CN102272104A - 用于治疗呼吸疾病的磺酰胺化合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗呼吸疾病的磺酰胺化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102272104A CN102272104A CN2009801533886A CN200980153388A CN102272104A CN 102272104 A CN102272104 A CN 102272104A CN 2009801533886 A CN2009801533886 A CN 2009801533886A CN 200980153388 A CN200980153388 A CN 200980153388A CN 102272104 A CN102272104 A CN 102272104A
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- Prior art keywords
- pyrazol
- yloxy
- phenyl
- compound
- benzenesulfonamide
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Landscapes
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Abstract
式(I)化合物是PPARγ的激动剂,可用于治疗呼吸疾病;在式(I)中,R1、R2或R3各自独立地代表卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、烷基、卤烷基、烷氧基、卤代烷氧基、羧酸或其酯或酰胺;R4代表氢或烷基;m、n或p独立地代表0、1、2或3。
Description
发明的领域
本发明涉及作为PPARγ的激动剂的磺酰胺化合物,以及这类化合物治疗呼吸疾病的应用。
发明的背景
已经识别了各式各样的呼吸疾病和障碍,它们中很多的病因学是重叠和相互作用的。最广泛流行的这些疾病之中的两种是慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)和哮喘。呼吸疾病具有显著的炎性成分。例如,关于COPD和哮喘的现行疗法主要集中在使用短效和长效支气管扩张药进行单药治疗或用长效β2激动剂支气管扩张药与吸入皮质类固醇(ICS)联合治疗以减轻症状。
COPD是世界范围内发病和死亡的一个主要原因,40年来成年人中的总患病率目前估计为9-10%(Halbert et al,Eur.
Respir. J,2006,28(3):523-32)。根据世界卫生组织(WHO),到了2020年,约6亿人会患有COPD,每年死于此病的约300万人,从而使其成为第三位的主要死因和第五位主要病因。
COPD的临床特点包括呼吸急促、咳嗽和痰,伴随着由慢性支气管炎和肺气肿(远侧肺气腔扩张)造成的慢性气道阻塞和肺充气过度。在COPD中还发现在支气管哮喘中明显存在的慢性支气管反应过度。COPD中的气道重建导致持久和不可逆的气道变窄和粘液分泌过多。气道变窄和反应过度的直接原因尚不清楚,但一般认为气道平滑肌的功能异常造成舒张性降低或受损,或者收缩性增强。
COPD是死亡和致残的重要原因。治疗原则主张早期检测和执行戒烟计划以有助于降低发病率和该病的致死率。但是,由于许多原因,早期检测和诊断有困难。
COPD的发展要很多年,而吸烟者常常否认吸烟的任何有害作用,把呼吸急促增多这些早期示警信号归因为年龄。类似地,支气管的急性发作常常未被普通医师认作是COPD的早期迹象。很多患者表现出不止一种疾病(例如慢性支气管炎或哮喘性支气管炎)的特点,这对准确的诊断造成困难,尤其是在疾病早期。另外,很多患者不找医生求助,直到它们产生了与肺功能降低有关的更严重的症状,例如呼吸困难、持续咳嗽和生痰。结果,大多数患者在发展到疾病的较晚期阶段之前都没有得到诊断或治疗。
尽管近年在了解呼吸疾病的原因方面已经取得了进展,但其治疗仍旧众所周知地很困难。根据上述可以看出,需要寻找新的化合物用于预防和治疗呼吸疾病,例如COPD和哮喘。
目前,COPD治疗主要集中在利用长效和短效支气管扩张药进行单药治疗或者用长效β2激动剂支气管扩张药与吸入皮质类固醇(ICS)联合治疗,以减轻症状。ICS无论是单独地或与β2激动剂相联合,其抗炎结果都令人失望,这增强了对于能用于COPD的有效抗炎药物的寻找工作。研究中的一个设想是新的显然消炎的药物是否能阻停或减缓COPD的功能衰退特点。降低症状加剧的频率和严重性已成为COPD治疗的日益重要的目标,因为患者在加剧后的预后很差。预期抗炎疗法在COPD中,以及在哮喘中,能降低加剧的频率和严重程度,改善生活质量,并且或许能减慢肺功能的衰退。在COPD中的有效的抗炎治疗还可能改善肺功能。
过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体γ(PPARγ)激动剂是一类提高糖尿病患者对葡萄糖的敏感性的药物,目前有两种PPARγ激动剂被批准在糖尿病中临床使用:罗格列酮和吡格列酮。参见Campbell IW,Curr Mol. Med. 2005 May,5(3):349-63。这两种化合物都是噻唑烷二酮类(TZDs),而且实际上都通过口服途径全身给药。PPARγ的生理激活据信会增高外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性,从而有助于从血液中清除葡萄糖和产生预期的抗糖尿病作用。
遗憾的是,PPARγ激动剂也有不良的心血管作用,包括血液稀释、外周和肺水肿,以及充血性心力衰竭(CHF)。CHF是一种复杂的临床综合症,其特征是劳力性呼吸困难、疲劳以及常常由在左心室机能不良(LVR)造成的外周水肿。这些不良作用据信也是PPARγ的激活造成的。特别是,已经作了重大努力来研究下述设想:PPARγ激动剂通过与肾中的PPARγ受体结合,扰乱了流体平衡的正常维持。参见Guan
et al,Nat Med. 2005,11(8)861-6和Zhang et al,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005,28:102(26):9406-11。通过口服来全身给药的方式用PPARγ进行治疗还与体重的不良增长有关。
除了对葡萄糖代谢的影响以外,还已出版了大量报道,证实了特定的PPARγ激动剂(例如罗格列酮)发挥抗炎作用的可能性。例如,(1)罗格列酮被报道在糖尿病患者中发挥与抗炎作用相符合的作用(Haffner
et al,Circulation,2000 Aug 6;106(6):679-84,Mart et al,Arterioscler
Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Feb 1;23(2):283-8);(2)有报道说,罗格列酮在许多的炎症动物模型中具有抗炎作用,包括:鹿角菜胶诱发的爪水肿(Cuzzocrea
et al,Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 1;483(1):79-93),TNBS诱发的结肠炎(Dosreumanux et al,J Exp
Med. 2001 Apr 2;193(7):827-38,Sanchez-Hidalgo et al,Biochem
