CN102473923A - 具有优异胶粘力的二次电池用粘合剂 - Google Patents
具有优异胶粘力的二次电池用粘合剂 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN102473923A CN102473923A CN2010800358524A CN201080035852A CN102473923A CN 102473923 A CN102473923 A CN 102473923A CN 2010800358524 A CN2010800358524 A CN 2010800358524A CN 201080035852 A CN201080035852 A CN 201080035852A CN 102473923 A CN102473923 A CN 102473923A
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- Prior art keywords
- adhesive
- acrylate
- monomer
- electrode
- methyl
- Prior art date
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 73
- -1 acrylic ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004386 diacrylate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-bromo-1,1,1-trifluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCCBr DBCAQXHNJOFNGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Substances CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PKJBRKTYYNRVSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10-(aminomethyl)-9,10-dihydroanthracene-1,2-diol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2C(CN)C3=CC=CC=C3CC2=C1O PKJBRKTYYNRVSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCCOC(=O)C=C OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UBLAMKHIFZBBSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylbutyl pentanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)OCCC(C)C UBLAMKHIFZBBSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- DYUWTXWIYMHBQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-prop-2-enylprop-2-en-1-amine Chemical compound C=CCNCC=C DYUWTXWIYMHBQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- GZBSIABKXVPBFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OCC(CO)(CO)CO GZBSIABKXVPBFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QSOMQGJOPSLUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylbuta-1,3-dienylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC(C=C)=CC1=CC=CC=C1 QSOMQGJOPSLUAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IQQVCMQJDJSRFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C.CCC(CO)(CO)CO IQQVCMQJDJSRFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C(C)=C RUMACXVDVNRZJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VFZKVQVQOMDJEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enoyloxypropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OC(C)COC(=O)C=C VFZKVQVQOMDJEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-dimethylbut-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 DXIJHCSGLOHNES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNSFRPWPOGYVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxypropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCCO GNSFRPWPOGYVLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- YYPNJNDODFVZLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbut-2-enoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)=CC(O)=O YYPNJNDODFVZLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZVYGIPWYVVJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylbutyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)CCOC(=O)C=C ZVYGIPWYVVJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SAPGBCWOQLHKKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-(2-methylprop-2-enoyloxy)hexyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SAPGBCWOQLHKKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AZJRQMPWZGVJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC=NC(=O)NCCOC(=O)C(C)=C Chemical compound CC=NC(=O)NCCOC(=O)C(C)=C AZJRQMPWZGVJEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCO WOBHKFSMXKNTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GSYWJWFOKRBGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N(=O)OC(C)CCCCCC.C(C(=C)C)(=O)O Chemical compound N(=O)OC(C)CCCCCC.C(C(=C)C)(=O)O GSYWJWFOKRBGQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-QHHAFSJGSA-N [(e)-prop-1-enyl]benzene Chemical compound C\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 QROGIFZRVHSFLM-QHHAFSJGSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HVVWZTWDBSEWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-prop-2-enoyloxy-2-(prop-2-enoyloxymethyl)propyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC(CO)(COC(=O)C=C)COC(=O)C=C HVVWZTWDBSEWIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SSOONFBDIYMPEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-hydroxy-2-[[3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propoxy]methyl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl] prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCC(CO)(CO)COCC(CO)(CO)COC(=O)C=C SSOONFBDIYMPEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GMSCBRSQMRDRCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZNAOFAIBVOMLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C ZNAOFAIBVOMLPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C HMZGPNHSPWNGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005702 oxyalkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- GYDSPAVLTMAXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GYDSPAVLTMAXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
- C08F212/08—Styrene
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
- C08F212/12—Monomers containing a branched unsaturated aliphatic radical or a ring substituted by an alkyl radical
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- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,其包含聚合物粒子,在所述聚合物粒子中,通过用两种以上具有相互不同分子量的交联剂对两种以上的单体进行聚合。组合了上述特定成分的所述粘合剂,从电极的制造工艺开始就从根本上提高了电极的稳定性,由此提供了具有优异循环特性的二次电池。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,更特别地,涉及用于二次电池的电极的新型粘合剂,其包含聚合物粒子,在所述聚合物粒子中用两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂将两种以上的单体聚合。
背景技术
化石燃料使用的急剧增加导致对替代能源或清洁能源的需求增加。作为这种需求的一部分,大部分积极研究的领域是基于电化学的电力产生/储存应用。
目前,使用上述电化学能的电化学器件的代表性实例可以为二次电池,且其应用范围继续扩展。
近年来,对于移动设备如便携式(膝上型)计算机、移动电话、照相机等的增加的技术开发和需求,导致对作为能源的二次电池的需求急剧增加。在这些二次电池中,对具有高能量密度和运行(输出)电压、长循环寿命和低自放电比率的锂二次电池进行了广泛的研究,其可商购获得且被广泛使用。
另外,对环境问题的增加的关注导致了与电动车辆(EV)和混合动力车辆(HEV)相关的大量研究,所述电动车辆(EV)和混合动力车辆(HEV)作为使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆和柴油车辆的替代品,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是大气污染的主要原因。尽管通常将镍金属氢化物(NiMH)二次电池用作这种EV和/或HEV的电源,但是正在进行对具有高能量密度和高放电电压的锂二次电池的使用的大量研究且其所述锂二次电池中的一些可商购获得。
典型的锂离子二次电池使用石墨作为负极活性材料,其中正极中的锂离子插入到负极中并从所述负极分离,由此重复充放电过程。尽管电池的理论容量可随电极活性材料的种类而变化,但是通常已知的是,充放电容量随(充放电)循环的重复而劣化。
认为这种问题背后的主要原因在于,电极活性材料相互分离或电极活性材料与集电器分离,这是由随时间推移对电池重复充放电造成的电极体积变化所造成的;且活性材料不完全发挥功能。另外,由于在插入和分离期间进入到负极中的锂离子从其中完全逸出,所以负极的活性点下降,由此在重复循环的同时可能劣化充放电容量和寿命。
特别地,为了提高放电容量,在将一些材料如硅、锡或硅-锡合金与具有372mAh/g理论放电容量的天然石墨结合使用的情况中,在重复充放电期间,材料的体积膨胀可能大大增加。鉴于此,负极材料从电极材料中释放并造成在重复充放电循环的过程中急剧劣化电池容量的问题。
