CN102844662B - 配体胍基官能化聚合物 - Google Patents
配体胍基官能化聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102844662B CN102844662B CN201180012084.5A CN201180012084A CN102844662B CN 102844662 B CN102844662 B CN 102844662B CN 201180012084 A CN201180012084 A CN 201180012084A CN 102844662 B CN102844662 B CN 102844662B
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Classifications
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- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
- C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D21/00—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
- B01D21/01—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation using flocculating agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
- C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F120/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F120/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F120/52—Amides or imides
- C08F120/54—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide
- C08F120/60—Amides, e.g. N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N-isopropylacrylamide containing nitrogen in addition to the carbonamido nitrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F126/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen
- C08F126/02—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a single or double bond to nitrogen or by a heterocyclic ring containing nitrogen by a single or double bond to nitrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
- C08G69/10—Alpha-amino-carboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/0206—Polyalkylene(poly)amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
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Abstract
本发明公开了配体官能化的基材、制备配体官能化的基材的方法以及使用官能化的基材的方法。
Description
相关专利申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年3月3日提交的美国临时专利申请No.61/310005的权益,该专利申请的全部公开内容以引用方式并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及配体官能化的聚合物和制备所述聚合物的方法。该官能化聚合物可用于从生物样品中选择性结合和除去生物材料,例如病毒。
背景技术
靶标生物材料,例如病毒和生物大分子(包括活细胞的组分或产物,例如蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质和核酸)的检测、定量、分离和纯化一直是研究人员的目标。从诊断上来讲,检测和量化是重要的,例如,作为各种生理状况诸如疾病的指示。对于治疗用途和在生物医学研究中,生物大分子的分离和纯化是重要的。生物大分子例如酶(其为特殊的一类能催化化学反应的蛋白质)在工业上也是有用的;已对酶进行了分离、纯化,然后用于制备甜味剂、抗生素和多种有机化合物(诸如乙醇、乙酸、赖氨酸、天冬氨酸和生物有用的产品,例如抗体和类固醇)。
在活的有机体内的天然状态下,这些生物大分子的结构和相应的生物活性通常保持在相当窄的pH值和离子强度范围内。因此,任何分离和纯化操作必须考虑这些因素以得到具有效价的处理后生物大分子。
某些离子聚合物,特别是阳离子聚合物对于细胞和/或细胞碎片的絮凝以及对于蛋白质沉淀的使用是已知的。相似地,离子聚合物已用于改性过滤介质以提高深层过滤或膜吸附剂型应用中处理液流的杂质的除去。这些絮凝剂的有效性通常会随着正在处理的媒介的电导率的升高(即随着盐含量的升高)而降低。在本领域中,需要在高离子强度条件下对生物物质的亲和力提高的聚合物材料。
根据溶质在流动相(其可以是气体或液体)和固定相之间的交换,可对生物产物混合物进行色谱分离和纯化操作。溶液混合物中各种溶质的分离由于改变了各溶质与固定相的结合相互作用而实现;当受到流动相的离解和置换作用时,与相互作用不太强的溶质相比,较强的结合相互作用一般导致保持时间较长,从而可以实现分离和纯化。
大多数当前的捕获或纯化色谱法是通过传统的柱技术实现的。这些技术在下游纯化中具有严重的瓶颈问题,因为使用这种技术的通过量比较低。对于缓解这些问题的尝试包括增加色谱柱的直径,但这继而会由于装柱有效性和再生性困难而面临挑战。较大的色谱柱直径还会增加难以解决的波道效应的发生率。同样,在传统的色谱柱中,当检测到所需要产物的漏过量高于某一水平时,所述吸收操作会被停止。这会引起吸附介质的动态吸附或有效吸附容量将显著小于总吸附或静态吸附容量。鉴于一些色谱树脂成本较高,这种有效性的缩减会导致严重的经济后果。
聚合物树脂被广泛用于各种目标化合物的分离和纯化。例如,可根据离子基团的存在、根据靶标化合物的大小、根据疏水相互作用、根据亲和相互作用或根据共价键的形成而将聚合物树脂用于纯化或分离靶标化合物。在本领域中,需要对病毒和其他生物物质具有增强亲和力的聚合物基材,以使得能从生物样品中将它们选择性除去。在本领域中还需要配体官能化膜,该膜可克服扩散和结合的限制,并且可以在高通过量和较低压降下操作。
发明内容
本发明涉及配体官能化的聚合物和制备该聚合物的方法。更具体地讲,配体官能化的聚合物包括聚胺聚合物,对所述聚合物进行改性以提供对结合电中性或带负电的生物材料具有所必需的亲和力的接枝配体基团,所述生物材料如细胞、细胞碎片、细菌、孢子、病毒、核酸和蛋白。
