CN102257265B - 具有被动制动的水电涡轮机及操作方法 - Google Patents

具有被动制动的水电涡轮机及操作方法 Download PDF

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CN102257265B
CN102257265B CN200980150943.XA CN200980150943A CN102257265B CN 102257265 B CN102257265 B CN 102257265B CN 200980150943 A CN200980150943 A CN 200980150943A CN 102257265 B CN102257265 B CN 102257265B
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bearing
rotor
hydroelectric turbine
brake slipper
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CN102257265A (zh
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P·邓恩
J·艾夫斯
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Openhydro IP Ltd
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03BMACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B11/00Parts or details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the preceding groups, e.g. wear-protection couplings, between turbine and generator
    • F03B11/06Bearing arrangements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2240/00Components
    • F05B2240/90Mounting on supporting structures or systems
    • F05B2240/97Mounting on supporting structures or systems on a submerged structure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00Function
    • F05B2260/90Braking
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05BINDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00Function
    • F05B2260/90Braking
    • F05B2260/902Braking using frictional mechanical forces
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/24Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety
    • F16C17/246Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with devices affected by abnormal or undesired positions, e.g. for preventing overheating, for safety related to wear, e.g. sensors for measuring wear
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/20Hydro energy
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Control Of Water Turbines (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及水电涡轮机,所述水电涡轮机具有定子和在所述定子内的转子以及至少一组轴承,所述涡轮机具有制动器,所述制动器在轴承磨损的预定水平之后是可操作的,从而避免涡轮机的损坏。

