CN102176904B - 基于生物聚合物的包含活性物质的连续纤维层、其用途和产生方法 - Google Patents
基于生物聚合物的包含活性物质的连续纤维层、其用途和产生方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102176904B CN102176904B CN200980139742.XA CN200980139742A CN102176904B CN 102176904 B CN102176904 B CN 102176904B CN 200980139742 A CN200980139742 A CN 200980139742A CN 102176904 B CN102176904 B CN 102176904B
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- protein
- active component
- laminated structure
- fiber laminated
- fiber
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Abstract
本发明涉及基于生物聚合物的包含活性物质的连续纤维层,其包含纤维状生物聚合物活性物质载体和至少一种与该载体结合且可从该连续纤维层释放的活性物质;含活性物质的制剂,所述制剂包含这类连续纤维层;含活性物质的连续纤维层在产生含活性物质的制剂中的用途;和用于产生含活性物质的连续纤维层的方法。本发明还涉及相应的含活性物质的连续纤维层及其在产生创伤治疗和卫生产品中的用途;和分别产生的创伤治疗和卫生用品。
Description
本发明涉及基于生物聚合物的含活性成分的纤维片状结构,其包含纤维状生物聚合物活性成分载体和至少一种与该载体结合且可以由该纤维片状结构释放的活性成分;包含这类纤维片状结构的含活性成分的制剂;本发明的含活性成分的纤维片状结构在产生含活性成分的制剂中的用途;用于产生本发明的纤维片状结构的方法。本发明还涉及相应的无活性成分的纤维片状结构及其在产生创伤护理和卫生用品中的用途,和相应产生的创伤护理和卫生用品本身。
现有技术
WO-A-2007/082936描述了两亲性自组装蛋白质在通过将有效物质分散在含蛋白质的保护性胶体中来配制微水溶性活性成分中的用途。将微水溶性活性成分和两亲性自组装蛋白质混合在组合分散相中,随后相分离为高蛋白质和高效物质相及低蛋白质和低效物质相,存在微水溶性活性成分已包封入其中的蛋白质微珠。
多种出版物描述了通过纺丝法(spinning process)从化学合成的聚合物和生物聚合物以及蛋白质产生纤维。
对于纳米纤维(nanofiber)和中间纤维(mesofiber)的产生,本领域技术人员可想到许多方法,其中电纺丝(electrospinning)是目前最重要的方法。在此方法(例如D.H.Reneker,H.D.Chun in Nanotechn.7(1996),216页及其后所描述)中,通常将聚合物熔化物或聚合物溶液在作为电极的边缘暴露于高电场。这可以通过在低压力下,在电场中将聚合物熔化物或聚合物溶液经与电压电源一极连接的套管挤出来达到。由于聚合物熔化物或聚合物溶液产生的静电放电,结果是材料流向反电极,其在至反电极的途中固化。取决于电极的几何形状,此方法提供无纺布或有序纤维的组件。
DE-A1-10133393公开了用于产生内径为1-100nm的中空纤维的方法,其中水不溶性聚合物的溶液,例如含聚-L-丙交酯的二氯甲烷溶液或含尼龙-46的吡啶溶液进行了电纺丝。也可从WO-A1-01/09414和DE-A1-10355665了解类似的方法。
DE-A1-19600162公开了用于产生割草机金属丝或织物片状结构的方法,其中聚酰胺、聚酯或聚丙烯作为成丝聚合物,将马来酐改性的聚乙烯/聚丙烯橡胶与一种或多种老化稳定剂组合、融化并彼此混合,然后对此熔化物进行熔化物纺丝。
DE-A1-102004009887涉及用于通过至少一种热塑性聚合物的静电纺丝或喷涂来产生直径<50μm的纤维的方法。
聚合物熔化物的电纺丝仅可产生直径大于1μm的纤维。但是,对于许多应用,例如过滤应用,需要直径小于1μm的纳米纤维和/或中间纤维,只有使用聚合物溶液,通过已知的电纺丝法才可以产生这种纤维。
用于产生纤维无纺布的另一种适宜的方法是离心纺丝(也称为旋转纺丝)。EP-B1-0624665和EP-A1-1088918(二者都是BASF申请)公开了在纺丝板上利用离心纺丝法从三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂及其与热塑性聚合物的混合物产生纤维状结构的方法。
DE-A-102005048939中描述了用于在离心力辅助下从不同聚合物材料的熔化物产生纤维的方法和装置。
Zarkoob和Reneker(Polymer 45:3973-3977,2004)在1998年描述了利用电纺丝法从六氟-2-丙醇溶液加工来自蜘蛛,络新妇蛛(Nephila clavipes)的蜘蛛丝蛋白质来产生纳米纤维。Sukigara和Ko(Polymer 44:5721-572,2003)公开了从甲酸溶液纺织家蚕(Bombyx mori)丝的尝试,其中电纺丝参数的变异影响纤维形态学。Jin和Kaplan报道了丝或丝/聚环氧乙烷的基于水的电纺丝(Biomacromolecules 3:1233-1239,2002)。
WO-A-03/060099描述了用于纺织家蚕丝蛋白质和蜘蛛丝蛋白质的多种方法(包括电纺丝)和装置。用转基因山羊重组产生所使用的蜘蛛丝蛋白质并从其乳汁纯化,然后纺丝。
WO-A-01/54667描述了含有通过有机聚合物,如尤其是聚环氧乙烷的电纺丝产生的药物可用聚合物载体的药物组合物的产生,其中药剂存在于载体中。WO 04/014304描述了相应的包含通过聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、polyvinylpyrrolidolene、或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮-聚乙酸乙烯酯共聚物的电纺丝获得的聚合物载体的药物组合物。
WO-A-2007/082936描述借助于两亲性自组装蛋白质来配制微水溶性有效物质。在此方法中,诱导的相分离过程形成所谓的蛋白质微珠。但是,通过此方法不可能有效配制水溶性活性成分。
迄今已知的用于配制活性成分和有效物质的方法不能满足对尤其是配制用于药用的活性成分的所有要求,如机械稳定性、无毒性、生物适合性、高活性成分生物利用率。
此外,通过已知方法配制的活性成分通常处于结晶形式,这显著降低了其生物利用率。尤其是,活性成分在长时期内连续、延迟、受控的释放构成了产生适宜的制剂中的具体挑战。
此外,现有技术尚未公开同等地适合用于将多种不同活性成分种类配制在聚合物载体中的任何方法。
发明概述
因此,本发明的目的是提供允许用适宜的载体作为配制助剂(aid)来配制基本上所有活性成分种类,同时可能比从现有技术已知的方法更好地满足上述标准中的一项或多项的方法。
在活性药物成分,尤其是愈创木酚衍生物的咳嗽诱导物和黏液溶解药领域中存在参考产品,例如品牌片剂,其显示例如活性成分愈创木酚甘油醚(也称为愈创甘油醚(guaifenesin))的连续的缓释特性。但是,只有在胃的条件下才能在此实现活性成分的释放。肠的条件不导致活性成分释放。在大多数情况下,将化学合成的非生物适合性聚合物用作配制助剂,其不具有任何其他益处,例如通过增强的吸收提高活性成分生物利用率。因此,本发明的另一目的是提供活性咳嗽诱导和黏液溶解成分,例如愈创木酚甘油醚的生物适合性制剂,其允许连续和延迟的活性成分释放,这种释放也是在该制剂所处的条件下,利用存在于胃肠道中的蛋白酶,通过蛋白水解触发。
通过提供含活性成分的纤维片状结构令人惊奇地达到了以上目的,该结构包含纤维状聚合的活性成分载体和与该载体结合的可释放的活性成分,其中该载体包含至少一种生物聚合物作为聚合物成分。
更具体而言,根据本发明,可能利用天然存在于例如胃肠道中、土壤中(利用微生物)或皮肤上的蛋白酶作为活性成分从本文所述的新制剂的连续和延迟的释放的定向、可控的触发机制。此外,通过本文所述的方法可能产生其中活性成分也以无定形形式或作为固溶体存在的活性成分制剂。与结晶形式不同,这些形式可以产生增加的活性成分生物利用率,与生物聚合物配制助剂,如两亲性自组装蛋白质组合可以使其再次得到增强。
附图描述
附图显示:
图1.掺入愈创木酚甘油醚(GGE)活性成分的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(纤维)的电镜(SEM)图像;
图2.通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂中的GGE活性成分的结晶度研究(WAXS透射),与纯物质(GGE或C16粉末)比较;
图3.GGE活性成分在磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)及人工胃液和肠液中从通过电纺丝获得并压缩为片剂的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的释放。将相应实施例中所述的总活性成分浓度设置为100%值;
图5.掺入克霉唑活性成分的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(纤维)的电镜(SEM)图像;
图6.通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂中的克霉唑活性成分的结晶度研究(WAXS透射),与纯克霉唑比较;
图7.克霉唑活性成分在磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)及人工胃液和肠液中从已通过电纺丝获得并压缩为片剂的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的释放。将相应实例中所述的活性成分浓度设置为100%值;
图8.掺入吡草胺(metazachlor)活性成分的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(纤维)的电镜(SEM)图像;
图9.通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂中的吡草胺活性成分的结晶度研究(WAXS透射),与纯吡草胺比较;
图10.吡草胺活性成分在磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)和具有蛋白酶解活性的蛋白酶K溶液中从通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的释放;
图11.掺入Uvinul A+活性成分的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(纤维)的电镜(SEM)图像;
图12.通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂中的Uvinul A+活性成分的结晶度研究(WAXS透射),与Uvinul A+纯物质比较;
图13.Uvinul A+活性成分在磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)和具有蛋白分解活性的蛋白酶K溶液中从通过电纺丝获得的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的释放;
图14.(A)片状R16蛋白质结构(纤维)和(B)片状S16蛋白质结构(纤维)的光学显微镜和电镜(SEM)图像;
图15.掺入Uvinul A+活性成分的片状R16(参见(A))和S16(参见(B))蛋白质结构的电镜(SEM)图像;
图16.通过电纺丝获得的R16蛋白质无纺布(A)和S16蛋白质无纺布(B)中的Uvinul A+活性成分的结晶度研究(WAXS透射),与纯UvinulA+比较。
图17.Uvinul A+活性成分在磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)和具有蛋白酶解活性的蛋白酶K溶液中从通过电纺丝获得的R16蛋白质无纺布(A)和S16蛋白质无纺布(B)的释放。
发明详述
1.所用术语的定义
除非另有说明,以下技术术语的定义应用于本发明中:
“载体聚合物”理解为意指生物聚合物或其混合物,或者至少一种合成聚合物与生物聚合物的混合物,具有与待配制的活性成分/有效物质非共价相互作用,或包围或吸附(负荷(bear))颗粒活性成分(以分散或结晶的形式)的能力的载体聚合物。
