000~6000倍液机械化喷雾防治蚜虫。 Prevention and control of aphids, leafhoppers and red spiders: use 1000-1500 times solution of 73% EC and 2000 times solution of 1.80% Abamectin EC at a volume ratio of 1:0.8-2 to mechanize spraying to control spider mites ; Use 20% acetamiprid liquid 3000 times liquid mechanized spray to control leafhoppers; use imidacloprid 4000-6000 times liquid mechanized spray to control aphids. the
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于: Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:
1、本发明的栽培方法采用宽窄行相配置的方式,能够减少毛管用量。常规种植方式滴灌毛管用量大(667m2用700~1100m),而本发明的栽培方法滴灌毛管用量为560m。 1. The cultivation method of the present invention adopts the configuration of wide and narrow row phases, which can reduce the consumption of capillaries. The capillary consumption of drip irrigation in the conventional planting method is large (700-1100m for 667m 2 ), but the capillary consumption of drip irrigation in the cultivation method of the present invention is 560m.
2、苗期管理的前期喷施调节剂控制株高穗位,克服了常规种植方法玉米株高、穗位偏高易倒的缺陷。 2. Spray regulators in the early stage of seedling management to control plant height and ear position, which overcomes the defects of high plant height and ear position of corn in conventional planting methods. the
3、玉米中后期管理用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机喷洒农药防治虫害,减少自然灾害对玉米生长的影响,克服玉米拔节后玉米螟、棉铃虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛发生较重对产量的影响。 3. Self-propelled high-stem crop boom sprayer sprays pesticides to prevent and control insect pests in the middle and later stages of corn management, reducing the impact of natural disasters on corn growth, and overcoming the occurrence of corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, leafhoppers and red spiders after corn jointing. impact on production. the
4、本发明的栽培方法实现全程机械化,达到省工、省肥、节水、高产的目的。 4. The cultivation method of the present invention realizes full-process mechanization and achieves the goals of labor saving, fertilizer saving, water saving and high yield. the
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述,但不作为对本发明的限定。 The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with specific examples, but not as a limitation of the present invention. the
本发明的玉米种植栽培方法在中国新疆石河子新疆农垦科学院试验场进行了生产试验,试验地块前茬为绿肥翻耕地,属于中温带干旱区气候,年降水量为150~250mm之间且分布不均匀,年蒸发量1200~1500mm,为灌溉农业,适合本发明方法的实施。 The corn planting and cultivation method of the present invention has been tested in the test field of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. The previous stubble of the test plot is green manure plowed land, which belongs to the climate of the middle temperature zone arid region, and the annual precipitation is between 150 and 250mm and the distribution is uneven. Uniform, annual evaporation 1200 ~ 1500mm, for irrigation agriculture, suitable for the implementation of the method of the present invention. the
本实施例所用材料如下: The materials used in this embodiment are as follows:
肥料选用新疆农垦科学院农业新技术推广服务中心生产的玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅰ型50%(氮-磷-钾含量为32∶10∶8)和玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅱ型54%(氮-磷-钾含量为30∶15∶9)。 Fertilizers were 50% of special drip irrigation fertilizer type I for corn (32∶10∶8 content of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) and 54% of special drip irrigation fertilizer for corn type II (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium The content is 30:15:9). the
地膜选用厚度0.005~0.008mm规格的普通聚乙烯薄膜。 Common polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.005-0.008mm is used for the mulch. the
滴管带和支管:选用单翼迷宫式滴灌带,规格300-3.2;内径(16mm);壁厚(0.18mm);滴孔间距(300mm);公称流量(3.2L/h)。支管选择PE(聚乙烯)黑管水带(75﹟和90﹟)。 Dripper belt and branch pipe: use single-wing labyrinth drip irrigation belt, specification 300-3.2; inner diameter (16mm); wall thickness (0.18mm); drip hole spacing (300mm); nominal flow rate (3.2L/h). Choose PE (polyethylene) black pipe hose (75﹟ and 90﹟) for the branch pipe. the