因此,在相关领域中强烈需要对如下粘合剂和/电极材料的研究,所述粘合剂和/电极材料具有强胶粘性以防止在电极的制造中电极活性材料的相互分离或电极材料与集电器的分离,具有优异的物理性质以控制在重复充放电期间发生的电极活性材料的体积膨胀,由此有助于电极的结构稳定性以及电池性能的提高。
由于现有的溶剂粘合剂即聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)不满足上述要求,所以近来提出了如下方法且所述方法变得可商购获得:通过丁苯橡胶(SBR)在水相中的聚合而制备乳化粒子,将制备的粒子与中和剂混合,并对其进行使用。这种粘合剂具有环境友好并降低粘合剂的含量以提高电池容量的优势。然而,尽管通过橡胶部分的弹性可提高胶粘耐久性,但是胶粘性不是非常优异。
因此,仍强烈需要开发一种新型粘合剂,其能够在提高电池的循环特性的同时对电极提供结构稳定性,并具有优异的胶粘性。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,本发明涉及解决上述常规问题并涉及克服在相关领域中的技术限制。
作为本发明人进行的广泛研究和实验的结果,已经开发了一种用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,所述粘合剂包含聚合物粒子,所述聚合物粒子通过用两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂对两种以上的单体进行聚合而形成,如下所述。此外发现,使用所开发的粘合剂可以在促进电池循环特性的提高的同时提高胶粘性,由此完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种制造太阳能电池用前电极的方法。为了完成本发明的上述目的,提供了一种用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,所述粘合剂包含聚合物粒子,所述聚合物粒子通过用两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂对两种以上的单体进行聚合而形成。
在本发明的粘合剂中,具有小分子量的交联剂可提高粘合剂的物理性质以促进循环特性的提高,同时具有较大分子量的交联剂可提高粘合剂的柔性,从而提高了胶粘性。
根据一个优选实施方案,所述两种以上的单体可以为如下的混合物:(a)(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体、(b)选自丙烯酸酯单体、乙烯基单体和腈单体中的至少一种单体。这种优选组合可赋予有利的粘合性能和提高的粘合耐久性。
关于上述构造,相对于单体的总重量,可以以10~99wt%的量含有上述组(a)中的单体即(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体,同时可以以1~60wt%的量含有上述组(b)中的单体。然而,上述含量范围不是固定的,且可根据各种单体的特性和/或粘合剂的期望物理性质而适当进行改变。
所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体可以为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:例如丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸正戊酯、丙烯酸异戊酯、丙烯酸正乙基己酯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正戊酯、甲基丙烯酸异戊酯、甲基丙烯酸正己酯、甲基丙烯酸正乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯。
所述丙烯酸酯单体可以为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:例如甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基亚乙基脲、丙烯酸-β-羧基乙酯、脂族单丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、双三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸二十六烷基酯、丙烯酸硬脂酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸十六烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸硬脂酯。
所述乙烯基单体可以为选自如下的至少一种:苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、β-甲基苯乙烯、对叔丁基苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯乙烯及它们的混合物。
所述腈单体可包括例如丁二腈、癸二腈、腈的氟化物、腈的氯化物、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈等,更优选选自丙烯腈、甲基丙烯酸酯及它们的混合物的至少一种。
如上所述,除了上述两种以上单体之外,本发明的粘合剂可还包含两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂。
其中,具有相对较小的分子量的交联剂优选包括具有至少50且小于250的分子量并在其末端具有至少两个双键的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物或胺化合物。
所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物可包括例如选自如下的至少一种:乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸芳基酯(AMA)和异氰脲酸三芳基酯(TAIC)。
所述胺化合物可以为选自例如三烯丙基胺(TAA)和二烯丙基胺(DAA)中的至少一种。
所述具有较大分子量的交联剂可包括具有氧化烯基并在其末端具有至少两个双键且分子量为250以上且小于5000的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物。
所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物可以为选自例如聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二丙烯酸酯和聚丁二醇二丙烯酸酯中的至少一种。
交联剂的含量比按重量计可以为1∶0.1~1∶20(具有较小分子量的交联剂对具有较大分子量的交联剂之比),且相对于粘合剂的总重量,其量可以为0.1~10wt%。如果具有较小分子量的交联剂的含量太低,则可能不会提高循环特性。相反,具有较大分子量的交联剂的含量太低,可预期粘合剂柔性的提高小。另外,当交联剂的量太小时,在充放电期间不能控制电极的体积变化,由此降低了所保持的循环容量的百分比(“循环容量保持率”)。相反,如果交联剂的量太大,则难以赋予高胶粘性。更优选地,相对于粘合剂的总重量,交联剂的含量为0.1~5wt%。
任选地,相对于粘合剂的总重量,粘合剂可还包含1~20wt%的选自(甲基)丙烯酰胺单体以及不饱和单羧酸单体中的至少一种单体。