Pharmacol. 2005 Jun 15;69(12):1733-44),实验性脑脊髓炎(Feinstein et al,Ann
Neurol. 2002 Jun;51(6):694-702),胶原诱发的(Cuzzocrea et al,Arthritis
Rheum. 2003 Dec;48(12):3544-56)和辅剂诱发的关节炎(Shiojiri et al,Eur J
Pharmacol. 2002 Jul 19;448(2-3):231-8),鹿角菜胶诱发的胸膜炎(Cuzzocrea et al,Eur J
Pharmacol. 2004 Jan 1:483(1):79-93),卵清蛋白诱发的肺部炎症(Lee et al,FASEB J. 2005 Jun;19(8):
1033-5)和LPS诱发的肺组织嗜中性粒细胞增多症(Birrell
et al,Eur Respir J. 2004 Jul; 24(1): 18-23)和(3)已报道罗格列酮在分离的细胞中具有抗炎作用,包括在鼠巨噬细胞中的iNOS(诱导型氧化氮合酶)表达(Reddy et al,Am J
Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004 Mar; 286(3): L613-9),TNF
-诱发的人支气管表皮细胞中的MMP-9活性(Hetzel
et al,Thorax. 2003 Sep; 58(9): 778-83),人气道平滑肌细胞增殖(Ward et al, Br J Pharmacol. 2004 Feb; 141(3): 517-25)和嗜中性粒细胞释放MMP-9(WO
0062766)。
根据对与肺有关的细胞中的抗炎活性的观察,PPARγ激动剂用于治疗炎性呼吸疾病的用途一般已被公开,这些疾病包括哮喘、COPD、囊性纤维化、肺纤维化(参见专利申请WO 00/53601,WO 02/13812和WO
00/62766)。这些公开包括用口服和吸入两种途径给药。
已知COPD患者在充血性心力衰竭(CHF)方面比其它临床人群风险更高(Curkendall et al, Ann Epidemiol, 2006; 16: 63-70,
Padeletti et al, Int J Cardiol. 2008; 125(2): 209-15),因此对于这些患者保持PPARγ受体的全身激活最小很重要,以避免CHF的似然值增高。以吸入方式施用呼吸药物是用抗炎药对准肺部而又保持药物的全身暴露量低的一种方法,它降低了全身活性和观察到副作用的似然值。
因此,考虑到PPARγ受体激动剂的在治疗呼吸疾病中的潜在的抗炎用途,并权衡这一可能的应用与此类药物全身高暴露量造成的不良副作用,我们需要PPARγ受体激动剂在治疗此类疾病方面有效,其物理化学性质使其适合以吸入方式向肺部给药,并且在吸入后的全身暴露量低。
吸入的药物的全身暴露一般经两种方式达到。在口腔吸入呼吸药物后,由装置(例如吸入器或喷雾器)释放出的剂量的10-50%被输送到呼吸道,在那里它可以实现其在肺内的预期的药理作用。最终,没有被肺代谢的任何药物都由肺输送到全身循环系统中。一旦在循环系统中存在活性药物,该药物从血浆中的清除率对于其全身活性是关键因素。因此,用于治疗肺部疾病的吸入药物的理想性质是与施用的剂量相比,其血浆中的曲线下面积(AUC)低,因为这将限制全身药理活性,从而降低副作用的似然值。不同化合物在这方面的适合程度可以通过在静脉内施用等效剂量后测定血浆AUC来确定。适合吸入治疗肺部疾病的化合物应具有低的血浆AUC,而很可能有全身副作用倾向的化合物会有较高的血浆AUC。
在口服吸入呼吸药物之后,吸入的剂量中的另外50-90%被吞下。因此,降低由于吸入药物造成的全身暴露的另一方法是该药物的口服生物利用度(胃肠道吸收完整的药物并将其输送至循环系统中的能力)降低。口服生物利用度低的化合物在口服给药后用血浆AUC测定时,与用静脉内途径施用等效剂量的相同化合物相比,其血浆暴露量会明显降低。
发明详述
根据一个方面,本发明提供式(I)化合物或其可药用的盐
其中,
R1,R2或R3各自独立地代表卤素、氰基、硝基、氨基、烷基、卤烷基、烷氧基、卤代烷氧基、羧酸或其酯或酰胺;
R4代表氢或烷基;
m、n或p独立地代表0、1、2或3。
本文中使用的术语“式(I)化合物”或“本发明化合物”包括该化合物的任何个别的立体异构体。
根据另一方面,本申请还提供式(I)化合物或其可药用盐用于治疗呼吸疾病或在制造用于治疗呼吸疾病的组合物方面的应用,所述呼吸疾病的实例包括:哮喘(轻度、中度或重度),例如,支气管性、变应性、内源性、外源性、运动诱发性、药物诱发性(包括阿斯匹林和非甾体抗炎药诱发的)和灰尘诱发性哮喘,甾体抗性哮喘,变应性气道综合症,支气管炎,包括感染性和嗜伊红细胞性支气管炎,慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD),囊性纤维化,肺纤维化,包括隐源性纤维性肺泡炎、特发性肺纤维化、特发性间质性肺炎、抗肿瘤治疗和慢性感染(包括结核病和曲霉病及其它真菌感染)并发的纤维化;肺移植的并发症;肺脉管系统的脉管炎病和血栓形成病,以及肺高血压(包括肺动脉高血压);镇咳活性,包括治疗与气道的炎性及分泌病症有关的慢性咳嗽,及医原性咳嗽;急性和慢性鼻炎,包括药物性鼻炎和血管运动性鼻炎;常年性和季节性变应性鼻炎,包括神经性鼻炎(枯草热);鼻息肉病;急性病毒感染,包括普通感冒和由于呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒(预防性和治疗性治疗)、冠状病毒(包括SARS)和腺病毒造成的感染;肺水肿,肺栓塞,肺炎,肺结节病,硅沉着病,农民肺和相关疾病;过敏性肺炎,呼吸衰竭,急性呼吸窘迫综合症,肺气肿,慢性支气管炎,结核病,以及肺癌。
根据另一方面,本发明提供一种治疗或预防呼吸病症,例如前一段列出的疾病的方法。
具体地说,本发明的方法和组合物包括在需要所述活性的个体中预防和治疗呼吸疾病,例如以上列出的疾病,这包括向所述个体施用治疗有效量的药物组合物,其中含有式(I)化合物或其可药用的盐以及一种或多种可药用的赋形剂。在本发明的这一方面,式(I)化合物常常以吸入途径给药。
在又一方面,本发明提供一种药物组合物,例如适合用鼻或嘴吸入的组合物,其中含有本发明化合物和一种或多种可药用的赋形剂。
为描述本发明,一些术语在本文中定义如下。
在本文中使用时,术语“烷基”包括有1至10个、更优选1至6个碳原子的支链和直链的饱和或不饱和的脂族烃基。合适的烷基的非限制性实例包括甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基和叔丁基。
在本文中使用时,术语“烷氧基”意味着定义为“烷基-O-”的碳原子链,其中的烷基基团定义如上。本文中描述的主张的烷氧基的碳原子链是饱和的,可以是直链或支链。烷氧基的实例包括甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、异丙氧基等。
在本文中使用时,“卤”或“卤素”指氟、氯、溴或碘基团。
在本文中使用时,术语“卤烷基”是指如上定义的烷基,其中烷基上的一个或多个氢原子被以上定义的卤基取代。卤烷基的实例包括三氟甲基、氯甲基、氟乙基、氯乙基、三氟甲基、六氟乙基等。
在本文中使用时,术语“卤代烷氧基”是卤烷基-O-,其中的卤烷基定义如上。卤代烷氧基的实例包括三氟甲氧基、氯代甲氧基、氟代乙氧基、氯代乙氧基、三氟甲氧基、六氟乙氧基等。
