CN103228394B - 功率半导体装置 - Google Patents

功率半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN103228394B
CN103228394B CN201280003849.3A CN201280003849A CN103228394B CN 103228394 B CN103228394 B CN 103228394B CN 201280003849 A CN201280003849 A CN 201280003849A CN 103228394 B CN103228394 B CN 103228394B
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metallic plate
engaged
junction surface
film
parts
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CN103228394A (zh
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南尾匡纪
笹冈达雄
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Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明提供一种接合体、功率半导体装置及它们的制造方法。首先,在第1金属板(101)中的接合部形成区域之上布置包含氧化膜去除剂的水溶液(103)。接下来,在配置了水溶液(103)的状态下,将第2金属板(102)载置于第1金属板(101)之上。然后,从上下方向对第1金属板(101)和第2金属板(102)彼此的接合部形成区域施加载荷,从而将第1金属板(101)和第2金属板(102)相互接合来形成接合部(110),并制造接合体。

Description

功率半导体装置
技术领域
本发明涉及将被接合部件彼此进行接合的技术。本发明尤其涉及接合体、功率半导体装置及它们的制造方法。
背景技术
以往,作为将异种或同种的金属彼此进行接合的一种接合方法,有对被接合部件彼此施加载荷来进行接合的冷压接方法(例如参照专利文献1)。
以下,参照图8(a)~图8(c)对以往的冷压接方法进行说明。
首先,如图8(a)所示,将在表面及背面形成有镀敷层8a的板体2a、和在表面及背面形成有镀敷层8b的板体2b重叠。在此,镀敷层8a、8b由镍(Ni)构成,板体2a、2b由铜(Cu)构成。
接着,如图8(b)及图8(c)所示,使挤压模6a的各抵接面隔着镀敷层8a而与板体2a抵接,并在箭头A的方向上进行加压。同样地,如图8(b)及图8(c)所示,使挤压模6b的各抵接面隔着镀敷层8b而与板体2b抵接,并在箭头B的方向上进行加压。此时,由于铜的延展性比镍还大,故被相互压接的镀敷层8a、8b无法追踪板体2a、2b的塑性流动,到达断裂点而被分裂。结果,在镀敷层8a、8b已分裂的板体2a、2b的区域内形成由新生面构成的压接部分5。在此,即便氧化膜介于镀敷层8a、8b和板体2a、2b之间,该氧化膜也会追踪镀敷层8a、8b的分裂而移动,新生面露出到各板体2a、2b。
因此,不去除在作为被压接物的板体2a、2b所形成的氧化膜,通过在该板体2a、2b设置延展性比板体2a、2b还小的镀敷层8a、8b,由此可以将板体2a、2b彼此接合。
此外,有将氧化膜去除液置换为氧化抑制剂并进行接合的技术(例如参照专利文献2)。在专利文献2中,在将至少一方由铜构成的金属彼此进行接合之际,使铜的接合面与氧化膜去除液接触来去除该接合面的氧化膜,在使氧化膜去除液附着于铜的接合面的状态下使进行接合的金属的接合面相互接触,进行加热/加压,从而将氧化膜去除液置换为氧化抑制剂并进行接合。
