CN102666814A - 具有改进流动性能的多功能添加剂 - Google Patents
具有改进流动性能的多功能添加剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102666814A CN102666814A CN2010800536536A CN201080053653A CN102666814A CN 102666814 A CN102666814 A CN 102666814A CN 2010800536536 A CN2010800536536 A CN 2010800536536A CN 201080053653 A CN201080053653 A CN 201080053653A CN 102666814 A CN102666814 A CN 102666814A
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Classifications
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- C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
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Abstract
本发明的主题是用于中间馏分的低温添加剂,其含有A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯的缩聚来制备,其中,所述梳状聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和C)至少一种有机溶剂。
Description
本发明涉及用于在低温下具有改进的可操作性的中间馏分的低温添加剂,以及其用于改进中间馏分的低温性能和润滑效果的用途,以及相应的中间馏分。
随着世界石油储备下降,开采并加工越来越重质的且由此越来越富含石蜡的原油,其因此也导致更加富含石蜡的燃油。尤其在原油和中间馏分,诸如汽油、柴油和重油中包含的石蜡可以在油温降低时结晶析出并在夹杂油的情况下凝聚。由于这样的结晶和凝聚,特别是在冬季在发动机和燃烧装置中可能发生过滤器的堵塞,由此阻碍燃料的可靠计量并有时出现动力燃料供给或生热燃料供给的完全中断。在此通常在油中0.1至0.3重量%的结晶析出的石蜡就已经足以堵塞燃料滤清器。此外,石蜡问题由于出于环境保护的原因为了降低硫含量而要进行的燃油的氢化脱硫而加剧,脱硫导致低温临界的石蜡的份额升高并导致燃油中改善石蜡溶解性的单环和多环芳族化合物的份额降低。
为了改进低温流动性能,经常向中间馏分中添加化学添加剂,即所谓的低温流动改进剂或者流动改进剂,其改变析出的石蜡的晶体结构和凝聚倾向,从而在通常比未添加的油的情况下低多于20℃的温度下还能够泵送或使用这样添加的油。作为低温流动改进剂,通常使用由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的油溶性共聚物。
因此例如根据DE-A-1147799向具有介于约120和400℃之间的沸腾范围的石油馏分燃料添加具有介于约1,000和3,000之间的分子量的由乙烯和乙酸乙烯酯形成的油溶性共聚物。优选的是含有约60至99重量%的乙烯和约1至40重量%乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。
对于给具有高含量的尤其是长链石蜡的中间馏分加添加剂而言,经常将这样的由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的共聚物与梳状聚合物一起使用。梳状聚合物应理解为支化的大分子的特别形式,所述大分子在线型主链上以或多或少的规则的间隔带有更长的、彼此或多或少相等长度的烷基侧链。经常在联合使用由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的共聚物与梳状聚合物时报道作为低温添加剂的协同增效作用,所述增效作用据推测是基于这些梳状聚合物使石蜡结晶成核的功能。这尤其发生在使用具有非常长的侧链的梳状聚合物时。
US-3 447 916公开了用于降低烃油倾点的由烯基丁二酸酐、多元醇和脂肪酸形成的缩聚物。在这些聚合物中,多元醇的羟基基本上完全被酯化。该文献未给出与另外的添加剂一起使用的暗示。
DE-A-19 20 849公开了用于降低烃油倾点的由烯基丁二酸酐、具有至少4个OH-基团的多元醇和脂肪酸形成的缩聚物。优选如此选择用于缩合的反应物的化学计量,使得OH-基团和羧基的摩尔数相等,也就是基本上发生完全的酯化。由于使用多元醇,这样的聚合物根据该公开文本的说明显示出比US-3447916的添加剂更优越的效果。该文献也没有给出与另外的添加剂一起使用的暗示。
DE-A-24 51 047公开了轻质、低粘度馏分燃油,其不含残留物并且添加了乙烯共聚物以及具有C18-C44-侧链的梳状聚合物。作为梳状聚合物尤其使用由具有C16-C44-烷/烯基的烷/烯基丁二酸酐、具有2-6个OH-基团的多元醇和C20-C44-单羧酸形成的聚酯。聚酯的三种组分优选以等摩尔量缩合,从而发生OH-基团以及COOH-基团的基本上完全的酯化。示例性地展示(聚合物G)的是由等摩尔量的C22-C28-烯基丁二酸酐、三羟甲基丙烷和C20-22-脂肪酸形成的缩聚物。
US-A-2008/0295397公开了用于降低柴油倾点的添加剂,所述柴油含有聚甘油酯和任选的另外的倾点下降剂,例如乙烯-乙烯基酯共聚物。甘油的羟基可以完全或部分地酯化。这类多元醇偏酯具有显著的乳化性质并因此在动力燃料中是不期望的。
为了改进中间馏分的低温性能而使用的由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的共聚物和梳状聚合物的添加剂组合而言,为了改进它们的可操作性,通常以在有机溶剂中的浓缩物形式使用。在此尤其对于在偏远的地区(在所述地区经常不存在加热添加剂浓缩物的可能性)使用这样的添加剂浓缩物而言重要的是,它们在尽可能低的温度下保持可流动并且可混合到同样冷的燃油中。浓缩物中的活性物质浓度同时还应当尽可能高,以使得待输送和待储存的添加剂浓缩物的体积保持尽可能小。
现有技术的通过缩聚制备的梳状聚合物作为在有机溶剂中以及在与由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的共聚物在有机溶剂中的共混物中的浓缩物经常显示出相对高的有时超过20℃的固有凝固点。然而在加油站以及在偏远地区,例如在山脉中或在北极地区经常不可能加热储存添加剂浓缩物。添加剂的稀释出于物流原因是不期望的,因为这样极大地增加了待运输和待储存的体积。
因此,存在对高效且即使在低环境温度下也可顺利操作的用于中间馏分的低温添加剂的需求,所述添加剂以尽可能低的剂量添加率改进所述中间馏分的低温流动性能。这样的添加剂即使在低温下也应当是可流动的并易溶于待添加的中间馏分中。此外,它们不应当或者至少尽可能小地损害添加后的中间馏分的可滤过性。此外,它们尤其应当在低硫或无硫的中间馏分中改进润滑性能。
令人惊讶地发现,含有由乙烯和不饱和酯形成的共聚物以及特别的由带有直链C16-C40-烷基或C16-C40-烯基的二羧酸或二羧酸酐和具有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇缩聚制备的聚酯在有机溶剂中的溶液的添加剂组合,即使在低于10℃,经常在低于0℃,有时在低于-10℃,例如在低于-20℃的低温下,以浓缩的形式能够流动并可良好地溶于中间馏分中。此外,它们作为低温流动改进剂具有出色的性能而不损害与添加它们的油的可滤过性。在合成这样的缩聚物时,尽管放弃现有技术中通常对于酯化而额外使用的脂肪酸,令人惊讶地不形成或仅以对于使用而言微不足道的规模形成交联的、高分子量的结构,所述结构在添加后的油中导致可滤过性的损害。此外,这样的添加剂组合能够改进低硫的油的润滑性能。
本发明的主题是用于中间馏分的低温添加剂,其含有
A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯缩聚制备,其中,所述聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,
B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和
C)至少一种有机溶剂。
本发明的另一主题是用于改进燃油的低温流动性的方法,通过向中间馏分添加添加剂,所述添加剂含有
A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯缩聚制备,其中,所述聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,