在一些实施例中,配体官能化的聚合物可以用作絮凝剂,其中与生物样品(如细胞培养液)接触,从而造成带负电和/或电中性物质与所述聚合物结合并从溶液或悬浮液中沉淀。在另一个实施例中,可以用配体官能化的聚合物涂布基础基材,例如微孔膜。
提供了制备配体官能化的基材的方法。在一些实施例中,所述方法包括将聚胺聚合物与胍基化剂反应,任选地在存在酸性催化剂的情况下反应。
提供了官能化聚合物,其具有如以下化学式所表示的接枝配体侧基:
其中
R2为H、C1-C12烷基、C5-C12(杂)芳基或聚合物链的残基;
每个R3独立地为H、C1-C12烷基或C5-C12(杂)芳基,
每个R4为H、C1-C12烷基或亚烷基、C5-C12(杂)芳基或(杂)亚芳基、氰基或-C(=NH)-N(R2)-聚合物,和
n为1或2。
将认识到由化学式I所表示的“聚合物-N(R2)-”基团是聚氨基聚合物的胺基和胍基化剂之间所形成的键。
本文所使用的“烷基”或“亚烷基”包括直链、支链和环状烷基基团并包括未取代的和取代的烷基基团。除非另外指明,否则所述烷基基团通常包含1至20个碳原子。本文所使用的“烷基”的例子包括(但不限于)甲基、乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基、异丁基、叔丁基、异丙基、正辛基、正庚基、乙基己基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、金刚烷基和降冰片基等等。除非另外指明,否则烷基基团可为一价或多价的。
本文所使用的“芳基”或“亚芳基”是包含5-12个环原子的芳族基团并且可以包含任选的稠环,稠环可以是饱和的、不饱和的或芳族的。芳基基团的例子包括苯基、萘基、联苯基、菲基和蒽基。杂芳基为包含1-3个诸如氮、氧或硫的杂原子的芳基并且可以包含稠环。杂芳基基团的一些例子为吡啶基、呋喃基、吡咯基、噻吩基、噻唑基、噁唑基、咪唑基、吲哚基、苯并呋喃基和苯并噻唑基。除非另外指明,否则芳基和杂芳基可为一价或多价的。
附图说明
图1至4是实例35的嗜热脂肪土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillusstearothermophilus)的絮凝数据的图。
具体实施方式
在本发明的制品和方法中,提供了配体官能化的聚合物,所述聚合物特别是在高离子强度媒介中对电中性或带负电的生物材料(例如宿主细胞蛋白、DNA、RNA、病毒和其他微生物)具有增强的亲和力。对此种生物材料的亲和力允许纯化带正电的材料(例如抗体),因为它们不结合到配体官能团。该配体官能化的基材使得配体基团能选择性捕获或结合靶标生物材料,而对配体基团缺少亲和力的其他材料能通过。在一些实施例中,将配体官能化的聚合物用作絮凝剂以选择性结合靶标生物材料,将它们从溶液中沉淀出来并随后分离沉淀的加合物。
聚胺聚合物
基础聚合物包括聚胺聚合物;即具有伯或仲氨基的聚合物,所述氨基可以是侧基或在链中的(即在聚合物链中)。氨基聚合物包含伯或仲胺基并可以使用对应单体通过链增长或逐步增长聚合反应程序来制备。如果需要,这些单体还可以与其他单体共聚合。所述聚合物还可以是合成的或天然存在的生物聚合物。不考虑来源,如果任何这些聚合物均不含伯或仲胺基,那么可以通过适当的接枝化学来增加这些官能团。
可用的氨基聚合物是水溶性或水分散性的。如本文所用,术语“水溶性”是指可以在水中溶解的材料。溶解度通常为至少约0.1克/毫升水。如本文所用,术语“水分散性”是指非水溶性但可以在水中乳化或悬浮的材料。
通过链增长聚合反应制备的适用的氨基聚合物的实例包括(但不限于):聚乙烯胺、聚(N-甲基乙烯基胺)、聚烯丙基胺、聚烯丙基甲基胺、聚二烯丙基胺、聚(4-氨基甲基苯乙烯)、聚(4-氨基苯乙烯)、(丙烯酰胺-甲基氨基丙基丙烯酰胺)共聚物和(丙烯酰胺-氨基乙基甲基丙烯酸酯)共聚物。
通过逐步增长聚合反应制备的适用的氨基聚合物的实例包括(但不限于):聚氮丙啶、聚丙烯亚胺、聚赖氨酸、聚氨基酰胺、聚二甲基胺-环氧氯丙烷-乙二胺和可以从单体制备的多种聚胺硅氧烷中的任一种,所述单体例如氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、N-(2-氨基乙基)-3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、N-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基-N-甲胺和双(三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基)胺。
具有伯或仲氨基端基的可用的氨基聚合物包括(但不限于)由聚酰胺型胺(PAMAM)和聚丙烯亚胺所形成的氨基聚合物:如DAB-Am和PAMAM树技状体(或包含胺或季氮官能团的高支化聚合物)。由PAMAM所形成的示例性树技状体材料以商品名“StarburstTM(PAMAM)树技状体”可商购自Aldrich Chemical(Milwaukee,Wis.)(例如,具有4个伯氨基的0代,具有8个伯氨基的1代,具有16个伯氨基的2代,具有32个伯氨基的3代和具有64个伯氨基的4代)。由聚丙烯亚胺所形成的树技状体材料以商品名“DAB-AM”可商购自AldrichChemical。例如,DAB-Am-4是具有4个伯氨基的1代聚丙烯亚胺四胺树技状体,DAB-Am-8是具有8个伯氨基的2代聚丙烯亚胺八胺树技状体,DAB-Am-16是具有16个伯氨基的3代聚丙烯亚胺十六胺树技状体,DAB-Am-32是具有32个伯氨基的4代聚丙烯亚胺三十二胺树技状体,而DAB-Am-64是具有64个伯氨基的5代聚丙烯亚胺六十四胺树技状体。
作为生物聚合物的适用的氨基聚合物的实例包括壳聚糖和淀粉,其中后者用诸如甲基氨基氯乙烷的试剂接枝。
适用的其他类别的氨基聚合物包括氨基单体的聚丙烯酰胺均聚物或共聚物,所述单体包括氨基烷基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、(甲基)丙烯酰胺烷基胺和二烯丙基胺。
优选的氨基聚合物包括聚氨基酰胺、聚乙烯亚胺、聚乙烯胺、聚烯丙基胺和聚二烯丙基胺。
合适的市售的氨基聚合物包括(但不限于)聚酰胺型胺,诸如ANQUAMINETM360、401、419、456和701(宾夕法尼亚州艾伦镇的空气化工产品公司(Air Products and Chemicals,Allentown,Pa.));LUPASOLTM聚氮丙啶聚合物,例如FG、PR 8515、Waterfree、P、PS(纽约州伦斯勒的巴斯夫公司(BASF Corporation,Resselaer,N.Y.));聚氮丙啶聚合物,例如CORCATTMP-600(南卡罗来纳州维利湖的EIT公司(EIT Company,Lake Wylie,S.C.));聚氧化亚烷基胺,例如JEFFAMINE.TMD-230、D-400、D-2000、HK-511(XTJ-511)、XTJ-510(D-4000)、XTJ-500(ED-600)、XTJ-502(ED-2003)、T-403、XTJ-509(T-3000)和T-5000(得克萨斯州休斯敦的亨兹曼公司(HuntsmanCorporation,Houston,Tex.));和聚酰胺树脂,例如通过二聚化不饱和脂肪酸与亚烷基二胺反应所形成的VERSAMID系列树脂(俄亥俄州辛辛那提的科宁公司(Cognis Corporation,Cincinnati,Ohio))。