在先技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特公昭59-052031号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2006-334652号公报
发明内容
-发明概要-
-发明所要解决的技术问题-
然而,在专利文献1的冷压接方法中,有时镀敷层彼此或氧化膜彼此的分裂不足,因而存在接合部分的电稳定性有可能变低的问题。
再有,在专利文献2的接合方法中,需要将氧化膜去除液置换为氧化抑制剂,因而存在用于置换的条件有可能变得复杂的问题。
本发明的目的在于:解决这些问题,通过金属彼此的机械性压接来进行电稳定的接合。
-用于解决技术问题的技术方案-
为了达成上述目的,本发明涉及的接合体的制造方法的特征在于:在由金属构成的第1被接合部件的接合部形成区域之上配置了包含氧化膜去除剂的溶液之后,将由金属构成的第2被接合部件载置于第1被接合部件之上,通过向第1被接合部件的接合部形成区域施加载荷,从而将第1被接合部件和第2被接合部件相互接合来制造接合体。
再有,为了达成上述目的,本发明涉及的接合体的特征在于:在由金属构成的第1被接合部件及第2被接合部件的接合部形成有防腐蚀膜。
-发明效果-
根据本发明涉及的接合体、功率半导体装置及它们的制造方法,可以通过金属彼此的机械性压接来进行电稳定的接合。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明一实施方式涉及的金属间接合方法的流程图。
图2(a)~图2(c)是表示本发明一实施方式涉及的金属间接合方法的工序顺序的剖视图。
图3是图2(c)的俯视图。
图4(a)~图4(c)是表示基于本发明一实施方式涉及的金属间接合方法的接合体的剖面的扫描电子显微镜照片的图。
图5(a)~图5(c)是表示本发明一实施方式的第2变形例涉及的金属间接合方法的工序顺序的剖视图。
图6是表示本发明一实施例涉及的采用了金属间接合方法的功率模块的剖视图。
图7(a)是表示包括图6的接合部在内的区域的放大剖视图。图7(b)是表示包括接合部在内的区域的放大俯视图。
图8(a)~图8(c)是表示现有例涉及的金属的冷压接方法的工序顺序的剖视图。
具体实施方式
(一实施方式)
参照图1的流程图、图2(a)~图2(c)及图3,对本发明一实施方式涉及的接合体及其制造方法进行说明。其中,本实施方式所采用的第1金属板101及第2金属板102各自在其表面上形成了氧化膜。
首先,作为第1工序,如图2(a)所示,在作为被接合部件的一例的第1金属板(第1被接合部件)101的接合部形成区域之上,滴下作为溶液的一例的水溶液103来进行配置(图1的步骤S01)。水溶液103采用包含氧化膜去除剂、防氧化剂(防锈剂)及流变能力控制(粘性抑制)剂、且除了这些成分以外都是水(H2O)的液体。在此,通过将水溶液103向第1金属板101滴下,从而第1金属板101的氧化膜被去除而露出新生面(图1的步骤S02)。接下来,将用于与第1金属板101进行接合的第2金属板102配置于第1金属板101的上方,并使其进行等待(图1的步骤S03)。接合部形成区域是为了形成图2(c)所示的第1金属板101和第2金属板102之间的接合部110而定义的区域。接合部形成区域的大小是根据金属间的接合面积而求出的,该金属间的接合面积是预先根据过去的实验数据等而计算出来的。
在此,氧化膜去除剂采用了浓度(质量%)为2%以下的氢氧化钾(KOH)。再有,防氧化剂采用了浓度(质量%)为2%以下的二乙基乙醇胺((HOCH2CH2)2NH)。此外,流变控制剂采用了浓度(质量%)为2%以下的聚丙二醇(PPG)。
另外,取代氢氧化钾,氧化膜去除剂可以采用氢氧化锂(LiOH)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、蚁酸(HCOOH)、或乙酸(CH3COOH)。此外,取代二乙基乙醇胺,防氧化剂可以采用二环己基胺。再有,取代聚丙二醇,流变控制剂可以采用聚乙二醇(PEG)。