通过使用上述单体和交联剂的乳液聚合可制备本发明的粘合剂。可以根据各种聚合方法和/或用于聚合的引发剂的类型来适当确定聚合温度和聚合时间。例如,聚合温度可为约50~200℃且聚合时间可为约1~20小时。
用于乳液聚合的乳化剂可以包括例如:脂肪酸盐,即油酸、硬脂酸、月桂酸的钠或钾盐,作为其代表性实例;普通的阴离子乳化剂如松香酸。优选地,还添加提高乳液稳定性的反应性乳化剂。上述乳化剂可单独使用或以其两种以上组合的方式使用。
作为用于乳液聚合的聚合引发剂,还可以使用无机或有机过氧化物。例如,水性(或水溶性)引发剂如过硫酸钾、过硫酸钠、过硫酸铵等和/或疏水性(或油溶性)引发剂如异丙基苯过氧化氢、过氧化苯甲酰等。除了聚合引发剂之外,可还包含活性试剂以在早期阶段促进过氧化物的反应。这种活性试剂可包括选自甲醛次硫酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸钠、硫酸亚铁和葡萄糖中的至少一种。
本发明还提供一种电极浆体,所述电极浆体包含能够吸收且解吸(或放出)锂的电极活性材料以及上述电极用粘合剂。
所述浆体可包括溶剂如水、NMP等,下面将对电极活性材料进行更详细的说明。
在将浆体涂布到集电器上之后,对其进行干燥和压延可制得电极。
因此,本发明可提供二次电池用电极,所述电极包含涂布到集电器上的浆体。所述二次电池用电极可以为正极或负极。
通过例如将正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物涂布到正极集电器上,随后对所述混合物进行干燥可制造正极。同样地,通过将负极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物涂布到负极集电器上并然后对其进行干燥可制造负极。
电极中的电极活性材料可以为能够进行电化学反应的材料,且根据电极的类型,将所述电极活性材料分为负极活性材料和正极活性材料。
所述正极活性材料可包含锂过渡金属氧化物,所述锂过渡金属氧化物例如含有两种以上的过渡金属;层状化合物如锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)、锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2)等,其由一种或多种过渡金属取代;由一种或多种过渡金属取代的锂锰氧化物;由LiNi1-yMyO2(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zn或Ga,所述氧化物含有这些元素中的至少一种,且y满足0.01≤y≤0.7)表示的锂镍氧化物;由Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c+d)MdO(2-e)Ae(其中-0.5≤z≤0.5,0.1≤b≤0.8,0.1≤c≤0.8,0≤d≤0.2,0≤e≤0.2,b+c+d<1,M=Al、Mg、Cr、Ti、Si或Y,且A=F、P或Cl)表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物等,但不特别限制于此。
负极活性材料的实例可包括:碳和石墨材料如天然石墨、人造石墨、膨胀石墨、碳纤维、非石墨化碳(通常称作“硬碳”)、炭黑、碳纳米管、富勒烯、活性炭等;可与锂合金化的金属如Al、Si、Sn、Ag、Bi、Mg、Zn、In、Ge、Pb、Pd、Pt、Ti等,以及含有所述金属的化合物;碳和石墨材料与金属及其化合物的组合;含锂的氮化物等。其中,优选使用碳活性材料、硅活性材料、锡活性材料或硅-碳活性材料,这些材料可单独使用或以其两种以上组合的方式使用。
通常使用导电材料以提高电极活性材料的电导率且相对于电极混合物的总重量,可以以0.01~30wt%的量添加所述导电材料。这种导电材料不受特别限制,只要其具有导电性能而不会造成电池的化学改变即可。所述导电材料可包括例如:石墨如天然石墨或人造石墨;炭黑如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑、夏黑等;导电纤维如碳纤维或金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳、铝、镍粉等;导电须如氧化锌、钛酸钾等;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;导电物质如聚苯撑衍生物等。
集电器是在活性材料进行电化学反应的同时电子发生迁移的部分且可包括负极集电器和正极集电器。
所述正极集电器通常具有3~500μm的厚度。这种正极集电极集电器没有特别限制,只要其具有高电导率而不会造成电池的化学改变即可。例如,可以使用不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、煅烧碳、或者利用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的不锈钢或铝等来制造正极集电器。
通常将负极集电器制造为具有3~500μm的厚度。这种负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其具有有利的电导率而不会造成电池的化学改变即可。例如,可以使用铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、煅烧碳;利用碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢;铝-镉合金等来制造负极集电器。
可对这种集电器进行加工以在其表面上具有细小的不规则,从而增强对电极活性材料的胶粘性。另外,这些集电器可具有包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫、无纺布等的各种形式。
此外,可向包含正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂的混合物(即正极混合物)中添加选自粘度调节剂和填料中的至少一种。
粘度调节剂用于控制电极混合物的粘度以促进电极材料的混合以及其到集电器上的涂布,相对于电极混合物的总重量,可以以30wt%以下的量添加所述粘度调节剂。粘度调节剂的实例可包括但不限于,羧甲基纤维素、聚偏二氟乙烯等。任选地,溶剂也可充当粘度调节剂。
填料为用于抑制电极膨胀的辅助成分,所述填料可任选使用且没有特别限制,只要其包含纤维材料而不会造成电池的化学改变即可。所述填料可包括例如烯烃聚合物如聚乙烯、聚丙烯等;纤维材料如玻璃纤维或碳纤维等。
本发明还提供包含上述二次电池用电极的锂二次电池。
除了电极之外,这种锂二次电池可通常还包含隔膜和含锂盐的非水电解液。
本文中使用的隔膜插入在正极与负极之间且可以使用具有高离子渗透性和优异机械强度的薄绝缘膜形成。隔膜典型地具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由具有耐化学性和疏水性的烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布。当使用包含聚合物的固体电解质作为电解质时,所述固体电解质可还充当隔膜。
本文中使用的含锂盐的非水电解液包含锂盐和非水电解液。
非水有机溶剂可以为质子溶剂,包括例如:N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、四氢呋喃、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯(phosphoric triester)、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯等。