B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和
C)至少一种有机溶剂。
本发明的另一主题是用于改进燃油的润滑性能的方法,通过向具有低于0.05重量%的硫含量的中间馏分添加添加剂,所述添加剂含有
A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯缩聚制备,其中,所述聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,
B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和
C)至少一种有机溶剂。
本发明的另一主题是燃油,其含有中间馏分和低温添加剂,所述低温添加剂包含
A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯缩聚制备,其中,所述聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,
B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和
C)至少一种有机溶剂。
带有羟基的梳状聚合物A通常通过带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基(以下也总称为C16-至C40-烷/烯基)的二羧酸与多元醇的伯羟基缩聚而获得。优选的是仲OH-基基本上保持未酯化。因此,带有羟基的梳状聚合物A的优选的结构可以例如相应于式A1所示:
其中
基团R1至R4之一表示直链的C16-C40-烷基或烯基,和
其余的基团R1至R4彼此独立地表示氢或具有1至3个C-原子的烷基,
R5表示C-C-键或具有1至6个C-原子的亚烷基,
R16表示带有至少一个羟基的具有3至10个碳原子的烃基,
n 表示1至100的数,
m 表示3至250的数,
p 表示0或1,和
q 表示0或1;
优选的、对于制备带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)合适的带有C16-C40-烷基和/或烯基的二羧酸相应于通式1
其中,
基团R1至R4之一表示直链的C16-C40-烷基或烯基,和
其余的基团R1至R4彼此独立地表示氢或具有1至3个C-原子的烷基,和
R5表示C-C-键或具有1至6个C-原子的亚烷基。
特别优选地,基团R1至R4之一表示直链的C16-C40-烷基或烯基,一个表示甲基和其余的表示氢。在一特别的实施方式中,基团R1至R4之一表示直链C16-C40-烷基或烯基和其余的表示氢。在一特别优选的实施方式中,R5表示C-C-单键。尤其是基团R1至R4之一表示直链C16-C40-烷基或烯基,其余的基团R1至R4表示氢和R5表示C-C-单键。
带有烷基和/或烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐的制备可以按照已知的方法进行。因此它们可以例如通过加热烯属不饱和二羧酸与烯烃(“烯反应”)或与氯代烷烃来制备。优选的是烯烃在烯属不饱和二羧酸上的热加成,其通常在介于100和250℃之间的温度下进行。可以将在此产生的带有烯基的二羧酸和二羧酸酐氢化成带有烷基的二羧酸和二羧酸酐。对于与烯烃反应而言优选的二羧酸及其酸酐是马来酸且特别优选地是马来酸酐。此外合适的是衣康酸、柠康酸及其酸酐以及上述酸的酯,尤其是与低级C1-C8-醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇和丁醇的酯。
对于制备带有烷基的二羧酸或其酸酐而言优选使用具有16至40个C-原子且特别使用具有18至36个C-原子,例如具有19至32个C-原子的直链烯烃。在一特别优选的实施方式中,使用具有不同链长的烯烃的混合物。优选使用烯烃的混合物且尤其是具有18至36个C-原子的α-烯烃的混合物,例如在C20-C22、C20-C24、C24-C28、C26-C28、C30-C36范围内的混合物。这样的烯烃也可以含有次要份额的较短链和/或较长链的烯烃,然而优选不多于10重量%且尤其是不多于0.1至5重量%。优选的烯烃具有直链或至少主要是直链的烷基链。直链或主要是直链的应理解为至少50重量%,优选70至99重量%,尤其是75至95重量%,例如80至90重量%的烯烃包含具有16至40个C-原子的直链部分。优选适合作为烯烃的是工业烯烃混合物。它们含有优选至少50重量%,特别优选60至99重量%,且尤其是70至95重量%,例如75至90重量%的末端双键(α-烯烃)。此外,它们可以含有多达50重量%,优选1至40重量%且尤其是5至30重量%,例如10至25重量%的具有内双键,例如具有结构单元R17-CH=C(CH3)2的亚乙烯双键的烯烃,其中R17表示具有12至36个C-原子且特别是具有14至32个C-原子,例如具有15至28个C-原子的烷基。此外,可以存在次要量的由技术上决定的副组分,例如石蜡,然而优选不多于5重量%。特别优选的是烯烃混合物,其含有至少75重量%的具有在C20至C24范围内的C-链长度的直链α-烯烃。
优选的带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)可通过带有直链C16-C40-烷基或烯基的烷基丁二酸或烯基丁二酸和/或其酸酐与带有两个伯羟基和至少一个仲羟基的多元醇反应来制备。
优选的多元醇是甘油、聚甘油及其混合物。聚(甘油)应理解为尤其可通过缩聚衍生自甘油的结构。根据本发明优选的聚(甘油)的缩合度为介于2和50之间,特别优选介于3和25之间,且尤其是介于4和20之间,例如介于5和15之间。聚(甘油)的制备是现有技术中已知的。其例如可以经2,3-环氧-1-丙醇(缩水甘油)在甘油上加成来进行。此外,聚(甘油)的制备可以通过本身已知的甘油缩聚来进行。在缩聚时反应温度通常为介于150和300℃之间,优选介于200和250℃之间。缩聚通常在大气压下进行。催化的酸的例子是HCl、H2SO4、有机磺酸或H3PO4,碱的例子是NaOH或KOH。基于反应混合物的重量计,优选将催化剂以0.01至10重量%,特别优选0.1至5重量%的量添加至反应混合物。缩聚可以无溶剂地以及在溶剂存在下进行。如果缩聚在溶剂存在下进行,则其在反应混合物中份额优选为0.1至70重量%,例如10至60重量%。优选的溶剂是也作为组分C)用于添加剂混合物的溶剂。缩聚通常需要3至10小时。
带有烷基的二羧酸、其酸酐或者它们的酯与多元醇的反应优选以1∶2至2∶1的摩尔比,特别优选以1∶1.5至1.5∶1的摩尔比,且特别是以1∶1.2至1.2∶1的摩尔比,例如等摩尔进行。特别优选采用过量的多元醇进行反应。在此已证明特别有效的是基于使用的二羧酸的量计,1至10摩尔%且特别是1.5至5摩尔%的摩尔过量。缩合优选通过将C16-C40-烷基或烯基取代的二羧酸或其酸酐或酯与多元醇加热至高于100℃的温度且优选至介于120和320℃之间的温度,例如至介于150和290℃之间的温度来进行。为了调节对效果而言重要的梳状聚合物A)的分子量,通常需要除去反应的水或醇,这例如可以通过蒸馏分离来进行。对此合适的还有借助于合适的有机溶剂的共沸分离。为了加速缩聚通常证明有效的是向反应混合物添加催化剂。在此适合作为催化剂的是已知的酸性、碱性以及金属有机化合物。
在一优选的实施方式中,为了调节分子量,在反应混合物中将次要量的带有烷/烯基的二羧酸、其酸酐或它们的酯用C1至C18-单羧酸,优选C2至C16-单羧酸且特别是C3至C14-单羧酸,例如C4至C12-单羧酸替换。然而,在此将最高20摩尔%,且优选0.1至10摩尔%,例如0.5至5摩尔%的带有烷/烯基的二羧酸、其酸酐或它们的酯用一种或多种单羧酸替换。此外,也可以将次要量,例如多达10摩尔%,且尤其是0.01至5摩尔%的烷/烯基丁二酸或且酸酐用另外的二羧酸,例如丁二酸、戊二酸、马来酸和/或富马酸替换。特别优选地,在不存在单羧酸下制备带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)。
在另一优选的实施方式中,在反应混合物中为了调节分子量,将次要量的多元醇用C1至C30一元醇,优选C2至C24一元醇,且特别是C3至C18一元醇,例如C4至C12一元醇替换。在此优选地,将最高20摩尔%,特别优选0.1至10摩尔%,例如0.5至5摩尔%的多元醇用一种或多种一元醇替换。特别优选地,在不存在一元醇的情况下制备带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)。此外还可以将带有两个伯羟基和至少一个仲羟基的多元醇以多达10摩尔%,例如0.01至5摩尔%的次要量用一种或多种二醇替换。在此优选的是二醇,例如乙二醇、丙二醇和/或新戊二醇。特别优选在不存在二醇下制备带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)。