在本实施方式中,仅以在接合时电稳定为目的的情况下,水溶液103只要仅包含有氧化膜去除剂即可。为此,仅以在接合时电稳定为目的的情况下,防氧化剂及流变控制剂只要适度地添加即可。
可是,在以接合后的电气上的长期可靠性为目的的情况下,优选水溶液103除了氧化膜去除剂以外还包含有防氧化剂。防氧化剂是在金属板101(第1金属板)、金属板102(第2金属板)彼此被局部地压接之际由于氧化膜去除剂向接合部周边的区域扩散而固定粘接在已露出的新生面上,从而防止已露出的新生面的氧化。
进而,流变控制剂是为了控制水溶液103的粘性并抑制水溶液103的扩散而使用的。如本实施方式那样除了氧化膜去除剂以外还包含有防氧化剂的情况下,需要添加流变控制剂来抑制水溶液103的扩散。
水溶液103的滴下量例如只要设为0.15ml/mm2以上且1.5ml/mm2以下即可。
接着,作为第2工序,如图2(b)所示,使第2金属板102与被滴下到第1金属板101之上的水溶液103接触(图1的步骤S04)。在此,通过使第2金属板102与水溶液103接触,从而第2金属板102的氧化膜被水溶液103去除,在第2金属板102露出新生面(图1的步骤S05)。接下来,使用至少一方预先已被加热的金属冲压机105a、105b,从上下方向(与主面垂直的方向)向第1金属板101及第2金属板102的一部分区域施加规定的载荷(图1的步骤S06)。作为规定的载荷而优选的载荷为10g/cm2以上且500g/cm2以下。另外,优选的载荷的值是根据金属板101、102的形状、尺寸及用途等而变化的值,并未限于上述的值。
在此,例如在金属板101、102为功率半导体装置等半导体装置的构成部件的情况下,考虑生产率的话,施加载荷的时间可以在80秒以内。
再有,金属冲压机105a、105b的到加热温度为止的加热是利用内置加热器等在施加载荷之前预先进行的。在金属板101、102为半导体装置的构成部件的情况下,也考虑热对半导体元件等的影响,例如只要将金属冲压机105a、105b的加热温度设定为80℃以上且200℃以下即可。这样,通过将金属冲压机105a、105b加热至加热温度,从而使得金属板101、102的接合高速且可靠,并且使水溶液103中的水分及氧化膜去除剂蒸发(图1的步骤S07)。
进而,若与加热同时或单独地向金属冲压机105a、105b或者金属板101、102的至少一个施加超声波,则能够使水溶液103进行搅拌以使水溶液103中的氧化膜去除剂及防氧化剂的浓度变得均衡,并且也能进一步使接合高速且可靠地进行。
接着,作为第3工序,如图2(c)及图3所示,在第1金属板101及第2金属板102被施加了载荷的区域内形成接合部110,由此将第1金属板101与第2金属板102接合,制造由第1金属板101及第2金属板102构成的接合体(图1的步骤S08)。在以普通的金属冲压进行了接合的情况下,如图2(c)及图3所示,接合部110周围的金属板101、102成为倒角形状(filletshapes)。如图2(c)及图3所示,接合体在接合部110周围的金属板101、102上各自形成倒角形状,由此将金属板101、102之间的间隙掩埋并进行接合。
在本实施方式中,通过采用具有上述成分的水溶液103并且对金属冲压机105a、105b进行加热,从而在接合部110的周围形成作为主要的成分而包含防氧化剂的防腐蚀膜(金属板为铁(Fe)的情况下为防锈有机膜)103A(图1的步骤S09)。防腐蚀膜103A是将水溶液103的水分及氧化膜去除剂蒸发之后而形成的膜。该防腐蚀膜103A形成在接合部110周围所形成的金属板101、102的倒角形状的侧面。这样,通过形成防腐蚀膜103A,从而能够防止已露出的新生面氧化腐蚀而使得接合部110劣化。
另外,在本实施方式中,将接合时的第1金属板101和第2金属板102之间的间隔设为0.5μm以上且100μm以下。
在此,将第1金属板101和第2金属板102之间的间隔设为0.5μm以上的理由在于:仅使氧化膜去除所需的水溶液103存在于金属板101、102之间。
