CN102667971A - 用于制造磁体的方法以及磁体和电机 - Google Patents

用于制造磁体的方法以及磁体和电机 Download PDF

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CN102667971A
CN102667971A CN2010800500360A CN201080050036A CN102667971A CN 102667971 A CN102667971 A CN 102667971A CN 2010800500360 A CN2010800500360 A CN 2010800500360A CN 201080050036 A CN201080050036 A CN 201080050036A CN 102667971 A CN102667971 A CN 102667971A
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I.蔡特勒
U.莫克
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于制造磁体(1)的方法,其中,磁体(1)至少由一种磁性材料(3)和一种粘结剂(4)形成并且接着被硬化。按照本发明,在硬化期间由粘结剂(4)产生一种化学地结合在磁性材料(3)上的金属氧化物(8)。本发明还涉及一种磁体(1)和一种电机。

Description

用于制造磁体的方法以及磁体和电机
本发明涉及一种用于制造磁体的方法,其中,磁体至少由一种磁性材料和一种粘结剂形成(模制成形)并且接着被硬化(时效硬化)。本发明此外涉及一种磁体以及一种电机。
现有技术
开头所述类型的方法已经由现有技术公开。磁性材料例如是铁或铁氧体。磁性材料在此情况下常常以粉末的形式呈现,粉末被烧结或压力烧结,以制造磁体。备选地或附加地磁性材料也可以与粘结剂混合。接着磁体由磁性材料-粘结剂混合物形成并被硬化。该形成在此情况下例如可以包括浇注或注射。粘结剂可以是一种塑料,尤其是PPS(硫化聚苯醚),或者包括这种塑料。在磁体被硬化之后,磁性材料由粘结剂以物理方式包围住或者被容纳在粘结剂中。但是如果这样制造的磁体接触到氧气或腐蚀性介质,则它容易受到强腐蚀,因此必须保护磁体。在此情况下广泛应用的是金属保护层,它例如具有镍和/或锌,借此保护尤其是压力烧结的磁体不受腐蚀。还已知氧化保护层,其以在溶剂中的金属醇盐溶液形式被涂覆到磁体上。相对于直接烧结磁性材料,在将磁性材料与粘结剂混合下制造磁体,对于许多应用情况来说,具有明显更高的灵活性并且因此被优先采用。同样,通过将磁性材料渗入到粘结剂,例如塑料(最好是塑料颗粒的形式)中,保证磁性材料得到一定的保护免受腐蚀。但是,尤其是在磁体与燃料和其添加剂接触时,这种磁体在短时间之后也发生强烈腐蚀,这最终可以导致具有该磁体的系统失灵。
本发明的公开
与此相对地,具有在权利要求1中所述特征的方法具有优点,制造的磁体具有比从现有技术已知的磁体更好的耐腐蚀性,尤其是针对燃料及其添加剂。这按照本发明是如此实现的,即由粘结剂在硬化期间产生一种化学地结合到磁性材料上的金属氧化物。因此在硬化之后由金属氧化物形成一个基体,磁性材料被包围或埋入该基体中。此时金属氧化物基体被化学地结合到磁性材料上。磁性材料因此被金属氧化物基体或金属氧化物结构保持住。在以这种方式制造的磁体情况下不需要设置附加的保护层。在从现有技术中已知的粘结剂,主要是有机粘结剂如例如塑料(PPS)的情况下,在与腐蚀性介质如燃料接触时产生浸涨,这提高了促进腐蚀的物质如例如水和盐的渗透。此外,如前已述,磁性材料仅仅以物理学方式集成到粘结剂中。在磁性材料和粘结剂之间没有化学结合,由此在处于腐蚀情况下,促进腐蚀的物质向磁体中的渗透性甚至还被提高。这种渗透作用在按照本发明的方法制造的磁体不会发生,因为磁性材料是用化学方式结合到金属氧化物上。