可以通过聚胺聚合物与胍基化剂的缩合来制备配体官能化的聚合物。已知的胍基化剂包括:氰酰胺;O-烷基异脲盐,例如O-甲基异脲硫酸盐、O-甲基异脲硫酸氢盐、O-甲基异脲乙酸盐、O-乙基异脲硫酸氢盐和O-乙基异脲盐酸盐;氯甲脒盐酸盐;1-脒基-1,2,4-三唑盐酸盐;3,5-二甲基吡唑-1-甲脒硝酸盐;吡唑-1-甲脒盐酸盐;N-脒基吡唑-1-甲脒盐酸盐;和碳二亚胺,例如二环己基碳二亚胺、N-乙基-N'-(3-二甲基氨丙基)碳二亚胺和二异丙基碳二亚胺。还可以在存在如EDC(N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐)或EEDQ(2-乙氧基-1-乙氧基羰基-1,2-二氢喹啉)的活化试剂的情况下用胍基官能化羧酸(例如胍基乙酸和4-胍基丁酸)使聚胺聚合物酰化。另外,可以通过使用氯丙酮脒基腙的烷基化来制备配体官能化的聚合物,如美国专利5,712,027中所述。
用于制备双胍官能化聚合物的试剂包括二氰胺钠、二氰二胺和取代的氰基胍,例如N3-p-氯苯基-N1-氰基胍、N3-苯基-N1-氰基胍、N3-α-萘基-N1-氰基胍、N3-甲基-N1-氰基胍、N3,N3-二甲基-N1-氰基胍、N3-(2-羟乙基)-N1-氰基胍和N3-丁基-N1-氰基胍。可以使用亚烷基和亚芳基双氰基胍通过链延伸反应来制备双胍官能化聚合物。在Rose,F.L.andSwain,G.J.Chem Soc.,1956,pp.4422-4425中详细描述了氰基胍和双氰基胍的制备。在Alan R.Katritzky等人,Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformation,Vol.6,p.640中描述了其他有用的胍基化剂。一般来讲,以足以使氨基聚合物的可用氨基的0.5至100摩尔%,优选地2.5至50摩尔%官能化的量使用这些胍基化剂。
所得聚合物将具有如以下化学式所表示的侧基或链中胍基:
其中
R2为H、C1-C12烷基、C5-C12(杂)芳基或聚合物链的残基;
每个R3独立地为H、C1-C12烷基或C5-C12(杂)芳基,
每个R4为H、C1-C12烷基或亚烷基、C5-C12(杂)芳基或(杂)亚芳基、氰基或–C(=NH)-N(R2)-聚合物,和
n为1或2。
在一些实施例中,可以有利的是以除胍基配体以外的其他配体使含胺聚合物官能化。例如,包含疏水性配体、离子配体或氢键配体是可以使用的。对于某些生物物质的捕集,特别是在高离子强度条件下,这可以是特别有利的。
通过本领域熟知的烷基化或酰化程序容易将其他配体加入到配体官能化的聚合物中,例如通过使用卤化物、磺酸盐或硫酸盐取代反应或通过使用环氧基开环反应。用于这些反应的可用的烷基化剂包括(例如)硫酸二甲酯、丁基溴、丁基氯、苄基溴、十二烷基溴、2-氯乙醇、溴乙酸、2-氯乙基三甲基氯化铵、氧化苯乙烯、缩水甘油基十六烷基醚、缩水甘油基三甲基氯化铵和缩水甘油基苯基醚。可用的酰化剂包括(例如)酰基氯和酸酐,例如苯甲酰氯、乙酸酐、琥珀酸酐和癸酰基氯,以及异氰酸酯,例如三甲基甲硅烷基异氰酸酯、苯基异氰酸酯、丁基异氰酸酯和丁基异硫氰酸酯。在这些实施例中,可以使氨基聚合物的可用氨基的0.1至20摩尔%,优选地2至10摩尔%烷基化和/或酰化。
本发明公开还提供了包含基础基材和位于其上方的配体官能化的聚合物的未接枝涂层的官能化的基材。优选地,基础基材为具有间隙表面和外表面的多孔基础基材。
可以由任何适合的金属、热塑性或热固性材料形成基础基材。所述材料可以是有机或无机聚合物材料。合适的有机聚合物材料包括(但不限于):聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚(甲基)丙烯酰胺、聚烯烃、聚(异戊二烯)、聚(丁二烯)、氟化聚合物、氯化聚合物、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚醚、聚(醚砜)、聚(砜)、聚(乙酸乙烯酯)、乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物,例如聚(乙烯)-聚(乙烯醇)共聚物、聚磷腈、聚(乙烯基酯)、聚(乙烯基醚)、聚(乙烯醇)以及聚(碳酸酯)。合适的无机聚合物材料包括(但不限于)石英、二氧化硅、玻璃、硅藻土和陶瓷材料。
合适的聚烯烃包括(但不限于):聚(乙烯)、聚(丙烯)、聚(1-丁烯)、乙烯和丙烯的共聚物、α烯烃共聚物(例如乙烯或丙烯与1-丁烯、1-己烯、1-辛烯和1-癸烯的共聚物)、聚(乙烯-共-1-丁烯)以及聚(乙烯-共-1-丁烯-共-1-己烯)。
合适的氟化聚合物包括(但不限于):聚氟乙烯、聚偏二氟乙烯、偏二氟乙烯的共聚物(例如聚(偏二氟乙烯-共-六氟丙烯))和三氟氯乙烯的共聚物(例如聚(乙烯-共-三氟氯乙烯))。
合适的聚酰胺包括(但不限于):聚(亚胺基己二酰亚胺基六亚甲基)、聚(亚胺基己二酰亚胺基十亚甲基)以及聚己内酰胺。合适的聚酰亚胺包括但不限于聚苯均四酸酰亚胺。
合适的聚(醚砜)包括(但不限于):聚(二苯醚砜)和聚(二苯砜-共-氧化二苯砜)。
合适的乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物包括(但不限于):聚(乙烯-共-乙酸乙烯酯)以及其中乙酸酯基团中的至少一些已被水解而提供多种聚(乙烯醇)的那些共聚物。
基础基材可以处于任何形式,例如颗粒、纤维、膜或片材。合适的颗粒包括(但不限于)磁性颗粒、有机颗粒、无机颗粒以及多孔和无孔颗粒。优选基础基材为多孔的。合适的多孔基础基材包括(但不限于)多孔颗粒、多孔膜、多孔非织造幅材和多孔纤维。
在一些实施例中,该多孔基础基材由丙烯均聚物或共聚物形成,最优选由丙烯均聚物形成。聚丙烯聚合物常常是多孔制品(例如非织造物和微孔膜)所选材料,这是由于诸如无毒、惰性、低成本之类的性质以及可容易挤出、模制并成型为制品。
在多个实施例中,多孔基础基材具有通常大于约0.2微米的平均孔径以便使体积排阻分离最小化、使扩散限制最小化以及使基于靶标分子结合的表面积和分离最大化。一般来讲,当用于结合病毒时,孔径在0.1至10微米的范围内,优选0.5至3微米,最优选0.8至2微米。结合其他靶标分子的效率可导致不同的最佳范围。
合适的多孔基础基材包括(但不限于):多孔和微孔的膜、非织造幅材和纤维。在一些实施例中,所述多孔基体基材是微孔膜,例如热致相分离(TIPS)膜。经常通过形成热塑性材料以及大于该热塑性材料的熔点的第二材料的均相溶液来制备TIPS膜。在冷却时,所述热塑性材料结晶并且与第二材料实现相分离。结晶的热塑性材料常被拉伸。第二材料可选地在拉伸之前或之后被移除。微孔膜还公开于美国专利No.4,539,256(Shipman)、No.4,726,989(Mrozinski)、No.4,867,881(Kinzer)、No.5,120,594(Mrozinski)、No.5,260,360(Mrozinski等人)以及No.5,962,544(Waller)中,这些专利全部转让给了3M公司(St.Paul,MN)。另外,该微孔膜可如美国专利No.5,962,544(Waller)所述从乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物制备。
一些示例性TIPS膜包括聚(偏二氟乙烯)(PVDF)、聚烯烃(例如聚乙烯均聚物或共聚物或者聚丙烯均聚物或共聚物)、含乙烯基的聚合物或共聚物(例如乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物)和含丁二烯的聚合物或共聚物,以及含丙烯酸酯的聚合物或共聚物。对于一些应用,包含PVDF的TIPS膜尤其可取。在U.S.7,338,692(Smith等人)中进一步描述了包含PVDF的TIPS膜。
在另一个示例性实施例中,多孔基础基材包含尼龙微孔膜或薄片,例如美国专利No.6,056,529(Meyering等人)、No.6,267,916(Meyering等人)、No.6,413,070(Meyering等人)、No.6,776,940(Meyering等人)、No.3,876,738(Marinacchio等人)、No.3,928,517、No.4,707,265(Knight等人)和No.5,458,782(Hou等人)中描述的那些。