根据本发明的带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)的平均缩合度为优选介于4和200之间,特别优选介于5和150之间,且特别是介于7和100之间,例如介于10和50之间的由二羧酸和多元醇形成的重复单元。借助于GPC在THF中相对于聚乙二醇标样测定的带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)的重均分子量Mw为优选介于1,500和100,000g/mol之间,且尤其是介于2,500和50,000g/mol之间,例如介于4,000和20,000g/mol之间。
优选地,带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)的酸值小于40mg KOH/g,且特别优选小于30mg KOH/g,例如小于20mg KOH/g。酸值可以例如通过采用四正丁基氢氧化铵在二甲苯/异丙醇中的醇溶液滴定聚合物来测定。此外,带有羟基的梳状聚合物A)的羟值优选为介于45和500mgKOH/g之间,特别优选低于介于50和300mg KOH/g之间,且尤其是介于60和250mg KOH/g之间。羟值可以在游离OH-基团与异氰酸酯反应之后借助于1H-NMR-光谱通过定量测定形成的氨基甲酸乙酯来确定。
优选的由乙烯和烯属不饱和酯B)形成的共聚物尤其是除乙烯以外含有8至21摩尔%且尤其是10至19摩尔%的烯属不饱和酯作为共聚单体的那些。
烯属不饱和酯优选是乙烯酯、丙烯酸酯和/或甲基丙烯酸酯。在聚合物中可以含有一种或多种酯作为共聚单体。
乙烯酯优选是式2的那些
CH2=CH-OCOR12 (2)
其中R12是指C1至C30-烷基,优选C1至C16-烷基,特别是C1至C12-烷基。在另一实施方式中,上述烷基可以被一个或多个羟基取代。
特别优选的乙烯酯衍生自仲羧酸且尤其是叔羧酸,其支链位于羰基的α-位。在这样的乙烯酯的情况下,R12优选表示C4至C16-烷基且特别是表示C6至C12-烷基。在另一优选的实施方式中,R12表示具有7至11个碳原子,尤其是具有8、9或10个碳原子的支化的烷基或新烷基。合适的乙烯酯包括乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、丁酸乙烯酯、异丁酸乙烯酯、己酸乙烯酯、庚酸乙烯酯、辛酸乙烯酯、特戊酸乙烯酯、2-乙基己酸乙烯酯、月桂酸乙烯酯、硬脂酸乙烯酯以及支链烷烃羧酸酯,诸如新壬酸乙烯酯、新癸酸乙烯酯、新十一酸乙烯酯。
在另一优选的实施方式中,这样的乙烯共聚物含有乙酸乙烯酯和至少一种另外的式2的乙烯酯,其中R12表示C4-至C30-烷基,优选C4至C16-烷基,特别是C6-至C12-烷基。特别优选另外的乙烯酯在α-位支化。
丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯(以下总称为(甲基)丙烯酸酯)优选是式3的那些
CH2=CR13-COOR14 (3)
其中,
R13是指氢或甲基,和
R14是指C1至C30-烷基,优选C4-至C16-烷基,特别是C6-至C12-烷基。
合适的丙烯酸酯例如包括(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸正丁酯和(甲基)丙烯酸异丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸辛酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、(甲基)丙烯酸癸酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十二烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十四烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十六烷基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸十八烷基酯以及这些共聚单体的混合物。在另一实施方式中,上述烷基可以被一个或多个羟基取代。这样的丙烯酸酯的实例是甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯。
共聚物B)除烯属不饱和酯以外还可以含有另外的烯属不饱和化合物作为共聚单体。优选的这类共聚单体是烷基乙烯基醚和烯烃。
烷基乙烯基醚优选是式4的化合物
CH2=CH-OR15 (4)
其中R15是指C1至C30-烷基,优选C4-至C16-烷基,特别是C6-至C12-烷基。例如可列举甲基乙烯基醚、乙基乙烯基醚、异丁基乙烯基醚。在另一实施方式中,上述烷基可以被一个或多个羟基取代。
烯烃优选是具有3至30个碳原子,尤其是4至16个碳原子,且特别是5至12个碳原子的一元不饱和烃。合适的烯烃包括丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、戊烯、己烯、4-甲基戊烯、辛烯、二异丁烯以及降冰片烯及其衍生物,诸如甲基降冰片烯和乙烯基降冰片烯。在另一实施方式中,上述烷基可以被一个或多个羟基取代。
特别优选的是三元共聚物,其除乙烯以外含有3.5至20摩尔%,尤其是8至15摩尔%的乙酸乙烯酯和0.1至12摩尔%,尤其是0.2至5摩尔%的至少一种更长链的且优选支化的乙烯酯,例如2-乙基己酸乙烯酯、新壬酸乙烯酯或新癸酸乙烯酯,其中三元共聚物的总共聚单体含量为优选介于8.1和21摩尔%之间,尤其是介于8.2和19摩尔%之间,例如介于12和18摩尔%之间。另外的特别优选的共聚物除乙烯和8至18摩尔%的C2-至C12-羧酸的乙烯酯以外还含有0.5至10摩尔%的烯烃,诸如丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、己烯、4-甲基戊烯、辛烯、二异丁烯和/或降冰片烯,其中总共聚单体含量为优选介于8.5和21摩尔%之间,且尤其是介于9.0和19摩尔%之间。
优选地,这样的乙烯共聚物和三元共聚物具有在140℃下最高5,000mPas,特别优选20至2,500mPas,尤其是30至1,000mPas,特别是50至500mPas的熔体粘度。借助于1H-NMR-光谱测定的支化度为优选介于1和9个CH3/100个CH2-基团之间,尤其是介于2和6个CH3/100个CH2-基团之间,所述基团不来源于共聚单体。
优选使用由两种或多种上述乙烯共聚物组成的混合物。在此特别优选地,作为混合物基础的聚合物在至少一种特征上有区别。例如它们可以含有不同的共聚单体,具有不同的共聚单体含量、分子量和/或支化度。因此经证明特别有效的是例如具有不同共聚单体含量的乙烯共聚物的混合物,其共聚单体含量约至少2摩尔%,且尤其是大于3摩尔%不同。
根据本发明的低温添加剂优选含有25至95重量%且优选28至80重量%,例如35至70重量%的至少一种有机溶剂C)。优选的溶剂是高沸点、低粘度的有机溶剂。这样的溶剂优选仅含有次要量的杂原子且特别是它们仅由烃组成。此外优选地,它们在20℃测定的运动粘度低于10mm2/s,且尤其是低于6mm2/s。特别优选的溶剂是脂族和芳族烃及其混合物。作为溶剂优选的脂族烃具有9至20个C-原子且尤其是10至16个C-原子。它们可以是直链、支链和/或环状的。它们进一步可以是饱和的或不饱和的,优选是饱和的或至少最大程度上是饱和的。作为溶剂优选的芳族烃具有7至20个C-原子,且尤其是8至16个,例如9至13个C-原子。优选的芳族烃是单环、双环、三环和多环芳烃。在一优选的实施方式中,其带有一个或多个,例如2、3、4、5或更多个取代基。在多个取代基的情况下,所述取代基可以相同或不同。优选的取代基是具有1至20个,且尤其是具有1至5个C-原子的烷基,例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、异戊基、叔戊基和新戊基。合适的芳烃的实例是烷基苯和烷基萘。因此特别合适的是例如脂族和/或芳族烃或烃混合物,例如石油馏分、煤油、癸烷、十五烷、甲苯、二甲苯、乙苯或市售溶剂混合物,诸如溶剂油、AB、150、200、 -和D-型。给定的溶剂混合物含有不同量的脂族和/或芳族烃。任选地,溶剂C)也可以含有极性增溶剂,例如醇、有机酸、醚和/或有机酸的酯。优选的增溶剂具有4至24个C-原子,特别优选6至18个C-原子,且尤其是8至16个C-原子。合适的增溶剂的实例是丁醇、2-乙基己醇、癸醇、异癸醇、异十三醇、壬基酚、苯甲酸、油酸、己醚、辛醚、2-乙基己酸-丁酸酯(2--butyrat)、辛酸乙酯、己酸乙酯、2-乙基己基酸丁酯和丁酸2-乙基己酯以及更高级的醚和/或更高级的酯,例如二(2-乙基己基)醚、2-乙基己基酸-2-乙基己酯和硬脂酸2-乙基己酯。极性增溶剂在溶剂C)中的份额为优选5至80重量%且尤其是10至65重量%。除基于矿物油的溶剂以外,基于可再生原料的溶剂,例如基于植物油的生物柴油和由此衍生的甲酯,尤其是菜籽油酸甲酯以及例如由Fischer-Tropsch法获得的合成烃也适合作为溶剂C)。上述溶剂的混合物也是合适的。