例如使用一种以硅氧烷为基的粘结剂。基于这种粘结剂的化学结构,磁性材料在粘结剂或硅氧烷基体上形成化学结合。后者是渗透密封的(不渗透的)。不仅磁性材料在粘结剂上的化学键联而且不渗透的硅氧烷基体都对显著提高的防腐蚀保护作出贡献。附加地可以使用凝结剂和/或流变极限形成剂(如部分交联的聚丙烯酸),以防止磁性材料沉淀。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,金属氧化物在一种溶胶-凝胶工艺(溶胶-凝胶法)中产生。磁性材料由此应该嵌入到一种防腐蚀的、通过溶胶-凝胶工艺制造的金属氧化物基体中。溶胶-凝胶工艺用于由胶态分散体制造非金属的、无机的或杂化聚合物的材料。胶态分散体也称为溶胶。溶胶在此情况下可以由不同的前体形成。通过凝胶处理,溶胶转变成凝胶,其中,凝胶是一种胶体。在溶胶-凝胶工艺期间产生金属氧化物的网络的形成或磁性材料化学地结合在该金属氧化物上。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,作为磁性材料使用至少一种稀土材料。由稀土材料制成的磁体超过由铁制成的常规磁体的性能的数倍并且因此被优选使用。元素钪、钇和氧化镧以及镧系元素被称为稀土金属。属于镧系元素的有铈,镨,钕,钷,钐,铕,钆,铽,镝,钬,铒,铥,镱和镥。该稀土材料具有至少一种稀土金属。例如使用由钕,铁和硼组成的合金(Nd2Fe14B)。但是,具有稀土材料的磁体比常规磁体更容易受到腐蚀。因此,尤其是在由这种磁性材料制成的压力烧结的磁体情况下,要设置金属的、尤其是具有镍和/或锌的保护层。备选地,如前所述,可以使用氧化保护层,其中将金属醇盐溶液施加到磁体上。这种保护层通常可以在将磁性材料嵌入金属氧化物基体中情况下被去除,但是其被设置用于实现附加的更好的保护。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,作为粘结剂的组成部分,使用至少一种硅氧烷,硅烷,尤其是烷氧基硅烷或乙氧基硅烷,特别优选地四乙氧基硅烷,金属卤化物,金属醇盐和/或金属氧化物-纳米颗粒。所述的材料在此处形成所谓的前体。在此情况下可以使用仅仅一种前体或者多种前体的组合。尤其是可以使用不同的硅醇盐,如例如四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)和它的变种。对于后者可以通过有机分子替代一个或多个醇盐族。在此情况下形成的物质也称为“有机功能性硅烷”。也可以使用乙氧基硅烷。在乙氧基硅烷情况下在形态上用乙醇族(类)使硅酸酯化。备选地,也可以使用这样的物质,在该物质情况下,硅酸用醇,如例如甲醇,丙醇,丁醇和类似物,二醇,如例如乙二醇,丙二醇或类似物,或三元醇,如例如丙三醇,进行酯化。
粘结剂也可以具有锆,铝,铈,钛和/或其它的过渡金属的前体。附加地或备选地,可以使用尤其是由Al203,Zr02和/或Ti02,制成的金属氧化物-纳米颗粒,和/或无机的纳米颗粒。硅酸,尤其是致热性硅酸,也可以是粘结剂的组成部分。前述的硅烷,尤其是烷氧基硅烷,与水反应生成硅酸,它本身接着凝结成由金属氧化物(在此处:Si02)构成的3D网络。接着,主要是除去挥发性反应物。也为对水敏感的磁性材料准备好这样的前体,该前体在不添加水情况下可以聚合成金属氧化物或金属氧化物基体。其中包括金属卤化物(例如1-,2-或3-氯甲基硅烷)与金属氧化物(Metallaloxiden)(例如四乙氧基硅烷(TEOS)的组合体或所有前面已述的变型)。金属卤化物比金属醇盐具有更强的反应性,因此在这种组合中,可以通过简单地提高磁性材料-粘结剂混合物的温度来启动聚合。这样,也形成3D-金属氧化物基体,它包围磁性材料并且化学地结合在磁性材料上。作为副产品只形成卤素烷烃,它们在制造磁体之后与可能存在的溶剂一起被去除掉。代替所述的元素锆,铝,铈,钛和另外的过渡金属,也可以使用这些元素的化合物作为前体。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,粘结剂和/或磁性材料被置于一种溶剂中。溶剂主要被设置用于简化对磁性材料和/或粘结剂的处理,尤其是实现磁体的形成。溶剂优选在硬化磁体期间被从磁体中析出。溶剂可以是水和/或醇类或具有水和/或醇。备选地或附加地,也可以使用质子惰性的溶剂。