在其他实施例中,多孔基础基材是非织造幅材,其可包括由任何通常已知的制造非织造幅材的工艺制造的非织造幅材。如本文所用,术语“非织造幅材”是指这样的织物,该织物具有毡状方式的随机和/或单向插入的单纤维或细丝的结构。
例如,可通过湿法成网技术、梳理成网技术、气纺技术、射流喷网技术、纺粘技术或熔喷技术或它们的组合制备该纤维非织造幅材。纺粘纤维通常为小直径纤维,它们是通过喷丝头的多个细小的、通常为圆形的毛细管将熔融的热塑性聚合物以细丝形式挤出而形成的,其中挤出的纤维的直径迅速减小。熔喷纤维通常通过多个细小的通常圆形的模塑毛细管将熔融的热塑性材料以熔融的线或丝挤出到高速的通常被加热的气体(例如空气)气流中而形成的,该气流使熔融的热塑性材料的丝细化以减小它们的直径。此后,这些熔喷纤维由该高速气流运送并沉积在收集面上,以形成随机分配的熔喷纤维。非织造幅材中的任何者均可由单一类型的纤维或在热塑性聚合物的类型和/或厚度方面不同的两种或更多种纤维制成。
关于本发明的非织造幅材的制备方法的更多细节可见于Wente,Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers,48INDUS.Chem.1342(1956)或Wente等人,Manufacture Of Superfine Organic Fibers,(Naval ResearchLaboratories Report No.4364,1954)中。
在一个实施例中,基础基材可以在其上方的表面上具有配体官能化(共)聚合物涂层。可用的涂布技术包括将任选地包含交联剂的(共)聚合物的溶液或分散体应用到基础基材上。在聚合物应用后通常是蒸发溶剂以形成聚合物涂层。涂布方法包括通常已知为浸涂、喷涂、刮涂、刮棒涂布、槽式涂布、坡流涂布、模具涂布、辊涂或凹版涂布的技术。涂布质量一般取决于混合物的均匀度、沉积液体层的质量和用于使液体层干燥或固化的方法。
在一些实施例中,首先将聚胺聚合物涂布在基础基材上并随后与胍基化剂(例如吡唑甲脒盐酸盐)反应。
在其他实施例中,将配体官能化(共)聚合物本身涂布到基础基材上。在这些情况下,可用的交联剂包括胺反应性化合物,例如双和聚醛(例如戊二醛)、双和聚环氧化合物(例如丁二醇二缩水甘油醚和乙烯乙二醇二缩水甘油醚)、聚羧酸和它们的衍生物(如酰基氯)、多异氰酸酯、甲醛基交联剂(例如羟甲基和烷氧甲基官能化交联剂,例如衍生自脲或三聚氰胺的交联剂)和胺反应性硅烷(例如3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-缩水甘油氧基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、5,6-环氧己基三乙氧基硅烷、(对氯甲基)苯基三甲氧基硅烷、氯甲基三乙氧基硅烷、3-异氰酸酯基丙基三乙氧基硅烷和3-氰硫基丙基三乙氧基硅烷)。
在其他实施例中,通过如EP 472,990中所述那些的高分子电解质逐层涂布技术将配体官能化共聚物涂布到基础基材上。
在一些实施例中,基础基材在其表面上具有胺反应性官能团,例如卤素基团、环氧基、酯基、异氰酸酯基。这些表面官能团可以与配体官能化氨基聚合物上尚存的胺官能团反应。在另一个实施例中,可以在基础基材的表面上设置可以与配体官能化的聚合物的胺基反应的胺反应性官能团。
可以通过本领域技术人员已知的任何技术来提供胺反应性官能团。在一个实施例中,基础基材可以在其上方的表面上具有包含胺反应性官能团的(共)聚合物涂层。就这一点而言,特别可用的(共)聚合物为二氢唑酮官能化(共)聚合物,如美国专利7,101,621中所述的那些。可用的涂布技术包括将任选地包含交联剂的(共)聚合物的溶液或分散体应用到基础基材上。在聚合物应用后通常是蒸发溶剂以形成聚合物涂层。涂布方法包括通常已知为浸涂、喷涂、刮涂、刮棒涂布、槽式涂布、坡流涂布、模具涂布、辊涂或凹版涂布的技术。涂布质量一般取决于混合物的均匀度、沉积液体层的质量和用于使液体层干燥或固化的工艺。
在一些实施例中,可以通过具有自由基可聚合基团和对配体官能化的聚合物具有反应性的第二官能团的单体的电离辐射引发的接枝聚合反应将包含胺反应性基团的聚合物接枝到基材表面上,如在受让人共同未决的专利申请(64729US002)中所述的。这类单体可以包括二氢唑酮官能化单体、异氰酸基乙酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯或缩水甘油基(甲基)丙烯酸酯。作为另外一种选择,可以通过电离辐射引发的接枝聚合反应将羰基官能化单体接枝到基材表面上,然后通过与如化学式I所表示的配体官能化的聚合物反应进行官能化,如在受让人共同未决的美国专利申请No.61/305740中所述的。
由于基材具有配体官能化的聚合物的接枝或未接枝涂层,因此将配体官能化的聚合物接枝(或涂布)到基材表面上的方法改变了基础基材的原有性质。本发明使得具有基础基材的许多优点(例如机械和热稳定性、多孔性),但具有对生物物质(例如病毒)的增强的亲和力(其由用于形成给定官能化的基材的单体和步骤造成)的配体官能化的聚合物基材的形成成为可能。
具有配体官能化的聚合物涂层的多孔基材特别适合作为过滤介质用于选择性结合和移除靶标生物物质,包括来源于生物样品的蛋白、细胞、细胞碎片、微生物、核酸和/或病毒。如本文所述,本发明还提供了通过将样品与配体聚合物官能化的基材接触从生物样品中移除靶标生物物质的方法。如本文所用的,“靶标生物物质”可以包括所关注的污染物或物质。
对于生物样品或包含生物来源物质(生物物质)的其他流体样品的纯化来说,配体官能化(共)聚合物(聚合物本身或者具有其涂层的基材)是有用的。生物物质包括(但不限于)细胞、细胞碎片、蛋白、核酸、内毒素和病毒。细胞和细胞碎片包括衍生自古细菌、细菌和真核生物的那些。细菌包括(但不限于)革兰氏阴性菌,例如假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)种、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)和粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcesens);革兰氏阳性菌,例如葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)种、肠球菌(Enterococcus)种、梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium)种、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)种和乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)种;通常不用革兰氏方法染色的细菌,例如分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium)种和细菌的非植物性细菌形式,如孢子。真核生物包括(但不限于)动物细胞、藻类、杂交瘤细胞、干细胞、癌症细胞、植物细胞、真菌菌丝、真菌孢子、酵母细胞、寄生生物、寄生卵囊、昆虫细胞和蠕虫。蛋白包括(但不限于)天然蛋白、重组蛋白、酶和宿主细胞蛋白。病毒包括(但不限于)有包膜病毒种类,例如疱疹病毒、痘病毒、腺病毒、乳多泡病毒、冠状病毒、还原病毒(例如HIV)和原生病毒;和无包膜病毒种类,例如杯状病毒、覆盖噬菌体、肌尾噬菌体和小核糖核酸病毒。