Description

具有被动制动的水电涡轮机及操作方法
技术领域
本发明涉及水电涡轮机,特别是当在潮汐场所使用的水电涡轮机,所述涡轮机包括制动器,所述制动器优选地为随着预定水平的轴承磨损变得可运行的被动制动器,从而避免对涡轮机的损坏。 
背景技术
地球的工业化对环境的影响,特别是使用化石燃料满足我们的能量供给需求处于不能够再被忽略的阶段,并且因此重要的资源现在正指向替代形式的能量生成。这些新形式的替代能源中前景最好的是太阳能动力、风能动力、热能动力和潮汐能动力。潮汐能动力表现为提供最连续且可预测形式的动力,但是经论证在上述动力源中控制潮汐能动力是最困难的,由于水电涡轮机必须定位从而发电的恶劣水下条件。 
水电涡轮机通常位于海底造成非常难的工作条件的高潮汐流的区域中。一旦定位在海底接近涡轮机是困难的、耗时的和危险的并且优选地保持到最小。再加上非常难以监测涡轮机的各个工作零件的状态,例如,监测可对涡轮机造成损坏的过度轴承磨损,在该涡轮机的发电容量中需要高成本的维修和停机时间。 
因此,本发明的目的是提供在过度轴承磨损的情况下避免对涡轮机造成损坏的水电涡轮机和操作水电涡轮机的方法。 
发明概述 
根据本发明的第一方案,提供水电涡轮机,其包括:定子和转子;至少一组轴承,其将所述转子支撑在所述定子内;以及制动器,其可操作以便在至少一组轴承的预定水平磨损时向所述转子施加制动力,其中,所述制动器包括具有制动表面的一个或多个分段的制动块,所述制动表面相对于所述轴承的磨损的方向在所述至少一组轴承的轴承表面的径向向内定位。 
优选地,所述制动器为被动制动器。 
优选地,所述制动块或制动块的各分段与至少一组轴承整体式地形成。 
优选地,所述至少一组轴承包括轴颈和轴承座。 
优选地,所述轴颈安装到所述转子上,并且所述轴承座安装到所述定子上。 
优选地,制动块的各分段定位在所述轴承座中的一个内。 
优选地,所述一个或多个分段的制动块的制动表面从所述轴承座的轴承表面凹进。 
优选地,制动块的各分段在两侧与轴承座的分段侧面相接。 
优选地,所述制动器是可操作的以便向所述转子施加制动力,而无论涡轮机上发生所述至少一组轴承的预定水平磨损的周向位置如何。 
优选地,制动块的分段基本围绕所述涡轮机的整个周缘布置。 
优选地,所述至少一组轴承包括至少一个径向轴承和至少一个推力轴承,所述制动器是可操作的以便在所述径向轴承或所述推力轴承的预定水平磨损时向所述转子施加制动力。 
根据本发明的第二方案,提供防止损坏水电涡轮机的方法,所述涡轮机包括定子和转子以及在所述定子和所述转子之间的至少一组轴承,以及制动器,所述制动器包括一个或多个分段的制动块,所述制动块具有制动表面,所述制动表面相对于所述轴承的磨损的方向在所述至少一组轴承的轴承表面径向向内定位,所述方法包括如下步骤:在所述轴承表面磨损到所述制动表面的所述水平之后,通过制动表面与所述定子或转子的接触,响应于所述至少一组轴承的预定水平的磨损而自动地向所述转子施加制动力。 
优选地,所述方法包括向所述转子施加足够的制动力以便基本停止所述转子的旋转。 
优选地,所述方法包括向所述转子施加制动力,而无论涡轮机上发生预定水平轴承磨损的位置如何。 
附图说明
图1示出了根据本发明的优选实施方案的水电涡轮机的示意性剖视图;以及 
图2示出了图1中所示的水电涡轮机的轴承座形成部分的立体图。 
发明详述 
现在参考附图图示了水电涡轮机,通常表示为(10),水电涡轮机要定位在海底等,以便于通过涡轮机(10)响应于水的潮汐或其它流动而发电。涡轮机(10)包括环形定子,在使用时所述环形定子固定到适当底座(未示出)等上,并且所述环形定子安装在所述底座内以便于转子(14)De旋转。定子(12)设置有环状排列的线圈(未示出),而所述转子设置有围绕定子的外周安装的对应环状排列的磁体。转子(14)在定子(12)内的旋转造成了线圈和磁体之间的相对移动,产生了EMF从而提供从涡轮机(10)输出的电动力。在图示的优选实施方案中,涡轮机(10)包括开心式涡轮机,但是从下面的说明中将理解的是本发明可应用于其它形式的水电涡轮机。 
涡轮机(10)进一步包括一对径向轴承(16)和一对推力轴承(18)形式的轴承。径向轴承(16)承载转子(14)的重量并且防止转子(14)在定子(12)内不期望的径向移动。推力轴承(18)承载通过水的潮汐流抵抗转子(14)而施加到转子(14)上的轴向负荷。因此,该负荷将随着潮汐反向而反向。在图示的优选实施方案中,径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)二者均包括环绕转子(14)且通过任何适当的方式紧固到转子(14)的环状轴颈(20)。轴颈(20)可以由任何适当的材料形成,例如不锈钢。轴承(16,18)进一步包括在对应轴颈(20)上运转的环状排列的轴承座(22)。轴承座通过任何适当的方式安装到定子(12)上。轴承座(22)可以由任何适当的材料形成,例如具有足够低系数的摩擦力但是足够硬以提供可接受比率的磨损的材料。将理解的是,轴承(16,18)的位置和数量可以根据需要改变。 
特别参考图2,图2示出了轴承座(22)中的与涡轮机(10)分离的一个轴承座。轴承座(22)基本为U形,具有由凸出于中央分段(24)的一对肩部分段(26)侧面相接的凹进中央部分(24)。安装在中央分段(24)内的是制动块(28)。制动块(28)的制动表面(30)相对于轴承座(22)在使用期间磨损的方向在轴承座(22)的轴承表面(32)的径向向内定位。如上文详细说明的,径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)各自包括彼此首尾相接对准的环形排列的轴承座(22)。然而,应当理解的是,不是每个轴承座(22)需要在其中设置有制动块(28)。例如,径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)中的每个第二轴承座(22)可以在其中设置有制动块(28)。对于不具有制动块(28)的轴承座(未示出),优选的是不设置中央分段(24)并且因此那些轴承座将具有连续的轴承表面。此外,可选择地,制动块(28)可仅围绕涡轮机(10)的周缘设置在多个轴承座(22)中。 
在使用过程中,转子(14)在定子(12)内自旋,并且径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)的轴颈(20)在对应的轴承座(22)上运转,由于轴承块由比轴颈(20)软的材料形成,慢慢地导致对轴承座(22)的磨损。由于轴承座(22)磨损,轴承表面(32)将慢慢地朝向制动块(28)的轴承表面(30)降低。因此,将理解的是,最终轴承座(22)将磨损得如此多以至于制动块(28)将从中央分段(24)内露出,从而接触到各个轴颈(20)。磨损线(L)表示轴承座(22)的磨损水平,这将导致各个制动块(28)露出。由于制动块(28)包括具有比轴承座(22)显著高的摩擦系数的材料,制动块(28)和各个轴颈(20)之间的接触将导致转子(14)减速且最终完全停止。这将确保径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)不磨损到可导致涡轮机(10)损坏的水平,例如如果转子(14)要纠缠定子(12),这可对涡轮机(1)的线圈/磁体造成损坏。 
将理解的是,制动块(28)不需要设置在径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)中,但是是优选的。类似地,将理解的是,制动块(28)不需要设置在两个径向轴承(16)或两个推力轴承(18)中,但是也是优选的。类似地,应当理解的是,轴颈(20)和轴承座(22)的位置可以相反,以使得轴承座(22)定位在转子(14)上,并且轴颈(20)定位在定子(12)上。可选择地,轴颈(20)特别是如果由具有比轴承座(22)高的磨损率的材 料形成,可以在其中设置有凹进的制动块(28)。还可以轴颈(20)和轴承座(22)二者均在其中设置有制动块(28)。 
如上所述,不必要的是,制动块(28)围绕径向轴承和推力轴承(16,18)的整个周缘定位。然而,优选的是,制动块(28)围绕所述轴承(16,18)的大致整个周缘设置。在轴承磨损发生时,特别是在围绕定子(12)的周缘的一点处,随后转子(14)可以移动而在磨损增加的该点处更靠近定子(12)。这将意味着,使得涡轮机(10)的磁体和线圈彼此更加靠近并且最终可彼此接触而导致对磁体和线圈造成磨损。通过围绕转子(14)和定子(12)的大致整个周缘设置制动块(28),可以避免转子(14)和定子(12)在围绕涡轮机(10)的周缘的任意位置处彼此更加靠近。制动块(28)的定位,特别是制动表面(30)的位置,被选择以使得转子(14)的旋转将在到达转子(14)与定子(12)的接近度可造成对涡轮机(10)的损坏的点之前停止。 
设置制动块(28)因此避免在运行期间涡轮机(10)损坏的可能性,并且因此减少了涡轮机(10)的维护要求。 

