CN102549050A - 纤维基材、这样的纤维基材的制备方法及用途 - Google Patents

纤维基材、这样的纤维基材的制备方法及用途 Download PDF

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CN102549050A
CN102549050A CN2010800313612A CN201080031361A CN102549050A CN 102549050 A CN102549050 A CN 102549050A CN 2010800313612 A CN2010800313612 A CN 2010800313612A CN 201080031361 A CN201080031361 A CN 201080031361A CN 102549050 A CN102549050 A CN 102549050A
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base material
fiber base
organic polymer
multipolymer
fiber
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CN102549050B (zh
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P.盖拉德
A.科曾科
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Arkema France SA
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Arkema France SA
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29B15/10Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step
    • B29B15/105Coating or impregnating independently of the moulding or shaping step of reinforcement of definite length with a matrix in solid form, e.g. powder, fibre or sheet form
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    • Y10T442/20Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer

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Abstract

本发明涉及纤维基材如纺织物、毡、无纺布,其可为条、卷或带的形式,所述基材用包含碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物共混物预浸渍。本发明的另一目的是所述基材的制备方法、以及其用于制造3D机械部件的各种用途。

Description

纤维基材、这样的纤维基材的制备方法及用途
本发明涉及纤维基材、这样的纤维基材的制造方法及用途。
术语“纤维基材”指织物、毡或者无纺布,其可以为条(strips)、卷(laps)、带(braids)、束(locks)或者片(pieces)的形式。
纤维基材包含一种或多种纤维的集合体(assembly)。当所述纤维为连续的时,它们的集合体形成织物。当所述纤维为短的时,它们的集合体形成毡或无纺类型的基材。
可构成纤维基材的纤维可以为碳纤维、玻璃纤维、基于聚合物的纤维或植物纤维,单独的或作为混合物。
在基于聚合物的纤维中,可提及有机聚合物纤维如热塑性聚合物纤维或热固性聚合物纤维。
本发明集中在轻质复合材料,其用于制造具有可为三维的结构的机械部件,且具有良好的机械强度和耐热性以及能够使静电荷消散,即具有与机械、航空和航海领域中的部件的制造相适合的性能。
已知的实践是使用用树脂预浸渍的耐火织物制备绝热基体以确保经历高温的机械装置的热保护,如可为在航空或机动车领域中的情况。可参考欧洲专利No.0 398 787,其描述了用于保护冲压式喷气发动机燃烧室的护罩的包含耐火织物的热保护层。除了在制造该热保护层中涉及的复杂性之外,埋藏在该层中的耐火织物仅实现热屏蔽的功能。
特别地,近年来还已将复合纤维用于制造各种航空或机动车部件。这些特征在于良好的热机械强度和耐化学性的复合纤维由丝状增强材料形成,该丝状增强材料形成铠装,以分布拉伸强度、挠曲强度或抗压强度作用,赋予材料在一些情况下的化学保护和赋予其形状。
可参考例如在2009年1月2日以No.2 918 081公开的专利申请FR07/04620,其描述了使用包含热塑性聚合物的复合聚合物基体浸渍连续纤维的方法。
用于由这些涂层纤维制备复合部件的方法包括各种技术,例如触压成型、喷射成型、高压釜包模成型(drape moulding)或低压成型。