实施例1 Example 1
步骤1,选择玉米种和整地; Step 1, select the corn seed and prepare the soil;
种子选择高产、优质、耐密、抗倒、脱水快、抗病性强的玉米杂交种先玉335,种子质量要求达到精量点播的标准。 For the seeds, choose Xianyu 335, a corn hybrid with high yield, high quality, density resistance, lodging resistance, fast dehydration, and strong disease resistance. the
进行整地,包括冬前整地、深施底肥和播前整地; Carry out soil preparation, including pre-winter soil preparation, deep application of base fertilizer and pre-sowing soil preparation;
冬前整地:使用秸秆打捆机将地表上茬作物秸秆打捆回收,然后用重型圆盘耙将地表剩余上茬作物秸秆轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀;或者先用重型圆盘耙将地表上茬作物秸秆初步轧切并晾晒干燥15天左右,然后用重型圆盘耙将地表茬作物秸秆充分轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀; Soil preparation before winter: Use a straw baler to bundle and recycle the crop straw on the surface, and then use a heavy-duty disc harrow to crush the remaining crop straw on the surface and mix it evenly with the topsoil; or use a heavy-duty disc harrow to scrape the surface The last crop stalks are preliminarily rolled and cut and dried in the sun for about 15 days, and then the surface crop stalks are fully rolled and crushed with a heavy-duty disc harrow and mixed evenly with the topsoil;
深施底肥:每667m2用厩肥撒抛机均匀撒施均匀撒施1000公斤厩 肥与10公斤磷酸二铵的混合肥料,然后用大马力拖拉机配套垂直翻转铧犁进行犁地翻耕,犁地深度为25~30cm。 Deep application of base fertilizer: every 667m 2 is evenly spread with a manure spreader and a mixed fertilizer of 1,000 kg of manure and 10 kg of diammonium phosphate, and then plowed with a large-horsepower tractor with a vertical turning plow to plow the land. It is 25-30cm.
播前整地:来年早春使用联合整地机采用对角耙地进行耙耱保墒,争取达到“墒、松,碎,齐,平、净”的质量要求。杂草危害严重的地块,进行地面机械喷施除草剂,防治杂草。整地后使地表干净平整,适于玉米播种,而且合理利用了上茬作物秸秆,不仅为玉米提供了有机养分也减少了上茬秸秆储存和处理的成本。 Soil preparation before sowing: In the early spring of the next year, use the combined soil preparation machine to harrow the land diagonally to preserve moisture, and strive to meet the quality requirements of "moisture, loose, broken, even, flat, and clean". For plots with serious weed damage, mechanically spray herbicides on the ground to control weeds. After the land preparation, the ground surface is clean and flat, suitable for corn sowing, and the last crop stalks are rationally used, which not only provides organic nutrients for the corn but also reduces the cost of the last stubble straw storage and treatment. the
步骤2,行距采用宽行与窄行间隔配置,宽行宽度为90cm,窄行宽度为30cm;窄行中间用于铺设滴灌带。宽行和窄行的宽度可以根据地块特点和种植需要在:宽行宽度85~95cm,窄行宽度25~35cm之间进行调整。由于本发明采用宽窄行间隔配置,使滴灌带用量降低到每667m2约560米,节省了初期成本投入。 Step 2, the row spacing is configured at intervals between wide rows and narrow rows, the width of the wide row is 90cm, and the width of the narrow row is 30cm; the middle of the narrow row is used to lay drip irrigation tape. The width of the wide row and narrow row can be adjusted according to the characteristics of the plot and the planting needs: the width of the wide row is 85-95cm, and the width of the narrow row is 25-35cm. Because the present invention adopts wide and narrow row interval configuration, the consumption of drip irrigation tape is reduced to about 560 meters per 667 m 2 , which saves the initial cost input.
步骤3,玉米播种: Step 3, sowing corn:
选用新疆科神农业装备科技开发有限公司生产的2BMJ系列气吸式精量铺膜播种机完成播种、铺管、铺膜和覆土;玉米播种的时间是土壤5cm地温达到12℃时;播种穴距14.4cm,深度为4cm,理论穴播密度7716穴/667m2。 The 2BMJ series air-suction precision film-laying seeder produced by Xinjiang Keshen Agricultural Equipment Technology Development Co., Ltd. is selected to complete sowing, pipe laying, film laying and soil covering; the time for corn sowing is when the soil temperature reaches 12°C at 5 cm of soil; the distance between sowing holes 14.4cm, the depth is 4cm, the theoretical hole sowing density is 7716 holes/667m 2 .