根据本发明的低温添加剂优选含有1.5至73.5,尤其是15至70,且特别是25至60重量%的成分B)。
根据本发明的低温添加剂优选含有0.1至50,尤其是0.5至30,且特别是1至20重量%的成分A)。
根据本发明的低温添加剂优选以0.001至1.0重量%,特别优选0.002至0.5重量%,例如0.005至0.2重量%的量添加到中间馏分中。
根据本发明的低温添加剂可以与一种或多种另外的低温流动改进剂一起使用。优选地,它们与一种或多种低温流动改进剂III)至VII)共同使用:
适合作为另外的低温流动改进剂的是油溶性极性含氮化合物(成分III)。在此优选是脂肪胺与含有酰基的化合物的反应产物。优选的胺是式NR6R7R8的化合物,其中,R6、R7和R8可以相同或不同,和这些基团的最少一个表示C8-C36-烷基、C6-C36-环烷基、C8-C36-烯基,尤其是C12-C24-烷基、C12-C24-烯基或环己基,和其余基团表示氢、C1-C36-烷基、C2-C36-烯基、环己基或式-(A-O)x-E或-(CH2)k-NYZ的基团,其中A表示乙基或丙基,x表示1至50的数,E=H、C1-C30-烷基、C5-C12-环烷基或C6-C30-芳基,和k=2、3或4,和Y和Z彼此独立地表示氢、C1-C30-烷基、或-(A-O)x。烷基和烯基可以是直链或支链的和含有多达两个双键。它们优选是直链的和最大程度上饱和的,即它们具有小于75gl2/g,优选小于60gl2/g,且尤其是介于1和10gl2/g之间的碘值。特别优选的是仲胺,其中基团R6、R7和R8的两个表示C8-C36-烷基、C6-C36-环烷基、C8-C36-烯基,尤其是C12-C24-烷基、C12-C24-烯基或环己基和第三个表示氢。合适的脂肪胺是例如辛胺、癸胺、十二烷基胺、十四烷基胺、十六烷基胺、十八烷基胺、二十烷基胺、二十二烷基胺、二癸胺、二(十二烷基)胺、二(十四烷基)胺、二(十六烷基)胺、二(十八烷基)胺、二(二十烷基)胺、二(二十二烷基)胺及其混合物。特别是胺含有基于天然原料,例如椰子脂肪胺、牛油脂肪胺、氢化牛油脂肪胺、二椰子脂肪胺、二牛油脂肪胺、二(氢化牛油脂肪胺)的链节。特别优选的胺衍生物是胺盐、亚胺和/或酰胺,例如脂肪仲胺的,尤其是二椰子脂肪胺、二牛油脂肪胺和二硬脂基胺的酰胺-铵盐。
在此,酰基应理解为下式的官能团:
>C=O
为了与胺反应,合适的羰基化合物既有单体型也有聚合物型具有一个或多个羧基的化合物。在单体型羰基化合物的情况下,优选的是具有2、3或4个羰基的那些。它们也可以含有杂原子,诸如氧、硫和氮。合适的羧酸是例如马来酸、富马酸、巴豆酸、衣康酸、丁二酸、C1-C40-烷/烯基丁二酸、肥酸、戊二酸、癸二酸、和丙二酸以及苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、偏苯三酸和均苯四甲酸、次氮基三乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸及其活性衍生物,例如酯、酸酐和酸卤化物。尤其是烯属不饱和酸,例如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、马来酸、富马酸和衣康酸的共聚物经证实是聚合物型羰基化合物,特别优选是马来酸酐的共聚物。适合作为共聚单体的是赋予共聚物油溶性的那些。“油溶”在此理解为共聚物在与脂肪胺反应之后以实践相关的剂量率无残留地溶于待添加的中间馏分中。合适的共聚单体是例如烯烃;丙烯酸和甲基丙烯酸的烷基酯;在烷基中各具有2至75个,优选4至40个且尤其是8至20个碳原子的烷基乙烯酯和烷基乙烯醚。在烯烃的情况下,碳数涉及在双键上连接的烷基。聚合物型羰基化合物的分子量优选介于400和20,000之间,特别优选介于500和10,000之间,例如介于1,000和5,000之间。
经证明特别有效的是油溶的极性含氮化合物,所述化合物通过脂族或芳族胺,优选长链脂族胺与脂族或芳族单羧酸、二羧酸、三羧酸或四羧酸或其酸酐反应而获得(对照US-4 211 534)。同样适合作为油溶的极性含氮化合物的是酰胺和氨基亚烷基多羧酸,诸如次氮基三乙酸或乙二胺四乙酸与仲胺的铵盐(对照EP-A-0 398 101)。另外的油溶的极性含氮化合物是马来酸酐与α,β-不饱和化合物的共聚物,所述不饱和化合物可以任选地与单烷基伯胺和/或脂族醇反应(对照EP-A-0 154 177、EP-A-0 777 712);烯基螺双内酯与胺的反应产物(EP-A-0 413 279 B1)和根据EP-A-0 606 055 A2的基于α,β-不饱和二羧酸酐、α,β-不饱和化合物和低级不饱和醇的聚氧烯醚的三聚体的反应产物。
根据本发明的低温添加剂A)和作为成分III的油溶的极性含氮化合物之间的混合比例可以根据使用情况变化。优选地,这类添加剂混合物基于活性物质计,每重量份由A)和B)组成的添加剂组合物含有0.1至10重量份,优选0.2至5重量份的至少一种油溶的极性含氮化合物(成分III)。
另外的优选的其它低温流动改进剂是由带有烷基的酚衍生物和作为成分IV的醛形成的树脂。在本发明一优选的实施方式中,在此是含有具有下式的重复结构单元的低聚物或聚合物的酚醛树脂
其中R11表示C1-C200-烷基或C1-C200-烯基,O-R10或O-C(O)-R10,R10表示C1-C200-烷基或C1-C200-烯基和h表示2至100的数。R10优选表示C1-C20-烷基或C1-C20-烯基且尤其表示C4-C16-烷基或C4-C16-烯基,例如表示C6-C12-烷基或C6-C12-烯基。特别优选地,R11表示C1-C20-烷基或C1-C20-烯基且尤其表示C4-C16-烷基或C4-C16-烯基,例如表示C6-C12-烷基或C6-C12-烯基。优选地,h表示2至50的数且特别是表示3至25的数,例如5至15的数。
在一特别优选的实施方式中,成分IV是衍生自在OH-基团的邻位和/或对位具有一个或两个烷基的烷基酚的那些树脂。在此特别优选作为起始物的是在芳烃上带有至少两个能够与醛缩合的氢原子的烷基酚,且尤其是单烷基化的酚。特别优选地,烷基位于酚OH-基团的对位。烷基(在此对于成分IV而言通常理解为根据以下定义的烃基)在其在根据本发明的方法可使用的烷基酚醛树脂的情况下可以相同或不同,它们可以是饱和的或不饱和的且具有1-200,优选1-20,尤其是4-16,例如6-12个碳原子;优选是正丁基、异丁基和叔丁基、正戊基和异戊基、正己基和异己基、正辛基和异辛基、正壬基和异壬基、正癸基和异癸基、正十二烷基和异十二烷基、十四烷基、十六烷基、十八烷基、三丙烯基、四丙烯基、聚(丙烯基)和聚(异丁烯基)。在一优选的实施方式中,为制备烷基酚树脂使用具有不同烷基的烷基酚的混合物。因此经证实特别合适的是例如基于一方面是丁基酚和另一方面是辛基酚、壬基酚和/或十二烷基酚以1∶10至10∶1的摩尔比的树脂。
适合作为成分IV的树脂也可以含有另外的酚类似物,诸如水杨酸、羟基苯甲酸、氨基酚及其衍生物,诸如酯、酰胺和盐的结构单元或由它们组成。
用于制备树脂的合适的醛是具有1至12个碳原子的那些且优选具有1至4个碳原子的那些,例如甲醛、乙醛、丙醛、丁醛、2-乙基己醛、苯甲醛、乙醛酸及其活性等价物,诸如多聚甲醛和三聚甲醛。特别优选的是多聚甲醛形式的甲醛且尤其是福尔马林。
借助于凝胶渗透色谱相对于聚苯乙烯标样在THF中测定的合适的树脂的分子量优选为500-25,000g/mol,特别优选800-10,000g/mol,且特别是1,000-5,000g/mol,例如1,500-3,000g/mol。在此的先决条件是,树脂至少以0.001至1重量%的使用相关的浓度是油溶的。
这样的树脂根据已知的方法获得,例如通过相应的带有烷基的酚衍生物与甲醛缩合。
梳状聚合物也适合作为另外低温流动改进剂。这样的梳状聚合物(成分V)可以例如由下式描述
其中
A 表示R′、COOR′、OCOR′、R″-COOR′、OR′;
D 表示H、CH3、A或R″;
E 表示H、A;
G 表示H、R″、R″-COOR′、芳基或杂环基团;
M 表示H、COOR″、OCOR″、OR″、COOH;
N 表示H、R″、COOR″、OCOR、芳基;
R’表示具有8至50个碳原子的烃链;
R″表示具有1至10个碳原子的烃链;
a 表示介于0.4和1.0之间的数;和
b 表示介于0和0.6之间的数。