“非共价”相互作用理解为意指本领域技术人员已知的不涉及活性成分和载体聚合物之间的共价键形成的所有类型的键。其非限制性实例包含以下:氢键形成、复合物形成、离子相互作用。
“活性成分”或“有效物质(effect substance)”理解为意指合成的或天然的具有亲水、亲脂或两亲性的低分子量物质,其可用于农业化学、药剂学、化妆品或食品和动物饲料产业;以及生物学活性大分子,其可以包埋入发明的纤维片状结构中或吸附在其上,例如肽(如具有2-10个氨基酸残基的寡肽和具有超过10个,例如11-100个氨基酸残基的多肽),以及酶和单链或双链的核酸分子(如具有2-50个核酸残基的寡核苷酸和具有超过50个核酸残基的多核苷酸)。
“低分子量”意指小于5000,尤其是小于2000,例如100-1000克/摩尔的摩尔质量。
“高分子量”意指大于5000,尤其是小于10000000,例如10000-1000000克/摩尔的摩尔质量。
术语“活性成分”和“有效物质”作为同义词使用。
根据本发明,术语“纤维片状结构”包括单个聚合物纤维和许多这类纤维的有序或无序的单层或多层组合,例如以产生纤维网或无纺布网。
“活性成分载体”处于纤维状形式,且优选以吸附、非共价结合在纤维表面和/或整合入纤维材料的形式负荷待按照本发明加工的活性成分。活性成分可以以均匀或不均匀分布存在于纤维中。活性成分还可以以无定形、半结晶或结晶的形式可逆地吸附在活性成分载体上/中。
在pH 2-13,例如4-11的pH范围内,“可溶性”活性成分载体部分或完全可溶于水性或有机溶剂中,优选水性溶剂中,例如水或基于水的溶剂。因此,在水中的溶解度可以在大范围内变动-即从良好(即快速且完全或基本上完全的溶解度)至非常慢且完全或不完全的溶解度。
发明的活性成分制剂的适宜的“合成”聚合物组分是基本上在0-240℃的温度范围、1-100bar的压力范围、0-14的pH范围或至多10mol/l的离子强度下,可溶于水或/和有机溶剂的所有聚合物。
在本发明的背景中,同时与一般技术知识一致,“水性聚合物分散体”指相互不溶混或基本上不溶混的至少两相的混合物,该至少两相之一是水,第二相包含至少一种基本上不溶于水的聚合物,尤其是由至少一种基本上不溶于水的聚合物组成。在本发明的背景中,“基本上不溶于水的聚合物”尤其是在水中具有小于0.1wt%(基于溶液总重量)的溶解度的聚合物。
当通过化学、生物或物理过程,例如光或其他辐射、溶剂、化学或生化氧化、水解、蛋白酶解的作用部分或完全破坏纤维结构时,存在“可降解的”活性成分载体。可以通过酶或微生物,例如通过原核生物或真核生物,例如细菌、酵母、真菌介导生化过程。
根据本发明,聚合物的“溶混性”理解为意指在至少两种不同的合成聚合物或生物聚合物的混合物的情况下,一种聚合物可以作为其他聚合物的溶剂起作用。这意味着该两种不同聚合物间形成单相系统。在不溶混的成分的情况下,相应地存在两个不同的相。
根据本发明,“复合聚合物”理解为意指至少一种成纤维聚合物成分与至少一种低分子量或高分子量添加剂,如尤其是不可聚合的添加剂,例如上文定义的活性成分或有效物质的均匀或不均匀的混合物。
纤维片状结构的“加工形式”理解为意指进一步加工最初在该纤维片状结构的产生中获得的产品;例如将纤维压缩或压片、应用于其他载体和/或进行粉碎以缩短纤维长度。
除非另有说明,聚合物的分子量数字涉及Mn或Mw值。
2.优选实施方案:
本发明首先涉及含活性成分的纤维片状结构,其包含纤维状聚合的可溶和/或可降解的活性成分载体和一种或多种,例如2、3、4或5种与该载体结合并可以由该纤维片状结构释放的低分子量或高分子量活性成分,其中该载体包含一种或多种,例如2、3、4或5种形成结构或框架的易于聚集的生物聚合物作为聚合物成分,它们中的一些具有相对高的分子量,可以可选地例如通过酯化、酰胺化、水解、羧基化、乙酰化、酰化、羟基化、糖基化和法呢基化对其进行其他化学和/或酶改性。
利用纺丝法,特别是通过可电纺丝的溶液的电纺丝尤其可获得纤维片状结构,该可纺丝的溶液尤其是以溶解的形式包含该至少一种生物聚合物和该至少一种活性成分。在该纤维片状结构中,该至少一种活性成分处于无定形、半结晶或结晶的形式。
将该活性成分整合(包埋)入该载体中和/或吸附在该载体上。
优选该生物聚合物是蛋白质,尤其是两亲性自组装蛋白质。
优选该两亲性自组装蛋白质是成微珠蛋白质。
优选该两亲性自组装蛋白质是本质上未折叠的蛋白质。
更具体而言,该两亲性自组装蛋白质是丝蛋白质,例如蜘蛛丝蛋白质。
适宜的蜘蛛丝蛋白质的一个实例是包含SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质,或具有至少约60%,例如至少约70、80、90、95、96、97、98或99%序列同一性的衍生自此蛋白质的可纺丝蛋白质。
其他本质上未折叠的两亲性自组装蛋白质的实例是包含SEQ IDNO:4的氨基酸序列的R16蛋白质,或包含SEQ ID NO:6的氨基酸序列的S16蛋白质;或具有至少约60%,例如至少约70、80、90、95、96、97、98或99%序列同一性的衍生自这些蛋白质的可纺丝蛋白质。
更具体而言,本发明提供纤维片状结构,其中存在至少一种活性药物成分,例如活性咳嗽诱导和黏液溶解成分(祛痰药),如尤其是活性成分愈创木酚甘油醚(愈创甘油醚;CAS号93-14-1)或其衍生物。
本发明还提供纤维片状结构,其中活性成分是活性作物保护成分,或活性皮肤和/或头发化妆品成分。
本发明还提供纤维片状结构,其中载体包含至少一种其他聚合物成分,其选自合成的聚合物,如尤其是合成的均聚物或共聚物。
本发明还提供这样的纤维片状结构,其中该聚合物载体是复合聚合物,其选自:
a.至少2种可溶混的生物聚合物的混合物;
b.至少2种不溶混的生物聚合物的混合物;
c.相互可溶混的至少一种合成的均聚物或共聚物和至少一种生物聚合物的混合物;
d.相互不溶混的至少一种合成的均聚物或共聚物和至少一种生物聚合物的混合物。
在发明的纤维片状结构中,合成的聚合物成分具有在从约500-10000000,例如1000-1000000或10000-500000或25000-250000范围内的摩尔质量(Mw)。
本发明的活性成分载体的直径是约10nm-100μm,如50nm-10μm,或100nm-2μm。在每种情况下基于纤维片状结构的固体含量,负载在其上的活性成分是约0.01-80wt%,例如约1-70wt%或约10-50wt%。
更具体而言,本发明的纤维片状结构选自聚合物纤维、聚合物膜和聚合物无纺布。
本发明的纤维片状结构还可以表征为载体聚合物成分与活性成分的非共价相互作用(即尤其是分子溶液的形成)。
本发明还涉及含活性成分的制剂,其以加工的形式包含上文定义的纤维片状结构,可选地与至少一种其他配制助剂组合。
例如,纤维片状结构可以以连续或不连续的形式存在于其中。
此外,该制剂可以包含压紧(压缩)形式(如片剂或胶囊)、粉末形式或应用于载体底材的纤维片状结构。
本发明的制剂尤其选自化妆品(尤其是皮肤和头发化妆品)制剂、人和动物药物制剂、农业化学制剂(尤其是杀真菌剂、除草剂、杀虫剂和其他作物保护制剂)及食品和动物饲料添加剂(如食品和饲料补充剂)。
本发明还涉及上文定义的含活性成分的纤维片状结构在产生发明的含活性成分的制剂中的用途;以及上文定义的含活性成分的制剂在其中存在的活性成分的控释中的用途。
最后,本发明提供用于产生上文定义的纤维片状结构的方法,其中:
a.将至少一种活性成分与至少一种生物聚合物成分在组合液相中混合在一起,并
b.然后利用纺丝法将该活性成分包埋(吸附)在生物聚合物纤维中(上)。
更具体而言,其中的流程是,将至少一种活性成分和该聚合物成分混合在溶剂相中,并从此混合物纺织它们;或者将至少一种活性成分和该聚合物成分(活性成分和聚合物可溶于至少一种溶剂中)混合在至少两种相互可溶混的溶剂的混合物中,并从此混合物纺织它们。
更具体而言,本发明提供用于产生纤维片状结构的方法,其中生物聚合物是两亲性自组装蛋白质,将其与至少一种活性成分混合在甲酸中,然后从此混合物纺织它们。
优选所使用的纺丝法是电纺丝法或离心(旋转)纺丝法。
操作温度尤其是在约5-50℃的范围内。
本发明还涉及包含上文指定的载体材料,但基本上无活性成分,尤其无低分子量活性成分的纤维片状结构。
本发明还提供这类纤维片状结构在产生选自例如化妆品制剂、人和动物药物制剂、农业化学制剂、食品和动物饲料添加剂的含活性成分或无活性成分的制剂中的用途。
本发明还涉及无活性成分的纤维片状结构,其包含纤维状聚合的可溶和/或可降解的载体,其中该载体包含至少一种已可选地进行了其他化学和/或酶改性的生物聚合物作为聚合物成分,其中该生物聚合物是两亲性自组装蛋白质;且其中该生物聚合物尤其是丝蛋白质,其选自包含SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列的R16蛋白质和包含SEQ ID NO:6的氨基酸序列的S16蛋白质;或具有至少约60%序列同一性的衍生自这些蛋白质的可纺丝蛋白质。
本发明还提供这类无活性成分的纤维片状结构在产生医疗创伤处理和创伤护理产品及卫生用品中的用途。
本发明还提供用发明的纤维片状结构产生的创伤处理和创伤护理产品,例如创伤敷料、膏药、填塞剂(tamponade)、创伤黏合剂、绷带、绷带材料。发明的创伤材料可以用来例如覆盖小创伤(如切口)或较大的创伤(如糖尿病创伤)、溃疡(如压迫性溃疡)、手术创伤、烧伤、湿疹等的表面。例如,发明的产品可以用于皮肤、眼睛、耳朵、鼻子、口腔、牙齿区域中和体内,如肠区(腹部、肠道、肝、肾、尿道)、胸部(心脏、肺)、生殖区、头骨、肌肉系统中的手术的出血性或非出血性创伤或损伤的处理;用于与组织、血管或器官移植相关的创伤的处理和护理。
本发明还提供用发明的纤维片状结构产生的通常用于个人护理领域的卫生用品,如尿布、失禁产品、卫生护垫、卫生餐巾、止血塞、皮肤和面部护理垫子、擦拭物等。
3.本发明的其他设定
(i)生物聚合物
基本上适用于形成发明的载体结构的是具有形成框架结构和/或易于聚集的能力的那些生物聚合物。通常,为了此目的,需要高分子量,其可以导致随后分子链的分子间干涉(interloping)。但是,本发明的载体结构的形成也可以涉及分子内非共价相互作用,如氢键或疏水相互作用。
非限制性实例包括:纤维素;纤维素醚,例如甲基纤维素(取代度3-40%)、乙基纤维素、丁基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、异丙基纤维素;纤维素酯,例如乙酸纤维素;细菌纤维素;淀粉;改性淀粉,例如甲醚淀粉;阿拉伯树胶(gum arabic);壳多糖;紫胶;明胶;脱乙酰壳多糖;果胶;酪蛋白;藻酸盐;和从上述化合物的单体形成的共聚物和嵌段共聚物;以及核酸分子。
应特别提到的适宜的生物聚合物是两亲性自组装蛋白质。两亲性自组装蛋白质由从氨基酸,尤其是从20种天然存在的氨基酸形成的多肽组成。还可以修饰,例如乙酰化、糖基化、法尼基化氨基酸。
其自组装特性使得可按照本发明用特定蛋白质来获得更高分子量的结构,从而以持续的方式包封活性成分。这些两亲性自组装蛋白质适合作为主要用于微水溶性疏水活性成分的配制助剂。由于它们的两亲性分子特性,这些蛋白质与活性疏水成分强相互作用,并可在水溶液中稳定它们。随后可用相分离法来将活性成分包封在蛋白质基质中。两亲性自组装蛋白质与具有更高水溶性的活性成分的相互作用较弱,这就是为什么例如通过添加感胶离子盐从水溶液诱导的相分离法不导致水溶性活性成分有效包封在例如微珠中。纺丝法可以从两亲性自组装蛋白质和水溶性活性成分以溶解或分散形式存在于其中的水溶液或有机溶剂产生更高分子量的蛋白质结构,如片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)。因此,还可能包封水不溶性或微水溶性活性成分。
随后可硬化所产生的蛋白质和活性成分富集相,以机械稳定的含活性成分的蛋白质结构的形式除去,并可选地干燥,并加工为片剂或胶囊。
适用于配制水溶性和微水溶性有效物质二者的两亲性自组装蛋白质是可以形成蛋白质微珠的那些蛋白质。蛋白质微珠具有平均颗粒直径为0.1-100、尤其是0.5-20、优选1-5和更优选2-4μm的球形。
优选通过后文所述的方法制备蛋白质微珠:
将蛋白质溶解在第一溶剂中。所使用的溶剂可以是例如水性盐溶液。尤其适宜的是浓度大于2、尤其是大于4和更优选大于5摩尔,其离子具有比钠和氯离子更显著的离液序列高的特性的高度浓缩的盐溶液。这种盐溶液的一个实例是6M硫氰酸胍或9M溴化锂。此外,可能使用有机溶剂来溶解蛋白质。尤其适合的是氟化醇或环烃或有机酸。其实例是六氟异丙醇、环己烷和甲酸。可以在所述溶剂中产生蛋白质微珠。备选地,可以通过透析或稀释来用其他溶剂,例如低浓度(浓度<0.5M)的盐溶液替换此溶剂。溶解的蛋白质的终浓度应在0.1-100mg/ml之间。进行该方法的温度通常是0-80℃、优选5-50℃和更优选10-40℃。
在使用水溶液的情况下,还可以向其中添加缓冲液,优选在4-10、更优选5-9、最优选6-8.5的pH范围内。
加入添加剂诱导相分离。这形成乳化在溶剂和添加剂的混合物中的蛋白质富集相。由于表面效应,乳化的蛋白质富集的液滴呈圆形。通过选择溶剂、添加剂和蛋白质浓度,可能将蛋白质微珠的平均直径调整至0.1μm和100μm之间的值。