一种用于制造中空部件的技术是称为纤维缠绕的技术,其在于用树脂浸渍干纤维,然后将它们缠绕到由铠装形成的且具有适于待制造的部件的形状的心轴上。然后将通过缠绕得到的部件热固化。另一种用于制备板或外壳的技术在于浸渍纤维织物,然后将它们压入模具中以固结得到的层状复合材料。
已进行研究以使浸渍树脂的组成优化,使得其是足以浸渍纤维的液态的,但是不导致在从浴中除去纤维时的流动。
已提出一种浸渍组合物,含有与特定流变调节剂组合的热固性树脂(例如与硬化剂联合的环氧树脂如双酚A二缩水甘油醚),所述流变调节剂与所述树脂是可溶混的,使得该组合物在高温下(40到150℃)下具有牛顿特性。流变调节剂优选是包括如下的嵌段共聚物:至少一种与所述树脂相容的嵌段例如甲基丙烯酸甲酯均聚物或甲基丙烯酸甲酯与特别是二甲基丙烯酰胺的共聚物;与所述树脂不相容的嵌段,其由例如1,4-丁二烯或丙烯酸正丁酯单体形成;以及任选的聚苯乙烯嵌段。作为变型,流变调节剂可以包含两种彼此不相容的且与树脂不相容的嵌段,例如聚苯乙烯嵌段和聚-1,4-丁二烯嵌段。
尽管由于该组合物的牛顿特性和适于在高温下涂覆的粘度、以及在低温下的假塑性特性,该方案有效地使得可克服现有技术的缺陷,但是其限于基于热固性树脂的复合材料的制造。
例如,使用热塑性涂层组合物的另一方案在于用聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚(苯硫醚)(PPS)或聚苯砜(PPSU)涂覆纤维。
该专利申请中所描述的技术使得可获得用复合聚合物基体浸渍的连续纤维,即用包含CNT的热塑性聚合物涂覆的纤维。这些浸渍的纤维可直接使用或者以由浸渍纤维的二维网络形成的织物的形式使用。所述纤维可用于制造包含于复合板组成中的织物。
目前,没有方案提出除由预浸渍的纤维(其任选地在浸渍后编织)制造的材料之外的材料作为用于制造车辆特别是机动车的结构部件的金属的替代物,目的在于使它们变轻,同时赋予它们与采用由金属制备的结构部件所实现的可比较的机械强度和/或确保热保护和/或确保静电荷的清除。
现在,需要具有轻质材料,其提供与金属可比较的机械强度,提供所制造的机械部件的电阻和/或热阻的增加,以确保热和/或静电荷的清除,以简单地制造任意的3-D机械结构,特别是用于机动车、航空或航海领域的机械结构。
可参考由文件FR 2 562 467提供的现有技术。该文件描述了通过如下制造复合材料:用聚酰胺12的柔性套涂覆在芯处用聚酰胺6的细粉浸渍的纤维特别是玻璃纤维的束;该涂覆通过在环境空气中挤出然后干燥进行。但是,所述文件没有设想加入导电粉末例如碳纳米管粉末以改善基于该复合材料的机械部件的机械和/或热和/或电性能。
还可参考由文件WO 2007/044889构成的现有技术。该文件描述了摩擦复合材料,其包括针缝无纺纤维的垫、树脂基体和以非常少量引入以改善材料的摩擦性能的碳纳米管。该材料用于其中所述零件为摩擦零件例如制动片或离合器片的应用。CNT大致占由此制造的摩擦复合材料的0.004-0.08体积份。没有描述或建议关于相对于聚合物重量的CNT重量含量的信息。其是针缝无纺纤维的垫,即经由适于制造摩擦零件的特殊技术得到的无纺布,其使用树脂浸渍且其中引入CNT,没有关于相对于聚合物的含量的信息。
还可参考由文件WO 2009/007617构成的现有技术,其被认为是最接近的现有技术。该文件描述了使用包含热塑性聚合物和碳纳米管的复合聚合物基体浸渍连续纤维的方法。该方法关注连续纤维的浸渍。所述纤维是一维纱线的形式,或在纺丝步骤后为由纤维的二维网络形成的织物的形式。
所述文件没有描述且没有建议用于制造纤维基材的方法,该纤维基材包括一种或多种连续纤维的集合体例如织物、或者短纤维的集合体例如毡和无纺布,所述纤维基材可为条、卷、带、束或者片的形式,用含有碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物的混合物预浸渍,使得可具有CNT在基材中的更好分散/分布,导致物化性能的更好均匀性且因此最终产品的更好的整体性能。
所述文件没有描述构成毡或无纺布的纤维基材,其用含有碳纳米管的有机聚合物或聚合物混合物浸渍,其中碳纳米管占所述有机聚合物或所述混合物的重量的0.1%-30%和优选0.3%-15%。
申请人已寻求采用简单的制造方法制造这样的材料,其可优选为轻质的且机械方面强的,用作特别是在航空器进入大气中时所寻求的热屏蔽,且其适于静电荷的清除。
本发明提出的方案满足所有这些标准,且容易用于制造具有三维结构的部件,例如特别是飞机机翼、飞机机身、船体、机动车大梁或扰流器、或者制动盘、或柱塞油缸或方向盘的主体。
为此,本发明提出用于制造纤维基材的方法,其中所述纤维基材包括一种或多种连续纤维的集合体例如织物、或者短纤维的集合体例如毡和无纺布,其可为条、卷、带、束或者片的形式,主要特征在于所述方法包括:
-使用含有碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物浸渍所述纤维基材,和然后,
-加热所述浸渍的纤维基材直到所述聚合物的软化点,所述加热通过微波辐射或通过感应进行。