要求播行直,无断行、漏播现象。滴灌带要拉紧,覆膜时两边要压实。玉米播种的深度为4~5cm,深浅一致,覆土均匀,镇压严实,无浮籽。 It is required to broadcast straight lines without line breaks or missed broadcasts. The drip irrigation belt should be tightened, and both sides should be compacted when covering the film. The depth of corn sowing is 4-5cm, the depth is consistent, the soil is evenly covered, the suppression is tight, and there is no floating seed. the
步骤4,进行苗期田间管理、穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理; Step 4, carry out field management at the seedling stage, field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage;
苗期田间管理包括:播种后田间布管连接毛管,滴出苗水,根据土壤墒情每667m2滴水15~25m3;随水滴施50%玉米滴灌专用肥(32-10-8)2~3kg。 Field management at the seedling stage includes: after sowing, field pipes are connected to the capillary pipes, dripping water for seedlings, 15-25m 3 per 667m 2 of soil moisture; 2-3kg of 50% special fertilizer for corn drip irrigation (32-10-8) is applied along with the water.
穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理包括:通过滴灌灌溉保持土壤含水量在最大田间持水量的60~80%;肥料在滴水灌溉过程中随水滴施。 Field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage includes: keeping the soil water content at 60-80% of the maximum field water capacity through drip irrigation; fertilizers are applied in drips with water during the drip irrigation process. the
步骤4中的苗期田间管理还包括:机械喷施叶面追肥和滴水追肥;机械喷施玉米除草剂;机械喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药以防治玉米苗期叶面刺吸式口器害虫;地老虎发生时,用敌百虫或敌敌畏100倍液 灌根;地老虎成虫羽化时在田间摆放糖浆盆、安装黑光诱虫灯或频振诱虫灯。 Field management at the seedling stage in step 4 also includes: mechanical spraying of foliar topdressing and drip topdressing; mechanical spraying of corn herbicides; mechanical spraying of pyrethroids with high efficiency and low residue pesticides to prevent and control the foliar piercing and sucking mouthparts of corn seedlings Pests: When cutworms occur, use trichlorfon or dichlorvos 100 times liquid to irrigate the roots; when cutworms emerge, place syrup pots in the field, install black light traps or frequency vibration traps. the
步骤4中的穗期田间管理还包括:小喇叭口期去除玉米茎基部分蘖并喷施矮壮素200ml/667m2;大喇叭口期:用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施玉米健壮素;用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药;灌水2次,每次灌水量30m3/667m2并结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅰ型12kg/667m2(氮-磷-钾含量配比为32∶10∶8)。 The field management at ear stage in step 4 also includes: removing the tiller at the base of the corn stem and spraying 200ml/667m 2 of chlormequat at the small trumpet mouth stage; spraying corn with a self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayer equipped with a downward sprinkler at the large trumpet mouth stage Jianzhuangsu; use a self-propelled high-stem crop sprayer with a downward nozzle to spray pyrethroid high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides; water 2 times, each irrigation volume is 30m 3 /667m 2 and combined with drip irrigation, special drip irrigation fertilizer type I for corn 12kg/ 667m 2 (the ratio of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium content is 32:10:8).
步骤4中的花粒期田间管理还包括:灌水补施肥料,共滴水5次,每次灌水量30m3/667m2,前2次结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅱ型8kg/667m2(氮-磷-钾重量配比为30∶15∶9); The field management in the flower and grain stage in step 4 also includes: irrigation and fertilizer application, a total of 5 drips, each irrigation volume is 30m 3 /667m 2 , and the first 2 times are combined with drip irrigation and drip irrigation fertilizer type Ⅱ 8kg/667m 2 special for corn ( The weight ratio of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium is 30:15:9);
防治蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛:用克螨特73%乳油l000倍液和1.80%阿维菌素乳油2000倍液以1∶1体积比混合成的混合液机械化喷雾防治红蜘蛛;用20%啶虫脒液剂2000倍液机械化喷雾防治叶蝉;用吡虫啉4000倍液机械化喷雾防治蚜虫。 Prevention and control of aphids, leafhoppers and spider mites: Mechanized spraying of a mixture of 1000 times of 73% EC and 2000 times of 1.80% Abamectin EC at a volume ratio of 1:1 to prevent and control spider mites; use 20% Acetamiprid liquid 2000 times liquid mechanized spray to control leafhoppers; use imidacloprid 4000 times liquid mechanized spray to control aphids. the
步骤5,收获 Step 5, Harvest
当苞叶发黄,籽粒变硬,籽粒种胚背面基部出现黑层时,乳线消失,籽粒变硬,呈现品种的固有的色泽,即选择适宜收获机进行收获,实现摘穗、剥皮、脱粒、秸杆还田。 When the bract leaves turn yellow, the grains harden, and a black layer appears at the base of the back of the seed embryo, the milk line disappears, and the grains harden, showing the inherent color of the variety. That is, choose a suitable harvester for harvesting, to achieve ear picking, peeling, and threshing , Straw returning to the field. the