在一些实施例中,从流体中移除的生物物质是纯化的目标。例如,可以在细胞培养中或通过发酵制备重组蛋白或酶,可以加入(共)聚合物以使所述蛋白或酶絮凝,并且可以作为所述蛋白或酶的纯化工艺中的第一步来分离沉淀物。在另一个实例中,可以作为微生物浓缩、计数和/或鉴别方法中的第一步将具有其涂层的(共)聚合物或基材用于从流体中捕集微生物。
在其他实施例中,从流体中移除的生物物质是必须在流体其他处理步骤之前移除的污染物。可以在离心或深层过滤操作之前、之后或代替离心或深层过滤操作将聚合物用作絮凝剂以有利于从细胞培养物或发酵肉汤中移除细胞和细胞碎片。例如,可以在离心之前将(共)聚合物用于使细胞培养肉汤中的细胞絮凝,并借此提高离心处理将细胞群与液体离心滤液分开的效率。作为另外一种选择,可以将其在离心步骤之后加入到液体离心滤液中以使悬浮的细胞碎片以及溶解的宿主细胞蛋白和核酸絮凝,从而提高后续深层过滤步骤的效率。它可以用于使悬浮的细菌、病毒或其他微生物絮凝或沉淀。它可以用于从溶液中沉淀出所需或污染蛋白或核酸。显著地,具有其涂层的配体官能化(共)聚合物或基材在高盐浓度或高离子强度条件下是有用的,即它们是“耐盐的”。术语“盐”意在包括有助于溶液电导率的所有低分子量离子。在存在盐的情况下使用配体官能化(共)聚合物的重要性在于生物医药或酶制造中使用的多种处理溶液具有15-30mS/cm或以上范围内(大约150-300mM的盐)的电导率。可以通过与常规季铵或Q配体(如三甲基铵配体)进行比较来测量耐盐性,在电导率小于靶标范围的3至6倍时所述季铵或Q配体与多种生物物质的主要静电相互作用被快速破坏。例如,在从0升至50mM NaCl(大约5-6mS/cm的电导率)时,用常规Q配体衍生化的膜在φX174病毒清除中表现出从6对数下降值(LRV)至一(1)LRV的降低。非常难以从处理液流中除去pI接近于7(中性或近中性)的病毒(例如φX174)。当尝试从处理液流中移除其他生物物质时,观察到了类似的问题。例如,当尝试通过使用用常规Q配体官能化的过滤装置移除带正电的蛋白(例如宿主细胞蛋白)时,可能必须将处理液流稀释2倍或以上以将电导率降低至可接受的范围。这是昂贵的并且显著增加了整体处理时间。
当用作絮凝剂时,相对于样品量加入的配体官能化的聚合物的量可以在宽泛的范围内改变。一般来讲,所加入的量将在所述混合物中产生约0.01微克/mL至约5000微克/mL的(共)聚合物的最终浓度。所加入的聚合物的最佳量将取决于希望絮凝的物质的浓度。通常,相对于待絮凝的物质的量的聚合物的量将在按重量计0.01%至100%的范围内,优选地在按重量计0.05%-30%的范围内,更优选地在按重量计约0.1%-10%的范围内。如本领域所熟知的,通过用一系列聚合物浓度質疑样品来容易地估计最佳量。虽然以上浓度范围是典型的,但是本领域的技术人员将认识到在一些情况下其他范围可以起作用。絮凝效率还取决于待絮凝物质的物理和化学特性。例如,我们已发现在聚合物与病毒的重量比为约800-1000%时发生了近中性病毒φX174从水悬浮液中的最佳絮凝。
当溶液包含0至约50mM的盐,优选地当溶液包含0至约150mM的盐,更优选地当溶液包含0至约300mM的盐或以上或以上从而使仍设置在溶液中的靶标生物物质的浓度小于其原始浓度的50%时,将生物样品与配体官能化的聚合物(聚合物本身或具有其涂层的基材)接触足以与设置(溶解或悬浮)在溶液中的靶标生物物质相互作用并形成复合物的一段时间。更优选地,当溶液包含0至约50mM的盐,优选地当溶液包含0至约150mM的盐,更优选地当溶液包含0至约300mM的盐或以上从而使仍设置在溶液中的靶标生物物质的浓度小于其原始浓度的10%时,将溶液与配体官能化的聚合物接触足以与设置在溶液中的靶标生物物质相互作用并形成复合物的一段时间。更优选地,当溶液包含0至约50mM的盐,优选地当溶液包含0至约150mM的盐,更优选地当溶液包含0至约300mM的盐或以上从而使仍设置在溶液中的靶标生物物质的浓度小于其原始浓度的1%时,将溶液与配体官能化的聚合物接触足以与设置在溶液中的靶标生物物质相互作用并形成复合物的一段时间。
在多个实施例中,在水性媒介中带正电的配体官能化的聚合物将接近电中性或带负电的物质结合到由化学式II所表示的配体官能团上,而其他物质(如带正电的蛋白,例如单克隆抗体)将被排除或排斥在配体官能化的基材之外。另外,如上文描述的,可将该基材直接或间接接枝有一种或多种离子单体。具体地讲,配体官能化的聚合物可以包含在生物样品溶液的所选pH值下带正电的接枝离子基团以提高在中性pH多数会带正电的蛋白质(如单克隆抗体)的静电荷斥力,从而由化学式II所表示的配体官能团提供了耐盐性。
在一些实施例中,配体官能化的聚合物和包含结合的生物物质的涂布基材是可处理的。在这些实施例中,由于无需回收所结合的生物物质,因此生物物质与配体官能化的聚合物的结合优选地是基本不可逆的。尽管如此,如果需要,可以通过提高洗脱溶液的离子强度或改变洗脱溶液的pH值来逆转生物物质的结合。
具有配体官能化的聚合物的接枝或未接枝涂层的基材可以是任何之前所描述的,但优选地是微孔膜。期望的膜孔径为0.1至10μm,优选为0.5至3微米,最优选为0.8至2微米。对于内孔结构,具有高表面积的膜是可取的,其通常对应于细小孔径。然而,如果孔径太小,则膜往往被存在于样品溶液中的细小颗粒堵塞。
如果需要,可通过使用多个堆叠的、配体官能化的聚合物涂布的多孔膜作为过滤元件来改善结合和捕获的效率。因此本发明提供一种过滤元件,其包括一层或多层多孔配体官能化的聚合物涂布的基材。各个层可以相同或不同,并且可具有不同孔隙度和上述单体的接枝度的层。过滤元件还可包括上游预过滤层和下游支承层。根据需要,各个过滤元件可以是平面的或折叠的。
合适的预过滤器和支承层材料的例子包括多孔膜:聚丙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、树脂粘合的或无粘合剂的纤维(例如玻璃纤维)以及其他合成材料(织造或非织造羊毛结构)的任何合适的多孔膜;烧结的材料,例如聚烯烃、金属和陶瓷;纱线;专用滤纸(例如纤维、纤维素、聚烯烃和粘合剂的混合物);聚合物膜,等等。等。
在另一个实施例中,提供了一种滤筒,其包括上述过滤元件。在另一个实施例中,提供一种过滤组件,其包括过滤元件和过滤壳体。在另一个实施例中,本发明涉及捕集或移除靶标生物物质的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供过滤元件,其包括一层或多层本发明的配体官能化基础基材,以及
b)允许含有靶标生物物质的移动生物溶液在过滤元件的上游表面上紧密接触足以使靶标生物物质的结合起作用的一段时间。
上文描述了本发明,下面以举例的方式进一步说明本发明,这些实例不应当以任何方式被解释为对本发明的范围的强制限制。相反,应当清楚地理解,可以采用多种其他实施例、修改形式及其等同物。在阅读了本说明书之后,在不脱离本发明的精神和/或所附的权利要求书的范围的情况下,这些实施例、修改形式及其等同物对本领域内的技术人员将是显而易见的。
实例
实例1.聚氮丙啶(PEI)的烷基化
将十二烷基溴(2.32克)加入至8盎司玻璃瓶中的PEI(40克10重量%的PEI溶液(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA)))在乙醇中的溶液中并密封。将混合物在50℃的水浴中加热20小时,随后1H-NMR表明完全转化为烷基化产物。
实例2.烷基化聚乙烯胺的胍基化
将实例1的烷基化产物溶液的一部分(20克)与吡唑甲脒盐酸盐(0.17克,得自威斯康辛州密尔瓦基的西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI))混合。将混合物在环境温度下反应过夜,随后1H-NMR表明2.5%的胺基转化为胍基。
实例3-21.