在此尤其是加成聚合物,其通过自由基聚合在单体之间形成C-C-连接而获得。合适的梳状聚合物是例如烯属不饱和二羧酸,诸如马来酸或富马酸与其它的烯属不饱和单体,诸如烯烃或乙烯酯,例如乙酸乙烯酯的共聚物。在此特别合适的烯烃是具有10至36个C-原子且特别是具有12至24个C-原子的α-烯烃,例如1-癸烯、1-十二烯、1-十四烯、1-十六烯、1-十八烯及其混合物。基于低聚的C2-C6-烯烃的更长链的烯烃,例如具有高份额的末端双键的聚(异丁烯)也适合作为共聚单体。通常将这样的共聚物的至少50%用具有10至22个C-原子的醇酯化。合适的醇包括正癸烷-1-醇、正十二烷-1-醇、正十四烷-1-醇、正十六烷-1-醇、正十八烷-1-醇、正二十烷-1-醇及其混合物。特别优选的是正十四烷-1-醇和正十六烷-1-醇组成的混合物。同样适合作为梳状聚合物的是聚(丙烯酸烷基酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸烷基酯)和衍生自具有12至20个C-原子的醇的聚(烷基乙烯基醚)以及衍生自具有12至20个C-原子的脂肪酸的聚(乙烯酯)。
同样适合作为低温流动改进剂的是具有2至30个C-原子的烯烃的均聚物和共聚物(成分VI)。它们可以直接衍生自单烯属不饱和单体或者间接地通过氢化聚合物来制备,所述聚合物衍生自多元不饱和单体,诸如异戊二烯或丁二烯。优选的共聚物除乙烯外含有衍生自具有3至24个C-原子的α-烯烃的结构单元并具有高达120,000g/mol的分子量。优选的α-烯烃是丙烯、丁烯、异丁烯、正己烯、异己烯、正辛烯、异辛烯、正癸烯、异癸烯。烯烃的共聚单体含量优选为介于15和50摩尔%之间,特别优选介于20和35摩尔%之间,且特别是介于30和45摩尔%之间。这样的共聚单体也可以含有少量,例如多达10摩尔%的另外的共聚单体,例如非末端烯烃或非共轭烯烃。特别优选的是乙烯-丙烯共聚物。此外优选的是具有5至30个C-原子的不同的烯烃的共聚物,例如共聚(己烯-癸烯)。烯烃均聚物和共聚物可以根据已知的方法制备,例如借助于Ziegler催化剂或茂金属催化剂。
另外的合适的烯烃聚合物是嵌段共聚物,其含有由烯属不饱和芳族单体A组成的段和由氢化的聚烯烃B组成的段。特别合适的是结构(AB)cA和(AB)d的嵌段共聚物,其中c是介于1和10之间的数和d是介于2和10之间的数。
同样适合作为低温流动改进剂的是油溶的聚氧亚烷基化合物(成分VII),例如多元醇的酯、醚和醚/酯,所述多元醇带有至少一个具有12至30个C-原子的烷基。在一优选的实施方式中,油溶的聚氧亚烷基化合物具有至少2个,例如3、4或5个脂族烃基。优选地,这样的基团彼此独立地具有16至26个C-原子,例如17至24个C-原子。优选地,油溶的聚氧亚烷基化合物的这样的基团是直链的。它们进一步优选最大程度上是饱和的,尤其在此是烷基。酯是特别优选的。
根据本发明特别合适的多元醇是聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚丁二醇及其具有约100至约5,000g/mol,优选200至2,000g/mol的分子量的共聚物。在一特别优选的实施方式中,油溶的聚氧亚烷基化合物衍生自具有3个或更多个OH-基团的多元醇,优选衍生自具有3个至约50个OH-基团,例如4至10个OH-基团的多元醇,尤其是衍生自新戊二醇、甘油、三羟甲基乙烷、三羟甲基丙烷、失水山梨醇、季戊四醇,以及由此通过缩合获得的具有2至10个单体单元的低聚物,例如聚甘油。如果它们的酯化或醚化的烷氧化物至少以应用相关的量是油溶的,则更高级的多元醇,例如山梨醇、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖及其低聚物,例如环糊精也适合作为多元醇。因此,优选的聚氧亚烷基化合物具有在其上连接多个赋予油溶性的烷基的支化的聚氧亚烷基核。
多元醇通常与3至70mol氧化烯烃,优选4至50,尤其是5至20mol氧化烯烃每多元醇羟基反应。优选的氧化烯烃是氧化乙烯、氧化丙烯和/或氧化丁烯。烷氧基化根据已知的方法来进行。
对于酯化烷氧基化的多元醇而言合适的脂肪酸优选具有12至30个且尤其是16至26个C-原子。合适的脂肪酸是例如月桂酸、十三酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五酸、棕榈酸、十七酸、硬脂酸、异硬脂酸、花生酸和二十二酸、油酸和芥子酸、棕榈油酸、肉豆蔻烯酸、蓖麻油酸以及由天然脂肪和油获得的脂肪酸混合物。优选的脂肪酸混合物含有多于50摩尔%的具有至少20个C-原子的脂肪酸。优选地,少于50摩尔%,尤其是少于10摩尔%的为了酯化而使用的脂肪酸含双键;它们特别是最大程度上饱和的。酯化也可以从脂肪酸的活性衍生物,诸如酯出发采用低级醇(例如甲酯或乙酯)或酸酐进行。
最大程度上饱和在本发明的意义上理解为高达5g I每100g脂肪酸或脂肪醇的所使用的脂肪酸或所使用的脂肪醇的碘值。
为了酯化,一方面基于羟基的含量计,一方面基于羧基的含量计,以1.5∶1至1∶1.5的比例使用多元醇和脂肪酸,优选以1.1∶1至1∶1.1的比例,且尤其是等摩尔。形成的酯的酸值通常低于15mg KOH/g,优选低于10mg KOH/g,特别是低于5mg KOH/g。酯的OH-值优选低于20mg KOH/g,且特别是低于10mg KOH/g。
在一特别优选的实施方式中,在烷氧基化多元醇之后将末端羟基例如通过氧化或通过与二羧酸反应转化为末端羧基。通过与具有8至50个,尤其是12至30个,特别是16至26个C-原子的脂肪醇反应同样获得根据本发明的聚氧亚烷基酯。优选的脂肪醇或脂肪醇混合物含有多于50摩尔%的具有至少20个C-原子的脂肪醇。优选地,少于50摩尔%,尤其是少于10摩尔%的为了酯化而使用的脂肪醇含有双键;它们特别是最大程度上饱和的。含有上述份额的聚(氧化烯烃)并且其脂肪醇和脂肪酸具有上述烷基链长和饱和度的烷氧基化的脂肪醇与脂肪酸的酯根据本发明也是合适的。
此外,可以将上述烷氧基化的多元醇通过采用具有8至50个,尤其是12至30个,特别是16至26个C-原子的脂肪醇醚化而转化为根据本发明适合的聚氧亚烷基化合物。对此优选的脂肪醇是直链的并且最大程度上饱和的。优选地,醚化完全地或至少最大程度上完全地进行。醚化根据已知的方法进行。
特别优选的聚氧亚烷基化合物衍生自具有3、4和5个OH-基团的多元醇,每个多元醇的羟基带有约5至10mol的衍生自氧化乙烯的结构单元且最大程度上完全地采用最大程度上饱和的C17-C24-脂肪酸酯化。另外的特别优选的聚氧亚烷基化合物是采用最大程度上饱和的C17-C24-脂肪酸酯化的具有约350至1,000g/mol的分子量的聚乙二醇。特别合适的聚氧亚烷基化合物的实例是采用硬脂酸且尤其是二十二酸酯化的具有介于350和800g/mo l之间的分子量的聚乙二醇;新戊二醇-14-氧化乙烯-二硬脂酸酯(采用14mol氧化乙烯烷氧基化并随后采用2mol硬脂酸酯化的新戊二醇),且尤其是新戊二醇-14-氧化乙烯-二(二十二酸酯);甘油-20-氧化乙烯-三硬脂酸酯、甘油-20-氧化乙烯-二(二十二酸酯),且尤其是甘油-20-氧化乙烯-三(二十二酸酯);三羟甲基丙烷-22-氧化乙烯-三(二十二酸酯);失水山梨醇-25-氧化乙烯-三硬脂酸酯、失水山梨醇-25-氧化乙烯-四硬脂酸酯、失水山梨醇-25-氧化乙烯-三(二十二酸酯),且尤其是失水山梨醇-25-氧化乙烯-四(二十二酸酯);季戊四醇-30-氧化乙烯-三(二十二酸酯)、季戊四醇-30-氧化乙烯-四硬脂酸酯,且尤其是季戊四醇-30-氧化乙烯-四(二十二酸酯)和季戊四醇-20-氧化乙烯-10-氧化丙烯-四(二十二酸酯)。
根据本发明的低温添加剂和另外的低温流动改进剂IV、V、VI和VII之间的混合比例按照重量基于(A+B)∶(IV、V、VI和VII)的重量计通常各自介于50∶1和1∶1之间,优选介于10∶1和2∶1之间。
根据本发明的低温添加剂尤其改进了这样的中间馏分的低温性能,所述中间馏分通过蒸馏原油而获得和在约150至410℃的范围内,且尤其在约170至380℃的范围内沸腾或主要由这些组成,例如煤油、喷气燃料、柴油和取暖油。中间馏分通常含有约5至50重量%,例如约10至35重量%的正构石蜡,其中更长链的在低温时结晶并且可以损害中间馏分的可流动性。特别有利的是根据本发明的低温添加剂在具有高含量的低温结晶的成分的中间馏分中,所述成分具有C-链长度为16和更多C-原子的正烷基链。这可以包括例如化石来源的正构石蜡以及通过氢化或者共氢化由动物和/或植物脂肪获得的正构石蜡以及饱和脂肪酸与低级醇,诸如甲醇或乙醇的酯。
根据本发明的低温添加剂尤其在中间馏分中采用多于4重量%且特别是采用6至20重量%,例如7至15重量%含量的这样的低温结晶的成分经证明特别有效。特别有利的是根据本发明的低温添加剂进一步在这样的油中,所述的油仅含有非常低的份额的非常长链的具有28个和更多C-原子的正构石蜡,所述石蜡起用于石蜡结晶的天然成核剂的作用。在此,经证实根据本发明的低温添加剂尤其在含有低于1重量%,且特别是低于0.5重量%,例如低于0.3重量%的具有28个和更多C-原子的长链正构石蜡的油中有效。根据本发明的低温添加剂尤其在的这样的油中特别有利,所述的油含有高含量的具有含16个和更多C-原子的烷基链的低温结晶的成分以及同时含有非常低份额的具有28和更多C-原子的非常长链的正构石蜡。正构石蜡和任选的另外的低温结晶组分,例如脂肪酸甲酯的含量通常借助气象色谱测定。特别有利的是根据本发明的组合物进一步在具有低终沸点的中间馏分中,即在具有90%的蒸馏点低于360℃,尤其是350℃且在特别的情况下低于340℃的中间馏分中和此外在具有低于120℃且尤其是低于110℃的介于20和90%之间的蒸馏体积的沸腾范围的中间馏分中。中间馏分也可以含有次要量的,例如多达40体积%,优选1至20体积%,特别是2至15,例如3至10体积%的进一步在下文详细描述的动物和/或植物来源的油,例如脂肪酸甲酯。优选地,中间馏分不含有来自矿物油蒸馏的残余物,例如来自常压蒸馏和/或真空蒸馏的残余物。