本文中所使用的锂盐为易溶于非水电解液中的物质,且可以包括例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、4-苯基硼酸锂、酰亚胺等。
任选地,可还包含有机固体电解质和/或无机固体电解质。
有机固体电解质的实例可包括聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物(phosphoric ester polymer)、polyagitation lysine、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯、具有离子离解基团的聚合物等。
无机固体电解质的实例可包Li的氮化物、卤化物和/或硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-NiOH、Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2等。
另外,为了提高充放电特性并赋予阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解液中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺(hexaphosphoric triamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,所述非水电解液可还包含含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,所述非水电解液可另外包含二氧化碳气体。或者,可还包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯砜(PRS)等。
根据本发明制造的二次电池可用作电池模块的单元电池,其为用于需要高温安全性、长循环寿命性能、高倍率性能等的中型和/或大型装置的电源。
发明效果
根据上述很明显,根据本发明的用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂包含通过用两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂对两种以上的单体进行聚合而形成的聚合物粒子,由此提供提高的循环特性和高胶粘性。
具体实施方式
下文中,参考如下实施例对本发明的例示性实施方案进行更详细的说明。然而,本领域技术人员应理解,提出这些实施方案以用于例示性目,且其不限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
向含有作为乳化剂的十二烷基硫酸钠和作为聚合引发剂的过硫酸钾的水中添加作为单体的60g丙烯酸丁酯和30g苯乙烯;以及作为交联剂的0.5g乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯和0.5g具有800分子量的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯,随后进行混合并在70℃下将其聚合约5小时。通过聚合,得到了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,所述粘合剂包含由聚合的单体和交联剂形成的聚合物粒子。
实施例2
除了利用丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯代替丙烯酸丁酯作为单体之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
实施例3
除了利用腈代替苯乙烯作为单体之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
实施例4
除了将丙烯酸丁酯的含量改为80g并将苯乙烯的含量改为10g之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
实施例5
除了将乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯的含量改为0.3g并将聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯的含量改为0.3g之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
实施例6
除了将乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯的含量改为0.1g并将聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯的含量改为1.0g(重量比=1∶10)之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
比较例1
除了使用60g的丙烯酸丁酯和30g的丙烯酸乙酯作为单体之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
比较例2
除了使用60g的苯乙烯和30g的丙烯腈作为单体之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
比较例3
除了使用1g的乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯作为交联剂之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
比较例4
除了使用1g的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯作为交联剂之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
比较例5
除了使用6g的乙二醇二丙烯酸酯和6g的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯作为交联剂之外,根据与实施例1中所述相同的程序制备了用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂。
实验例1-胶粘性试验
使用本发明的聚合物粘合剂作为用于锂二次电池的正极的粘合剂,测量了在电极活性材料与集电器之间的胶粘力。
首先,特别地,以92∶5∶1∶2的活性材料、导电材料、粘度调节剂和粘合剂的相对比率,分别将在实施例1~6中制备的粘合剂和在比较例1~5中制备的粘合剂中的各种粘合剂与其他成分混合,由此制备浆体。然后,将浆体涂布到Al箔上以形成电极。
在将形成的电极的表面进行切割并将切割片固定在载玻片上之后,在将集电器从切割片上剥离的同时测量了180°剥离强度,将其结果示于下表1中。通过将剥离强度测量五次以上并计算其平均值来进行评价。
表1
胶粘力(g) | |
实施例1 | 32 |
实施例2 | 36 |
实施例3 | 28 |
实施例4 | 35 |
实施例5 | 27 |
实施例6 | 36 |
比较例1 | 16 |
比较例2 | 12 |
比较例3 | 18 |
比较例4 | 30 |
比较例5 | 5 |