在本文中使用时,“羧酸或其酯或其酰胺”是指羧酸的酯或酰胺衍生物。酯和酰胺衍生物的实例包括CONH2,CONHMe,CONMe2,CONHEt,CONEt2,CONHPh,CON(OMe)Me,COOH,COOR’’,其中R’’代表烷基或苯基烷基,例如苄基。
除非另外指出,分子中某个特定位置上的任何取代基或变量的定义与其在该分子中其它位置处的定义无关。当然,本发明化合物上的取代基和取代型式可以由本领域普通技术人员选择,以及使形成的化合物在化学上稳定,并且容易利用本领域已知的技术及本文中陈述的方法合成。
术语“治疗”等在本文中用来一般地表示得到预期的药理和/或生理作用。这一作用,就完全或部分地防止疾病或其症状而言,可以是预防性的;和/或就部分或完全地稳定或治愈某种疾病和/或归因于该疾病的不良作用而言,可以是治疗性的。本文中使用的“治疗”一词涵盖了对治疗对象(特别是人)中的疾病的任何治疗,包括:(a)防止该症病或症状在可能易患该疾病或症状,但尚未确诊的治疗对象中发生;(b)抑制该疾病症状,即,阻止其发展;或(c)缓解该疾病症状,即,造成疾病或症状消退。
术语“治疗有效量”指能使组织、系统或患者产生所寻求的生物或医学响应的药物或药剂数量。
在本发明的化合物中:
取代基R1、R2、R3,当存在时,可以独立地选自例如甲基、氟、氯、三氟甲基、甲氧基和三氟甲氧基。
R4可以是例如氢或甲基。
在一些实施方案中,m、n和p独立地是0、1或2。
本发明化合物的具体实例包括以下化合物及其可药用的盐:
在本文中使用时,术语“可药用的盐”或“药理学上可接受的盐”一般是指化合物的盐或复合物,其中该化合物可以是阴离子或阳离子型,并分别与一般认为适合人或动物消耗的抗衡的阳离子或阴离子缔合。例如,可药用的盐可以指本文公开的化合物与酸反应或络合时形成的盐,该酸的阴离子一般认为适合人或动物消耗。在这方面,可药用的盐包括与有机酸或无机酸形成的盐。可药用盐的实例包括,但不限制,Li、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、N,N-二乙酰乙二胺、甜菜碱、咖啡因、2-二乙基氨基乙醇、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、葡糖胺、氨基葡萄糖、哈胺(hydrabamine)、异丙胺、甲基葡糖胺、吗啉、哌嗪、哌啶、普鲁卡因、嘌呤、可可碱、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺、氨丁三醇、二乙醇胺、葡甲胺、乙二胺、N,N’-二苯基乙二胺、N,N’-二苄基乙二胺、N-苄基苯基乙胺、胆碱、氢氧化胆碱、二环己胺、二甲双胍、苄胺、苯乙胺、二烷基胺、三烷基胺、硫胺、氨基嘧啶、氨基吡啶、嘌呤、亚精胺、烷基苯胺、甘氨醇、苯基甘氨醇、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、正亮氨酸、酪氨酸、胱氨酸、半胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、脯氨酸、羟基脯氨酸、组氨酸、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸;非天然氨基酸;D-异构体或取代的氨基酸;胍,取代的胍,其中取代基选自硝基、氨基、烷基、烯基、炔基;铵或取代的铵盐以及铝盐;硫酸盐,硝酸盐,磷酸盐,高氯酸盐,硼酸盐,氢卤化物,乙酸盐,酒石酸盐,马来酸盐,柠檬酸盐,琥珀酸盐,草酸盐,双羟萘酸盐,甲磺酸盐,苯甲酸盐,水杨酸盐,羟基萘酸盐,苯磺酸盐,抗坏血酸盐,甘油磷酸盐或酮戊二酸盐。
本发明化合物可以以前药的形式进行配制和给药。一般来说,前药包括所主张的化合物的功能性衍生物,它能被酶促活化或转化成更具活性的母体形式。因此,在本发明的治疗方法中,“给药”一词包括用具体公开的化合物或者用可能没有具体公开、但在施用给患者后在体内转化成指定化合物的某种化合物,对所述的各种疾病进行治疗。选择和制造合适的前药衍生物的常规步骤描述于例如Wihnan,14 Biochem. Soc. Trans. 375-82(1986);Stella et al.,
Prodrugs: A Chemical App-roach to Targeted Drug Deliverg, in Directed Drug Delivery
247-67(1985)。
在本文中使用时,本文中公开的化合物的“前药”是指具有化学上或代谢上可裂解的基团的物种,其中该物种在生理条件下变成、提供、释放出、或者转化成本发明公开的化合物。按照这种方式,前药能在体内释放出本文中公开的药学活性化合物。例如,本发明的前药包括,但不限于,含磷酸盐的前药、含硫代磷酸盐的前药、含硫酸盐的前药、含肽前药、D-氨基酸改性的前药、糖化前药、含β-内酰胺的前药、任选取代的含苯氧基乙酰胺的前药、任选取代的含苯基乙酰胺的前药、5-氟胞嘧啶或其它的5-氟尿苷前药等,它们可以转化成更具活性的物种。另一方面,本发明的前药包括,但不限于,羧酸、磺酰胺、胺、羟基等,包括其它官能基和包括其任何组合的衍生物。
本发明化合物是PPARγ受体的激动剂。
本发明还提供用于治疗或预防呼吸疾病例如哮喘或慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)的本发明化合物。为治疗呼吸疾病,本发明化合物可通过例如吸入途径给药。
在另一方面,本发明提供含有本发明化合物和一种或多种可药用赋形剂的药物组合物。优选的药物组合物包括适合经由鼻子,尤其是经由嘴吸入给药的药物组合物。
吸入PPARγ激动剂作为治疗呼吸疾病的途径的一般优点已在上面的导言中说明。经由吸入途径输送抗炎治疗药物用以治疗呼吸疾病的另一优点是它能够与吸入式支气管扩张药联合给药。支气管扩张药疗法是用于慢性炎性疾病(例如哮喘和COPD)的首选药物,能够使症状迅速缓解。与其相比,抗炎药物不会显著地立即见效,这会妨碍患者的顺从性,尽管它在长期治疗后会提供明显的临床效果。抗炎药与支气管扩张药的吸入式联合疗法能改善顺从性,它已在使用β2肾上腺素能激动剂/糖皮质类固醇合剂产品例如Advair®/Seretide®(沙美特罗昔萘酸酯/丙酸氟替卡松)和Symbicort®(富马酸福莫特罗/布地奈德)时观察到。
在本文中使用时,短语“联合疗法”、“共同给药”、“共同施用”、“一起施用”、“施用”、“联合”或“协同治疗”在意指式(I)化合物与一种不是PPARγ激动剂的呼吸病治疗剂的使用时,包括每种药物按照会产生药物联合的有利作用的方案以顺序的方式给药,也包括这些药物以基本上同时的方式共同给药。因此,式(I)化合物和不是PPARγ激动剂的呼吸疾病药物可以以一种可吸入的治疗剂型给药,或是以两种或多种分开的治疗剂型给药,其中至少含有式(I)化合物的剂型是可吸入的。
这些药物的顺序给药包括在施用本方法的各个药物之间有较短的和较长的时间间隔。但是,就本发明而言,第二种药物要在第一种药物对于治疗对象仍有效力时施用。因此,本发明利用了这一事实,即,式(I)化合物和不是PPARγ的呼吸疾病药物在治疗对象中同时存在比服用单独的任何一种药物的效力更大。
在一些实施方案中,两种药物中的第二种在要服用的第一种药物的治疗响应期之内施用于治疗对象。例如,本发明包括向治疗对象施用式(I)化合物,然后施用呼吸疾病治疗剂,只要在向治疗对象施用呼吸疾病治疗剂时,式(I)化合物在试验对象中仍以一定浓度存在,它与一定浓度的呼吸疾病治疗剂联合是治疗上有效的,反之亦然。
在本文中使用时,术语“治疗响应期”指化合物在治疗对象体内存在或可检测的持续时间。