使用类似的工序制备如表1中所列的烷基化和胍基化PEI。
表1.改性的聚氮丙啶
实例 | PEI MW | 烷基化剂 | 烷基化% | 胍基化% |
1 10,000 十二烷基溴 10 0
2 10,000 十二烷基溴 10 2.5
3 10,000 十二烷基溴 5 0
4 10,000 十二烷基溴 5 2.5
5 10,000 无 0 2.5
6 10,000 无 0 12.5
7 10,000 无 0 25
8 10,000 苄基溴 10 0
9 10,000 硫酸二甲酯 10 0
10 10,000 丁基溴 10 0
11 70,000 无 0 10
12 70,000 无 0 25
13 70,000 无 0 50
14 70,000 丁基溴 10 0
15 70,000 十二烷基溴 10 0
16 70,000 苄基溴 10 0
17 70,000 硫酸二甲酯 10 0
18 70,000 丁基溴 10 50
19 70,000 十二烷基溴 10 50
20 70,000 苄基溴 10 50
21 70,000 硫酸二甲酯 10 50
实例22-32.改性的聚(烯丙胺)
使用与实例1中所述那些类似的工序,将聚(烯丙胺)(MW 60,000,欣科宝利公司(Polysciences))与多种烷基化剂和吡唑甲脒盐酸盐反应以提供一系列烷基化、胍基化或烷基化和胍基化聚合物(表2)。
表2.改性的聚(烯丙胺)
实例烷基化剂 | 烷基化% | 胍基化% |
22 十二烷基溴 10 0
23 丁基溴 10 0
24 苄基溴 10 0
25 硫酸二甲酯 10 0
26 无 0 10
27 无 0 25
28 无 0 50
29 十二烷基溴 10 50
30 丁基溴 10 50
31 苄基溴 10 50
32 硫酸二甲酯 10 50
比较例1.聚(甲基丙烯酰胺基丙基三甲基氯化铵)(pMAPTAC)
将MAPTAC(160克50重量%的水溶液,得自威斯康辛州密尔瓦基的西格玛奥德里奇公司(Aldrich,Milwaukee,WI))、乙醇(40克)和过硫酸钠(0.4克)装入到16盎司玻璃瓶中。用缓慢的氮气流吹扫混合物10分钟,密封,然后在平衡至55℃的水浴中翻转24小时以将单体转化为聚合物。用去离子水(80克)和乙醇(40克)稀释该聚合物溶液并良好混合。通过用pH 7的去离子水将该聚合物的一部分稀释至按重量计1%固体来制备作为絮凝剂用于评估的样品。
实例33.
在pH 7.5的10mM MOPS中制备了牛血清白蛋白溶液(BSA,西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich))并确定其浓度为4.02mg/mL的BSA。
根据表3制备了含有不同氯化钠浓度的一系列BSA溶液。
表:3.BSA溶液
[NaCl] | BSA溶液 | 5M氯化钠 | MOPS缓冲液 |
(mM,最终) | (mL) | (μL) | (μL) |
0 | 10 | 0 | 500 |
50 | 10 | 100 | 400 |
100 | 10 | 200 | 300 |
150 | 10 | 300 | 200 |
200 | 10 | 400 | 100 |
250 | 10 | 500 | 0 |
用去离子水将得自实例5、6和7的聚合物溶液稀释至按重量计1%固体(pH 7)。还作为对照制备了1%固体的PEI(10,000MW)在pH 7的DI水中的溶液。
在5mL聚丙烯离心管中装入2.0mL BSA溶液,然后装入125μL的稀释聚合物溶液。将离心管密封并颠倒翻转30分钟,然后以2000rcf离心10分钟。通过将2mL原始BSA溶液与125μL MOPS缓冲液混合制备了BSA标准溶液。实施了一系列1:1稀释以提供总计7个BSA标准溶液。将这7种标准溶液重复3次移取至96孔微滴板的孔中(200μL),并评估每种聚合物絮凝剂上清液的三个重复样品。还包括作为空白的含有DI水的三个孔。在293nm波长下使用SpectraMAX 250微板分光光度计系统(加利福尼亚州森尼韦尔的美国分子仪器公司(MolecularDevices Corp,Sunnyvale,CA))分析该板。絮凝剂溶液的吸光度与标准的吸光度比较提供了对絮凝效率的测量。结果被记录为保留在溶液中的起始BSA的百分比;因此,数值越小,絮凝剂越好。在下表4中列出了结果:
表4.
该实例表明将少至2.5%的胍基掺入至PEI显著改善了在存在氯化钠的情况下其使蛋白质沉淀的能力。
实例34.
除了使用250μL而不是125μL的1%固体的聚合物溶液以外,通过实例33中所述的工序测定了得自实例11-13的胍基化PEI的BSA沉淀。与对照未改性的70,000MW的PEI相比,在表4中显示了结果。
表5.
实例35.
由3M提供了嗜热脂肪土芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus)的细胞培养肉汤,其包含约1.4重量%的细胞碎片和孢子。通过与实例33中所述的类似的工序制备了含有0、100、200和300mM NaCl的肉汤测试样品。在DI水中由70,000MW PEI和实例13、16和20的改性的聚合物制备了0.5%固体的聚合物溶液。制备了这些聚合物中每一种的稀释系列(1:4、1:4、1:2、1:2、1:2)以提供总计6种聚合物浓度。然后,将2mL肉汤样品与0.5mL聚合物溶液混合,并且将混合物翻转30分钟,然后以200rcf离心5分钟。通过将2mL肉汤与0.5mL DI水混合,对混合物进行相同的混合/离心工序,然后由上清液制备2倍系列稀释液(6个样品)制备了标准品。将测试溶液和标准品的上清液移取至96孔微滴板并通过650nm下的吸光度测量进行测定。絮凝剂溶液的吸光度与标准的吸光度比较提供了对絮凝效率的测量。在图1-4中显示了结果,这些图显示了在不同盐浓度和对于未改性的PEI聚合物(图1)、胍基化PEI聚合物(图2)、烷基化PEI聚合物(图3)和烷基化和胍基化的聚合物(图4)在不同聚合物浓度下的浊度去除。
对于实例14、15、17、18、19和21观察到了类似的结果;即PEI的烷基化导致浓度范围增宽,其中絮凝剂在更高的盐浓度有效,而就这一点而言烷基化加胍基化是协同的。
通过对测定工序进行微小修改,对萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillusatrophaeus)细胞培养肉汤(2.2重量%的营养细胞、细胞碎片和孢子)和生孢梭菌(Clostridum sporogenes)纯化的孢子悬浮液(0.013%固体)进行了类似的絮凝研究并且观察到了类似的结果。
实例36.病毒絮凝
在含有0、50mM和150mM NaCl的pH 8.0的10mM TRIS((羟甲基)氨基甲烷)中制备了φX174噬菌体(大约109pfu/mL)的水悬浮液。在pH 7的DI水中以按重量计0.001%的聚合物制备了絮凝剂聚合物的水溶液。将16μL聚合物溶液加入到在离心管中的2mL噬菌体悬浮液样品中。将管密封、涡旋并颠倒旋转2小时。然后,将管以3000rcf离心10分钟,并且将所得悬浮液通过0.45微米无菌注射器过滤器(GHPAcrodisc,(颇尔生命公司Pall Life Sciences))过滤。制备10倍稀释液系列。
将1mL每种稀释液与1mL大肠杆菌(E.coli)培养物(生长至在550nm测量时0.3-0.6的光密度)混合。等待5分钟后,使用无菌吸移管将4.5mL TSA Top琼脂与稀释液/大肠杆菌(E.coli)混合物混合并在TSB板上铺板。在顶部琼脂硬化后,将板倒置并置于37℃培养箱中过夜。然后,从培养箱中移除板并对φX174斑块计数并记录。还以类似的方式评估了初始病毒悬浮液的稀释液系列。结果的比较使得能够对由于絮凝剂处理的LRV(病毒载量的对数减少)进行估计。在表6中列出了几种聚合物的结果:
表6:病毒LRV
实例37.