再有,将间隔设为100μm以下的理由在于:在形成于铅直上侧的金属板(图2(c)中为第2金属板102)的倒角形状的表面上,利用毛细管现象使水溶液103(接合后为防腐蚀膜103A)流入,并使其存在。
在图4(a)~图4(c)中示出第1金属板101及第2金属板102各自采用了铜(Cu)的情况下的接合体的剖面的扫描电子显微镜照片。在此,将水溶液103的滴下量设为0.72ml/mm2
图4(b)是图4(a)的区域111a(接合部110的中央部分)的500倍的部分放大剖视图。图4(c)是图4(a)的区域111b(接合部110的外周部分)的500倍的部分放大剖视图及2000倍的部分放大剖视图。其中,在图4(c)中还包含有接合部110以外的剖面、即未进行接合的区域的剖面。
根据图4(b)的部分放大剖视图可知:能可靠地形成金属板101、102的接合部110。
再有,根据图4(c)的部分放大剖视图可知:在金属板101、102的接合部110周围的部分,局部地进行接合,由此在金属板101、102之间存在有空隙。
另外,第1金属板101的组成及第2金属板102的组成通过适度地变更水溶液103的组成及接合条件,从而也能设为本实施方式所采用的铜(Cu)以外的材料。在为构成半导体装置的部件的情况下,例如大多采用铜(Cu)、铝(Al)、镍(Ni)及铁(Fe)中的任一种金属或以其为主成分的合金。
还有,在金属板101、102中,这些金属或合金既可以是同种,也可以是异种。其中,在将金属板101、102设为异种的情况下,需要采用适于每种金属的种类的水溶液103。即,在异种金属的表面各自形成不同特性的氧化膜的情况下,需要采用适于这双方的水溶液103。
再有,在本实施方式中,作为进行金属接合的部件而采用了板状的金属(金属板),但本发明未必一定要是板状,一般只要是能进行接合的形状即可。
这样,根据本实施方式,通过采用加热过的模具冲压机和包含氧化膜去除剂等的水溶液,从而可以进行简便且电稳定的金属接合,并制造接合体。
另外,取代电线而作为电源供给线被采用的、棒状的金属部件、即汇流条(BusBar),以往是通过旋拧螺钉来进行机械的及电气的接合。例如,若将本实施方式用于汇流条,则不需要旋拧螺钉,从而可以简化接合工序,并且也能减轻采用汇流条的电气设备的重量。
再有,本发明也可以适用于在接合面布置晶粒边界而进行接合的、所谓的晶粒边界接合。
(一实施方式的第1变形例)
作为第1变形例,在水溶液103不包含防氧化剂的情况下,也可以将第1金属板101和第2金属板102相互接合之后,在特定的条件下形成氧化膜。这样一来,取代形成于上述新生面的防腐蚀膜103A而形成氧化膜,由此可防止氧化腐蚀。具体是,将接合后的第1金属板101和第2金属板102暴露于氧化性气氛(例如加热过的氧气(O2)气氛)中,在由从接合部110流出的氧化膜去除剂而产生的新生面上形成氧化膜,由此取代上述防腐蚀膜103A,可以防止氧化腐蚀。
这样,通过利用氧化膜使接合部110周围的区域稳定化,从而与防腐蚀膜103A同样地可以确保接合体的长期可靠性。即,作为第1变形例,即便不采用防氧化剂,也可以确保接合体的长期可靠性。
其中,在本第1变形例的情况下,由于通过其他工序来形成氧化膜,故需要消除由水溶液103所包含的氧化膜去除剂而产生的去除氧化膜的影响。为了消除氧化膜去除剂所产生的去除氧化膜的影响,例如只要进行热处理即可。
其中,氧化工序例如只要将加热温度设为100℃、将加热时间设为1小时左右即可。
(一实施方式的第2变形例)
以下,参照图5(a)~图5(c)对本发明一实施方式的第2变形例进行说明。
如图5(a)所示,在本第2变形例中,在第1金属板101及第2金属板102的形成接合部110的面上,包围形成接合部的区域地各自形成作为防溶液流出单元的一例的沟槽部(凹部)106。沟槽部106的形成位置例如设为:成为按压面为圆形的金属冲压机105a、105b的按压直径的1.2倍以上且2倍以下的直径的位置。或者,沟槽部106的形成位置设为:使接合部形成区域的周围成为该接合部形成区域的面积的约1.25倍的面积的位置。即,沟槽部106的形成位置是在为了去除接合部形成区域的氧化膜而被滴下的水溶液103仅被滴下了足够的量的情况下进行扩散的面积。再有,沟槽部106的配置形状(平面形状)只要是无切口的部分的环状即可,并未特别限定。例如,在金属冲压机105a、105b的按压面的形状为圆形的情况下,只要将沟槽部106配置为圆形即可。