令人惊讶地,已观察到,在基材中存在导电填料,例如在预浸渍的基材中存在碳纳米管的情况下,通过微波辐射或感应的加热是特别合适的,因为于是得到CNT在基材中的更好分散/分布,导致物化性能的更好均匀性且因此最终产品的更好的整体性能。
本发明还涉及经由本发明的方法得到的纤维基材,其包含一种或多种连续纤维的集合体例如织物、或者短纤维的集合体例如毡或无纺布,其可为条、卷、带或束的形式,用含有碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物预浸渍。
根据本发明的方法特别适于由短纤维形成的基材的制备。
因而,本发明还涉及纤维基材,其包含构成毡或无纺布的一种或多种纤维的集合体,其可为条、卷、带、束或者片的形式,用含有碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物预浸渍,其中所述碳纳米管占所述有机聚合物或所述有机聚合物混合物的重量的0.1%-30%和优选0.3%-15%。
纤维基材的浸渍可通过将纤维基材置于包含碳纳米管的流体有机聚合物的浴中进行。对本发明来说,术语“流体”是在其自身重量下流动且不具有固有形状(不像固体)的介质,例如可为或多或少粘性的液体或通常称为“流化床”的悬浮于气体(例如空气)中的粉末。
术语“有机聚合物”是指热塑性聚合物和热固性聚合物。
根据本发明的纤维基材特别适于制备二维或三维零件,优选适于制备三维零件。
例如,使用纤维基材制备三维零件可包含下述步骤:
-使用包含有机聚合物(热塑性或热固性)或有机聚合物混合物和碳纳米管(CNT)的组合物预浸渍纤维基材,
-将这些使用聚合物和CNT预浸渍的纤维基材布置在预成型坯上,以锯齿形且使得它们至少部分叠置直到得到所需厚度,
-加热集合体直到聚合物的软化点,
-在冷却后除去所述预成型坯。
例如,可通过机器人布置纤维基材。
作为变型,根据本发明的纤维基材可用于例如通过下述已知技术之一制造三维零件:
-低压注射(树脂传递模塑法,RTM)
-挤拉成型技术,或者
-拉挤-缠绕技术。
本发明还涉及如所述的纤维基材在制造3-D机械部件中的用途,所述机械部件特别是飞机机翼、飞机机身、船体、机动车大梁或扰流器、或者制动盘、或柱塞油缸或方向盘的主体。
本发明其它特征和优点将在阅读作为非限制性说明给出的以下描述时清楚地显现。
构成纤维基材的纤维可为碳纤维、玻璃纤维、基于聚合物的纤维或者植物纤维,单独的或者作为混合物,例如:
-特别是基于下述的合成聚合物纤维:
(i)聚(乙烯醇),
(ii)聚酰胺例如聚酰胺6(PA-6)、聚酰胺11(PA-11)、聚酰胺12(PA-12)、聚酰胺6/6(PA-6/6)、聚酰胺4/6(PA-4/6)、聚酰胺6/10(PA-6/10)、聚酰胺6/12(PA-6/12)、芳族聚酰胺、特别是聚邻苯二甲酰胺和芳纶、以及嵌段共聚物、特别是聚酰胺/聚醚,
(iii)聚烯烃例如高密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及乙烯和/或丙烯的共聚物,
(iv)聚酯例如聚羟基烷酸酯,
(v)聚芳基醚酮(PAEK)例如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)或聚醚酮酮(PEKK),
(vi)含氟聚合物,特别地选自:
(a)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(I)的含氟单体的含氟聚合物:
CFX1=CX2X3(I)
其中X1、X2和X3独立地表示氢或者卤素原子(特别是氟或氯原子),所述含氟聚合物例如聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF)(优选α型)、聚(三氟乙烯)(PVF3)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯与六氟丙烯(HFP)、或三氟乙烯(VF3)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物、氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)共聚物、乙烯与氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物;
(b)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(II)的单体的含氟聚合物:
R-O-CH=CH2(II)
其中R表示全卤代(尤其是全氟代)烷基,所述含氟聚合物例如全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、和乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的共聚物,
(vii)热塑性聚氨酯(TPU);
(viii)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯;
(ix)聚氯乙烯;
(x)苯氧基聚合物(或树脂);