根据本发明的低温添加剂同样适合于改进基于可再生原料(生物燃料)的燃料的低温性能。生物燃料应理解为由动物且优选由植物原料或二者获得的油以及它的可用作燃料且尤其是用作柴油或取暖油的衍生物。在此尤其是具有10至24个C-原子的脂肪酸的甘油三酯以及由它们通过酯化可获得的低级醇,诸如甲醇和乙醇的脂肪酸酯。
合适的生物燃料的实例是菜籽油、芫荽油、大豆油、棉籽油、葵花油、蓖麻油、橄榄油、花生油、玉米油、杏仁油、棕榈仁油、椰子油、芥子油、牛油、骨油、鱼油和用过的食用油。另外的实例包括来源于小麦、黄麻、芝麻、牛油树果、花生油和亚麻油的油。也称为生物柴油的脂肪酸烷基酯可以根据现有技术中已知的方法衍生自这样的油。优选的是采用甘油酯化的脂肪酸的混合物的菜籽油,因为它可以大量获得并且以简单的方式通过压榨油菜籽而获得。此外优选的是同样广泛使用的葵花、棕榈树和大豆的油以及它们与菜籽油的混合物。
特别适合作为生物燃料的是脂肪酸的低级烷基酯。在此考虑例如具有14至22个碳原子的脂肪酸,例如月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、硬脂酸、油酸、反油酸、岩芹酸、蓖麻油酸、桐油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸、鳕油酸、山嵛酸或芥酸的乙酯、丙酯、丁酯且尤其是甲酯的市售的混合物。优选的酯具有50至150,且尤其是90至125的碘值。具有特别有利的性质的混合物是主要含有,即至少50重量%的具有16至22个碳原子和1、2或3个双键的脂肪酸的甲酯的那些。优选的脂肪酸的低级烷基酯是油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸的甲酯。
根据本发明的低温添加剂可以单独或还与其它共添加剂一起使用,例如与其它倾点下降剂或脱蜡助剂,与除垢剂、抗氧化剂、十六烷值改进剂、去雾剂、破乳剂、分散剂、消泡剂、染料、腐蚀抑制剂、润滑添加剂、淤渣抑制剂、赋香剂和/或用于降低浊点的添加剂。
根据本发明的低温添加剂以及使用它们的方法的优点在于相对于现有技术的相应的添加剂组合明显改进的在低温时的内在流动性,同时改进的效果。因此,这样的低温添加剂可以在同样的有效量的情况下即使在低温下使用相比现有技术的添加剂也不必升温。可选地,可以在同样的温度使用更高浓度的添加剂,从而降低用于运输和储存的费用。此外,根据本发明的低温添加剂令人惊讶地显示出在改进中间馏分的低温流动性能时的改进的效果。这更令人意料不到的是,根据本发明的梳状聚合物B)的侧链密度比现有技术(DE 1920849、DE 2451047)的其中额外采用脂肪酸酯化的梳状聚合物明显低。采用根据本发明的低温添加剂处理的燃油的可滤过性也令人惊讶地比在同等条件下采用现有技术的添加剂添加时明显少地受到负面影响。
实施例
作为α-烯烃,使用商业上可获得的具有给定组成的1-烯烃的混合物。酸值通过采用四正丁基氢氧化铵在二甲苯/异丙醇中的醇溶液滴定反应混合物的等分试样来测定。羟值在聚合物的游离OH-基团与异氰酸酯反应之后借助于1H-NMR-光谱通过定量测定形成的氨基甲酸酯来确定。给出的值针对不含溶剂的聚合物。分子量借助于脂溶性凝胶渗透色谱在THF中相对聚(乙二醇)标样并借助R I-探测器探测来测定。
聚酯A)
A1)由等摩尔份额的C20-24-烯基丁二酸酐(通过马来酸酐与作为主成分含有43%的C20-烯烃、35%的C22-烯烃和17%的C24-烯烃的工业C20-24-烯烃的热缩合来制备,其中90%为α-烯烃和7.5%为直链内烯烃)和甘油形成的共聚物。将反应物以在Shellsol AB(更高沸点的芳族溶剂混合物)中的50%溶液在搅拌下如此久地加热至150℃,直至酸值保持恒定。蒸馏出在此形成的水。如此制备的聚合物的酸值为7.8mg KOH/g,羟值为98mg KOH/g和重均分子量为6,100g/mol。
A2)类似于实施例A1)制备的由等摩尔份额的C20/24-烯基丁二酸酐(通过马来酸酐与作为主成分含有40%的C20-烯烃、35%的C22-烯烃和17%的C24-烯烃的工业C20-24-烯烃的热缩合来制备,其中90%为α-烯烃和7.5%为直链内烯烃)和平均缩合度为3的聚甘油形成的共聚物。聚合物酸值为6.5mg KOH/g,羟值为195mg KOH/g和重均分子量为8,700g/mol。
A3)类似于实施例A1)制备的由等摩尔份额的C26/28-烯基丁二酸酐(通过马来酸酐与作为主成分含有57%的C26-烯烃,39%的C28-烯烃和2.5%的C30+-烯烃的工业C26-28-烯烃的热缩合来制备,其中85%为α-烯烃、4%为直链内烯烃和9%为支化烯烃)和甘油形成的共聚物。聚合物酸值为10.4mg KOH/g,羟值为68mg KOH/g和重均分子量为9,100g/mol。
A4)由等摩尔份额的根据实施例A1的C20/24-烯基丁二酸酐、甘油和山嵛酸类似于DE-A-2451047的聚合物G形成的共聚物。聚合物酸值为15mg KOH/g,羟值为6mg KOH/g和重均分子量为8,300g/mol(对比实施例)。
A5)由等摩尔份额的马来酸酐和C20/24-烯烃形成的加成共聚物,采用2摩尔当量的二十二醇酯化。聚合物酸值为9mg KOH/g,羟值为11mg KOH/g和重均分子量为7,900g/mol(对比实施例)。
乙烯共聚物B)
B1)由乙烯、13.5摩尔%的乙酸乙烯酯和1.5摩尔%新壬酸乙烯酯形成的三聚体,具有在140℃测定的95mPas的熔体粘度。
B2)由乙烯、12摩尔%的乙酸乙烯酯和5摩尔%丙烯形成的三聚体,具有在140℃测定的200mPas的熔体粘度。
B3)由乙烯和13摩尔%的乙酸乙烯酯形成的共聚物,具有在140℃测定的125mPas的熔体粘度。
B4)由乙烯、12.5摩尔%的乙酸乙烯酯和4摩尔%的4-甲基戊烯形成的三聚体,具有在140℃测定的170mPa s的熔体粘度。
乙烯共聚物B)的熔体粘度的测定借助于旋转粘度计在140℃的温度进行。在测量之前从乙烯共聚物B)中在150℃/100毫巴下除去所有挥发份。
溶剂C)
C2)溶剂油:主要由在C10至C16范围内的石蜡族和环烷族烃组成的混合物(芳烃含量16%,沸点范围182-212℃,闪点63℃)
为测定低温添加剂的低温性能,根据DIN ISO 3016测定其倾点。在此,低的倾点表明良好的可流动性和因此在低温下良好的可操作性。对添加剂给出的百分比值针对所使用的添加剂成分的重量份。对聚合物给出的重量份在此针对无溶剂的活性物质。任选的由合成决定的包含于聚合物中的溶剂份额作为溶剂C)表明。
表1:倾点的测定
添加剂 | 聚酯 | 聚合物B | 溶剂C | 倾点 |
1 | 3.0%A1 | 47.0%B1 | 50%C1 | -12℃ |
2 | 3.0%A2 | 47.0%B1 | 50%C1 | -9℃ |
3 | 3.0%A3 | 47.0%B1 | 50%C1 | -6℃ |
4(对比) | 3.0%A4 | 47.0%B1 | 50%C1 | +6℃ |
5(对比) | 3.0%A5 | 47.0%B1 | 50%C1 | +9℃ |
6 | 3.5%A1 | 31.5%B2 | 65%C1 | -21℃ |
7 | 3.5%A2 | 31.5%B2 | 65%C1 | -21℃ |
8 | 3.5%A3 | 31.5%B2 | 65%C1 | -15℃ |
9(对比) | 3.5%A4 | 31.5%B2 | 65%C1 | -12℃ |
10(对比) | 3.5%A5 | 31.5%B2 | 65%C1 | -9℃ |
11 | 3.0%A1 | 32.0%B3 | 65%C2 | -6℃ |
12 | 3.0%A2 | 32.0%B3 | 65%C2 | -3℃ |
13 | 3.0%A3 | 32.0%B3 | 65%C2 | -3℃ |
14(对比) | 3.0%A4 | 32.0%B3 | 65%C2 | +6℃ |
15(对比) | 3.0%A5 | 32.0%B3 | 65%C2 | +6℃ |
16 | 4.0%A1 | 56.0%B4 | 40%C2 | -9℃ |
17 | 4.0%A2 | 56.0%B4 | 40%C2 | -12℃ |
18 | 4.0%A3 | 56.0%B4 | 40%C2 | -3℃ |
19(对比) | 4.0%A4 | 56.0%B4 | 40%C2 | +6℃ |