再有,各沟槽部106的深度设为各金属板101、102的厚度各自的二分之一以下。在此,将沟槽部106的深度设为金属板101、102的厚度各自的二分之一以下的理由在于:若沟槽部106的深度超过金属板101、102的厚度的二分之一,则无法确保金属板101、102的强度。
另外,沟槽部106例如可以通过采用了酸性溶液的蚀刻来形成。接下来,向第1金属板101中的接合部形成区域之上滴下水溶液103(图1的步骤S01)。
接着,如图5(b)所示,将第2金属板102载置在已被滴下水溶液103的第1金属板101之上,并使两者接触(图1的步骤S04)。此时,由于水溶液103流入沟槽部106中,故难以扩散到第1金属板101及第2金属板102的接触界面之间。因此,在将金属板101、102用作半导体装置的构成部件的情况下,可以防止水溶液103浸润到构成半导体装置的功能元件等中而对该功能元件等造成坏影响。
接下来,使用金属冲压机105a、105b,从上下方向(与主面垂直的方向)对第1金属板101及第2金属板102的一部分区域施加规定的载荷,从而如图5(c)所示,在第1金属板101及第2金属板102形成接合部110。
另外,在本第2变形例中,作为防溶液流出单元的一例,虽然在金属板101、102的接合部形成区域周围形成了用于防止水溶液103的扩散的沟槽部(凹部)106,但沟槽部106也可以形成于金属板101、102的任一方。至少通过仅在被配置于铅直下侧的第1金属板101形成沟槽部106,从而基本上可防止水溶液103的扩散。
此外,取代沟槽部106,作为防溶液流出单元的一例,也可以在第1金属板101及第2金属板102的至少一方上设置包围接合部形成区域的周围、且从接合面突出的突起部(凸部)。这样一来,由于水溶液103被突起部堵住,故可以防止该水溶液103的不必要的扩散。
其中,突起部例如可以使用冲压法来形成。
实施例
以下,作为本发明涉及的接合体及其制造方法的一实施例,例如以被组装在逆变器控制设备内部的功率模块(功率半导体装置)为例并参照图6、图7(a)及图7(b)进行说明。
如图6、图7(a)及图7(b)所示,本实施例涉及的功率模块由以下部件构成:第1引线框201,将功率元件T1保持在第1冲模垫部之上;第2引线框202,将控制元件T2保持在第2冲模垫部之上;散热板203,隔着绝缘片211而被固定粘接在第1引线框的下表面;以及封装体204,由密封树脂材料构成。
封装体204形成为:覆盖包含功率元件T1的第1引线框201的一个端部、和包含控制元件T2的第2引线框202的一个端部,并且使散热板203的下表面露出。
在此,为了实现功率模块的小型化,第1冲模垫部的至少一部分和第2冲模垫部在俯视情况下相互重叠。进而,功率元件T1的至少一部分和控制元件T2被配置为在俯视情况下相互重叠。
再有,在本实施例涉及的功率模块中,在第1引线框201中,将多根引线中的一根用作功率元件用中继引线201b。再有,在第2引线框202中,将多根引线中的一根用作控制元件用中继引线202b。
如将包含接合部的区域230放大后的图7(a)及图7(b)所示,借助本发明涉及的接合部(合金层)212将功率元件用中继引线201b及控制元件用中继引线202b的端部彼此进行接合,来形成接合体,由此制造功率模块。
以下,对本实施例涉及的功率模块的详细内容进行说明。
第1引线框201例如由铜(Cu)等导电性高的金属构成。
功率元件T1例如可以采用绝缘栅型双极性晶体管(IGBT)或金属氧化膜型场效应晶体管(功率MOSFET)。
通过钎料206,将功率元件T1固定粘接在第1引线框201的第1冲模垫部的上表面。例如通过由铝(Al)构成的电线207,将功率元件T1中的接合焊盘(未图示)和第1引线框201的多根引线电连接。