(xi)不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺,例如双马来酰亚胺树脂、氨基塑料(由胺例如三聚氰胺和醛例如乙二醛或甲醛的反应得到)、以及其混合物;
-碳纤维;
-玻璃纤维,特别是E、R或S2型;
-硼纤维;
-硅石纤维;
-天然纤维,例如亚麻、大麻、剑麻或蚕丝;和
-其混合物,例如玻璃、碳和芳纶纤维的混合物。
根据本发明,术语“碳纳米管”是指具有伸长形状的中空颗粒(不同于纳米纤维,其为实心颗粒),长度/直径比大于1且更特别地大于10,且其直径小于1微米。这些纳米管包含沿着最大尺寸的轴同轴排列的一个或多个圆筒形壁。
根据本发明可使用的碳纳米管可为由石墨小叶形成的单壁、双壁或多壁型。特别地,双壁纳米管可如Flahaut等在Chem.Commun.(2003),1442中所述的制备。多壁碳纳米管对于其部分可如文件WO 03/02456中所述的制备。
通常,碳纳米管具有0.1-200nm、优选0.1-100nm、更优选0.4-50nm且还更好地1-30nm的平均直径,和有利地0.1-10μm的长度。它们的长度/直径比优选大于10且通常大于100。其比表面积例如为100-300m2/g,和其表观密度可特别地为0.05-0.5g/cm3且更优选0.1-0.2g/cm3。多壁纳米管可包含例如5-15层壁且更优选7-10层壁。
这些碳纳米管可为未加工的(crude)或者表面处理过的,特别是为了使它们亲水。因此,在用于根据本发明的方法前,这些碳纳米管可纯化和/或处理(例如氧化)和/或研磨和/或官能化。
未加工的碳纳米管的实例特别地可以商品名
Figure BDA0000130290690000071
C100商购自Arkema公司。
有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物选自热塑性聚合物和热固性聚合物。
混合物,即热塑性聚合物组合物或热塑性聚合物选自:
-聚酰胺例如聚酰胺6(PA-6)、聚酰胺11(PA-11)、聚酰胺12(PA-12)、聚酰胺6/6(PA-6/6)、聚酰胺4/6(PA-4/6)、聚酰胺6/10(PA-6/10)和聚酰胺6/12(PA-6/12)、以及包含酰胺单体和其他单体例如聚丁二醇(PTMG)的共聚物、特别是嵌段共聚物;
-芳族聚酰胺例如聚邻苯二甲酰胺;
-含氟聚合物,选自:
(i)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(I)的含氟单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(I)的单体形成的含氟聚合物:
CFX1=CX2X3(I)
其中X1、X2和X3独立地表示氢或者卤素原子(特别是氟或氯原子),所述含氟聚合物例如:
-聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF),优选α型,
-聚(三氟乙烯)(PVF3),
-聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),偏氟乙烯与六氟丙烯(HFP)、或三氟乙烯(VF3)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物,氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)共聚物,乙烯与氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物;
(ii)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(II)的单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(II)的单体形成的含氟聚合物:
R-O-CH=CH2(II)
其中R表示全卤代(尤其是全氟代)烷基,例如
-全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE),
-全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE),和乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的共聚物,
-聚芳基醚酮(PAEK)例如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和聚醚酮酮(PEKK);
-聚醚酰亚胺(PEI);
-聚苯硫醚(PPS);
-聚烯烃例如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)以及乙烯和丙烯的共聚物(PE/PP),任选地使用酸或酸酐基团官能化;
-热塑性聚氨酯(TPU);
-聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯;
-聚氯乙烯;
-具有C1-C8烷基的聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、乙酯、丁酯或2-乙基己酯;
-聚(甲基)丙烯酸;
-聚碳酸酯;