采用实施例1中的栽培管理方法,苗期管理的前期喷施调节剂控制株高穗位,克服了常规种植方法玉米株高、穗位偏高易倒的缺陷。苗期管理中后期用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机喷洒农药防治虫害,减少自然灾害对玉米生长的影响,克服玉米拔节后玉米螟、棉铃虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛发生较重对产量的影响。另外,本栽培方法实现了全程机械化,达到省工、省肥、节水、高产的目的。 Adopting the cultivation management method in Example 1, spraying regulators in the early stage of seedling management to control plant height and ear position, overcome the defects of high plant height and ear position of corn in conventional planting methods, which are easy to fall. In the middle and late stages of seedling management, use self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayer to spray pesticides to prevent and control insect pests, reduce the impact of natural disasters on corn growth, and overcome the heavy occurrence of corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, leafhoppers and spider mites after corn jointing impact on production. In addition, the cultivation method realizes the whole process of mechanization, and achieves the goals of labor saving, fertilizer saving, water saving and high yield. the
实施例2 Example 2
步骤1,选择玉米种和整地; Step 1, select the corn seed and prepare the soil;
种子选择高产、优质、耐密、抗倒、脱水快、抗病性强的玉米杂交种郑单958,种子质量要求达到精量点播的标准。 For the seeds, choose Zhengdan 958, a corn hybrid with high yield, high quality, density resistance, lodging resistance, fast dehydration, and strong disease resistance. the
进行整地,包括冬前整地、深施底肥和播前整地; Carry out soil preparation, including pre-winter soil preparation, deep application of base fertilizer and pre-sowing soil preparation;
冬前整地:使用秸秆打捆机将地表上茬作物秸秆打捆回收,然后用重型圆盘耙将地表剩余上茬作物秸秆轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀;或者先用重型圆盘耙将地表上茬作物秸秆初步轧切并晾晒干燥15天左右,然后用重型圆盘耙将地表茬作物秸秆充分轧切粉碎并与表土混合均匀; Soil preparation before winter: Use a straw baler to bundle and recycle the crop straw on the surface, and then use a heavy-duty disc harrow to crush the remaining crop straw on the surface and mix it evenly with the topsoil; or use a heavy-duty disc harrow to scrape the surface The last crop stalks are preliminarily rolled and cut and dried in the sun for about 15 days, and then the surface crop stalks are fully rolled and crushed with a heavy-duty disc harrow and mixed evenly with the topsoil;
深施底肥:用厩肥撒抛机均匀撒施均匀撒施1000公斤厩肥与20公斤磷酸二铵的混合肥料,然后用大马力拖拉机配套垂直翻转铧犁进行犁地翻耕,犁地深度为25~30cm。 Deep application of base fertilizer: evenly spread the mixed fertilizer of 1,000 kg of manure and 20 kg of diammonium phosphate with a manure spreader, and then use a large-horsepower tractor to plow the land with a vertical turning plow, and the depth of the plow is 25~ 30cm. the
播前整地:来年早春使用联合整地机采用对角耙地进行耙耱保墒,争取达到“墒、松,碎,齐,平、净”的质量要求。杂草危害严重的地块,进行地面机械喷施除草剂,防治杂草。整地后使地表干净平整,适于玉米播种,而且合理利用了上茬作物秸秆,不仅为玉米提供了有机养分也减少了上茬秸秆储存和处理的成本。 Soil preparation before sowing: In the early spring of the next year, use the combined soil preparation machine to harrow the land diagonally to preserve moisture, and strive to meet the quality requirements of "moisture, loose, broken, even, flat, and clean". For plots with serious weed damage, mechanically spray herbicides on the ground to control weeds. After the land preparation, the ground surface is clean and flat, suitable for corn sowing, and the last crop stalks are rationally used, which not only provides organic nutrients for the corn but also reduces the cost of the last stubble straw storage and treatment. the
步骤2,行距采用宽行与窄行间隔配置,宽行宽度为90cm,窄行宽度为30cm;窄行中间用于铺设滴灌带。宽行和窄行的宽度可以根据地块特点和种植需要在:宽行宽度85~95cm,窄行宽度25~35cm之间进行调整。由于本发明采用宽窄行间隔配置,使滴灌带用量降低到每667m2约560米,节省了初期成本投入。 Step 2, the row spacing is configured at intervals between wide rows and narrow rows, the width of the wide row is 90cm, and the width of the narrow row is 30cm; the middle of the narrow row is used to lay drip irrigation tape. The width of the wide row and narrow row can be adjusted according to the characteristics of the plot and the planting needs: the width of the wide row is 85-95cm, and the width of the narrow row is 25-35cm. Because the present invention adopts wide and narrow row interval configuration, the consumption of drip irrigation tape is reduced to about 560 meters per 667 m 2 , which saves the initial cost input.