所使用的添加剂可以是首先与第一溶剂可溶混,其次诱导形成蛋白质富集相的所有物质。当在有机溶剂中进行微珠形成时,适用于此目的的物质是具有比溶剂低的极性的有机物,例如甲苯。在水溶液中,所使用的添加剂可以是其离子具有比钠和氯离子更显著的离液序列高的特性的盐(例如硫酸铵;磷酸钾)。取决于添加剂的类型,基于蛋白质溶液的添加剂终浓度应在1wt%和50wt%之间。
通过硬化固定蛋白质富集的液滴,保持圆形。固定基于强分子间相互作用的形成。相互作用的类型可以是非共价的,例如产生自分子间β-片状晶体的形成;或共价的,例如产生自化学交联。可以通过添加剂和/或通过添加其他适宜的物质来进行硬化。在0-80℃之间,优选5-60℃之间的温度下进行硬化。
此其他物质可以是化学交联剂。化学交联剂理解为意指其中至少两个化学反应基通过接头相互连接的分子。其实例是巯基反应基(例如马来酰亚胺、pydridyl disulfides、α-卤代乙酰基、乙烯砜、硫酸根合烷基砜(优选硫酸根合乙基砜))、胺反应基(例如琥珀酰亚胺酯、碳二亚胺、羟甲基膦、亚胺酸酯、PFP酯、醛类、异硫氰酸盐等)、羧基反应基(例如胺等)、羟基反应基(例如异氰酸酯等)、非选择性基团(例如芳基氮化物等)和可光敏化(photoactivatable)基团(例如全氟苯基氮化物等)。这些反应基可以与存在于蛋白质中的胺基、巯基、羧基或羟基形成共价键。
用适宜的其他溶剂,例如水洗涤稳定化的微珠,然后通过本领域技术人员熟知的方法,例如通过冷冻干燥、接触干燥或喷雾干燥来干燥。借助于扫描电镜检验珠子的成功形成。
对于产生蛋白质微殊,适宜的蛋白质是主要以本质上未折叠的形式存在于水溶液中的那些。可以例如通过构成IUpred程序基础的算法(http://iupred.enzim.hu/index.html;The Pairwise Energy ContentEstimated from Amino Acid Composition Discriminates between Foldedand Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins;Zsuzsanna Dosztányi,VeronikaCsizmók,Péter Tompa和István Simon;J.Mol.Biol.(2005)347,827-839)计算此状态。当对于超过50%的氨基酸残基,通过此算法计算的值>0.5时(预测类型:长无序(long disorder)),呈现显著的本质上未折叠的状态。
(ii)丝蛋白质
其他适用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的蛋白质是丝蛋白质。根据本发明,这些在后文中理解为意指那些蛋白质,其包含高度重复的氨基酸序列,并以液体形式储存在动物体内,由于剪切或纺丝,其分泌产生纤维(Craig,C.L.(1997)Evolution of arthropod silks.Annu.Rev.Entomol.42:231-67)。
尤其适用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的蛋白质是已以其最初的形式从蜘蛛分离的蜘蛛丝蛋白质。
极其适宜的蛋白质是已从蜘蛛的主壶腹腺分离的丝蛋白质。
优选的丝蛋白质是来自十字圆蛛(Araneus diadematus)主壶腹腺的ADF3和ADF4(Guerette等,Science 272,5258:112-5(1996))。
同等适用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的蛋白质是衍生自天然丝蛋白质,并已通过使用基因工程方法在原核或真核表达系统中异源产生的天然或合成的蛋白质。原核表达生物的非限制性实例是大肠杆菌(Escherichiacoli)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillusmegaterium)、谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)等。真核表达生物的非限制性实例是酵母,如酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)等;丝状真菌,如黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)、构巢曲霉(Aspergillus nidulans)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、Acremonium chrysogenum等;哺乳动物细胞,如hela细胞、COS细胞、CHO细胞等;昆虫细胞,如Sf9细胞、MEL细胞等。
其他适用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的是基于来自天然丝蛋白质的重复单位的合成蛋白质。除合成的重复丝蛋白质序列外,它们还可以包含一个或多个天然的非重复丝蛋白质序列(Winkler和Kaplan,J Biotechnol74:85-93(2000))。
同样可用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的尤其是基于来自天然蜘蛛丝蛋白质的重复单位的那些合成蜘蛛丝蛋白质。除合成的重复蜘蛛丝蛋白质序列外,它们还可以包含一个或多个天然的非重复蜘蛛丝蛋白质序列。
在合成蜘蛛丝蛋白质中,应优选提到C16蛋白质(Huemmerich等Biochemistry,43(42):13604-13612(2004))。此蛋白质具有SEQ ID NO:2中所示的多肽序列。
除SEQ ID NO:2中所示的多肽序列外,还尤其优选此序列的功能性等同物、功能性衍生物和盐。
其他优选用于利用纺丝法配制活性成分的是与来自昆虫结构蛋白质如节肢弹性蛋白的序列组合的基于来自天然丝蛋白质的重复单位的合成蛋白质(Elvin等,2005,Nature 437:999-1002)。
在这些由丝蛋白质和节肢弹性蛋白组成的组合蛋白质中,尤其应提到R16和S16蛋白质。这些蛋白质分别具有SEQ ID NO:4和SEQ ID NO:6中所示的多肽序列。
除SEQ ID NO:4和SEQ ID NO:6中所示的多肽序列外,还尤其优选这些序列的功能性等同物、功能性衍生物和盐。
(iii)改性生物聚合物
根据本发明,“功能性等同物”理解为尤其包括突变体,其具有与在前述氨基酸序列的至少一个序列位置中指定的氨基酸不同的氨基酸,但具有包装有效物质的特性。因此,“功能性等同物”包括可通过一个或多个氨基酸添加、取代、缺失和/或倒位获得的突变体,其中所述改变可以发生在任何序列位置,只要它们导致具有发明的特性谱的突变体。当反应性模式在突变体和未改变的多肽之间定性对应时,也尤其存在功能性等同物。
在以上意义中,所述多肽的“前体”和该多肽的“功能性衍生物”和“盐”也是“功能性等同物”。
“前体”是多肽的具有或不具有所希望的生物学活性的天然或合成前体。
适宜的氨基酸取代的实例可以选自下表:
表述“盐”理解为意指本发明的蛋白质分子的羧基的盐和氨基的酸加成盐二者。可以以本身已知的方式制备羧基的盐,且包括无机盐,例如钠盐、钙盐、铵盐、铁盐和锌盐;与有机碱,例如胺,如三乙醇胺、精氨酸、赖氨酸、哌啶等的盐。酸加成盐,例如与无机酸,如盐酸或硫酸的盐和与有机酸,如乙酸和草酸的盐同样构成本发明的部分主题。
同样可以借助于已知的技术,在功能性氨基酸侧基上或在其N端或C端末端上制备本发明多肽的“功能性衍生物”。这类衍生物包括,例如羧酸基团的脂肪族酯、羧酸基团的酰胺,可通过与氨或与伯胺或仲胺反应获得;自由氨基的N-酰基衍生物,通过与酰基反应制备;或自由羟基的O-酰基衍生物,通过与酰基反应制备。
本发明还包括的“功能性等同物”是本文明确公开的蛋白质/多肽的同源物。这些与明确公开的氨基酸序列之一具有至少60%,例如70、80或85%,例如90、91、92、93、94、95、96、97、98或99%同一性。
两条序列间的“同一性”尤其理解为意指每一情况下全序列长度上的基团同一性,尤其是按以下参数设置使用elustal法(Higgins DG,Sharp PM.Fast and sensitive multiple sequence alignments on a microcomputer.Comput Appl.Biosci.1989年4月;5(2):151-1),借助于Vector NTI Suite 7.1(Vector NTI Advance 10.3.0,Invitrogen Corp.)比较计算的同一性:
多重比对参数:
(iv)活性成分的制剂
可以例如以多种方式使用诸如两亲性自组装蛋白质的生物聚合物来产生活性成分的制剂。可以通过纺丝法将活性成分包装或包封在片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
可以通过本领域技术人员已知的所有纺丝法从溶液或微细分散体(干纺、湿纺)和凝胶产生由蛋白质-活性成分的组合组成的纤维和片状结构。尤其适宜的纺丝法是从溶液或微细分散体纺丝的那些方法,更优选包括离心纺丝(转子纺丝)和电纺丝(静电纺丝)。
在将蛋白质纺成纤维的情况下,适宜的纤维直径是10nm-100μm,优选直径50nm-10μm,更优选100nm-2μm。
在电纺丝(静电纺丝)的情况下,将待配制的溶液或微细分散体引入强度在0.01和10kV/cm之间,更优选1和6kV/cm之间和最优选2和4kV/cm之间的电场。电场力一超过制剂的表面张力,物质(mass)量就以喷射的形式转移至反电极。溶剂在电极之间的空间蒸发,然后制剂中的固体以纤维的形式存在于反电极上。纺丝电极可以基于压出板(die)或注射器或具有滚柱几何形状。可以在垂直方向(从下向上和从上向下)和水平方向进行纺丝。
其他适宜的方法是离心纺丝(转子纺丝)。在此方法中,将制剂或微细分散体引入重力场中。为了此目的,将纤维原料引入容器中,并使容器旋转,在该过程中,流体化的纤维原料通过向心力或离心力以纤维的形式从容器排出。随后可通过气流运输纤维,并组合形成片状结构。
可以通过将其包含在通过本发明的方法产生的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中来配制活性成分。此方法包括两个步骤。在第一个步骤中,通过将成分混合在同一相中来从活性成分和生物聚合物(例如两亲性自组装蛋白质)制备纺丝溶液。为了此目的,可以利用溶剂或溶剂混合物直接将活性成分和蛋白质引入溶液中。备选地,可以先将活性成分和蛋白质溶解在不同的溶剂中,然后可以将这些溶液相互混合,再产生同一相。该同一相还可以是分子分散相或胶体分散相。
例如为了增加溶液黏度或以其他方式改善其可加工性或达到优选的结构物质特性,例如结晶性,或优选的性能特性,例如配制的活性成分的受控的、延迟的或连续的释放特性,还可以向纺丝溶液中加入其他物质。优选的添加剂是水溶性聚合物或尤其是水性聚合物分散体。添加剂在纺丝溶液中的适宜的量是>0.1wt%,优选>0.5wt%,更优选>1wt%,最优选>5wt%。
此外,可能向纺丝溶液或从其产生的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中加入使得能够分解片剂或胶囊,并从而改善压缩为片剂或胶囊(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)的片状蛋白质结构和存在于其中的活性成分的分散的物质。
当活性成分和蛋白质不能溶解在同一溶剂或溶剂混合物中时,将活性成分和蛋白质溶解在不同溶剂中,随后混合这两种溶液尤其有利。在这种方式中,还可能通过将溶解在适宜溶剂中的活性成分稀释在此活性成分在其中不可溶的另一溶剂中来产生胶体分散溶液。
由于蛋白质一般具有良好的水溶性,因此优选用水溶液来操作。但是,还可能使用水和水可溶混的有机溶剂的混合物或仅使用有机溶剂。适宜的水可溶混的溶剂的实例是醇,如甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇;氟化醇,如六氟异丙醇和三氟乙醇;链烷酮(alkanone),如丙酮;或亚砜,如二甲基亚砜;或甲酰胺,如二甲基甲酰胺;或其他有机溶剂,例如四氢呋喃和乙腈或N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮或甲酸。一般而言,可能用蛋白质可在其中溶解的所有溶剂和溶剂混合物来操作。适宜的溶剂的实例是水或基于水的缓冲体系和盐溶液;氟化醇,例如六氟异丙醇或三氟乙醇;离子液体(ionic liquid),例如1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓(methylimidazolium,EMIM)乙酸盐;离液序列高的盐,例如尿素、盐酸胍和硫氰酸胍的水溶液;或有机酸,例如甲酸;和这些溶剂与其他有机溶剂的混合物。可以与用于蛋白质的溶剂混合的溶剂的实例包括水;醇,如甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇;链烷酮,如丙酮;亚砜,例如二甲基亚砜;甲酰胺,如二甲基甲酰胺;卤代烷,如二氯甲烷;或其他有机溶剂,例如四氢呋喃。