磁性材料和粘结剂被分散到该溶剂中。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,向粘结剂和磁性材料中供给添加剂,尤其是由纳米颗粒,聚合物溶液和/或硅酸组成的添加剂。即在形成磁体之前将添加剂加入到由磁性材料和粘结剂组成的混合物中。添加剂在此情况下可以具有纳米颗粒,聚合物溶液和/或硅酸。纳米颗粒例如是由金属氧化物制成的纳米颗粒,而聚合物溶液优选是有机聚合物溶液并且硅酸是热原(质)性的硅酸。如果设置了溶剂,那么添加剂也被分散到该溶剂中。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,磁性材料,粘结剂和/或溶剂被浇注到一个模具中,在该模具中实施所述硬化。磁体因此是模制件。在硬化期间将磁性材料以化学方式结合到金属氧化物上,而该金属氧化物形成金属氧化物基体。磁体由此可以以几乎任何形状简单地通过浇注到模子中进行制造。所述硬化在该模具中实施。在此情况下硬化在干燥过程和/或烧结过程之前或在其期间实施。在第一种情况下,金属氧化物例如先借助于溶胶-凝胶工艺制造并且接着实施干燥过程,以便从磁体中消除可能存在的溶剂。但是备选地,也可以规定,在与干燥过程和/或烧结过程同时地实施硬化,尤其是当所述硬化是通过对磁体或磁性材料-粘结剂混合物施加热量实施时。也可以的是,通过直接地施加磁性材料和粘结剂,最好是溶解在溶剂中,而将磁性涂层施加到一个表面上。该涂层可以借助于常用的施加技术,如例如喷涂,浸入,滚涂,旋涂和类似方式进行涂覆,尤其也可以大面积地涂覆。备选地,可以选择地形成被分片的磁性表面,例如在使用掩膜情况下。
本发明的一种改进方案规定,磁体至少分区域地设置涂层,尤其是溶胶-凝胶涂层。磁体,其由磁性材料和与该磁性材料化学地连接的金属氧化物组成,非常好地适用于涂层的化学连接,尤其是当设置溶胶-凝胶涂层时。最好使用溶胶-凝胶漆,以便施加涂层。在此情况下使用功能性的溶胶-凝胶漆,以便产生附加的表面效果。这样可以进一步提高磁体的耐腐蚀性。但是原则上可以设置任何类型的涂层。
本发明此外涉及一种磁体,尤其是在使用前述方法下制造的磁体,其中,磁体至少由一种磁性材料和一种粘结剂形成并且接着被硬化。在此情况下规定,磁性材料被包围在一种在硬化期间产生的以化学方式结合到磁性材料上的金属氧化物里面。该磁体的特点在于,它在没有附加的涂层下就已经具有及其高的耐腐蚀性,尤其是在与燃料和其添加剂接触的情况下。由于这个原因,该磁体突出地适用于电机,尤其是电动机,例如作为燃料泵的部件。
一般地,该磁体可以应用于可能与燃料产生接触或者具有不能够或者只能够非常困难地制造出来的复杂的几何结构的任何磁性部件。
本发明此外涉及一种电机,尤其是电动机,包括至少一个磁体,尤其是按照前述设计方案和尤其是在使用按照前述设计方案的方法制造的电机,其中,磁体至少由一种磁性材料和一种粘结剂形成并且接着被硬化。在此情况下规定,磁性材料被包围到在硬化期间产生的、化学地结合到磁性材料上的金属氧化物里面。在硬化期间,由粘结剂产生所述金属氧化物。该金属氧化物与磁性材料连接并且形成一种金属氧化物基体(母体)。以这种方式,不仅保证了磁体的突出的形状稳定性,而且保证了好的耐腐蚀性。
本发明以下依据在附图中示出的实施例详细地说明,但不是对本发明进行限制。附图中所示:
图1是一个磁体的一种实施方式,
图2是磁体的第一制造步骤的示意图,
图3是磁体的另一个制造步骤的示意图,以及
图4是磁体的示意结构图,其中磁体由一种磁性材料和一种以化学方式粘结在该磁性材料上的金属氧化物构成。
图1显示了磁体1,它固定在由金属制成的轴2上。优选将磁体1浇铸在轴2上并且由此固定在轴上。磁体1由磁性材料3(在此处没有示出)和粘结剂4(在此处也没有示出)制成,它们被一起成型(模制成形)并且接着被硬化(时效硬化)。在硬化期间由粘结剂产生一种金属氧化物,该金属氧化物被化学地结合到磁性材料上并且形成一种金属氧化物基体,它包围住磁性材料。以这种方式保护磁体1的磁性材料3免受外部的影响,尤其是腐蚀影响。