在本文中使用时,“单药治疗”意在包括向患有呼吸疾病或与呼吸疾病相关的并发症的治疗对象施用式(I)化合物作为单一的治疗药物,不用另外的治疗药物,包括不是PPARγ激动剂的呼吸疾病治疗药物。但是,式(I)化合物仍然可以以多种剂型施用。因此,式(I)化合物可以以一种或多种吸入式粉末或气溶胶剂量给药。
在一些实施方案中,根据本发明的联合疗法可以包括式(I)化合物与支气管扩张药联合吸入给药。在本文中使用时,“支气管扩张药”一词是指松弛支气管肌肉以造成支气管空气通道扩张的药物。支气管扩张药包括,但不限于,β2肾上腺素能激动剂,例如沙丁胺醇、班布特罗、特布他林、非诺特罗、福莫特罗、富马酸福莫特罗、沙美特罗、沙美特罗昔萘酸酯、阿福特罗、酒石酸阿福特罗、茚达特罗(QAB-149)、卡莫特罗、吡库特罗、BI 1744 CL、GSK
159797、GSK 59790、GSK
159802、GSK 642444、GSK
678007、GSK 96108、克仑特罗、丙卡特罗、比托特罗、溴沙特罗、TA-2005,以及以下专利文献中的化合物:
;抗胆碱能支气管扩张药,例如异丙托溴铵、噻托铵、噻托溴铵(Spiriva®)、格隆铵、NVA 237、LAS 34273、GSK 656398、GSK
233705、GSK 573719、LAS
35201、QAT 370和氧托溴铵。其它的支气管扩张药可以包括TA
2005(即,8-羟基-5-(1-羟基-2-2-((2-(4-甲氧基苯基)-1-甲基乙基)氨基)乙基)-2(1H)-喹啉酮)(例如作为一盐酸盐),以及抗组胺药(例如特非那定)。
在一些实施方案中,联合疗法还可能涉及式(1)化合物与其它的抗炎药物联合吸入给药,所述抗炎药物包括但不限于:皮质类固醇,例如倍氯米松(例如作为单或二丙酸酯)、氟尼缩松、氟替卡松(例如丙酸酯或糠酸酯)、环索奈德、莫米松(例如作为糠酸酯)、莫米松地奈德、罗氟奈德、氢化可的松、泼尼松、泼尼松龙、甲泼尼龙、萘非可特、地夫可特、醋酸卤泼尼松、氟西奈德、醋酸氟西奈德、氯可托龙、替泼尼旦、泼尼卡酯、二丙酸阿氯米松、卤米松、利美索龙、丙酸地泼罗酮、曲安西龙、倍他米松、氟氢可的松、去氧皮质酮、罗氟奈德、艾泼诺酯等。甾类药物另外还可以包括在临床或临床前开发中的用于呼吸疾病的甾族化合物,例如GW-685698、GW-799943、NCX-1010、NCX-1020、NO-地塞米松、PL-2146、NS-126(以前为ST-126)和在下述国际专利申请中提到的化合物:
WO 04/66920;甾类药物还可以包括开发中的具有较小副作用的下一代分子,例如选择性糖皮质类固醇受体激动剂(SEGRAs),包括ZK-216348和在国际专利申请WO-00/032585、WO-00/0210143、WO-2005/034939、WO-2005/003098、WO-2005/035518和WO-2005/035502中提到的化合物,及其功能等价物和功能衍生物。
本发明的药物合剂可以任选地含有一种或多种已知可用于治疗呼吸疾病的其它活性物质,例如磷酸二酯酶(PDE)4抑制剂(如罗氟司特)、PDE 5抑制剂、PDE 7抑制剂、白三烯D4抑制剂、白三烯B4抑制剂、egfr-激酶的抑制剂、p38 MAP激酶抑制剂、NF-kB通道抑制剂(例如IkK抑制剂)、A2A腺苷受体激动剂、TNFα信号抑制剂(例如配体结合剂、受体拮抗剂)、白介素-1信号抑制剂、CRTH2受体拮抗剂、蛋白酶抑制剂(例如嗜中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶抑制剂、NMP抑制剂、组织蛋白酶抑制剂)、IL-8信号分子、CXCR1抑制剂、CXCR2抑制剂、诱导型氧化氮合酶调节剂、抗氧化剂(包括N-乙酰半胱氨酸和超氧化物歧化酶模拟物);HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂(他汀类药物),例如罗苏伐他汀、美伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀和氟伐他汀;粘液调节剂,例如INS-37217、地夸磷索、西贝那德、CS-003、他奈坦、DNK-333、MSI-1956、吉非替尼和/或NK-1受体拮抗剂。
在一个方面,本发明提供了式(I)化合物与其它抗炎药物及支气管扩张药合剂(即,三重合剂产品)的吸入给药的应用,所述药物包括但不限于:沙美特罗昔萘酸酯/丙酸氟替卡松(Advair/Seretide®),富马酸福莫特罗/布地奈德(Symbicort®)、富马酸福莫特罗/莫米松糠酸酯、富马酸福莫特罗/倍可松(Foster®)、富马酸福莫特罗/丙酸氟替卡松(FlutiForm®)、茚达特罗/莫米松糖酸酯、茚达特罗/QAE-397、GSK 159797/GSK 685698、GSK
159802/GSK 685698、GSK 642444/GSK
685698、富马酸福莫特罗/环索奈德、酒石酸阿福特罗/环索奈德。
在另一方面,本发明提供了式(I)化合物与其它的支气管扩张药合剂,特别是B2激动剂/M3拮抗剂合剂(,即,三重合剂产品)联合的吸入式给药的应用,所述合剂包括但不限于:沙美特罗昔萘酸酯/噻托溴铵、富马酸福莫特罗/噻托溴铵、BI 1744 CL/噻托溴铵、茚达特罗/NVA 237、茚达特罗/QAT-370、福莫特罗/LAS 34273、GSK
159797/GSK 573719、GSK 159802/GSK
573719、GSK 642444/GSK 573719、GSK 159797/GSK 233705、GSK
159802/GSK 233705、GSK 642444/GSK
233705,以及在同一分子中兼具B2激动剂和M3拮抗剂活性(双功能度)的化合物,例如GSK 961081。
本发明的式(I)化合物对于在患有以下呼吸疾病症状的治疗对象中减轻这些症状会有用处,例如,咳嗽、发炎、充血、呼吸困难、哮鸣、通气过度、艰难呼吸、支气管痉挛和支气管收缩。本发明化合物对于防止这些症状的发生也会有用处。
在本文中使用时,术语“治疗响应期”是指化合物在治疗对象的体内存在或可检测的持续时间。
本文描述的化合物通常与一种或多种可药用的赋形剂或载体混合,以药物组合物的形式施用。“组合物”可以包含一种化合物或化合物的混合物。“药物组合物”是可用来或者有可能用来在其所施用于的治疗对象中产生生理响应的任何组合物。
就赋形剂而言,“可药用的”一词用来定义通常适合用在人类或动物药物产品中的无毒物质。药物组合物可以是通常采用的形式,例如片剂、胶囊剂、粉剂、糖浆剂、溶液剂、混悬剂等,可以在合适的固体或液体载体或稀释剂中含有食用香料、甜味剂等,或在合适的无菌介质中形成注射溶液或混悬剂。这些组合物通常含0.1-50%、优选1-20%重量的活性化合物,组合物的其余部分是可药用的载体、稀释剂或溶剂。
合适的可药用载体包括固体填料或稀释剂,以及无菌的水溶液或有机溶液。活性组分在这类药物组合物中的含量应足以提供供在上述范围内的所要求的剂量。因此,对于口服给药,活性成分可以与合适的固体或液体载体或稀释剂结合,形成胶囊剂、片剂、粉剂、糖浆剂、溶液剂、混悬剂等。如果需要,药物组合物可以含有另外的组分,例如香料、甜味剂、赋形剂等。对于肠道外给药,活性成分可以与无菌的水介质或有机介质结合形成注射溶液或混悬剂。例如,可以使用在芝麻油或花生油、丙二醇水溶液等中的溶液,以及化合物的水溶性可药用酸加成盐或与碱形成的盐的水溶液。含有溶在多羟基化蓖麻油中的活性成分的水溶液也可以作为注射溶液使用。用这种方式制备的注射溶液随后可以静脉内、腹膜内、皮下或肌内给药,对于人类,优选的是肌内给药。
含有滑石粉和/或碳水化合物粘合剂的片剂、糖衣丸或胶囊剂等,特别适合任何口服施用。最好是,用于片剂、糖衣丸或胶囊剂的载体包括乳糖、玉米淀粉和/或土豆淀粉。在可以使用增甜的载液的情形可以使用糖浆剂或酏剂。