配制活性成分的第二个步骤是例如通过在电场中蒸发溶剂、通过剪切力或离心力来诱导蛋白质的组装,以产生组合的固体或随后硬化的高黏度、凝胶状的相。这将活性成分掺入蛋白质的组装形式。可以产生组装的蛋白质结构为含活性成分的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布),其在纺丝操作期间铺在底材,例如微纤维无纺布上。随后,可以将组装的蛋白质结构压缩为片剂或胶囊。
活性成分可以结合在表面、掺入片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)或以这两种方式与片状蛋白质结构结合。可以通过在组装混合物中缺失溶解的活性成分来测定活性成分与通过本发明的方法产生的片状蛋白质结构的结合。可以通过其特性的定量分析来测量活性成分的浓度。例如,可以通过光度法来分析吸光的活性成分的结合。为了此目的,例如通过测量有色或吸光的活性成分的光吸收来测定片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)的颜色或制剂混合物的低蛋白质和低活性成分相的脱色。借助于这些方法,还可能测定活性成分在微珠中的含量有多高。为了此目的,将片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)与适用于所包封的活性成分(其浸出活性成分)的溶剂混合。随后,例如通过吸收光度法测定活性成分在溶剂中的含量。备选地,还可以利用蛋白酶解活性酶降解蛋白质组装结构,释放存在的活性成分,随后进行定量。
(v)合成的聚合物成分
适宜的合成聚合物例如选自芳香族乙烯化合物的均聚物和共聚物、丙烯酸烷基酯的均聚物和共聚物、甲基丙烯酸烷基酯的均聚物和共聚物、α-烯烃的均聚物和共聚物、脂肪族二烯的均聚物和共聚物、乙烯基卤化物的均聚物和共聚物、乙烯基乙酸酯的均聚物和共聚物、丙烯腈的均聚物和共聚物、氨基甲酸乙酯的均聚物和共聚物、乙烯基酰胺类的均聚物和共聚物和从两个或多个形成前述聚合物的单体单位形成的共聚物。
更具体而言,有用的载体聚合物包括基于以下单体的聚合物:
丙烯酰胺、己二酸、甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯、α-甲基苯乙烯、丁二烯、丁二醇、丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、丁二醇二乙烯基醚、丁二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、丁二醇单丙烯酸酯、丁二醇单甲基丙烯酸酯、丁二醇单乙烯基醚、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、环已基乙烯基醚、二甘醇二乙烯基醚、二甘醇单乙烯基醚、丙烯酸乙酯、乙基二甘醇丙烯酸酯、乙烯、乙二醇丁基乙烯基醚、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、乙二醇二乙烯基醚、丙烯酸乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、乙基乙烯基醚、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、己二醇二乙烯基醚、己二醇单乙烯基醚、异丁烯、丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、异戊二烯、异丙基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸甲酯、亚甲双丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基乙烯基醚、正丁基乙烯基醚、N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、N-乙烯基咪唑、N-乙烯基哌啶酮、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、十八烷基乙烯基醚、丙烯酸苯氧乙酯、聚四氢呋喃2二乙烯基醚、丙烯、苯乙烯、对苯二甲酸、叔丁基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、三水缩四乙二醇二乙烯基醚、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二乙烯基醚、三乙二醇二乙烯基甲基醚、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三乙烯基醚、乙烯基2-乙基己基醚、乙烯基4-苯甲酸叔丁酯、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、乙烯基十二醚、偏二氯乙烯、乙烯基异丁醚、乙烯基异丙醚、乙烯基丙醚和乙烯基叔丁醚。
术语“合成聚合物”包括均聚物和共聚物二者。有用的聚合物不但是随机的,而且是交替的系统、嵌段共聚物或接枝共聚物。术语“共聚物”包括从两种或多种不同单体形成的聚合物,或者如例如立构嵌段共聚物的情况,其中可以以多种方式实现将至少一个单体掺入该聚合物链。
还可能使用均聚物和共聚物的混合物。均聚物和共聚物可以彼此溶混或不溶混。
应优选提到以下聚合物:
聚乙烯醚,例如聚苄氧基乙烯、聚乙烯醇缩乙醛;聚乙烯酯,例如聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚氧四亚甲基二醇;聚酰胺;聚碳酸酯;聚酯;聚硅氧烷;聚氨基甲酸酯;聚丙烯酰胺,例如聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺);聚甲基丙烯酰胺;聚羟基丁酸酯;聚乙烯醇;乙酰化聚乙烯醇;聚乙烯甲酰胺;聚乙烯胺;聚羧酸(聚丙烯酸、聚甲基丙烯酸);聚丙烯酰胺;聚亚甲基丁二酸;聚(丙烯酸-2-羟乙基酯);聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺);聚磺酸(聚(2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基-1-丙磺酸)或PAMPS);聚甲基丙烯酰胺;聚环氧烷,例如聚环氧乙烷;聚-N-乙烯吡咯烷酮;马来酸;聚(氮丙啶);聚苯乙烯磺酸;聚丙烯酸酯,例如聚丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯、聚丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸十二酯、poly(ibornyl acrylate)、聚(丙烯酸正丁酯)、聚(丙烯酸叔丁酯)、聚丙烯酸环己酯、聚(丙烯酸2-乙基己酯)、聚丙烯酸羟基丙酯;聚甲基丙烯酸酯,例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸正戊酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸正丁酯)、聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸羟基丙酯)、聚甲基丙烯酸环己酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯)、聚甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、聚(甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯)、聚甲基丙烯酸苄酯、poly(ibornyl methacrylate)、聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和聚甲基丙烯酸十八酯;聚苯乙烯;以及基于苯乙烯的共聚物,例如与马来酸酐的共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、甲基丙烯酸甲酯-苯乙烯共聚物、N-乙烯吡咯烷酮共聚物、聚己酸内酯、聚己内酰胺、聚(N-乙烯己内酰胺)。
尤其应提到聚-N-乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸-苯乙烯共聚物、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚酰胺和聚酯。
还可能使用合成的生物可降解的聚合物。
术语“生物可降解的聚合物”将包括符合DIN V 54900中给出的生物可降解性定义的所有聚合物,更具体而言是可堆肥的聚酯。
生物可降解性的一般意义是聚合物,如聚酯在适当和可检验的间隔内分解。可以通过水解和/或氧化且主要通过微生物,如细菌、酵母、真菌和藻类的作用来实现降解。可以通过例如将聚酯与堆肥混合并保存一定的时间来定量生物可降解性。根据ASTM D 5338、ASTM D 6400和DIN V54900,无CO2的空气在堆肥期间例如流经成熟的堆肥,且成熟的堆肥经历了确定的温度程序。在此通过样品释放的净CO2(减去无样品的堆肥所释放的CO2之后)与样品可释放的最大CO2量(从样品的碳含量计算)之比来定义生物可降解性。堆肥仅几天之后,生物可降解的聚酯通常显示明显的降解迹象,如真菌生长、开裂和成孔。生物可降解的聚合物的实例是生物可降解的聚酯,例如聚交酯、聚己酸内酯、polyalkyiene adipateterephthalates、聚羟基链烷酸酯(聚羟基丁酸酯)和聚交酯糖苷。尤其优选生物可降解的polyalkylene adipate terephthalates,优选polybutyleneadipate terephthalates。适宜的polyalkylene adipate terephthalates描述于例如DE 4 440 858中(且是市售的,例如来自BASF的)。
(vi)活性成分
术语“活性成分”和“有效物质”在后文中作为同义词使用。这些包括水溶性和微水溶性有效物质二者。术语“微水溶性”和“疏水性”活性成分或有效物质作为同义词使用。微水溶性活性成分在后文中指在20℃下的水溶解度<1wt%,优选<0.5wt%,更优选<0.25wt%,最优选<0.1wt%的那些化合物。水溶性活性成分在后文中指在20℃下的水溶解度>1wt%,优选>10wt%,更优选>40wt%,最优选>70wt%的那些化合物。
适宜的有效物质是染料,尤其是下表中详述的那些:
尤其有利的染料是下表中酶的油溶性或油分散性化合物。颜色索引号(CIN)取自Rowe Colour Index,第三版,Society of Dyers and Colourists,Bradford,英国,1971。
其他优选的有效物质是脂肪酸,尤其是具有烷基分支的饱和脂肪酸,更优选分支的花生酸,如18-甲基花生酸。
其他优选的有效物质是类胡萝卜素。根据本发明,类胡萝卜素理解为意指单独或作为混合物的以下化合物及其酯化或糖基化的衍生物:β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素、叶黄素、虾青素、玉米黄质、隐黄素、柠檬黄素、斑蝥黄、胭脂树橙、β-阿朴-4-胡萝卜素醛、β-阿朴-8-胡萝卜素醛、β-阿朴-8-胡萝卜素酸酯、链孢类胡萝卜素、海胆酮、adonirubin、紫黄质、torulene、圆红酵母素。优选使用的类胡萝卜素是β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素、叶黄素、虾青素、玉米黄质、柠檬黄素和斑蝥黄。
其他优选的有效物质是维生素,尤其是类视黄醇(retinoids)及其酯。
在本发明的背景中,类视黄醇意指维生素A醇(视黄醇)及其衍生物,如维生素A醛(视黄醛)、维生素A酸(视黄酸)和维生素A酯(例如乙酸视黄酯、丙酸视黄酯和棕榈酸视黄酯)。术语“视黄酸”不仅包括全反视黄酸,而且包括13-)顺视黄酸。术语“视黄醇”和“视黄醛”优选包括全反化合物。优选用于发明的制剂的类视黄醇是全反视黄醇,其在后文中称为视黄醇。
其他优选的有效物质是来自A、B、C、E和F族的维生素、维生素原和维生素前体,尤其是3,4-双脱氢视黄醇、β-胡萝卜素(维生素A的维生素原);抗坏血酸的棕榈酸酯;生育酚,尤其是α-生育酚及其酯,例如乙酸酯、烟酸酯、磷酸酯和琥珀酸酯;以及维生素F,其理解为意指必需脂肪酸,尤其是亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸。