散热板203例如可以采用铜(Cu)或铝(Al)等。被设置在散热板203与冲模垫部之间的绝缘片211由具有导热性的绝缘性材料构成。
第2引线框202例如由铜(Cu)或42合金(Fe-42%Ni)等构成。
控制元件T2是对功率元件T1进行控制的半导体芯片,例如包含驱动电路及过电流防止电路等。例如通过银(Ag)膏剂材料209,将控制元件T2固定粘接在第2引线框202的第2冲模垫部的上表面。通过由金(Au)构成的电线210,将控制元件T2的接合焊盘(未图示)和第2引线框202的多根引线相互电连接。
如上所述,在本实施例中,在第1引线框201中设置功率元件用中继引线201b,并且在第2引线框202中设置控制元件用中继引线202b,借助本发明涉及的采用了金属间接合方法的接合部212将功率元件用中继引线201b和控制元件用中继引线202b相互接合来进行制造。
这样,在本实施例中,功率元件用中继引线201b和控制元件用中继引线202b的接合是通过使用包含氧化膜去除剂、防氧化剂及流变控制剂等的水溶液进行金属接合,从而进行电连接并进行制造的。此时,在接合部212的周围形成防锈有机膜203A。
因此,中继引线201b(功率元件用中继引线)、中继引线202b(控制元件用中继引线)的接合无需采用焊锡材料或钎料,通过基于机械性压接的接合就能长期获得稳定的金属接合。
另外,在第1引线框201及第2引线框202采用铜(Cu)的情况下,例如也可以采用添加了铁(Fe)、锆(Zr)、镍(Ni)、锡(Sn)、磷(P)或硅(Si)等的合金。
-工业可用性-
本发明涉及的接合体、功率半导体装置及它们的制造方法例如可以电稳定地进行基于金属彼此的机械性压接的接合,在半导体装置用的引线框及电池用的汇流条等的广泛领域中是有效的。
-符号说明-
101第1金属板
102第2金属板
103水溶液
103A防腐蚀膜
105a、105b金属冲压机
106沟槽部
110接合部
111a、111b区域
201第1引线框
201b功率元件用中继引线
202第2引线框
202b控制元件用中继引线
203A防锈有机膜
204封装体
206钎料
207电线
209银膏剂材料
210电线
211绝缘片
212接合部
230包含接合部的区域
T1功率元件
T2控制元件

Claims (6)

1.一种功率半导体装置,具有接合体,其中,
所述接合体在分别由金属构成的第1被接合部件及第2被接合部件的接合部的周围形成有防腐蚀膜,
在所述接合部的周围,在所述第1被接合部件及所述第2被接合部件的每一个形成有倒角形状,在所述倒角形状的所述第1被接合部件及所述第2被接合部件的表面形成有所述防腐蚀膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的功率半导体装置,其中,
所述防腐蚀膜被直接形成于所述第1被接合部件或所述第2被接合部件中的所述接合部的周围的新生面上。
3.根据权利要求1所述的功率半导体装置,其中,
所述防腐蚀膜由二乙基乙醇胺构成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的功率半导体装置,其中,
所述接合部的周围处的所述第1被接合部件和所述第2被接合部件之间的间隔为0.5μm以上且100μm以下,
在所述接合部的周围处的所述第1被接合部件和所述第2被接合部件之间存在空隙。
5.根据权利要求1~4中任一项所述的功率半导体装置,其中,
所述第1被接合部件及所述第2被接合部件是引线框或汇流条,
所述引线框或汇流条是铜、或者是以铜为主成分的合金、或者是铁、或者是以铁为主成分的合金。
6.根据权利要求5所述的功率半导体装置,其中,
至少在所述第1被接合部件形成有将所述接合部的周围包围的凹部或凸部。
CN201280003849.3A 2011-08-25 2012-08-08 功率半导体装置 Expired - Fee Related CN103228394B (zh)

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