步骤3,覆膜和玉米播种: Step 3, Mulching and Corn Seeding:
选用新疆科神农业装备科技开发有限公司生产的2BMJ系列气吸式精量铺膜播种机完成播种、铺管、铺膜和覆土;玉米播种的时间是土壤5cm地温达到12℃时;播种穴距14.4cm,深度为4~5cm,理论穴播密度7716穴/667m2。 The 2BMJ series air-suction precision film-laying seeder produced by Xinjiang Keshen Agricultural Equipment Technology Development Co., Ltd. is selected to complete sowing, pipe laying, film laying and soil covering; the time for corn sowing is when the soil temperature reaches 12°C at 5 cm of soil; the distance between sowing holes 14.4cm, the depth is 4-5cm, and the theoretical hole sowing density is 7716 holes/667m 2 .
要求播行直,无断行、漏播现象。滴灌带要拉紧,覆膜时两边要压实。玉米播种的深度为4~5cm,深浅一致,覆土均匀,镇压严实,无浮籽。 It is required to broadcast straight lines without line breaks or missed broadcasts. The drip irrigation belt should be tightened, and both sides should be compacted when covering the film. The depth of corn sowing is 4-5cm, the depth is consistent, the soil is evenly covered, the suppression is tight, and there is no floating seed. the
步骤4,进行苗期田间管理、穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理; Step 4, carry out field management at the seedling stage, field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage;
苗期田间管理包括:播种后田间布管连接毛管,滴出苗水,根据 土壤墒情每667m2滴水15~25m3;随水滴施50%玉米滴灌专用肥(32-10-8)2~3kg。 Field management at the seedling stage includes: after sowing, pipes are laid in the field to connect the capillaries, drip water for seedling emergence, and drip 15-25 m 3 per 667 m 2 according to the soil moisture; apply 2-3 kg of 50% special fertilizer for corn drip irrigation (32-10-8) along with the water.
穗期田间管理和花粒期田间管理包括:通过滴灌灌溉保持土壤含水量在最大田间持水量的60~80%;肥料在滴水灌溉过程中随水滴施。 Field management at the ear stage and field management at the flower and grain stage includes: keeping the soil water content at 60-80% of the maximum field water capacity through drip irrigation; fertilizers are applied in drips with water during the drip irrigation process. the
步骤4中的苗期田间管理还包括:机械喷施叶面追肥和滴水追肥;机械喷施玉米除草剂;机械喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药以防治玉米苗期叶面刺吸式口器害虫;地老虎发生时,用敌百虫或敌敌畏200倍液灌根;地老虎成虫羽化时在田间摆放糖浆盆、安装黑光诱虫灯或频振诱虫灯。 Field management at the seedling stage in step 4 also includes: mechanical spraying of foliar topdressing and drip topdressing; mechanical spraying of corn herbicides; mechanical spraying of pyrethroids with high efficiency and low residue pesticides to prevent and control the foliar piercing and sucking mouthparts of corn seedlings Pests: When cutworms occur, use 200 times of trichlorfon or dichlorvos to irrigate the roots; when cutworms emerge, place syrup pots in the field, install black light traps or frequency vibration traps. the
步骤4中的穗期田间管理还包括:小喇叭口期去除玉米茎基部分蘖并喷施矮壮素250ml/667m2;大喇叭口期:用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施玉米健壮素;用自走式高杆作物喷雾器配向下喷头喷施菊酯类高效低残留农药;灌水3次,每次灌水量35m3/667m2并结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅰ型15kg/667m2(氮-磷-钾重量配比为32∶10∶8)。 The field management at ear stage in step 4 also includes: removing the tiller at the base of the corn stem and spraying chlormequat 250ml/ 667m2 at the small bell mouth stage; spraying corn with a self-propelled tall crop sprayer equipped with a downward sprinkler at the big bell mouth stage Jianzhuangsu; use a self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayer with a downward nozzle to spray pyrethroid high-efficiency and low-residue pesticides; irrigate 3 times, each irrigation volume is 35m 3 /667m 2 and combined with drip irrigation, special drip irrigation fertilizer type I for corn 15kg/ 667m 2 (the weight ratio of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium is 32:10:8).