其他优选的有效物质是来自维生素E族(即生育酚及其衍生物)的亲脂的油溶性抗氧化剂、没食子酸酯、类黄酮和类胡萝卜素,以及丁基羟基甲苯/茴香醚。
其他优选的有效物质是硫辛酸和适宜的衍生物(盐、酯、糖、核苷酸、核苷、肽和脂质)。
其他优选的有效物质是UV光防护滤色片。这理解为意指能够吸收紫外线,再以长波辐射,例如热的形式释放所吸收的能量的有机物质。
所使用的油溶性UV-B滤色片可以是例如以下物质:
3-亚苄基樟脑及其衍生物,例如3-(4-甲基亚苄基)樟脑;
4-氨基苯甲酸衍生物,优选4-(二甲氨基)苯甲酸-2-乙基己酯、4-(二甲氨基)苯甲酸-2-辛酯和4-(二甲氨基)苯甲酸戊酯;肉桂酸的酯,优选4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯、4-甲氧基肉桂酸丙酯、4-甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯(isoamyl 4-methoxycinnamate)、4-甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯(isopentyl4-methoxycinnamate)、2-氰基-3-苯基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯(氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯);
水杨酸的酯,优选水杨酸-2-乙基己酯、水杨酸-4-异丙基苄酯、水杨酸三甲环己酯;二苯甲酮的衍生物,优选2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2-羟基-4-甲氧基-4′-甲基二苯甲酮、2,2′-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮;亚苄基丙二酸的酯,优选4-甲氧基亚苄基丙二酸二-2-乙基己酯;三嗪衍生物,例如2,4,6-三苯胺基-(对-羰基-2′-乙基-1′-己氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪(辛基三嗪酮)和二辛基丁氨基三嗪酮(HEB);
丙烷-1,3-二酮,例如1-(4-叔丁基苯基)-3-(4′-甲氧基苯基)丙烷-1,3-二酮。
尤其优选使用肉桂酸的酯,优选4-甲氧基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯、4-甲氧基肉桂酸异戊酯、2-氰基-3-苯基肉桂酸-2-乙基己酯(氰双苯丙烯酸辛酯)。
还优选使用二苯甲酮的衍生物,尤其是2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮、2-羟基-4-甲氧基-4’-甲基二苯甲酮、2,2′-二羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮;和使用丙烷-1,3-二酮,例如1-(4-叔丁基苯基)-3-(4′-甲氧基苯基)丙烷-1,3二酮。
有用的典型UV-A滤色片包括:
苯甲酰甲烷的衍生物,例如1-(4′-叔丁基苯基)-3-(4′-甲氧基苯基)丙烷-1,3-二酮、4-叔丁基-4′-甲氧基二苯甲酰甲烷或1-苯基-3-(4′-异丙基苯基)丙烷-1,3-二酮;
二苯甲酮的氨基-羟基取代的衍生物,例如N,N-二乙氨基羟苯甲酰基苯甲酸正己酯。
UV-A和UV-B滤色片当然还可以用于混合物中。
在下表中详述适宜的UV滤色片物质:
除了前述两组初级抗光剂外,还可能使用抗氧化剂类型的次级抗光剂,其阻止UV辐射透入皮肤时触发的光化学反应链。其典型实例是生育酚(维生素E)和油溶性抗坏血酸衍生物(维生素C)。
根据本发明,可能将所述化合物的适宜的衍生物(盐、酯、糖、核苷酸、核苷、肽和脂质)用作有效物质。
还优选所谓的过氧化物分解剂,即能够分解过氧化物,更优选脂质过氧化物的化合物。这些理解为意指有机物质,例如5-嘧啶酚衍生物和3-吡啶酚衍生物及丙丁酚。
此外,优选所述过氧化物分解剂是专利申请WO-A-02/07698和WO-A03/059312(其内容在此明确引用作为参考)中所述的物质,优选其中所述的含硼或含氮的化合物,其可将过氧化物或氢过氧化物还原为相应的醇而不形成自由基转化阶段。此外,可能将空间位阻胺用于此目的。
另一组是抗刺激剂,其对UV光损伤的皮肤具有炎症抑制作用。这类物质是例如红没药醇、叶绿醇和植烷三醇。
另一组有效物质是可以用于作物保护的活性成分,例如除草剂、杀虫剂和杀真菌剂。
下列杀虫剂显示可能的活性作物保护成分,但并非旨在限于这些成分:
A.1.有机(硫代)磷酸盐:保棉磷、毒死蜱、甲基毒死蜱、毒虫畏、二嗪农、乙拌磷、乙硫磷、杀螟松、倍硫磷、异噁唑磷、马拉硫磷、杀扑磷、甲基对硫磷、砜吸磷、对氧磷、对硫磷、稻丰散、伏杀硫磷、亚胺硫磷、磷胺、甲拌磷、肟硫磷、虫螨磷、丙溴磷、丙硫磷、硫丙磷、司替罗磷、特丁硫磷、三唑磷、敌百虫;
A.2.氨基甲酸酯类:丙烯除虫菊、噁虫威、丙硫克百威、胺甲萘、虫螨威、呋喃威、苯氧威、呋线威、灭虫威、灭多虫、草氨酰、抗蚜威、硫双威、唑蚜威;
A.3.除虫菊酯类:丙烯除虫菊酯、联苯菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、苯醚氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、α-氯氰菊酯、β-氯氰菊酯、ζ-氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、杀灭阿菊酯、依芬普斯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、imiprothrin、λ-三氟氯氰菊酯、扑灭司林、炔酮菊酯、除虫菊素I和II、苄呋菊酯、硅白灵、τ-氟胺氰菊酯、七氟菊酯、胺菊酯、四溴菊酯、四氟苯菊酯;
A.4.生长调节剂:a)壳多糖合成抑制剂:苯甲酰脲:氟啶脲、cyramazin、二氟苯隆、氟环脲、氟虫脲、氟铃脲、氯芬奴隆、双苯氟脲、氟苯脲、杀铃脲;噻嗪酮、diofenolan、噻螨酮、乙螨唑、clofentazine;b)蜕皮素拮抗剂:氯虫酰肼、甲氧虫酰肼、虫酰肼、印楝素;c)保幼激素类似物:吡丙醚、烯虫酯、苯氧威;d)脂质生物合成抑制剂:螺螨酯、spiromesifen、式D1的特窗酸衍生物
A.5.烟碱受体激动剂/拮抗剂:可尼丁、呋虫胺、噻虫啉;
A.6.GABA拮抗剂:乙酰虫腈、硫丹、乙虫晴、氟虫腈、vaniliprole;
A.7.大环内酯杀虫剂:阿巴克丁、依马菌素、灭螨菌素、lepimectin、多杀菌素;
A.8.METI I杀螨剂:喹螨醚、哒螨灵、吡螨胺、唑虫酰胺;
A.9.METI II和III化合物:灭螨醌、fluacyprim、伏蚁腙;
A.10.解联剂化合物:虫螨腈;
A.11.氧化磷酸化的抑制剂:三环锡、丁醚脲、苯丁锡、快螨特;
A.12.蜕皮素拮抗剂:cryomazine;
A.13.混合功能氧化酶的抑制剂:胡椒基丁醚;
A.14.钠通道封阻剂:全垒打、氰氟虫腙;
A.15.多种:benclothiaz;联苯肼酯;氟啶虫酰胺;啶虫丙醚;吡蚜酮;硫磺;杀虫环和式D2的氨基异噻唑化合物
其中,Ri是-CH2OCH2CH3或H,Rii是CF2CF2CF3或CH2CH(CH3)3;式D3的邻氨基苯甲酰胺化合物
其中,B1是氢或氯,B2是溴或CF3,RB是CH3或CH(CH3)2;和JP 2002284608、WO 02/189579、WO 02/190320、WO 02/190321、WO 04/106677、WO 04/120399或JP 2004 99597中所述的丙二睛化合物;N-R’-2,2-二卤-1-R”-环丙烷羧酰胺-2-(2,6-二氯-α,α,α,α-三氟-对-甲苯基)腙或N-R’-2,2-二(R”’)丙酰胺-2-(2,6-二氯-α,α,α,α-三氟-对-甲苯基)腙,其中R’是甲基或乙基,卤素是氯或溴,R”是氢或甲基,R”’是甲基或乙基。
下列杀真菌剂显示可能的活性成分,但并非旨在限于这些成分:
1.嗜球果伞素
腈嘧菌酯、醚菌胺、烯肟菌酯、氟嘧菌酯、苯丙菌酯、苯氧菌胺、啶氧菌酯、唑菌胺酯、布洛芬、肟醚菌胺、(2-氯-5-[1-(3-甲苄氧基亚氨基)乙基]苄基)氨基甲酸甲酯、(2-氯-5-[1-(6-甲基吡啶-2-基甲氧基亚氨基)乙基]苄基)氨基甲酸甲酯、2-(正-(2,5-二甲基苯氧甲叉)苯基)-3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯;
2.羧酰胺
-羧酰苯胺(carboxanilide):苯霜灵、麦锈灵、啶酰菌胺、萎锈灵、灭锈胺、甲呋酰苯胺、环酰菌胺、氟酰胺、福拉比、甲霜灵、甲呋酰胺、噁霜灵、氧化萎锈灵、吡噻菌胺、噻呋酰胺、噻酰菌胺、N-(4’-溴代联苯基-2-基)-4-二氟甲基-2-甲基噻唑-5-羧酰胺、N-(4’-三氟甲基联苯基-2-基)-4-二氟-2-甲基噻唑-5-羧酰胺、N-(4’-氯-3’-氟代联苯基-2-基)-4-二氟-2-甲基噻唑-5-羧酰胺、N-(3’,4’-二氯-4-氟代联苯基-2-基)-3-二氟-1-甲基吡唑-4-羧酰胺;
-羧酸酰吗啉:烯酰吗啉、氟吗啉;
-苯甲酰胺类:fiumetover、氟吡菌胺(picobenzamid)、zoxamide;
-其他甲酰胺类:环丙酰菌胺、双氯氰菌胺、双炔酰菌胺、N-(2-(4-[3-(4-氯代苯基)丙-2-炔氧基]-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基)-2-甲基磺酰氨基-3-甲基丁酰胺、N-(2-(4-[3-(4-氯代苯基)丙-2-炔氧基]-3-甲氧基苯基)乙基)-2-乙基磺酰氨基-3-甲基丁酰胺;
3.吡咯
-三唑:联苯三唑醇、糠菌唑、环丙唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、烯唑醇、恩康唑、氟环唑、腈苯唑、氟硅唑、氟喹唑、粉唑醇、己唑醇、亚胺唑、种菌唑、叶菌唑、腈菌唑、配那唑、丙环唑、丙硫菌唑、硅氟唑、戊唑醇、氟醚唑、三唑醇、三唑酮、灭菌唑;
-咪唑:氰唑磺菌胺、抑霉唑、稻瘟酯、咪鲜胺、氟菌唑;
-苯并咪唑:苯菌灵、苯咪氨甲酯、麦穗宁、噻苯咪唑;
-其他:噻唑菌胺、土菌灵、恶霉灵;
4.含氮的杂环化合物
-吡啶:氟啶胺、啶斑肟、3-[5-(4-氯代苯基)-2,3-二甲基异恶唑-3-基]-吡啶;
-嘧啶:磺酸丁嘧啶、嘧菌环胺、嘧菌腙、氯苯嘧啶醇、嘧菌胺、氟苯嘧啶醇、嘧霉胺;
-哌嗪:嗪氨灵;
-吡咯:咯菌腈、拌种咯;
-吗啉:aldimorph、十二环吗啉、丁苯吗啉、十三码啉;
-二羧酰亚胺:异菌脲、腐霉利、乙烯菌核利;
-其他:acibenzolar-S-methyl、敌菌灵、克菌丹、敌菌丹、福美甲酯、哒菌清、氰菌胺、灭菌丹、苯锈啶、恶唑菌酮、咪唑菌酮、辛噻酮、烯丙苯噻唑、proquinazid、喹氧灵、三环唑、5-氯-7-(4-甲基哌啶-1-基)-6-(2,4,6-三氟苯基)-[1,2,4]三唑并[1,5-a]嘧啶、2-丁氧基-6-碘-3-甲基色烯-4-酮、N,N-二甲基-3-(3-溴-6-氟-2-甲基吲哚-1-磺酰基)-[1,2,4]三唑-1-磺酰胺;
5.氨基甲酸酯和二硫代氨基甲酸酯
-氨基甲酸酯:乙霉威、flubenthiavalicarb、丙森辛、霜霉威、3-(4-氯代苯基)-3-(2-异丙氧基羧基氨基-3-甲基丁酰氨基)丙酸甲酯、N-(1-(1-(4-氰基苯基)乙烷磺酰基)丁-2-基)氨基甲酸-4-氟苯酯;
6.其他杀真菌剂
-有机金属化合物:三苯锡盐;
-含硫的杂环化合物:异丙硫环、二氰蒽醌;
-有机磷化合物:稻瘟光、三乙膦酸、三乙膦酸铝、异稻瘟净、定菌磷、甲基立枯磷、亚磷酸及其盐;
-有机氯化合物:甲基硫菌灵、百菌清、抑菌灵、对甲抑菌灵、磺菌胺、四氟苯酞、六氯苯、戊菌隆、五氯硝基苯;
-硝基苯衍生物:乐杀螨、消螨普、消螨通;
-其他:螺环菌胺、环氟菌胺、霜脲氰、溴甲氧苯酮。
下列除草剂显示可能的活性成分,但并非旨在限于这些成分:
抑制脂质生物合成的化合物,例如chlorazifop、炔草酯、clofop、氰氟草酯、ciclofop、恶唑禾草灵、精恶唑禾草灵、噻唑禾草灵、吡氟禾草灵、精吡氟禾草灵、吡氟乙草灵、精吡氟乙草灵、异恶草醚、恶唑酰草胺、恶草酸、喹禾灵、精喹禾灵、trifop或其酯、butroxydim、噻草酮、profoxydim、稀乐定、tepraloxydim、三甲苯草酮、苏达灭、草灭特、燕麦敌、哌草丹、EPTC、禾草畏、硫草敌、isopolinate、methiobencarb、草达灭、除草丹、克草猛、苄草丹、草克死、禾草丹、氨硫脲、燕麦畏、灭草猛、呋草黄、乙氧呋草黄和地散磷;