制备了5种涂层浴:
涂层浴#1:0.5%wt/wt聚(2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基-1-丙烷磺酸,钠盐)在去离子水中的溶液;
涂层浴#2:1%wt/wt聚氮丙啶(10,000Mn)在去离子水中的溶液;
涂层浴#3-5:1%wt/wt实例5、6或7的聚合物分别在去离子水中的溶液。
将氨基硅烷涂布的玻璃显微镜载片(可购自威斯康星州觅得尔等的Newcomer Supply公司(Newcomer Supply,Middleton,WI))顺序地用涂层溶液#1浸涂,用去离子水冲洗并在室温干燥。然后将载片在涂层溶液#2(对照)、#3、#4或#5中浸涂,用去离子水冲洗并在室温干燥。然后,涂布的载片可用于从水媒介中捕集细菌或孢子以用于计数或用于鉴定。发现仅用涂层溶液#1涂布的对照氨基硅烷载片几乎未结合细菌或孢子。
通过以下工序,评估了用PEI和实例5-7的改性PEI涂布的载片捕集产孢梭菌(Clostridium sporogenes)孢子的能力:
以约1×108CFU/mL在40%的乙醇,60%水中制备了纯产孢梭菌(C.sporogenes)孢子的悬浮液。将0.5至1.0mL之间的孢子悬浮液(体积将取决于测试材料的数目)离心,弃去上清液并以1:1在70%的乙醇水溶液中再悬浮。然后,将涂布的显微镜载片的三个重复放置在正方形培养皿中并将10μl孢子悬浮液应用于载片中心距底部0.5cm处。保持1分钟,然后以约1.2升/分钟的流速用来自Milli-Q系统的超纯水的稳定液流冲洗每个载片10秒。现在,使用柔和的氮气流使载片干燥。使用光学显微镜,将载片的孢子暴露部分放置在10x物镜下并随机采集暴露区内的三个不同区域的图片。对每幅图片中的孢子数计数;这可以通过手工完成或作为另外一种选择,可以使用图片处理软件,如AxioVision(Zeiss)。基于相同载片上三幅图片的计数,计算每个载片的平均值。最后,由三个重复计算每个材料的平均值和标准偏差。
表7中显示了结果:
表7.
涂层: | PEI | 实例5 | 实例6 | 实例7 |
所捕集的孢子#: | 664 | 1392 | 1347 | 1050 |
实例38.PEI的对氯苯基双胍衍生物
用2.93mL 1.0N盐酸水溶液处理2.00克PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在10mL乙氧基乙醇中的溶液。加入N3-对氯苯基-N1氰基胍(570mg,2.94mmol)并将反应混合物加热至140℃过夜。薄层色谱法表明所有N3-对氯苯基-N1氰基胍已被消耗。减压浓缩反应混合物以提供橙色浆料。1H-NMR表明转化为对氯苯基双胍产物。将所得浆料溶解于水以提供基于PEI初始量的20重量%的溶液。
使用250μL絮凝剂溶液通过实例33中所述的BSA沉淀测试对该聚合物的评估显示出在最大至250mM的所有测试盐浓度下的良好BSA移除。
实例39-44.PEI的碳二亚胺修改形式
将1.05克PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在10mL叔丁醇中的溶液放置在小瓶中并用足够的二环己基碳二亚胺(314mg,1.52mmol)处理以与6.3%的胺基反应。将所述小瓶密封并将混合物在100℃加热过夜。减压浓缩反应混合物以提供无色浆料。1H-NMR表明转化为二环己基胍产物(实例39)。同样,还制备了用12.5%和25%二环己基胍官能化的PEI样品(分别为实例40和41)。将具有6.3和12.5%二环己基胍的所得浆料溶解于稀释盐酸中以提供基于初始PEI量的10重量%的溶液。将具有25%二环己基胍的产物溶解于1:1的乙醇/稀盐酸中以提供基于初始PEI量的5重量%的溶液。
将0.99克PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在10mL叔丁醇中的溶液放置在小瓶中并用足够的N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(280mg,1.46mmol)处理以与6.3%的胺基反应。将所述小瓶密封并将混合物在100℃加热过夜。减压浓缩反应混合物以提供无色浆料。1H-NMR表明转化为所需的胍产物(实例42)。同样,还制备了用12.5%和25%的N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]-3-乙基碳二亚胺官能化的PEI样品(分别为实例43和44)。将所得浆料溶解于水以提供基于初始PEI量的10重量%的溶液。
将实例39和41的聚合物稀释至1%固体并使用250μL絮凝剂溶液评估BSA沉淀。在表8中显示了结果以及未改性的PEI的结果:
表8.
实例45.
用异丙醇将实例11的聚合物稀释至0.5%固体。将该溶液的四部分(每个部分50克)与足够的丁二醇二缩水甘油基醚(BUDGE)配制以分别与聚合物的2.5%、5%、10%和20%的胺基反应。用聚合物溶液浸涂尼龙66膜(单一增强层尼龙三区膜,标称孔尺寸1.8μm,得自(康涅狄格州梅里登的3M Purification公司,(3M Purification Inc,Meridan,CT))样品(约10cm×10cm),使用#14线缠绕的涂布棒除去过量涂层溶液,然后使其干燥15分钟。在某些情况下,应用第二涂层。然后,将涂布的膜置于充入去离子水的500mL聚乙烯瓶中并使其混合过夜以提取任何未交联的涂层。从所述膜中冲击出盘(直径24mm)并置于5mL离心管中。在pH 8.0的25mM TRIS缓冲液(三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷,西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma))中制备了浓度为1.1mg/ml的牛血清白蛋白溶液(BSA,西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich))。将4.5mlBSA溶液移取至每个离心管中,将管盖上盖,并将管翻转过夜。以325nm下应用的背景校正,通过UV-VIS光度计在279nm下分析上清液溶液。在表中列出了样品的静态结合容量以及未涂布膜的静态结合容量。
表9.