20(对比) | 4.0%A5 | 56.0%B4 | 40%C2 | +6℃ |
添加剂的效果借助于根据DIN EN 116的CFPP值的降低在具有表2中描述的标记数据的贫硫中间馏分中研究。具有正烷基≥C16以及正构石蜡≥C28的组分的测定借助于气相色谱来进行。
表2:测试油的表征
测试油1 | 测试油2 | 测试油3 | |
初沸点[℃] | 171 | 179 | 173 |
终沸点[℃] | 355 | 348 | 331 |
沸点范围(20-90)%[℃] | 93 | 94 | 89 |
密度[g/cm3] | 0.8555 | 0.8437 | 0.8409 |
浊点[℃] | -11.7 | -15.6 | -22.0 |
CFPP-值[℃] | -12 | -15 | -22 |
硫含量[ppm] | <10 | <10 | <10 |
具有正烷基≥C16的组分[重量%] | 11.1 | 9.8 | 8.3 |
正构石蜡≥C28[重量%] | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.01 |
表3:测试油1中的CFPP效果
表4:测试油1中的CFPP效果
表5:测试油2中的CFPP效果
为了对比低温添加剂的溶解性,在250ml竖式圆筒形容器中在表6中给出的温度向200ml测试油3(表2)掺入1,000ppm的根据表1的添加剂。添加剂的添加借助于正压式滴管进行,以能够操作高粘度的,尤其是对比的添加剂。在绕180°摇动竖式圆筒形容器十次之后,目视评价未溶解的添加剂成分。
表6:测试油3中的添加剂的可溶性
实施例 | 添加剂 | T添加剂[℃] | T油[℃] | 外观 |
22 | 1 | 6 | -3 | 均匀,透明 |
23 | 2 | 6 | -3 | 均匀,透明 |
24(对比) | 4(对比) | 6 | -3 | 添加剂很大程度上未溶解 |
25(对比) | 5(对比) | 6 | -3 | 添加剂很大程度上未溶解 |
26 | 6 | -12 | -20 | 均匀,透明 |
27 | 7 | -12 | -20 | 均匀,透明 |
28 | 8 | -12 | -20 | 均匀,透明 |
29(对比) | 9(对比) | -12 | -20 | 含有许多絮状物 |
30(对比) | 10(对比) | -12 | -20 | 添加剂很大程度上未溶解 |
Claims (14)
1.用于中间馏分的低温添加剂,其含有
A)至少一种带有羟基的梳状聚合物,所述梳状聚合物可通过含有两个伯OH-基和至少一个仲OH-基的多元醇与带有C16-至C40-烷基或C16-至C40-烯基的二羧酸或其酸酐或其酯的缩聚来制备,其中,所述梳状聚合物的OH值为至少40mg KOH/g,
B)至少一种由乙烯和至少一种烯属不饱和酯形成的共聚物,和
C)至少一种有机溶剂。
3.根据权利要求2的低温添加剂,其中,所述二羧酸是烷基丁二酸、烯基丁二酸或其酸酐。
4.根据权利要求1至3中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中,所述多元醇是甘油。
5.根据权利要求1至4中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中,聚合物A)具有介于40和500mg KOH/g之间的OH值。
6.根据权利要求1-5中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中,聚合物B)是由乙烯和8至21摩尔%的至少一种选自乙烯基酯、丙烯酸酯和/或甲基丙烯酸酯的烯属不饱和化合物形成的共聚物。
7.根据权利要求1-6中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中,溶剂C)选自具有9至20个碳原子的脂族烃和具有7至20个碳原子的芳族烃。
8.根据权利要求1-7中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中,溶剂C)额外含有增溶剂,所述增溶剂含有4至24个C-原子并选自醇、有机酸、醚和有机酸的酯或其混合物。
9.根据权利要求1-8中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中含有0.1至50重量%的A)、1.5至73.5重量%的B)和25至95重量%的C)。
10.根据权利要求1-9中一项或多项的低温添加剂,其中额外含有至少一种另外的低温流动改进剂,所述低温流动改进剂选自
I I I)油溶的极性含氮化合物,
IV)由带有烷基的酚衍生物与醛形成的树脂,
V)下式的梳状聚合物
其中,
A 表示R′、COOR′、OCOR′、R″-COOR′、OR′;
D 表示H、CH3、A或R″;
E 表示H、A;
G 表示H、R″、R″-COOR′、芳基或杂环基团;
M 表示H、COOR″、OCOR″、OR″、COOH;
N 表示H、R″、COOR″、OCOR、芳基;
R′表示具有8至50个碳原子的烃链;
R″表示具有1至10个碳原子的烃链;
a 表示介于0.4和1.0之间的数;和
b 表示介于0和0.6之间的数,
VI)具有2至30个碳原子的烯烃的均聚物和共聚物,
VII)烷氧基化的多元醇的酯、醚和酯/醚,所述多元醇带有至少一个具有12至30个碳原子的烷基。
11.用于改进燃油的低温流动性的方法,其中向中间馏分中添加根据权利要求1至10中一项或多项的低温添加剂。
12.燃油,其含有中间馏分和至少一种根据权利要求1-10中一项或多项的低温添加剂。
13.根据权利要求12的燃油,其中,中间馏分的具有16和更多个C-原子的正烷基链的成分的含量多于4重量%。
14.根据权利要求12和/或13的燃油,其中,中间馏分的具有28和更多个C-原子的长链的正构石蜡的份额低于1重量%。
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PCT/EP2010/007407 WO2011076338A2 (de) | 2009-12-24 | 2010-12-07 | Multifunktionelle additive mit verbesserter fliessfähigkeit |
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CN2010800536536A Pending CN102666814A (zh) | 2009-12-24 | 2010-12-07 | 具有改进流动性能的多功能添加剂 |
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US (1) | US20130000184A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP2516604B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2013515793A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20120123344A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN102666814A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2785465A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE102009060371A1 (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2012131477A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2011076338A2 (zh) |
Cited By (1)
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CN114096582A (zh) * | 2019-07-08 | 2022-02-25 | 毕克化学有限公司 | 倾点下降剂 |
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US8459381B2 (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2013-06-11 | Longyear Tm, Inc. | Drill bits with axially-tapered waterways |