ALS抑制剂,如酰嘧磺隆、四唑嘧磺隆、苄嘧磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、氯磺隆、醚磺隆、环胺磺隆、胺苯磺隆、乙氧嘧磺隆、啶嘧磺隆、氟啶嘧磺隆、甲酰胺磺隆、氯吡嘧磺隆、唑吡嘧磺隆、碘磺隆、甲磺胺磺隆、甲磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、环氧嘧磺隆、氟嘧磺隆、氟磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、甲嘧磺隆、磺酰磺隆、噻吩磺隆、醚苯磺隆、苯磺隆、三氟啶磺隆、氟胺磺隆、三氟甲磺隆、咪草酯、甲氧咪草烟、甲基咪草烟、灭草烟、灭草喹、咪草烟、氯酯磺草胺、双氯磺草胺、双氟磺草胺、唑嘧磺草胺、磺草唑胺、五氟磺草胺、双草醚、嘧草醚、丙苯磺隆、氟酮磺隆、嘧啶水杨酸、环酯草醚和嘧硫草醚;若pH<8;
抑制光合作用的化合物,如莠去通、莠去津、莠灭净、叠氮津、氰草津、氰草净、可乐津、环草津、敌草净、dimethametryne、杀草净、eglinazine、草怕津、灭莠津、醚草通、甲氧丙净、环丙青津、甘扑津、扑灭通、扑草净、扑灭津、另丁津、密草通、西玛津、西玛通、simetryne、特丁通、特丁津和去草净;
卟啉原-IX氧化酶抑制剂,如三氟羧草醚、甲羧除草醚、甲氧除草醚、草枯醚、ethoxyfen、消草醚、乙羧氟草醚、氟除草醚、氟磺胺草醚、呋氧草醚、halosafen、乳氟禾草灵、除草醚、三氟甲草醚、乙氧氟草醚、异丙吡草酯、吡草醚、吲哚酮草酯、氟烯草酸、丙炔氟草胺、炔草胺、fiuthiacet、噻二唑草胺、恶草酮、炔恶草酮、唑啶草酮、氟唑草酯、甲磺草胺、戊基恶草酮、双苯嘧草酮、氟丙嘧草酯、双唑草腈、氟唑草胺、哒嗪氟草酯、fiupropacil、吡氯草胺和etnipromid;
除草剂,如甲氟哒酮、达草灭、fiufenican、吡氟酰草胺、picolinafen、氟丁酰苯胺、氟啶草酮、氟咯草酮、呋草酮、硝磺酮、磺草酮、异恶氯草酮、异噁唑草酮、吡草酮、吡唑特、苄草唑、苯并双环酮、氨唑、异恶草松、苯草醚、4-(3-三氟甲基苯氧基)-2-(4-三氟甲基苯基)嘧啶和下式的3-杂环基取代的苯甲酰衍生物(参见WO-A-96/26202、WO-A-97/41116、WO-A-97/41117和WO-A-97/41118)
其中,取代基R8至R13各定义如下:
R8,R10是氢、卤素、C1-C5-烷基、C1-C5-卤代烷基、C1-C5-烷氧基、卤代烷氧基、C1-C5-烷硫基、C1-C5-烷基亚磺酰基或C1-C5-烷基磺酰基;
R9是选自噻唑-2-基、噻唑-4-基、噻唑-5-基、异噁唑-3-基、异噁唑-4-基、异噁唑-5-基、4,5-二氢异噁唑-3-基、4,5-二氢异噁唑-4-基和4,5-二氢异噁唑-5-基的杂环基,其中所述基团可以具有一个或多个取代基;例如,例如它们可以由卤素、C1-C4-烷基、C1-C4-烷氧基、C1-C4-卤代烷基、C1-C4-卤代烷氧基或C1-C4-烷硫基单、双、三或四取代;
R11=氢、卤素或C1-C5-烷基;
R12=C1-C6-烷基;
R13=氢或C1-C6-烷基,若pH<8;
有丝分裂抑制剂,如氟草胺、地禾安、敌乐胺、乙丁烯氟灵、氟消草、异丙乐灵、methalpropalin、甲磺乐灵、氨磺乐灵、二甲戊灵、氨氟乐灵、环丙氟灵、氟乐灵、甲基胺草磷、抑草磷、氟硫草定、噻草定、拿草特、敌草索、长杀草、氯苯胺灵和苯胺灵;
VLCFA抑制剂,如乙草胺、甲草胺、丁草胺、丁烯草胺、异丁草胺、草甘胺、二甲草胺、噻吩草胺、噻吩草胺-P、吡草胺、异丙甲草胺、S-异丙甲草胺、丙草胺、异丙草胺、丙炔草胺、特丁草胺、噻吩草胺、二甲苯草胺、CDEA、三唑磺、草乃敌、草萘胺、萘丙胺、烯草胺、氟噻草胺、苯噻酰草胺、四唑草胺、莎稗磷、哌草磷、唑草胺、indanofan和灭草环;
纤维素生物合成的抑制剂,如敌草腈、草克乐、异恶草胺和氟胺草唑;
除草剂,如地乐特、硝丙酚、戊硝酚、地乐酚、特乐酚、DNOC、硝草酚和地乐施;
以及:新燕灵、草氟安、草氟安-M、溴丁酰草胺、氯甲丹、环庚草醚、甲基杀草隆、乙氧苯草胺、稗草畏、oxaziclomefone、三嗪氟草胺和溴代甲烷。
用于作物保护的活性成分还可以用来在城市环境(例如住宅开发、家庭和花园区域、餐馆、停车场、旅馆建筑、工业区等)中控制害虫(例如蟑螂、蚂蚁、白蚁等),且是另一组尤其适用于这些应用的有效物质。
还可能用本发明的方法配制用于控制来自脊椎动物(例如大鼠、小鼠等)领域的有害动物的活性成分,并在农业和城市环境中将产生的活性成分制剂用于相应的有害动物的控制。
其他适宜的是用于药用的活性成分,尤其是用于口服施用的那些。不考虑医学适应症,本发明的方法基本上适用于许多活性成分。
尤其应提到用于药用的水溶性活性成分,尤其是用于口服施用的那些。这涉及处方和非处方活性成分。不考虑医学适应症,本发明基本上适用于许多治疗性、预防性或诊断性活性成分。可用的活性成分种类的非限制性实例包括抗炎剂、血管活性剂、感染抑制剂、麻醉剂、生长促进剂。基本上可用的化合物种类是蛋白质、肽、核酸、单糖、二糖、寡糖和多糖、蛋白聚糖、脂质、低分子量的合成或天然有机活性成分或无机化合物或元素,例如银。
下表中详述了适宜的微水溶性有效药物成分的非限制性实例:
水溶性活性药物成分的实例尤其是活性咳嗽诱导成分和黏液溶解成分,例如愈创木酚甘油醚(也称为愈创甘油醚)及其衍生物。
其他优选的活性药物成分是抗体和用于药剂学的其他蛋白质,例如酶或肽,或核酸。
(vii)活性成分从制剂的释放
可以通过解吸(释出)进入适宜的溶剂、通过用蛋白酶降解本发明的片状生物聚合物结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)或通过用适宜的溶剂溶解本发明的片状生物聚合物结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)来从通过本发明的方法产生的制剂释放活性成分。适合用于解吸的溶剂是活性成分可以在其中溶解的所有溶剂或溶剂混合物。适宜的蛋白酶可以作为技术蛋白酶以受控的方式添加到本发明的片状生物聚合物结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中,或可以天然存在于所希望的效应分子的使用部位,例如消化道的蛋白酶,例如胃或肠蛋白酶,或由微生物释放的蛋白酶。可以溶解本发明的片状生物聚合物结构的溶剂是例如氟化醇,例如六氟异丙醇或三氟乙醇;离子液体,例如EMIM乙酸盐;离液序列高的盐,如尿素、盐酸胍和硫氰酸胍的水溶液;或有机酸,例如甲酸;和这些溶剂与其他有机溶剂的混合物。可以例如通过活性成分的负荷密度和本发明的片状生物聚合物结构的大小,或其体积与表面积之比来控制效应分子释放的速率和动力学。
本发明还提供用所述两亲性自组装蛋白质产生的含蛋白质的片状结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)在药物产品、化妆品产品、作物保护产品、食品和动物饲料中的活性成分的储存、转运或释放中的用途。本发明的片状结构还可保护包装的活性成分免受环境影响,例如氧化过程或UV辐射,或免于通过与该产品的其他组分反应而遭破坏,或免受特定蛋白酶降解。活性成分可以通过解吸、蛋白酶解降解、控释或缓释、或这些机制的组合从含蛋白质的片状结构释放。
本发明的含蛋白质的片状结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)和与其一起配制在药物产品中的活性成分优选经口摄入。这可以增加活性成分经过胃时的稳定性,因为在其中存在的条件下无发明的片状结构的蛋白水解降解。然后活性成分在肠内从含活性成分的片状蛋白质结构释放,该结构经口摄入且还可以压缩为片剂或胶囊。但是,在胃的条件下,活性成分可以通过解吸或扩散释放。
在药物产品、食品和动物饲料或作物保护产品中,使用所述生物聚合物,尤其是两亲性自组装蛋白质按照本发明的方法配制活性成分还可以导致增加的活性成分生物利用率。将活性药物成分包装在片状蛋白质结构中还可以导致改善的经肠黏膜的吸收。可以通过胶囊化或包埋在片状蛋白质结构中来保护作物保护产品免受冲洗过程。可以通过包装在片状蛋白质结构中来建立可以更好地被摄入或吸收,或具有更好的生物利用率的特定活性成分颗粒大小。
通过改变所述两亲性自组装蛋白质的氨基酸序列,或与其他蛋白质或肽序列融合,可能产生特异性识别特定表面,例如皮肤、头发、叶、根或肠或血管表面,或为这些表面或存在的受体识别和结合的结构。
因此,可能更有效地将用所述两亲性自组装蛋白质配制的活性成分带到所希望的作用部位,或改善活性成分的吸收。当将它们包装在还存在与结合胃肠道细胞(例如黏膜细胞)特定表面标记(例如受体)的蛋白质融合或结合的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中时,可以增加活性药物成分或食品和动物饲料中的活性成分的生物利用率。这类蛋白质是例如来自罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)的MapA蛋白质或胶原结合蛋白质CnBP(Miyoshi等,2006,Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem.70:1622-1628),或来自其他微生物,尤其是天然胃肠细菌丛的功能上相当的蛋白质。所述结合蛋白质介导微生物黏附至细胞表面。结合蛋白质与所述两亲性自组装蛋白质的偶联或融合以更受控的方式将从其产生的含活性成分的片状蛋白质结构定向至适当的吸收部位,或者它们可在这些部位保留更长时间,这导致延长的和改善的活性成分释放和吸收。
此外,为了达到例如更高的特异性、更低的活性成分消耗或活性成分剂量、或更快或更强的作用,可能通过改变所述用于活性成分制剂的两亲性自组装蛋白质的氨基酸序列,或与其他蛋白质或肽序列融合来以受控的方式将活性成分定向至所希望的作用部位。
为了例如对活性成分在片状结构中的结晶具有更迟的影响(例如抑制其结晶),或达到优选的使用特性,如改变的生物利用率,还可能向纺丝溶液添加其他物质。优选的添加剂是例如离子型(阳离子型或阴离子型)和非离子型表面活性剂。纺丝溶液中的添加剂的适宜的量是0.01wt%至5wt%。
此外,可以向纺丝溶液或从其产生的片状结构添加使得能够分解片剂或胶囊,并从而改善压缩为片剂或胶囊的片状生物聚合物结构的分散的物质。
(viii)用于创伤处理和身体护理的纤维片状结构(无纺布)
可以将发明的无纺布与本身已知的创伤处理产品或身体护理产品组合,即掺入它们中或应用于它们。常规创伤敷料(例如纱布或无纺布或吸收性垫子)通常是棉、黏胶丝或合成纤维,如聚酰胺、聚乙烯或聚丙烯的纺织或无纺织物。这些可以用疏水的脂肪软膏剂浸渍并显示高吸收性,这促进了过量的创伤渗出物、组织碎片和细菌的排出。
但是,必需频繁更换绷带,且有时观察到创伤脱水。这可以导致创伤黏附至干燥的创伤分泌物,或新生上皮组织生长进入垫子。在此情况下,更换绷带导致新的损伤,这明显延缓了愈合过程。
因此,现代创伤敷料应确保理想的湿润创伤环境。如例如聚丙烯酸酯和藻酸盐,或基于羧甲基纤维素的水胶体产品的情况,所使用的材料应能够形成凝胶来吸收大量水分。由于其高吸收力,这些产品主要用在中度至严重渗出的创伤的情况中。在脱水的情况下和在坏死性创伤的情况下,这些敷料可黏住,且由于其大幅收缩,存在因撕下它下面的组织而再次损伤该创伤的风险。
已描述了用于控制创伤愈合的广泛的创伤材料和设计,但这些非常特异地适用特定使用领域,且基本上适用于临床用途。一般而言,提供具有所希望的特性谱的夹层敷料;例如,第一层通常由非黏附层(例如基于聚尿烷的泡沫材料或石蜡纱布)组成,对创伤分泌物具有高吸收力的第二层由例如纤维素垫子组成。
本发明的无纺布组成廉价的、易于安放的产品,其可以用作促进愈合的创伤的织物分离层,由于其孔隙率,其允许氧气和创伤分泌物扩散,但有弹性地密封创伤,并在愈合期间被吸收。
本发明的材料还可以用于更简单的创伤护理,并允许省却使用昂贵的多层敷料。
发明的纤维片状结构的特定优势,如生物适合性、伸展性、无毒性、生物可降解性(尤其是蛋白水解降解性)、良好的含水量调节使它们成为用于产生用于治疗慢性或非慢性创伤和用于身体护理的产品的适宜候选者。
按照本发明产生的无活性成分或含活性成分的纤维片状结构尤其适用于产生创伤护理产品和卫生用品。在这些情况下,它们可以就这样使用或应用于本身已知的适宜的纺织品或聚合物载体材料。
为了此目的,可能以本身已知的方式组合不同材料,并进一步加工它们来产生多层产品。根据最终用途,可能将诸如PE、PET或PU膜和铝复合膜、无纺布、底材、硅酮纸、层压材料等的材料与本发明的纤维片状结构组合。
在产生包含本发明的片状生物聚合物结构的医疗产品(例如创伤敷料或膏药)或卫生产品(擦拭物、尿布、餐巾)的情况下,或在在相应的应用中使用发明的生物聚合物无纺布的情况下,用于片状结构的载体底材或载体材料可以是待包被的医疗或卫生产品本身,或其部分或单层。
现将参考后面的非限制性实施例来详细阐述本发明。