图2显示了用于制造磁体1的第一制造步骤。磁性材料3,粘结剂4和一种或多种添加剂6被投入到一种溶剂5中进行分散,从而形成由磁性材料3,粘结剂4,溶剂5和添加剂6组成的均匀的分散体(弥散体)。分散体被作为溶胶在溶胶-凝胶工艺(法)中使用。在该过程中溶胶被胶化成凝胶7(“湿的凝胶”)。正常情况下由粘结剂4产生金属氧化物8。金属氧化物的金属此时例如是Si02,Zr02,Al203或类似物。金属氧化物8至少在硬化之后以化学方式结合到磁性材料3上。这种化合物9在图3中被突出并且在图4被放大地示出。
图4显示了由磁性材料3和金属氧化物8构成的化合物9的一个局部。在所示的示例中,金属氧化物8是Si02。水(H20)被作为溶剂5使用。但是,原则上硅可以用另外的金属例如锆或铝,替代。作为磁性材料优选使用稀土材料,例如Nd2Fe14B,即含有钕的材料。这种磁体1比由常规磁性材料,如例如铁或铁氧体(铁素体)制成的的磁体具有明显更大的工作能力。通过在磁性材料3和金属氧化物8之间的化学的结合,磁体1具有极高的耐腐蚀能力。有利地,由金属氧化物8形成的基体10附加地是不可渗透的,从而促进腐蚀的介质至少被部分地阻止渗透到基体10中。
优选将磁体1作为模制件进行浇铸,其中,这在一个模具中实施,在该模具中也实施硬化。备选地,磁性材料3和粘结剂4,尤其是在投入到溶剂5之后,可以直接地施加到一个表面上,以便制造一个磁性的涂层。也可以的是,在涂覆期间使用掩膜技术,例如为了选择地制造分片的磁性表面。

Claims (10)

1. 用于制造磁体(1)的方法,其中,磁体(1)至少由一种磁性材料(3)和一种粘结剂(4)形成并且接着被硬化,其特征在于,在硬化期间由粘结剂(4)产生一种化学地结合在磁性材料(3)上的金属氧化物(8)。
2. 按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,金属氧化物(8)在一种溶胶-凝胶工艺中产生。
3. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,作为磁性材料(3)使用至少一种稀土材料。
4. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,作为粘结剂(4)的组成部分,使用至少一种硅氧烷,硅烷,尤其是烷氧基硅烷或乙氧基硅烷,特别优选地是四乙氧基硅烷,金属卤化物,金属醇盐和/或金属氧化物-纳米颗粒。
5. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,粘结剂(4)和/或磁性材料(3)被置于一种溶剂(5)中。
6. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,对粘结剂(4)和磁性材料(3)施加添加剂(6),该添加剂尤其是由纳米颗粒,聚合物溶液和/或硅酸构成的。
7. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,磁性材料(3),粘结剂(4)和/或溶剂(5)被浇铸在一个模具中,所述硬化在该模具中实施。
8. 按照前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,磁体(1)至少被局部地施加一种涂层,尤其是溶胶-凝胶涂层。
9. 磁体(1),其尤其是在使用按照前述权利要求中的一项或多项所述的方法下制造,其中,磁体(1)至少由一种磁性材料(3)和一种粘结剂(4)形成并且接着被硬化,其特征在于,磁性材料被包围在一种在所述硬化期间产生的、化学地结合在磁性材料(3)上的金属氧化物(8)中。
10. 电机,尤其是电动机,包括至少一个磁体(1),尤其是按照权利要求9所述的并且尤其是在使用按照权利要求1至8中的一项或多项所述的方法下制造的磁体,其中,磁体(1)至少由一种磁性材料(3)和一种粘结剂(4)形成并且接着被硬化,其特征在于,所述磁性材料被包围在一种在所述硬化期间产生的、化学地结合在磁性材料上的金属氧化物(8)中。
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