用于鼻腔或吸入给药的剂型可以方便地配制成气溶胶、溶液剂、混悬剂、凝胶或干粉剂。
对于鼻腔给药,制剂中可以含有溶解或悬浮在液体载体,特别是水基载体中的本发明的活性成分,用于气溶胶给药。载体中可以含有添加剂,例如稳定剂(比如丙二醇)、表面活性剂、吸收增强剂(比如卵磷脂(磷酰胆碱)或环糊精)或防腐剂(比如对羟基苯甲酸酯)。
对于适合和/或适应吸入给药的组合物,优选本发明化合物是粒度减小的形式,更优选是通过微粒化得到或可以得到的尺寸降低的形式。尺寸降低的(例如微粒化的)化合物或盐的优选的颗粒大小限定为D50值为约0.5至约10微米(例如用激光衍射法测得)。
气溶胶制剂,例如用于吸入给药的制剂,可以包括活性物质在可药用的水或非水溶剂中的溶液或细小混悬液。气溶胶制剂可以以单剂量或多剂量的无菌形式存在于密封的容器中,该容器可以是带有雾化装置或吸入器的桶或可填充再用的形式。或者是,该密封的容器可以是一个单一的分送装置,例如单剂量鼻腔吸入器,或是装有计量阀的气溶胶分送器(定量吸入器),一旦容器的内容物被耗尽则将其丢弃。
在剂型包括气溶胶分送器的情形,优选装有处在加压下的合适的推进剂,例如压缩空气、二氧化碳或有机推进剂,比如氢氟烷(HFC),也称作氢氟烷烃(HFA)。合适的HFC推进剂包括1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFA
227)和1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFA 134a)。气溶胶剂型也可以采取泵-雾化器的形式。加压的气溶胶可以包含活性化合物的溶液或悬浮液。这可能需要加入另外的赋形剂,例如共溶剂和/或表面活性剂,以及改进混悬剂的分散特性和均匀性。溶液剂也可能需要加入共溶剂,例如乙醇。其它的赋形剂调节剂也可以加入,以便改善例如制剂的稳定性和/或味道和/或细小颗粒质量特性(数量和/或型式)。
对于适合和/或适应吸入给药的药物组合物,该药物组合物可以是可吸入干粉组合物。这种组合物可含有粉末基料(例如乳糖、葡萄糖、海藻糖、甘露糖或淀粉)、式(I)化合物或其盐(优选是粒度减小形式,例如微粒化形式)、和任选的一种性能调节剂(例如L-亮氨酸或其它氨基酸、八乙酸纤维素二糖和/或硬脂酸的金属盐,例如硬脂酸镁或钙)。优选的是,可吸入干粉组合物含有乳糖和式(I)化合物或其盐的干粉掺混物。乳糖优选是乳糖水合物,例如乳糖一水合物,并且/或者优选是吸入级的和/或细粒级乳糖。优选该乳糖的粒子大小限定为90%或更多(按重量或体积)的乳糖粒子的直径小于1000微米(例如10-1000微米,如30-1000微米),和/或50%或更多的乳糖粒子的直径小于500微米(例如10-500微米)。更优选乳糖的粒子大小限定为90%或更多的乳糖粒子的直径小于300微米(例如10-300微米,比如50-300微米),和/或50%或更多的乳糖粒子的直径小于100微米。任选地,乳糖的粒子大小被限定为90%或更多的乳糖粒子的直径小于100-200微米,和/或50%或更多的乳糖粒子的直径小于40-70%微米。最重要的是,优选约3-30%(例如10%,按重量或体积)的粒子的直径小于50微米,或小于20微米。例如,但并非限制,一种合适的吸入级乳糖是E9334乳糖(10%细粒)(Borculo Domo
Ingredients,Hanzeplein 25,8017 JD Zwolle,Netherlands)。
本发明化合物可以被配制成流体制剂,用于从流体分送器中释放,例如一种有分送喷口或分送孔的流体分送器,在使用者对该流体分送器的泵送机制施力时,经由喷口或孔发送出一定剂量的流体制剂。这种流体分送器一般装有多个一定剂量流体制剂的储器,这些剂量可在依次起动泵时被发送。发送喷口或孔可以结构成能插入使用者的鼻孔,以便将流体制剂喷雾发送至鼻腔内。上述类型的流体分送器在WO-A-2005/044354中有描述和说明,该文献的整个内容以参考引用的方式并入本文。分送器有一个容纳流体排出装置的外壳,排出装置有一个装在盛放流体制剂的容器上的压缩泵。外壳上有至少一个可用手指操作的侧面操纵杆,它可以相对于外壳向内移动,以便用凸轮带动壳体内的容器向上移动,造成泵压缩并且将计量数量的制剂通过外壳的鼻腔喷口泵出泵杆。
对于吸入给药,有大量的装置可供采用,利用它们可以产生最佳粒度的气溶胶,并采用对患者合适的吸入技术给药。除了使用适配器(隔片,扩张器)和梨形容器(例如Nebulator®,
Volumatic®),以及用于计量气溶胶的发射烟状喷雾的自动装置(Autohaler®)以外,特别是在粉末吸入器的情形,有许多种技术解决办法可供采用(例如Diskhaler®,Rotadisk®,Turbohaler®或如欧洲专利申请EP 0 505 321中描述的吸入器)。
使用本发明化合物的用药方案要根据多种因素来选择,包括患者的类型、物种、年龄、体重、性别和医学状况;要治疗的病症的严重程度;给药途径;患者的肾和肝功能;以及所用的具体化合物或其盐。普通的专业医师、兽医或临床医生容易决定和开出为预防、对抗或阻停病症的进展所需的有效数量药物的处方。
本发明的可药用化合物可以以一定的日剂量(对于成年患者)给药,例如,按照游离碱计算,每天口服或肠道外给药0.01-3000
mg,或0.5-1000 mg,或者每天经鼻或吸入给药0.001-50 mg,或0.01-5
mg式(I)化合物或其可药用盐。此数量可以每天一次给与,或者更常见地每天以多个分剂量(例如2、3、4、5或6个)给药,使得总日剂量相同。其盐的有效数量可以由式(I)化合物本身的有效数量按比例确定。
在本发明的方法中,本文详述的化合物可以构成活性成分,通常作为与适当的药物稀释剂、赋形剂或载体(本文中统称为“载体”物质)的混合物施用,所述载体则根据计划的给药形式,即,口服片剂、胶囊剂、酏剂、糖浆剂等,按照常规的药学实践适当选择。
本发明的新化合物按照以下的方案和实施例的步骤,使用合适的物质制备,并用以下的具体实施例进一步示例说明。最优选的本发明化合物是在这些实施例中具体陈述的任何或所有化合物。然而,这些化合物不要被认为是构成作为本发明的仅有的种类,这些化合物或其部分的任何组合本身就可能构成一类。以下的实施例进一步说明了本发明化合物的制备细节。本领域的技术人员容易理解,以下制备步骤的条件和方法的已知变型可以用来制备这些化合物。除非另外指出,所有的温度均为摄氏度。
本发明的一项实施方案提供了按照以下的方案,使用合适的物质制备式(I)新化合物的方法。本领域技术人员容易理解,以下制备步骤的条件和方法的已知变型可以用来制备这些化合物。另外,利用详细说明的步骤,本领域普通技术人员容易制备本发明要求权利的另外的化合物。除非另外指出,所有的温度均为摄氏度。
一般方法,以下反应方案描述了制备式(I)化合物的方法。
方案1:
(i) 将式(1a)化合物(其中R3和p与在式(I)中解释的相同)与式(1b)化合物(其中X代表卤素、羟基或其衍生物(OMs、OTs、OTf等)或甲硅烷氧基)在溶剂(例如但不限于,水、醇、丙酮、THF、二烷或其任何比例的混合物等)存在下,并在合适的金属亚硝酸盐和有机的亚硝酸酯/硝酸酯(例如但不限于,亚硝酸钠、亚硝酸钾、亚硝酸/硝酸异戊酯及它们的混合物)和碱(例如但不限于乙酸钠、乙酸钾、乙酸钙、KOH、NaOH、LiOH、Ca(OH)2、NaHCO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3或其混合物等)存在下于-78℃至溶剂的回流温度下反应10分钟至7天,以得到式(1c)化合物。