实验部分
一般部分
a)电纺丝法
适用于进行本发明的方法的电纺丝仪器包括在其末端提供与电压电源一极连接的毛细管喷嘴的注射器,以容纳发明的制剂。在毛细管喷嘴出口对面确定的距离处安放了与电压电源另一极连接的方形反电极,其作为所形成的纤维的收集器起作用。
用于进行本发明的方法的另一可能的仪器包括在含纺丝溶液的容器中转动的滚柱。该滚柱可以是光滑的或具有物理结构,例如针或槽。滚柱每次转动时,纺丝溶液进入强电场,并形成几个材料流。反电极在纺丝电极之上。纤维沉积在载体无纺布,例如聚乙烯上。
例如,可能使用来自Elmarco的Nanospider仪器。在18cm的电极距离下,电压为约82kV。温度为约23℃,相对空气湿度35%。用锯齿状电极进行纺丝。为了得到最大厚度的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布),载体无纺布保持静止。备选地,还可以高速移动载体无纺布来以确定的方式得到相对薄的片状蛋白质结构层。随后在降低的压力下于40℃过夜干燥从该批次获得的片状蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)。用Millitron层厚度测量仪(来自MahrFeinprüf,德国)测定片状蛋白质结构的层厚度。
b)活性成分释放测试
在两个不同的测试中测试活性成分从片状蛋白质结构的释放。
为了刺激活性成分在消化道中的蛋白酶解活性条件下的释放,在合成胃液(0.1g NaCI;0.16g胃蛋白酶;补足0.35ml HCl至50ml,pH 1-2)和合成肠液(在12.5ml水中溶解3.4g KH2PO4+补足3.85ml 0.2N NaOH至25ml+补足0.5g胰酶制剂至50ml,pH 6.8)中分析了待经口摄入的活性成分制剂,例如愈创木酚甘油醚和克霉唑(压制为片剂)。在5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 8.0)中进行对照测试(无蛋白酶),在这些条件下应仅观察到活性成分的少量释放。每片剂加入20ml特定消化液或缓冲液,在37℃和80转/分钟下轻微搅拌孵育混合物。在不同时间,在每种情况中取样500μl,利用HPLC或光度计进行活性成分定量。在微水溶性活性成分,例如克霉唑的情况下,为了检测释放后形成的活性成分聚集体,在用THF萃取(3ml上清+3ml THF+刮勺端的NaCl,剧烈涡旋混合,15000xg下1分钟,分析靠上的相,根据需要进行稀释)后进行吸收光度法定量。
在其他活性成分(不经口摄入的活性药物成分或其他活性成分,例如活性化妆品成分或活性作物保护成分),例如Uvinul A+和吡草胺的情况下,通过将确定量的片状蛋白质-活性成分结构与非特异性蛋白酶K溶液混合来进行释放分析。伴随在120-150转/分钟下搅拌,在0.25-0.5%[w/v]蛋白酶K(Roche,德国;溶解在5mM磷酸钾缓冲液中)中孵育片状蛋白质-活性成分结构。在不同时间,通过离心去除仍然完整的片状蛋白质-活性成分结构,将上清与4-5倍过量的THF混合,随后通过吸收光度法测定活性成分含量。在所有实验中,在与活性成分特异的校准系列比较后测定所释放的活性成分的量。
实施例1-C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质的产生
使用包含质粒的大肠杆菌表达菌株,通过生物技术手段产生C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质。C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质(也称为ADF4)的设计和克隆描述于Hümmerich等(Biochemistry 43,2004,13604-13012)中。与其中所述的方法不同,在大肠杆菌菌株BL21Gold(DE3)(Stratagene)中产生C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质。用基本培养基和补料分批技术将其培养在Techfors发酵罐(Infors HAT,瑞士)中。
基本培养基:2.5g/l一水合柠檬酸
4g/l甘油
12.5g/l磷酸二氢钾
6.25g/l硫酸铵
1.88g/l七水合硫酸镁
0.13g/l二水合氯化钙
15.5ml/l痕量元素溶液(40g/l一水合柠檬酸;11g/l七水合硫酸锌(II);8.5g/l七水合硫酸铁(II)二铵;3g/l一水合硫酸镁(II);0.8g/l五水合硫酸铜(II);0.25g/l七水合硫酸钴(II))
3ml/l维生素溶液(6.3mg/ml盐酸硫胺素;0.67mg/ml维生素B12)
pH 6.3
进料溶液:790g/l甘油
6.9g/l一水合柠檬酸
13.6g/l硫酸钠
1.05g/l七水合硫酸铁(II)二铵
13盐酸硫胺素
在37℃下培养细胞直至OD600为100,然后用0.1mM异丙基β-D-1-硫代半乳吡喃糖苷(IPTG)诱导蛋白质表达。在发酵终止时(诱导后8至12小时),收获培养物。大部分蛋白质存在于“内含体”中。
收获细胞后,将沉淀重悬在20mM 3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸(MOPS),pH7.0中(每千克湿物质5l缓冲液)。然后用Microfluidizer M-110EH(Microfiuidics,美国)在1200至1300bar压力下破碎细胞。沉降后,除内含体外,破碎后的沉淀还包含细胞碎片和膜组分,通过两个洗涤步骤将其去除。在第一个洗涤步骤中,将沉淀重悬在2.5体积的Tris缓冲液(50mMTris/HCl,0.1% Triton X-100,pH 8.0)中,然后通过离心沉降残留固体。用This缓冲液(50mM Tris/HCl,5mM EDTA,pH 8.0))进行第二个洗涤步骤。沉降后再次获得的沉淀基本上无膜和细胞碎片。
每1g沉淀(湿重)加入1.6g硫氰酸胍,将经清洗的内含体溶解在硫氰酸胍(Roth,德国)中。内含体在伴随轻微加热(50℃)搅拌时溶解。
为了去除存在的任何不可溶的组分,随后进行了离心。为了获得水性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液,随后对5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 8.0)进行16小时的透析(透析稀释因子:200)。
污染的大肠杆菌蛋白质在透析中形成聚集体,可通过离心将其去除。获得的蛋白质溶液具有~95%C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质的纯度。
得到的水性蛋白质溶液可以直接用于电纺丝,或者为了更好的可保存性的目的而进一步加工为微珠。为了产生C16蛋白质微殊,将水性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液与0.25体积的4M硫酸铵溶液混合。在硫酸铵的作用下,蛋白质分子组装形成此处称为微珠的球形结构。通过离心去除微珠,用蒸馏水洗涤3次,然后冷冻干燥。
实施例2-利用电纺丝将愈创木酚甘油醚配制为有效物质
为了表明所述方法对配制药物活性成分,尤其是用于治疗咳嗽和呼吸障碍的那些药物活性成分的可用性,作为实例,利用电纺丝将活性成分愈创木酚甘油醚(也称为愈创甘油醚)包封在片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质微珠(14%[w/w])和活性成分愈创木酚甘油醚(10%[w/w])一起溶解在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中。最初在烧杯装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入50.4g C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和36g愈创木酚甘油醚(来自Sigma,德国)。一旦物质已完全溶解,即用甲酸(98-100%)将溶液补足至360g。
备选地,还可能将水性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液(见实施例1)用作起始材料基础。然后直接将活性成分溶解在水性蛋白质溶液中,或在使用相对高的活性成分浓度的情况下,先溶解在另一溶剂(例如甲酸)中,然后与蛋白质溶液混合。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物或水性聚合物分散体。
按上文所述在Elmarco Nanospider仪器中纺丝C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和愈创木酚甘油醚的溶液3小时。用Millitron层厚度测量仪(来自MahrFeinprüf,德国)测定产生的片状蛋白质结构的层厚度,其为0.01-0.2mm。
这样产生的掺入了愈创木酚甘油醚的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的电镜分析显示,该结构基本上是具有至多2μm和以下的直径的纤维(图1)。
与纯愈创木酚甘油醚不同,x射线衍射未在C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/愈创木酚甘油醚制剂中显示任何结晶峰(图2)。因此,可以假定,已以无定形形式或作为固定溶液包封了活性成分,这可以正面影响其生物利用率。
为了测试活性成分从非常相关的给药形式的释放,用片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构来压制片剂。在每种情况下,在KBr压机(来自Paul-Otto-Weber,德国)中在降低的压力下和在100bar压力压制300mg材料约10分钟。片剂具有约13mm的直径和约2mm的厚度。
用合成胃液和合成肠液处理后,利用HPLC(柱:Luna C8(2),150*3.0mm[来自Phenomenex,德国];前置柱:C18 ODS;检测:UV 210nm;洗脱液A:10mM KH2PO4,pH 2.5;洗脱液B:乙腈)测定愈创木酚甘油醚从片剂的释放。
虽然在对照实验(缓冲液)中最大仅释放所包封的活性成分量的20%,但受存在的酶活性(蛋白酶)控制,24小时内在胃液和肠液中达到100%释放(图3)。愈创木酚甘油醚活性成分在胃液中和在肠液中都连续释放。在肠液的实验中,最初8小时内释放约65%活性成分,而在胃液中,在此时间内已释放了约80%活性成分(图3)。
为了测定24小时后尚待从该制剂释放的愈创木酚甘油醚的比例,将含有残留的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质聚集体的混合物调节至pH 7.0,在每种情况下,加入100μl蛋白酶K(435U/ml,Roche,德国),在37℃和120转/分钟下进一步孵育混合物,直到所有聚集体已完全溶解。随后,利用HPLC分析定量溶液中的活性成分含量。结果,可能用终点值和预先测定的中间值来测定C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的愈创木酚甘油醚活性成分负荷密度。检查的所有片剂的负荷密度在31%和33%[w/w]之间,这得出了压制为片剂的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的32.2%[w/w]愈创木酚甘油醚的平均负荷密度(表1)。
表1:C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂(片剂)的愈创木酚甘油醚活性成分负荷密度。
使用配制的愈创木酚甘油醚活性成分的参考样品(品牌的片剂,来自Adams Respiratory Therapeutics)的对照实验仅在胃的条件下显示连续的、延迟的活性成分释放(图4)。由于活性成分制剂的平均胃停留时间为2.5小时,在此时间最多可释放50%的活性成分。在肠的条件下,在短时间(2-3小时)内从制剂释放约90%的活性成分(图4)。
实施例3-利用电纺丝将克霉唑配制为有效物质
为了显示所述方法对配制其他药物活性,尤其是微水溶性物质的可用性,作为实例,利用电纺丝将活性成分克霉唑包封在片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质微珠(14%[w/w])和活性成分克霉唑(10%[w/w])一起溶解在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中。最初在烧杯装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入50.4g C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和36g克霉唑(来自Sigma,德国)。一旦物质已完全溶解,即用甲酸将溶液补足至360g。