交联剂(BUDGE)% | 涂层# | 静态BSA容量(mg/mL) |
2.5 | 1 | 15 |
2.5 | 2 | 20 |
5 | 1 | 17 |
5 | 2 | 26 |
10 | 1 | 19 |
10 | 2 | 35 |
20 | 1 | 27 |
20 | 2 | 46 |
0 | 0 | 1 |
实例46-48.氰基胍衍生化的PEI
将2.01克PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在11.7mL 0.1N盐酸水溶液中的溶液置于耐压瓶中并用足够的二氰胺钠(104mg,1.17mmol)处理以与2.5%的胺基反应。将所述瓶密封并将混合物在120℃加热5小时。1H-NMR表明转化为氰基胍产物(实例46)。
同样,用2.9mL 1.0N盐酸和二氰胺钠(255mg,2.86mmol)处理溶解于9mL水中的1.96g PEI溶液以提供产物,其中6.3%的胺转化为氰基胍,并且用5.8mL 1.0N盐酸和二氰胺钠(520mg,5.84mmol)处理溶解于6mL水中的1.99g PEI溶液以提供产物,其中12.5%的胺转化为氰基胍(分别为实例47和48)。
实例49-51.PEI的脲修改形式
用足够的三甲基甲硅烷基异氰酸酯(235μL,1.74mmol)处理3.00克PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在15mL CH2Cl2中的溶液以与2.5%的胺基反应。搅拌1小时后,用几滴甲醇处理反应混合物并减压浓缩。
1H-NMR表明转化为脲产物(实例49)。将所得浆料溶解于水以提供基于PEI初始量的20重量%的溶液。同样,还制备了用6.3%和12.5%的脲官能化的PEI(分别为实例50和51)。
实例52–54.
通过与实例1中所使用的类似的工序,将来源于实例49-51的脲改性的PEI材料分别与足够的吡唑-1-甲脒盐酸盐反应以将5%的胺基转化为胍。1H-NMR表明转化为预期的衍生化产物(分别为实例52-54)。
实例55.PEI双胍
将92mg PEI(MW=10,000,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在0.9mL水中的溶液置于小瓶中并用N-脒基吡唑-甲脒盐酸盐(100mg,0.53mmol)处理以与25%的胺基反应。将所述小瓶密封并将混合物在100℃加热过夜。1H-NMR表明转化为所需的胍产物。
实例56.聚(聚氮丙啶双胍)
将1.00克PEI(MW=600,得自宾夕法尼亚州沃林顿的欣科宝利公司(Polysciences,Inc.,Warrington,PA))在10mL水中的溶液置于耐压瓶中并用二氰胺钠(139mg,1.56mmol)和200μL乙酸处理。将所述瓶密封并将混合物在140℃加热过夜。1H-NMR表明转化为聚双胍产物。
以类似的方式,可以使用不同分子量的PEI聚合物,并且可以使用不同PEI与二氰胺钠的比值以制备多种聚(PEI双胍)。
实例57-59.使用胍基乙酸的修改形式
将胍基乙酸(6.0克)溶解于1N盐酸水溶液(51.4mL)中。将2-乙氧基-1-乙氧基羰基-1,2-二氢喹啉(14克)溶解于乙醇(25克)/甲醇(11克)混合物中。然后,混合两溶液并使其反应10分钟。将该混合物的一部分(15.3克)加入至PEI溶液(16.67克,30%固体的70,000MW PEI在水中的溶液)。将该混合物反应6小时以使PEI的6.3%的胺基酰化(实例57)。通过类似的工序,制备了具有12.5%和20%的酰化胺基的改性聚合物(分别为实例58和59)。
将实例59的聚合物溶液的一部分在pH 7的去离子水中稀释至1重量%,并在BSA沉淀测试中进行评估,从而在所有盐浓度下提供了优良的絮凝。
实例60.
使用标准微生物工序,制备以下培养物:
a)大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)(细胞和细胞碎片)
b)中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞
c)面包酵母
当对这些混合物进行与实例35中的混合物类似的絮凝实验时,本发明所述的配体官能化的聚合物在存在超过50mM的氯化钠浓度的情况下一致地表现出良好的絮凝能力。
Claims (19)
1.一种从流体分离靶标生物物质的方法,其包括将所述流体与配体官能化的聚合物接触,所述聚合物包括:
用胍基官能化的水溶性或水分散性氨基聚合物;
借此形成了包含所述官能化的基材和所述靶标生物物质的复合物,并且分离所述复合物;其中所述靶标生物物质选自生物大分子和微生物种,其中用胍基官能化的所述氨基聚合物是由以下化学式表示的:
聚合物其中
R2为H、C1-C12烷基、C5-C12芳基、C5-C12杂芳基或所述聚合物的链的残基;
每个R3独立地为H、C1-C12烷基或C5-C12芳基或C5-C12杂芳基,
每个R4为H、C1-C12烷基或亚烷基、C5-C12芳基或亚芳基、C5-C12杂芳基或杂亚芳基、氰基或–C(=NH)-N(R2)-聚合物,和
n为1或2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述生物大分子选自蛋白、酶、核酸和内毒素。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述微生物种选自细菌、病毒、细胞、细胞碎片和孢子。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述氨基聚合物选自聚氮丙啶、聚赖氨酸、聚氨基酰胺、聚烯丙基胺、聚乙烯胺、聚二甲基胺-环氧氯丙烷-乙二胺、聚胺基硅氧烷和由聚酰胺型胺(PAMAM)和聚丙烯亚胺所形成的树技状体。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,该方法包括含有基础基材的官能化的基材,所述基础基材在其表面上具有所述配体官能化的聚合物的涂层。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述基础基材为多孔的。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述多孔基础基材为微孔基础基材。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述多孔基础基材为非织造幅材。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述官能化的基材选自颗粒、纤维、膜、片材或者织造或非织造幅材。
10.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述细胞选自古细菌、细菌和真核生物。
11.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流体具有至少50毫摩尔的盐含量。
12.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述流体具有至少100毫摩尔的盐含量。
13.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中相对于靶标生物物质的量,配体官能化的聚合物的量为按重量计0.01%至100%。
14.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述配体官能化的聚合物以0.01至5000微克/mL流体的量存在。
15.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中用胍基将0.1至100摩尔%的所述配体官能化的聚合物的所述氨基聚合物的可用氨基官能化。
16.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中官能化的胍基伸出到所述聚合物的链之外。
17.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中官能化的胍基在所述氨基聚合物的链中。
18.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中通过将聚胺聚合物与胍基化剂接触的步骤制备了所述配体官能化的聚合物,所述胍基化剂选自氰酰胺;O-烷基异脲盐;氯甲脒盐酸盐;1-脒基-1,2,4-三唑盐酸盐;3,5-二甲基吡唑-1-甲脒硝酸盐;和碳二亚胺。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,该方法还包括使所述配体官能化的聚合物的氨基的一部分烷基化或酰化的步骤。
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EP2889625A1 (en) | 2015-07-01 |
US8435776B2 (en) | 2013-05-07 |
KR20130037665A (ko) | 2013-04-16 |
KR101786140B1 (ko) | 2017-10-17 |
CN102844662A (zh) | 2012-12-26 |
US20130224825A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
EP2542889B1 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
EP2542889A1 (en) | 2013-01-09 |
WO2011109151A1 (en) | 2011-09-09 |
US20130217032A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
BR112012021943A2 (pt) | 2020-09-01 |
US20200102345A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 |
US20110217752A1 (en) | 2011-09-08 |
US20180265542A1 (en) | 2018-09-20 |
US9758547B2 (en) | 2017-09-12 |
EP2889625B1 (en) | 2016-09-14 |
US10526366B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 |
US10005814B2 (en) | 2018-06-26 |
BR112012021943B1 (pt) | 2021-09-28 |
US20170240591A1 (en) | 2017-08-24 |
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