(ii) 使式(1c)化合物在有机或无机碱或酸(例如但不限于三乙胺、吡啶、DMAP、DIPEA、LiOH、NaOH、KOH、KHCO3、NaHCO3、K2CO3、Na2CO3、叔丁醇钠、叔丁醇钾、正丁基锂、叔丁基锂或其混合物,或者,HCl、H2SO4、对甲苯磺酸或其混合物等)及有机或无机溶剂(例如但不限于,甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、THF、二烷、水或其混合物等)存在下,在-78℃至溶剂回流温度的温度下反应10分钟至7天,得到式(1d)化合物。
(iii)
式(1d)化合物与式(1e)化合物(其中X代表卤素、羟基或其衍生物(OMs、OTs、OTf等)或甲硅烷氧基)在有机或无机碱(例如但不限于TEA、吡啶、DMAP、DIEA、NaOH、KOH、Ca(OH)2、K2CO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、KHCO3、叔丁醇钠、叔丁醇钾、正丁基锂、叔丁基锂,或其混合物等)和溶剂(例如但不限于,二甲基甲酰胺、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、四氢呋喃、二烷、水或其混合物等)存在或不存在下,在从-78℃至溶剂的回流温度的温度范围内反应10分钟至7天,以得到式(1f)化合物。
(iv) 用过渡金属催化剂,例如但不限于Fe、Co、Pd/C、Ra-Ni、Pt、Ru、Rh或其混合物等,在氢气压力(1-100 atm)下,或者用金属-酸或金属-碱试剂,例如但不限于Fe/HCl、Zn/HCl、Sn/HCl、Fe/AcOH、Zn/AcOH、SnCl2、Al/NaOH、Zn/NaOH、甲酸铵或其混合物等,在氢气存在或不存在下,加或不加溶剂(例如但不限于醇类,如甲醇、乙醇、IPA、叔丁醇、乙酸、丙酸、THF、DMF、DMSO、EtOAc、丙酮、水、乙腈或其混合物等),在-78℃至溶剂的回流温度下,将式(If)化合物氢化10分钟至7天,得到式(Ig)化合物。
(v) 式(1g)化合物与式(1h)化合物在有机或无机碱(例如但不限于吡啶、三乙胺、二甲基氨基吡啶、LiOH、NaOH、KOH、Ca(OH)2、K2CO3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、KHCO3、叔丁醇钠、叔丁醇钾、正丁基锂、叔丁基锂或其混合物等)和溶剂(例如但不限于氯仿、二氯甲烷、二氯乙烷、二烷、THF、DMF、DMSO、EtOAc、丙酮、乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、叔丁醇、水或其混合物等)存在下,在从-78℃至溶剂回流温度的温度范围反应10分钟至7天,得到式(I)化合物。
一般合成步骤
柱色谱和薄层色谱的所有洗脱液均按体积 : 体积(v : v)溶液配制和报道。用于反应后处理或产物分离的溶剂和试剂之量是有机化学合成领域中专业人员通常使用之量,并且这些溶剂和试剂的用量要根据合成经验及对特定反应和适合程度来确定。例如:1)碎冰量通常根据反应规模为约10-1000 g;2)柱色谱中的硅胶用量取决于材料数量,混合物的复杂程度,以及所用的色谱柱的尺寸,通常为约5-1000 g;3)萃取溶剂的体积为约10-500 ml,取决于反应规模;4)在化合物分离中使用的洗涤液为约10-100
ml溶剂或试剂水溶液,取决于反应的规模;和5)干燥剂(碳酸钾、碳酸钠、硫酸钠、硫酸镁等)数量通常为约5-100 g,取决于要干燥的溶剂数量及其含水量。
在整个实验部分一直使用以下的首字母缩略词、缩写、术语和定义。
首字母缩略词和缩写:
THF(四氢呋喃),HCl(盐酸),K2CO3(碳酸钾),Na2SO4(硫酸钠),CDCl3(氯仿-d),NaOH(氢氧化钠),Pd/C(碳载钯),Fe(铁),NaHCO3(碳酸氢钠),TLC(薄层色谱),mol(摩尔),mmol(毫摩尔),mL(毫升),M.Pt.(熔点),rt(室温),aq(含水的),min(分),h(小时),g(克),atm(大气压),conc.(浓缩的),MS(质谱学/质谱法),HPLC(高效液相色谱),IR(红外),NMR(核磁共振)。
NMR缩写:br(宽峰),apt(表观的),s(单峰),d(双峰),t(三重峰),q(四重峰),dq(双重四峰),dd(双重双峰),dt(双重三峰),m(多重峰)。
实施例1
2,4-二氯-N-[4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯基]苯磺酰胺的合成。
步骤1:(对甲苯基亚肼基)乙酰氯的制备
将4-甲基苯胺(4 g,37.38 g)悬浮在水 :HCl
(2:1)(30 ml)中,在0-5℃于30分钟内加入亚硝酸钠(2.57 g,37.38 mmol)水溶液。随后依次加入氯乙酰乙酸(6.63
g,48.59 mmol)水溶液和乙酸钠(6.13
g,74.76 mmol)水溶液。将反应混合物在20-35℃搅拌约半小时。滤出沉淀物(对甲苯基亚肼基)乙酰氯,用冷水和石油醚洗,真空干燥。数量:4 g
收率:51%(粗)。
步骤2:1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醇的制备
将(对甲苯基亚肼基)乙酰氯(4.0 g,19.04 mmol)溶于甲醇,加入氢氧化钠(1.52
g,38.0 mmol)。将反应混合物搅拌2.5小时。除去甲醇,残留物溶于水中,加入稀盐酸将pH调节至3。经由布氏漏斗滤出固体,用冷水洗,真空干燥,再用石油醚洗,真空干燥。
数量:2.5 g
收率:76%(纯)。
步骤3:4-(4-硝基苯氧基)-1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑的制备
将1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-醇(1.0 g,5.75 mmol)在二甲基甲酰胺中的溶液加到氢化钠(344
mg,8.61 mmol)的冷浆体中。将反应混合物搅拌0.5小时后,在冷却条件下加入4-氟硝基苯(810 mg,5.74 mmol)。反应混合物在20-35℃搅拌20分,然后加水猝灭反应。水层用乙醚萃取,合并的有机层用盐水溶液洗,用无水Na2SO4干燥。在40℃于真空下蒸发溶剂,产物用柱色谱法使用石油醚和乙酸乙酯纯化。
数量:1.1 g
收率:65%(纯)。
步骤4:4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯胺的制备
将4-(4-硝基苯氧基)-1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑(600 mg,2.03 mmol)溶于乙醇,加入铁粉(1.13 g,20.33
mmol)并在20-35℃搅拌6小时。除去铁粉,减压蒸发乙醇。残留物溶于水中,用饱和NaHCO3溶液调节至pH 7。水层用乙酸乙酯萃取,用盐水溶液洗,用无水Na2SO4干燥。在50℃减压蒸发溶剂,产物在高真空下干燥。
数量:600 mg
收率:100%(粗)。
或者是,硝基化合物的还原用10% 钯/碳在甲醇溶剂中于氢气氛下进行。
步骤5:2,4-二氯-N-[4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯基]苯磺酰胺的制备
将4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯胺(100 mg,0.754 mmol)、2,4-二氯苯磺酰氯(92 mg,0.754 mmol)溶于氯仿,加入0.2