-有机硅聚合物;
-苯氧基聚合物(或树脂);以及其混合物或共聚物。
优选,热塑性聚合物选自包含至少50%VDF的含氟聚合物或共聚物、聚酰胺或者共聚酰胺、聚芳基醚例如PEKK或聚乙烯醇、以及PVC或PEI或PPS。
混合物,即热固性聚合物组合物或热固性聚合物选自:
-不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺、例如双马来酰亚胺树脂、氨基塑料(由胺例如三聚氰胺和醛例如乙二醛或甲醛的反应得到)、以及它们的混合物。
术语“热固性聚合物”或“热固性树脂”是指通常在室温下为液体或者具有低熔点,且通常在硬化剂的存在下,在热、催化剂或两者组合的作用下能够硬化以得到热固树脂的材料。该树脂由包含经由共价键连接在一起的可变长度的聚合物链的材料形成,以形成三维网络。至于其性能,该热固树脂是不可熔化且不可溶解的。可通过将其加热到高于其玻璃化温度(Tg)而使其软化,但是一旦其被赋予形状,就不能随后通过加热再成形。
包含在根据本发明的热固性纤维的组成中的热固性聚合物(或树脂)选自:不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺、例如双马来酰亚胺树脂、氨基塑料(由胺例如三聚氰胺和醛例如乙二醛或甲醛的反应得到)、以及其的混合物。
不饱和聚酯由通过含有不饱和化合物(例如马来酸酐或富马酸)的二羧酸和二醇例如丙二醇的缩合的聚合得到。它们通常通过如下硬化:稀释于反应性单体例如苯乙烯中,然后使后者与存在于这些聚酯上的不饱和度反应,通常借助于过氧化物或催化剂在重金属盐或胺的存在下,或者借助于光引发剂、电离辐射、或这些各种技术的组合。
乙烯基酯包括环氧化物与(甲基)丙烯酸的反应产物。它们可在溶解于苯乙烯后硬化(以与聚酯树脂类似的方式)或者借助于有机过氧化物硬化。
环氧树脂由包含一或多个环氧乙烷基团、例如每个分子2-4个环氧乙烷官能团的材料形成。当它们是多官能的时,这些树脂可由携带环氧端基、或者其主链包含环氧基团、或其主链携带环氧侧基的线性聚合物形成。它们通常需要酸酐或胺作为硬化剂。
这些环氧树脂可由表氯醇和双酚例如双酚A的反应产生。作为变型,它们可为烷基和/或烯基缩水甘油醚或酯;任选取代的单和多酚的多缩水甘油醚,特别是双酚A多缩水甘油醚;多元醇的多缩水甘油醚;脂族或芳族多羧酸的多缩水甘油醚;多羧酸的多缩水甘油酯;酚醛清漆多缩水甘油醚。还作为变型,它们可为表氯醇与芳族胺或者芳族单或二胺的缩水甘油基衍生物的反应产物。环脂族环氧化物且优选双酚A的二缩水甘油醚(或者BADGE)、双酚F或A/F的二缩水甘油醚也可以用于本发明。
在硬化剂或交联剂中,可使用官能二胺或三胺型产品,以1%-5%的含量使用。
根据本发明,预浸渍的纤维基材用于制造2-D或3-D结构的机械部件。
根据使用的第一个示例性实施方式:纤维基材使用包含(热塑性或热固性)有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物和CNT的组合物预浸渍;
-这些使用聚合物和CNT预浸渍的纤维基材布置于预成型坯上,以交错排列且使得它们至少部分叠置,直到获得所需厚度。纤维基材任选地预热到聚合物的软化温度,且例如通过机器人布置。
可通过激光进行加热,其还使得可调整纤维基材相对于预成型坯的位置。
-然后让集合体冷却到室温。
-可设想退火,通过升温或者通过辐射,取决于聚合物的特性。然后除去预成型坯。
根据第二实施例:
该方法使用低压注射技术(树脂传递模塑法,RTM)。为此,将纤维基材置于模具中,有利地使用包含CNT的聚合物例如聚酰胺、苯氧基树脂或PEI、PPS等的组合,然后注射热固性预聚物例如环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、聚酯或乙烯基酯,和根据现有技术加热;所述聚合物注射有CNT并进行加热。聚酰胺、苯氧基树脂或PEI或PPS可有利地用作聚合物。
根据第三实施例:
该方法使用挤拉成型技术。为此,使单向纤维或织物条形式的纤维基材通过热固性树脂浴,然后通过热模,其中发生成形和交联(硬化)。
根据第四实施例:
该方法使用拉挤-缠绕技术。为此,将纤维基材连续地在浴中浸渍,然后例如在卷筒上缠绕,并通过将所述部分置于高压釜中使其聚合。
在各情况下,还可在浸渍前在线产生包含CNT的有机聚合物(热塑性或热固性聚合物)的沉积物。所述有机聚合物由于流变特性于是表现得像热塑性聚合物一样。
由此可制造具有二维或三维结构的部件,例如飞机机翼、飞机机身、船体、机动车大梁或扰流器、或者制动盘、或柱塞油缸或方向盘的主体。
实际上,所述基材的加热可如下进行:通过激光加热或使用等离子体喷枪、氮气喷枪或红外炉、或者通过微波辐射或通过感应加热。根据本发明,该加热有利地通过感应或微波辐射进行。
特别地,预浸渍基材的导电性质与通过感应或通过微波辐射的加热组合是有利的,因为在这种情况下,电导性被利用并有助于得到固化到芯和纤维基材的更好的均匀性。存在于预浸渍的纤维基材中的填料的热传导也与该类型的加热有助于固化到芯,改善基材的均匀性。
通过感应的加热例如通过将基材暴露于使用650kHz至1MHz的高频装置的交变电磁场中得到。
通过微波辐射的加热例如通过将基材暴露于采用2-3GHz的超高频发生器的超高频电磁场中进行。