Claims (14)

1.水电涡轮机,其包括:定子和转子;至少一组轴承,其将所述转子支撑在所述定子内;以及制动器,其可操作以在所述至少一组轴承的预定水平磨损时向所述转子施加制动力,其中,所述制动器包括一个或多个分段的制动块,所述制动块具有制动表面,所述制动表面相对于所述轴承的磨损的方向在所述至少一组轴承的轴承表面径向向内定位。
2.根据权利要求1所述的水电涡轮机,其中所述制动器为被动制动器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述制动块或制动块的各分段与所述至少一组轴承整体地形成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述至少一组轴承包括轴颈和轴承座。
5.根据权利要求4所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述轴颈安装到所述转子上,并且所述轴承座安装到所述定子上。
6.根据权利要求4所述的水电涡轮机,其中,制动块的各分段定位在所述轴承座中的一个内。
7.根据权利要求4所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述一个或多个分段的制动块的制动表面从所述轴承座的轴承表面凹进。
8.根据权利要求6所述的水电涡轮机,其中,制动块的各分段在两侧由轴承座的分段侧面相接。
9.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述制动器可操作以便向所述转子施加制动力,而无论涡轮机上发生所述至少一组轴承的预定水平磨损的周向位置如何。
10.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的水电涡轮机,其中,制动块的分段基本围绕所述涡轮机的整个周缘布置。
11.根据权利要求1-8中任一项所述的水电涡轮机,其中,所述至少一组轴承包括至少一个径向轴承和至少一个推力轴承,所述制动器可操作以便在所述径向轴承或所述推力轴承的预定水平的磨损时向所述转子施加制动力。
12.一种防止损坏水电涡轮机的方法,所述涡轮机包括:定子和转子以及在所述定子和所述转子之间的至少一组轴承;以及制动器,其包括一个或多个分段的制动块,所述制动块具有制动表面,所述制动表面相对于所述轴承的磨损的方向在所述至少一组轴承的轴承表面的径向向内定位,所述方法包括下述步骤:
在所述轴承表面磨损到所述制动表面的水平之后,通过制动表面与所述定子或转子的接触,响应于所述至少一组轴承的预定水平的磨损而自动地向所述转子施加制动力。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,包括向所述转子施加足够的制动力以便基本停止所述转子的旋转。
14.根据权利要求12所述的方法,包括向所述转子施加制动力,而无论涡轮机上发生预定水平轴承磨损的位置如何。
CN200980150943.XA 2008-12-18 2009-12-14 具有被动制动的水电涡轮机及操作方法 Expired - Fee Related CN102257265B (zh)

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US20110293399A1 (en) 2011-12-01
KR101734468B1 (ko) 2017-05-24
US8690526B2 (en) 2014-04-08
CA2746744A1 (en) 2010-06-24
EP2199598B1 (en) 2012-05-02
JP2012512354A (ja) 2012-05-31
CA2746744C (en) 2017-04-18
NZ593255A (en) 2013-11-29
JP5722789B2 (ja) 2015-05-27
CN102257265A (zh) 2011-11-23
AU2009328528B2 (en) 2014-12-18
KR20110113614A (ko) 2011-10-17
WO2010069538A1 (en) 2010-06-24
ATE556218T1 (de) 2012-05-15
EP2199598A1 (en) 2010-06-23

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