mL吡啶,将反应混合物在20-35℃搅拌3.5小时。减压除去氯仿,产物经柱色谱法用石油醚和乙酸乙酯纯化。
数量:60 mg
收率:34%(纯)
M.P:152-153
以下实施例2-15使用与实施例1相似的步骤从合适的起始物出发,并在步骤5中使用合适的取代的苯基磺酰氯化合物制备。
实施例16
本发明化合物的人PPARγ激动剂活性的测定
将HEK-293(人胚胎肾)细胞以每孔2.8×105细胞的密度于6孔板中接种在DMEM+10%去脂FBS培养基内,在37℃和5% CO2下温育。在70-80%融合时,用人pCDNA 3.1 E~PPARγ+pGL2~GAL4X5~Luc+pADV质粒将细胞转染3小时(比例2:0.25:1.25μg/孔)。然后用新鲜的培养基替换转染培养基,将细胞温育48小时。
配制本发明化合物在培养基(50μg/孔)中不同最终浓度的溶液(载液 = 0.1 % DMSO),加到96孔板的孔中。收取转染的细胞,离心成粒状沉淀。将细胞粒重新悬浮在培养基中并且计数细胞。向含有本发明化合物的96孔板中加入10000细胞/孔,温育18小时。使用Packard荧光素酶底物试剂(100μl/孔)测定PPARγ受体被激动后产生的荧光。使用Top Count按照SPC计数模式定量确定发射光。活化倍数用以下公式计算:
来自
[
药物
+(+
受体样品
)]
的
CPS
–来自
[
药物
+(-
受体样品
)]
的
CPS
来自[载液+(+受体样品)]的CPS – 来自[载液+(-受体样品)]的CPS
所有化合物均在30μM显示出作为PPARγ激动剂的活性。相对活性的图例符号是:
* 用10μM进行的基因反式激活中小于8倍增加
** 用10μM进行的基因反式激活中大于8倍增加
*** 用1μM进行的基因反式激活中大于8倍增加。
实施例17:
本发明化合物在临床前小鼠COPD炎症模型(烟草烟雾诱发肺部炎症)中的抗炎活性
先前的研究确定,在连续4天暴露于烟草烟雾(TS)之后24小时,从支气管肺泡灌洗(BAL)中回收到的嗜中性粒细胞的数目显著升高,本研究采用这一时刻点。
使小鼠暴露于TS的方案,支气管肺泡灌流(BAL)的获得,以及用于细胞分类计数的Cytospin载玻片的制备概述如下。
小鼠每日暴露于TS中连续4天
在这一暴露方案中,小鼠分成5组在各自的清洁的聚碳酸酯箱(27 cm×16 cm×12 cm)中进行暴露。使来自香烟的TS以100 mL/分的流速进入暴露箱。为了减小由于反复暴露在高浓度TS(6支香烟)下引起的任何可能的问题,小鼠对TS的暴露在暴露期间内逐渐增加至6支香烟的最高值。4天的暴露进度计划如下:
第1天:4支香烟 (约暴露32分钟)
第2天:4支香烟 (约暴露32分钟)
第3天:6支香烟 (约暴露48分钟)
第4天:6支香烟 (约暴露48分钟)
另一组小鼠每天暴露于空气中相等长度的时间作为对照(无TS暴露)
支气和肺泡灌洗(BAL)分析
支气管肺泡灌流进行如下:用一只缩短至约8 mm的Portex尼龙静脉内导管(粉红色Luer接头)插入气管。使用磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)作为灌流液。用1 mL注射器温和地滴注0.4 mL并抽出共3次,然后置于Eppendorf管中,在随后测定之前保存在冰上。
细胞计数:将灌流液与细胞用离心法分离,倒出上清液并冷冻以备随后分析。将细胞沉淀物重新悬浮在已知体积的PBS中,使用血细胞计数器在显微镜下通过计数一小份染色(Turk’s染色)液样计算总细胞数。
细胞分类计数进行如下:将残留的细胞沉淀物稀释至约每mL 105细胞。将500μL置于Cytospin载玻片的漏斗中,在800 rpm离心8分钟。将载玻片空气干燥,用“Kwik-Diff”溶液(Shandon)按照专卖品说明书进行染色。在干燥和加上盖片后,用光学显微镜分类计数细胞。使用光学显微镜利用无偏操作器计数细胞直至400个。使用标准的形态计量技术将细胞分类。
药物治疗
啮齿动物如小鼠或大鼠必须用鼻呼吸,因此口腔释放试验物质(例如治疗药物)用于吸入不会产生好的肺部接触。因此,向啮齿动物的肺输送治疗药物一般用鼻内、气管内或整个身体在箱内暴露于气溶胶中来吸入的方式实现。
箱法使用大量的试验物质,一般专供吸入毒理学研究,而不是药理效力研究。气管内给药是很有效的递药方法,因为几乎所有的试验物质都被送至肺部,但这是一种相当侵害性的技术。特别是在小鼠中研究时,其技术要求相当高,因为气管的直径相当小。鼻腔内这一途径的侵害性比气管内途径要小,因此特别适合反复用药研究,例如下述的4天小鼠模型。在鼻内给药后,施用剂量的约50%被输送到肺(Eyles
JE, Williamson ED和Alpar HO, 1999,
Int J Pharm, 189(1): 75-9)。
对小鼠在每天暴露于烟草烟雾之前3小时,鼻内(替代口腔吸入)施用载体(0.2%
Tween 80/盐水溶液)、实施例1(0.1
mg/kg)、实施例10(0.1
mg/kg)、实施例10(0.03
mg/kg)或实施例10(0.01
mg/kg)。对于对照组的小鼠,每天施用载液,3小时后于空气中暴露最多50分钟。在最后的TS暴露后24小时进行BAL。
在另一项试验中,小鼠在每天于烟草烟雾中暴露之前1小时,鼻内(代替口腔吸入)施用载液(0.2%
Tween 80的盐水溶液)、实施例7(0.1
mg/kg)、化合物7(0.03
mg/kg)、实施例15(0.1
mg/kg)或实施例15(0.03
mg/kg)。对照组小鼠每天接受载液,1小时后在空气中暴露最多50分钟。在最后的TS暴露后24小时进行BAL。
数据处理和统计分析:
所有结果均表示成每只动物各自的数据点,对每组计算平均值。因为数据在常态为正值,故进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),随后进行多重比较的Bonferroni校正,以便试验治疗组之间的统计显著性。“p”值< 0.05被认为是统计上显著的。对于细胞数据,使用以下公式在Excel电子表格中自动计算抑制百分数:
其它参数的抑制数据用以上公式手工计算。
如表1所示,以上的实施例1、7、10和15化合物当以替代的吸入途径给药时,显著地抑制了BAL中TS诱发的嗜中性粒细胞的流入量。
表1
实施例18:
本发明化合物以吸入途径治疗肺部疾病(例如COPD)的适用性
通过本领域已知的使用雄性Wistar大鼠进行标准的体内药动学研究,检查以上实施例7、10和15中示例的化合物对于吸入治疗肺部疾病的适用性。利用口腔管饲法施用在90%羧甲基纤维素钠(0.25%,w/w)、10% Tween 80(0.25%)构成的载液中的单剂量5 mg/kg的实施例7、实施例10和实施例15化合物,在30分、1小时、2小时、3小时、5小时、8小时、10小时和24小时抽取血浆样本。以静脉内(IV)途径施用在10% DMSO、10% Cremophor ELP、10%
PEG 400、10% EtOH和60%
Milli Q水中的单剂量1 mg/kg的实施例7、实施例10和实施例15化合物,在15分钟、30分钟、1小时、2小时、3小时、5小时、8小时、10小时和24小时抽取血浆样本。使用标准的分析方法测定实施例7、实施例10和实施例15化合物在各种血浆样本中的浓度。
从血浆浓度数据计算静脉内或口腔给药后的标准药动学数据,包括曲线下面积(AUC)、最高血浆浓度(Cmax)、最高血浆浓度时间(Tmax)、排除时间(Kel)和血浆半寿期(T 1/2)。