所述纤维基材的浸渍步骤可根据各种技术进行,特别地取决于使用的热塑性或热固性聚合物或者聚合物混合物的物理形态:粉状的或者或多或少液体的。
纤维基材的浸渍可在含有CNT的液体聚合物的浴中进行。当纤维基材为条或卷的形式时,它们可在含有CNT的流体(例如液体)聚合物的浴中循环。该液体浴可包含聚合物或聚合物混合物,单独的或分散在有机溶剂或水中、例如胶乳形式。
纤维基材的浸渍也可根据在流化床中浸渍的方法进行,其中聚合物组分,即包含CNT的聚合物或聚合物混合物,是粉末形式的。为此,将基材引入作为带有CNT的聚合物颗粒的流化床的浸渍浴中,且这些浸渍的材料任选地干燥并可加热,以进行聚合物在纤维或织物上的浸渍,如果必要经过压延。粉状的聚合物和CNT可沉积在纤维织物上,如在文件FR 2 562 467或EP 0 394 900中所述。
也可将有机CNT和聚合物的粉末的混合物直接沉积在纤维基材上,所述基材在振动支撑物上放平,以使得粉末能够分布在基材上。
作为另一变型,可将带有CNT的有机聚合物流直接挤出在卷或条或带形式的纤维基材上,并进行压延。
根据本发明,纳米管有利地占有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物的重量的0.1%-30%和优选0.3%-15%。

Claims (29)

1.用于制造纤维基材的方法,其中所述纤维基材包含一种或多种连续纤维的集合体例如织物、或者短纤维的集合体例如毡和无纺布,所述纤维基材可为条、卷、带、束或片的形式,特征在于所述方法包括:
-使用包含碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物浸渍所述纤维基材,然后:
-加热所述浸渍的纤维基材直到所述聚合物的软化点,所述加热通过微波辐射或通过感应进行。
2.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于通过感应的加热是通过将所述基材暴露于使用650kHz到1MHz的高频装置的交变电磁场中得到的。
3.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于通过微波辐射的加热是通过将所述基材暴露于使用2-3GHz的超高频发生器的超高频电磁场中得到的。
4.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于所述浸渍通过将所述纤维基材置于包含碳纳米管CNT的流体有机聚合物的浴中进行。
5.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于所述浸渍通过将所述纤维基材置于流化床中进行,其中聚合物组合物,即包含碳纳米管的聚合物混合物为粉末形式。
6.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于所述浸渍通过将CNT粉末和有机聚合物的混合物直接沉积在所述纤维基材上进行,所述基材在振动支撑物上放平,以使得粉末能够分布在基材上。
7.如权利要求1所述的用于制造纤维基材的方法,特征在于所述浸渍通过如下进行:将带有CNT的有机聚合物流直接挤出到卷或条或带形式的纤维基材上,压延。
8.纤维基材,包含构成毡或无纺布的一种或多种纤维的集合体,所述纤维基材可为条、卷、带、束或片的形式,使用包含碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物预浸渍,所述碳纳米管占所述有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物的重量的0.1-30%和优选为0.3-15%。
9.通过权利要求1-7任一项的方法得到的纤维基材,包含一种或多种连续纤维的集合体例如织物、或者短纤维的集合体例如毡和无纺布,所述纤维基材可为条、卷、带、束或片的形式,使用包含碳纳米管(CNT)的有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物预浸渍。
10.如权利要求8或9所述的纤维基材,其包含一种或多种纤维的集合体,特征在于所述有机聚合物选自热塑性聚合物和热固性聚合物。
11.如权利要求10的纤维基材,特征在于所述热塑性聚合物选自:
-聚酰胺例如聚酰胺6(PA-6)、聚酰胺11(PA-11)、聚酰胺12(PA-12)、聚酰胺6/6(PA-6/6)、聚酰胺4/6(PA-4/6)、聚酰胺6.10(PA-6/10)和聚酰胺6/12(PA-6/12)、以及包括酰胺单体和其他单体例如聚丁二醇(PTMG)的共聚物、特别是嵌段共聚物;
-芳族聚酰胺例如聚邻苯二甲酰胺;
-含氟聚合物,选自:
(i)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(I)的含氟单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(I)的单体形成的含氟聚合物:
CFX1=CX2X3(I)
其中X1、X2和X3独立地表示氢或者卤素原子(特别是氟或氯原子),例如:
-聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF),优选α型,
-聚(三氟乙烯)(PVF3),
-聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),偏氟乙烯与六氟丙烯(HFP)、或三氟乙烯(VF3)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物,
氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)共聚物,乙烯与氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物;
(ii)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(II)的单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(II)的单体形成的含氟聚合物:
R-O-CH=CH2(II)
其中R表示全卤代(尤其是全氟代)烷基,例如
-全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE),
-全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE),和乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的共聚物,
-聚芳基醚酮(PAEK)例如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和聚醚酮酮(PEKK);
-聚醚酰亚胺(PEI);
-聚苯硫醚(PPS);
-聚烯烃例如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)以及乙烯和丙烯的共聚物(PE/PP),任选地使用酸或酸酐基团官能化;
-热塑性聚氨酯(TPU);
-聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯;
-聚氯乙烯;
-具有C1-C8烷基的聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯,例如(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、乙酯、丁酯或2-乙基己酯;
-聚(甲基)丙烯酸;
-聚碳酸酯;
-有机硅聚合物;
-苯氧基聚合物(树脂);
以及其混合物或共聚物。
12.如权利要求10的纤维基材,特征在于所述热塑性聚合物选自:包含至少50%VDF的含氟聚合物或共聚物、聚酰胺或者共聚酰胺、聚芳基醚例如PEKK、或聚乙烯醇和PVC或PEI或PPS。
13.如权利要求10的纤维基材,特征在于所述热固性聚合物选自:不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺、例如双马来酰亚胺树脂、氨基塑料(由胺例如三聚氰胺和醛例如乙二醛或甲醛的反应得到)、以及其混合物。
14.如权利要求13的纤维基材,特征在于所述不饱和聚酯由通过含有不饱和化合物(例如马来酸酐或富马酸)的二羧酸和二醇例如丙二醇的缩合的聚合得到,通过如下硬化:稀释于反应性单体例如苯乙烯中,然后使后者与存在于这些聚酯上的不饱和度反应,借助于过氧化物或催化剂在重金属盐或胺的存在下,或者借助于光引发剂、电离辐射、或这些各种技术的组合。
15.如权利要求13的纤维基材,特征在于所述乙烯基酯包括环氧化物与(甲基)丙烯酸的反应产物,其可以在溶解于苯乙烯后硬化(以与聚酯树脂类似的方式)或者使用有机过氧化物硬化。
16.如权利要求13的纤维基材,特征在于所述环氧树脂由包含一个或多个环氧乙烷基团、例如每个分子2-4个环氧乙烷官能团的材料形成。
17.如权利要求16的纤维基材,特征在于,当所述环氧树脂是多官能的时,这些树脂可由携带环氧端基、或者其主链包含环氧基团、或其主链包含环氧侧基的线性聚合物形成,使用硬化剂例如酸酐或胺。
18.如权利要求17的纤维基材,特征在于,在硬化剂或交联剂中,以1%-5%的含量使用官能二胺或三胺型产品。
19.如权利要求16的纤维基材,特征在于所述环氧树脂可由表氯醇和双酚例如双酚A的反应产生。
20.如权利要求16的纤维基材,特征在于所述环氧树脂可由与如下的反应产生:烷基和/或烯基缩水甘油醚或酯;任选取代的单和多酚的多缩水甘油醚,特别是双酚A多缩水甘油醚;多元醇的多缩水甘油醚;脂族或芳族多羧酸的多缩水甘油醚;多羧酸的多缩水甘油酯;酚醛清漆多缩水甘油醚。
21.如权利要求16的纤维基材,特征在于所述环氧树脂是表氯醇与芳族胺、或者芳族单或二胺的缩水甘油基衍生物的反应产物。
22.如权利要求16的纤维基材,特征在于使用环脂族环氧化物,优选双酚A的二缩水甘油醚(或者BADGE)、双酚F或A/F的二缩水甘油醚。
23.如权利要求8或9的纤维基材,特征在于其中所述基材的纤维为碳纤维、玻璃纤维、基于聚合物的纤维或植物纤维,单独的或作为混合物。