如上表1中所列出的,与使用比较例1~3和5中制备的粘合剂的电极相比,包含本发明实施例1~6中制备的粘合剂的所有电极都展示了优异的胶粘性。同时,由于仅使用具有大分子量的交联剂对比较例4中制备的粘合剂进行聚合,所以其提高了电极的柔性,由此显示了高胶粘性。然而,如同在如下实验例2中所明确的,循环特性明显劣化,从而在使用上述物质作为具有优异稳定性的粘合剂时造成问题。
实验例2-循环特性试验
将实验例1中形成的各种电极用作正极并将Li金属用作负极,并使用1M LiPF6在以1∶2∶1的比率包含EC∶DMC∶DEC的溶剂中的电解质,制造了硬币型电池。
将各种制造的硬币型电池进行充放电特性的变化试验。通过对制造的电池进行0.2C充电和0.2C放电,得到了第一循环的放电容量和效率。在1C充电和1C放电的条件下重复50个充放电循环并测量了在第50个循环时相对于初始容量的容量保持率(%)。将其结果示于下表2中。
表2
如上表2中所列出的,使用在实施例1~6中制备的本发明的粘合剂的电池,即使在50个循环之后仍展示了至少90%的初始效率。认为这种结果背后的原因在于,本发明粘合剂的高胶粘性可在充放电期间抑制电极活性材料的体积变化,从而大大控制了活性材料之间的界面变化,由此降低了电阻的增大并同时因活性材料与集电器之间的优异胶粘力而防止了活性材料的分离。
另一方面,使用比较例1、2和4中制备的粘合剂的电池不能耐受这种大的体积变化,因此显著降低容量。同时,由于比较例3中的电池使用仅含有具有小分子量的交联剂的粘合剂,所以其具有高物理性质并展示了至少90%的容量保持率。然而,电极展示了劣化的胶粘性且在制造期间经常短路,因此发现,在其制造过程中稳定性下降。此外,比较例5中的电池含有与单体含量相比过量的交联剂,由此抑制了电解液对电极的浸渍并提高了电池的内阻。因此,降低了第一循环的效率,另外发现,由于即使在随后的循环期间仍将电阻保持在高水平上,所以循环容量保持率劣化。
本领域的技术人员应理解,基于上述说明,在不背离本发明的范围和主旨的条件下,各种改变和变化是可能的。
Claims (16)
1.一种用于二次电池的电极的粘合剂,所述粘合剂包含聚合物粒子,所述聚合物粒子通过用两种以上具有不同分子量的交联剂对两种以上的单体进行聚合而形成。
2.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂,其中所述两种以上的单体为如下物质的混合物:
(a)(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体,和
(b)选自丙烯酸酯单体、乙烯基单体和腈单体中的至少一种单体。
3.如权利要求2所述的粘合剂,其中相对于所述单体的总重量,所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体的含量为10~99wt%,并且组(b)中的单体的含量为1~60wt%。
4.如权利要求3所述的粘合剂,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸正戊酯、丙烯酸异戊酯、丙烯酸正乙基己酯、丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸-2-羟基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸正戊酯、甲基丙烯酸异戊酯、甲基丙烯酸正己酯、甲基丙烯酸正乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸-2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和甲基丙烯酸羟丙酯。
5.如权利要求3所述的粘合剂,其中所述丙烯酸酯单体为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:甲基丙烯酰氧基乙基亚乙基脲、丙烯酸-β-羧基乙酯、脂族单丙烯酸酯、二丙二醇二丙烯酸酯、双三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸羟乙酯、二季戊四醇六丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸二十六烷基酯、丙烯酸硬脂酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸十六烷基酯和甲基丙烯酸硬脂酯。
6.如权利要求3所述的粘合剂,其中所述腈单体为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:丁二腈、癸二腈、腈的氟化物、腈的氯化物、丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈。
7.如权利要求2所述的粘合剂,其中所述乙烯基单体为选自如下物质中的至少一种单体:苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、β-甲基苯乙烯、对叔丁基苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯乙烯及它们的混合物。
8.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂,其中所述交联剂中具有小分子量的交联剂为在其末端具有至少两个双键且分子量为50以上且小于250的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物或胺化合物。
9.如权利要求8所述的粘合剂,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物为选自如下物质中的至少一种化合物:乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,3-丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、1,6-己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸芳基酯(AMA)和异氰脲酸三芳基酯(TAIC)。
10.如权利要求8所述的粘合剂,其中所述胺化合物为选自三烯丙基胺(TAA)和二烯丙基胺(DDAA)中的至少一种化合物。
11.如权利要求1所述的粘合剂,其中所述交联剂中具有较大分子量的交联剂为具有氧化烯基以及在其末端具有至少两个双键且分子量为250以上且小于5000的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物。
12.如权利要求11所述的粘合剂,其中所述(甲基)丙烯酸酯化合物为选自聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、聚丙二醇二丙烯酸酯和聚丁二醇二丙烯酸酯中的至少一种化合物。
13.如权利要求11所述的粘合剂,其中所述交联剂的重量含量比为1∶0.1~1∶20(具有小分子量的交联剂对具有较大分子量的交联剂之比),且相对于粘合剂的总重量,所述交联剂的量为0.1~10wt%。
14.一种电极用浆体,其包含:(a)权利要求1的电极用粘合剂;和(b)能够吸收和放出锂的电极活性材料。
15.一种二次电池用电极,其包含涂布到集电器上的权利要求14的电极用浆体。
16.一种锂二次电池,其包含权利要求15的二次电池用电极。
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KR20110017818A (ko) | 2011-02-22 |
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