适合吸入治疗肺部疾病的化合物在静脉内给药后具有低的血浆AUC,表明全身性副作用的似然值低。适合吸入治疗肺部疾病的化合物还具有低的口服生物利用度,表现为口服给药后的血浆AUC比静脉内给药后要低得多。低的口服生物利用度的后果是,吸入后只有小部分吞下的药物被吸收到血浆中,进一步降低了全身性副作用的似然值。
表2:
* 得自5 mg/kg口腔给药PK数据
** 检测极限为5 ng/mL
*** 数据取自马来酸罗格列酮(Avandia)FDA药理学评论(http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/99/21071
Avandia.htm),得自0.4 mg/kg口腔和0.4
mg/kg静脉内给药PK剂量数据。
以上的表2说明,实施例7、实施例10和实施例15中详述的化合物特别适合吸入给药,因为它们在静脉内给药后的血浆AUC低,并且口服生物利用度低。这些性质降低了吸入后全身活性(因此全身性副作用)的似然值。相反,市售的口服PPARγ激动剂罗格列酮被开处方用于治疗糖尿病,它在静脉内给药后的血浆AUC高,并且口服生物利用度高,与治疗全身性疾病所要求的特性相一致。
Claims (10)
2. 权利要求1的化合物,其中化合物中存在的各R1、R2和R3独立地选自甲基、氟、氯、三氟甲基、甲氧基和三氟甲氧基。
3. 权利要求1或权利要求2中的化合物,其中m、n和p独立地是0、1或2。
4. 权利要求1或权利要求2中的化合物,其中m是0、1或2。
5. 权利要求1的化合物,其选自:
2,4-二氯-N-[4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯基]苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3-氯-4-[1-(4-氯-3-三氟甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3,5-二氯-4-[1-(2,4-二氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3,5-二氯-4-[1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3-氯-4-[1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3-氯-4-[1-(4-氯苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{3-氯-4-[1-(3-氯-4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
N-{3-氯-4-[1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}-4-甲基苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{4-[1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]-3-甲基苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-{4-[1-(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
4-甲基-N-[4-(1-对甲苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯基]苯磺酰胺;
N-{3-氯-4-[1-(4-氟苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}苯磺酰胺;
2,4-二氯-N-[3-氯-4-(1-苯基-1H-吡唑-4-基氧)苯基]苯磺酰胺;
N-{4-[1-(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}-4-甲基苯磺酰胺;和
N-{3-氯-4-[1-(2,4-二甲基苯基)-1H-吡唑-4-基氧]苯基}-4-甲基苯磺酰胺;
及其可药用的盐。
6. 药物组合物,其中含有权利要求1-5中任一项的化合物和一种或多种可药用的载体或赋形剂。
7. 权利要求6的药物组合物,其适合通过鼻或口吸入给药。
8. 权利要求1-5中任一项的化合物用于治疗呼吸疾病或制造用于治疗呼吸疾病的组合物的应用。
9. 权利要求8的应用,其中的治疗或用于治疗的组合物是通过鼻或口吸入施用的。
10. 权利要求8或9的应用,其中的呼吸疾病选自哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、变应性气道综合症、支气管炎、囊性纤维化和肺气肿。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CY1114798T1 (el) | 2016-12-14 |
HK1158626A1 (en) | 2012-07-20 |
CN102272104B (zh) | 2014-07-09 |
PL2379507T3 (pl) | 2014-03-31 |
ES2442343T3 (es) | 2014-02-11 |
HRP20140022T1 (hr) | 2014-02-14 |
EP2379507B1 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
US8362064B2 (en) | 2013-01-29 |
US20120041043A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
SI2379507T1 (sl) | 2014-02-28 |
PT2379507E (pt) | 2014-01-21 |
BRPI0923862A2 (pt) | 2015-07-28 |
JP5555255B2 (ja) | 2014-07-23 |
EP2379507A1 (en) | 2011-10-26 |
SMT201300156B (it) | 2014-03-07 |
WO2010076553A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
AU2009334597A1 (en) | 2011-07-21 |
AU2009334597B2 (en) | 2015-07-16 |
MX2011007036A (es) | 2011-07-20 |
DK2379507T3 (da) | 2014-01-27 |
EA201101014A1 (ru) | 2012-01-30 |
EA019441B1 (ru) | 2014-03-31 |
ZA201104663B (en) | 2012-10-31 |
CA2748331A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
SG172444A1 (en) | 2011-07-28 |
JP2012514027A (ja) | 2012-06-21 |
CA2748331C (en) | 2016-08-02 |
NZ594157A (en) | 2013-07-26 |
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