24.如权利要求23所述的纤维基材,特征在于构成所述纤维基材的纤维选自:
-合成聚合物纤维,特别地基于以下:
(i)聚乙烯醇,
(ii)聚酰胺,例如聚酰胺6(PA-6)、聚酰胺11(PA-11)、聚酰胺12(PA-12)、聚酰胺6/6(PA-6/6)、聚酰胺4/6(PA-4/6)、聚酰胺6/10(PA-6/10)、聚酰胺6/12(PA-6/12)、芳族聚酰胺、特别是聚邻苯二甲酰胺和芳纶、以及嵌段共聚物、特别是聚酰胺/聚醚,
(iii)聚烯烃,例如高密度聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及乙烯和/或丙烯的共聚物,
(iv)聚酯,例如聚羟基烷酸酯,
(v)聚芳基醚酮(PAEK),例如聚醚醚酮(PEEK)和聚醚酮酮(PEKK),
(vi)含氟聚合物,特别地选自:
(a)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(I)的含氟单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(I)的单体组成的含氟聚合物:
CFX1=CX2X3(I)
其中X1、X2和X3独立地表示氢或者卤素原子(特别是氟或氯原子),例如聚(偏氟乙烯)(PVDF)、优选α型、聚(三氟乙烯)(PVF3)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、偏氟乙烯与六氟丙烯(HFP)、或三氟乙烯(VF3)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物、氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)共聚物、乙烯与氟乙烯/丙烯(FEP)、或四氟乙烯(TFE)、或氯三氟乙烯(CTFE)的共聚物;
(b)包含至少50摩尔%的至少一种式(II)的单体的含氟聚合物且优选由式(II)的单体组成的含氟聚合物:
R-O-CH=CH2(II)
其中R表示全卤代(尤其是全氟代)烷基,例如全氟丙基乙烯基醚(PPVE)、全氟乙基乙烯基醚(PEVE)、以及乙烯与全氟甲基乙烯基醚(PMVE)的共聚物,
(vii)热塑性聚氨酯(TPU),
(viii)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯,
(ix)聚氯乙烯,
(x)苯氧基聚合物(或树脂),
(xi)不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂、乙烯基酯、酚醛树脂、聚氨酯、氰基丙烯酸酯和聚酰亚胺、例如双马来酰亚胺树脂、氨基塑料(由胺例如三聚氰胺和醛例如乙二醛或甲醛的反应得到)、以及其混合物;
-碳纤维;
-玻璃纤维,特别是E、R或S2型;
-硼纤维;
-硅石纤维;
-天然纤维,例如亚麻、大麻、蚕丝或剑麻;和
-其混合物,例如玻璃、碳和芳纶纤维的混合物。
25.如权利要求8或9所述的纤维基材,特征在于所述碳纳米管是单壁、双壁或多壁的。
26.如权利要求9所述的纤维基材,特征在于所述纳米管占所述有机聚合物或有机聚合物混合物的重量的0.1%-30%且优选0.3%-15%。
27.如权利要求8-26任一项所述的纤维基材在制造三维部件中的用途,特征在于其在于:
-将采用聚合物和CNT预浸渍的纤维基材布置在预成型坯上,以锯齿形且使得它们至少部分叠置直到得到所需厚度。
28.如权利要求8-26任一项所述的纤维基材在制造三维部件中的用途,特征在于其包含下述已知技术之一:
-低压注射(树脂传递模塑法,RTM)
-挤拉成型技术,或者
-拉挤-缠绕技术。
29.如权利要求8-26中任一项所述的纤维基材在制造3-D机械部件中的用途,特别是制造飞机机翼、飞机机身、船体、机动车大梁或扰流器、或者制动盘、或柱塞油缸或方向盘的主体。
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EP2430081B1 (fr) 2018-06-20
KR101374426B1 (ko) 2014-03-17
BRPI1013929B1 (pt) 2019-06-25
WO2010130930A1 (fr) 2010-11-18
BRPI1013929A2 (pt) 2016-04-05
US20120077398A1 (en) 2012-03-29
ES2688060T3 (es) 2018-10-30
FR2945549A1 (fr) 2010-11-19
FR2945550A1 (fr) 2010-11-19
US20150322622A1 (en) 2015-11-12
JP6012465B2 (ja) 2016-10-25
CA2760080C (fr) 2015-06-30
FR2945549B1 (fr) 2012-07-27
FR2945550B1 (fr) 2013-01-18
CN102549050B (zh) 2015-03-04
JP2012526885A (ja) 2012-11-01

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