US9500036B2 (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2016-11-22 | Longyear Tm, Inc. | Single-waterway drill bits and systems for using same |
US9506298B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 | 2016-11-29 | Longyear Tm, Inc. | Drill bits having blind-hole flushing and systems for using same |
US9279292B2 (en) | 2013-11-20 | 2016-03-08 | Longyear Tm, Inc. | Drill bits having flushing and systems for using same |
WO2010121270A1 (en) | 2009-04-17 | 2010-10-21 | California Institute Of Technology | Associative polymers for mist-control |
DE102012004882A1 (de) * | 2012-03-10 | 2013-09-12 | Clariant International Ltd. | Verfahren zur Verminderung von Fouling bei der Verarbeitung flüssiger Kohlenwasserstoffe |
EP2809750A1 (de) | 2012-01-31 | 2014-12-10 | Clariant Finance (BV) Limited | Verfahren zur verminderung von fouling bei der verarbeitung flüssiger kohlenwasserstoffe |
FR2991992B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-19 | 2015-07-03 | Total Raffinage Marketing | Compositions d'additifs et leur utilisation pour ameliorer les proprietes a froid de carburants et combustibles |
EP3611228B1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2024-08-28 | California Institute of Technology | Associative polymers and related compositions, methods and systems |
CN107001644B (zh) * | 2014-09-18 | 2020-09-29 | 加州理工学院 | 缔合聚合物以及相关的组合物、方法和体系 |
BR112018005394A2 (pt) | 2015-09-18 | 2018-10-09 | California Institute Of Technology | polímeros associativos para o uso em um fluxo e composições, métodos e sistemas relacionados |
CN105950229B (zh) * | 2016-01-11 | 2017-11-24 | 嘉兴市圣火新能源科技有限公司 | 一种水燃气及其制备工艺 |
CN105670722A (zh) * | 2016-03-10 | 2016-06-15 | 安徽辉源机电有限公司 | 一种用于清洗发动机积碳的汽油添加剂及其制备方法 |
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CN105670719A (zh) * | 2016-03-10 | 2016-06-15 | 安徽辉源机电有限公司 | 一种高品质低残碳生物质柴油复合添加剂及其制备方法 |
CN105802679B (zh) * | 2016-05-16 | 2017-12-26 | 德阳鼎锜新能源科技有限公司 | 一种柴油添加组份及含有该组份的醇酯类柴油 |
CN106010675A (zh) * | 2016-05-17 | 2016-10-12 | 武汉斯奇环保科技有限公司 | 一种复合燃料油 |
CN106118761A (zh) * | 2016-07-23 | 2016-11-16 | 张海圣 | 一种环保醇基燃料及其制作方法 |
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- 2009-12-24 DE DE102009060371A patent/DE102009060371A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-12-07 EP EP10787326.7A patent/EP2516604B1/de not_active Not-in-force
- 2010-12-07 WO PCT/EP2010/007407 patent/WO2011076338A2/de active Application Filing
- 2010-12-07 US US13/515,376 patent/US20130000184A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-07 CA CA2785465A patent/CA2785465A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-07 CN CN2010800536536A patent/CN102666814A/zh active Pending
- 2010-12-07 JP JP2012545127A patent/JP2013515793A/ja active Pending
- 2010-12-07 KR KR1020127018911A patent/KR20120123344A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-12-07 RU RU2012131477/04A patent/RU2012131477A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
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US5266084A (en) * | 1992-09-17 | 1993-11-30 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Oligomeric/polymeric multifunctional additives to improve the low-temperature properties of distillate fuels |
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CN114096582A (zh) * | 2019-07-08 | 2022-02-25 | 毕克化学有限公司 | 倾点下降剂 |
CN114096582B (zh) * | 2019-07-08 | 2024-02-13 | 毕克化学有限公司 | 倾点下降剂 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2013515793A (ja) | 2013-05-09 |
KR20120123344A (ko) | 2012-11-08 |
WO2011076338A3 (de) | 2011-09-01 |
WO2011076338A2 (de) | 2011-06-30 |
CA2785465A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
RU2012131477A (ru) | 2014-01-27 |
EP2516604B1 (de) | 2013-10-23 |
US20130000184A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
DE102009060371A1 (de) | 2011-06-30 |
EP2516604A2 (de) | 2012-10-31 |
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