步骤4中的花粒期田间管理还包括:灌水补施肥料,共滴水6次,前3次每次灌水量35m3/667m2,结合灌水滴施玉米专用滴灌肥Ⅱ型10kg/667m2(氮-磷-钾重量配比为30∶15∶9),后3次每次灌水量25m3/667m2。 The field management during the flowering and grain stage in Step 4 also includes: irrigation and supplementary fertilizer application, a total of 6 drips, the first 3 times each irrigation volume is 35m 3 /667m 2 , combined with drip irrigation and drip irrigation fertilizer type II for corn 10kg/667m 2 ( The weight ratio of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium is 30:15:9), and the water volume for each of the last three times is 25m 3 /667m 2 .
防治蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛:用克螨特73%乳油1500倍液和1.80%阿维菌素乳油2000倍液以1∶2体积比混合成的混合液机械化喷雾防治红蜘蛛;用20%啶虫脒液剂3000倍液机械化喷雾防治叶蝉;用吡虫啉6000倍液机械化喷雾防治蚜虫。 Prevention and control of aphids, leafhoppers and spider mites: Mechanized spraying of a mixture of 1500 times of 73% EC and 2000 times of 1.80% Abamectin EC at a volume ratio of 1:2 to prevent and control spider mites; use 20% Acetamiprid liquid 3000 times liquid mechanized spraying to control leafhoppers; imidacloprid 6000 times liquid mechanized spraying to control aphids. the
步骤5,收获 Step 5, Harvest
当苞叶发黄,籽粒变硬,籽粒种胚背面基部出现黑层时,乳线消失,籽粒变硬,呈现品种的固有的色泽,即选择适宜收获机进行收获,实现摘穗、剥皮、脱粒、秸杆还田。最终产量达到1100kg/667m2。 When the bract leaves turn yellow, the grains harden, and a black layer appears at the base of the back of the seed embryo, the milk line disappears, and the grains harden, showing the inherent color of the variety. That is, choose a suitable harvester for harvesting, to achieve ear picking, peeling, and threshing , Straw returning to the field. The final yield reached 1100kg/667m 2 .
采用实施例2中的栽培管理方法,苗期管理的前期喷施调节剂控制株高穗位,克服了常规种植方法玉米株高、穗位偏高易倒的缺陷。 苗期管理中后期用自走式高杆作物喷杆喷雾机喷洒农药防治虫害,减少自然灾害对玉米生长的影响,克服玉米拔节后玉米螟、棉铃虫、蚜虫、叶蝉和红蜘蛛发生较重对产量的影响。另外,本栽培方法实现了全程机械化,达到省工、省肥、节水、高产的目的。 The cultivation management method in Example 2 is adopted, and the regulator is sprayed at the early stage of seedling stage management to control the plant height and ear position, which overcomes the defects of corn plant height and ear position that are too high and easy to fall in conventional planting methods. In the middle and late stages of seedling management, use self-propelled high-stalk crop sprayer to spray pesticides to prevent and control insect pests, reduce the impact of natural disasters on corn growth, and overcome the heavy occurrence of corn borers, cotton bollworms, aphids, leafhoppers and red spiders after corn jointing impact on production. In addition, the cultivation method realizes the whole process of mechanization, and achieves the goals of labor saving, fertilizer saving, water saving and high yield. the
以上实施例仅为本发明的示例性实施例,不用于限制本发明,本发明的保护范围由权利要求书限定。本领域技术人员可以在本发明的实质和保护范围内,对本发明做出各种修改或等同替换,这种修改或等同替换也应视为落在本发明的保护范围内。 The above embodiments are only exemplary embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is defined by the claims. Those skilled in the art can make various modifications or equivalent replacements to the present invention within the spirit and protection scope of the present invention, and such modifications or equivalent replacements should also be deemed to fall within the protection scope of the present invention. the
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