备选地,还可能将水溶性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液(见实施例1)用作起始材料基础。然后直接将活性成分溶解在水性蛋白质溶液中,或在使用相对高的活性成分浓度的情况下,先溶解在另一溶剂(例如甲酸)中,然后与蛋白质溶液混合。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物或聚合物分散体。
按上文所述在Elmarco Nanospider仪器中纺丝C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和克霉唑的溶液3小时。
这样产生的掺入了克霉唑的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的电镜分析显示,该结构基本上是具有约50nm至1μm的直径的纤维(图5)。
与纯克霉唑不同,x射线衍射未在C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/克霉唑制剂中显示任何结晶峰(图6)。因此,可以假定,已以无定形形式或作为固体溶液包封了活性成分,这可以正面影响其生物利用率。
如实施例2中已述,还用含有包封的克霉唑活性成分的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构来压制片剂。如实施例2中所述,为了测定活性成分的释放动力学,在合成胃液、合成肠液和5mM磷酸钾缓冲液(对照)中孵育片剂。根据其弱水溶性(和从而在水性体系中倾向于形成聚集体),用THF萃取上清后,通过262nm下的吸收光度法测定来定量所释放的克霉唑。
虽然在对照实验(无蛋白酶的缓冲液)中最多仅释放所包封的活性成分量的2%,但受存在的酶活性(蛋白酶)控制,在胃液中24小时内达到约50%释放。在此过程中,克霉唑活性成分连续释放。相反,在肠液中,24小时后仅释放20%的活性成分(图7)。在所讨论的时间范围内,C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/克霉唑制剂在其所处的略偏中性的pH值下表现得如此稳定,以致于仅观察到衰减的释放。
为了测定24小时后尚未从制剂释放的克霉唑的比例,将含有未通过蛋白酶解降解的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的混合物与3ml THF混合,并摇动孵育最多48小时。随后,通过262nm下的吸收光度法定量活性成分含量。因此,可能使用终点值和之前测定的中间值来测定C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂的克霉唑活性成分负荷密度。检测的所有片剂的负荷密度都在27%和33%[w/w]之间,这得出了压制为片剂的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的约30%[w/w]克霉唑的平均负荷密度(表2)。
表2:C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质制剂(片剂)的克霉唑活性成分负荷密度。
实施例4-利用电纺丝将吡草胺配制为有效物质
为了显示所述方法对配制活性作物保护成分的可用性,作为实例,利用电纺丝将活性成分吡草胺包封在片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质微珠(14%[w/w])和活性成分吡草胺(10%[w/w])一起溶解在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中。最初在烧杯装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入50.4g C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和36g吡草胺。一旦物质已完全溶解,即用甲酸(98-100%)将溶液补足至360g。
备选地,还可能将水性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液(见实施例1)用作起始材料基础。然后直接将活性成分溶解在水性蛋白质溶液中,或在使用相对高的活性成分浓度的情况下,先溶解在另一溶剂(例如甲酸)中,然后与蛋白质溶液混合。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物或聚合物分散体。
按上文所述在Elmarco Nanospider仪器中纺丝C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和吡草胺的溶液3小时。
这样产生的掺入了吡草胺的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的电镜分析显示,该结构基本上是具有约50nm至500nm的直径的纤维(图8)。
在x射线衍射中,纯吡草胺显示显著的结晶比例(图9)。相反,C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/吡草胺制剂在x射线衍射中具有较不显著的半结晶区,这可归因于吡草胺活性成分(图9)。
为了在两种混合物(第一种混合物:25mg;第二种混合物:26mg)中测定吡草胺活性成分的负荷密度,在每种情况下,将所产生的片状蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构与2ml THF混合,并在1800转/分钟下搅拌孵育5小时。随后通过264nm下的吸收光度法测定通过THF处理定量溶出的吡草胺活性成分。发现负荷密度在混合物1中为约40%[w/w],在第二种混合物中为约45%[w/w]。
为了测定活性成分的释放动力学,在与0.5%[w/v]蛋白酶K混合的5
mM磷酸钾缓冲液中孵育含有包封的吡草胺的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构。去除仍然完整的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构后,通过用THF萃取上清,随后在264nm下进行吸收光度法测定来定量所释放的吡草胺。
虽然在对照实验(无蛋白酶K的缓冲液)中,24小时后仅释放了所包封的活性成分量的约10%,但在含有蛋白酶K的实验中,相同时期内可能达到释放约55%吡草胺(图10)。7天后,可能达到约70%活性成分连续从这种C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/吡草胺制剂释放(未显示)。
实施例5-利用电纺丝将Uvinul A+配制为有效物质
为了显示所述方法对配制活性化妆品成分的可用性,作为实例,利用电纺丝将活性成分Uvinul A+包封在片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质微珠(14%[w/w])和活性成分Uvinul A+(10%[w/w])一起溶解在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中。最初在烧杯装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入50.4g C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和36g Uvinul A+。一旦物质已完全溶解,即用甲酸(98-100%)将溶液补足至360g。
备选地,还可能将水性C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质溶液(见实施例1)用作起始材料基础。然后直接将活性成分溶解在水性蛋白质溶液中,或在使用相对高的活性成分浓度的情况下,先溶解在另一溶剂(例如甲酸)中,然后与蛋白质溶液混合。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物或聚合物分散体。
按上文所述在Elmarco Nanospider仪器中纺丝C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质和Uvinul A+的溶液3小时。
这样产生的掺入了Uvinul A+的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构的电镜分析显示,该结构基本上是具有约50Bm至400nm的直径的纤维(图11)。
与纯Uvinul A+不同,在x射线衍射中,C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/Uvinul A+制剂中不存在结晶峰(图12)。因此,可以假定,已以无定形形式或作为固体溶液包封了活性成分,这可以正面影响其生物利用率。
为了在两种混合物(第一种混合物:7.9mg;第二种混合物:7.8mg)中测定活性成分的负荷密度,在每种情况下,将所产生的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构与2ml THF混合,并在1800转/分钟下搅拌孵育5小时。随后通过3521nm下的吸收光度法来测定通过THF处理定量溶出的Uvinul A+活性成分。发现负荷密度在混合物1中为约25%[w/w],在第二种混合物中为约26.2%[w/w]。
为了测定活性成分的释放动力学,在与0.25%[w/v]蛋白酶K混合的5mM磷酸钾缓冲液中孵育片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质/Uvinul A+结构。去除仍然完整的片状C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质结构后,通过用THF萃取上清,随后在352nm下进行吸收光度法测定来定量所释放的Uvinul A+。
虽然在对照实验(无蛋白酶K的缓冲液)中,甚至24小时后也未释放活性成分,但在包含蛋白酶K的实验中,6-7小时后达到Uvinul A+的100%释放(图13)。
实施例6-利用电纺丝从纯R16和S16蛋白质产生纤维
为了产生可纺丝的R16或S16蛋白质溶液,使用了R16或S16蛋白质微珠。这些可以按照WO 2008/155304中所述来产生。备选地,可以按实施例1中所述来进行制备。使用了包含R16或S16蛋白质的编码DNA序列的质粒载体或大肠杆菌生产菌株。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将R16蛋白质微珠在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中溶解为18%[w/w]的溶液。以小批次纺丝R16蛋白质来检测纤维形成。为了此目的,将0.36g R16蛋白质微珠溶解在1.64g甲酸中,并用其填充纺丝系统的注射器。
借助基于喷嘴的电纺丝系统来纺丝R16蛋白质溶液。为了此目的,在低压力下通过与电压电源一极连接的套管将蛋白质溶液挤入电场中。电场引起的蛋白质溶液的静电荷产生指向反电极的材料流,其在至反电极的途中固化,并以薄纤维的形式沉积在玻璃载片上。
使用了以下参数:
相对空气湿度27%,
纺丝温度23℃,
电压60kV,
电极距离15cm,
套管直径0.9mm,
手动进样(manual advance)
这样产生的片状R16蛋白质结构的电镜分析显示,溶液是成纤维的,且纤维基本上是具有约200nm至500nm直径的纤维(图14A)。
用Elmarco Nanospider仪器纺丝S16蛋白质溶液。所用溶液存在于纺丝电极(滚柱)在其中不停转动的容器中。在这种情况下,纺丝电极是基于金属丝的电极。部分制剂始终存在于金属丝表面。滚柱和反电极(滚柱上方)之间的电场首先引起从制剂形成液体喷射,然后其丧失所存在的溶剂,并在至反电极的途中固化。所希望的纳米纤维网(纺织品片状结构)形成于在两个电极之间向前移动的聚丙烯底材上。
将S16蛋白质微珠在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中溶解为12%的溶液[w/w]。对于S16混合物,在每种情况下,最初在烧杯中装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入40g S16蛋白质。一旦S16蛋白质已完全溶解,即用甲酸(98-100%)将溶液补足至340g。
使用了以下参数:
温度:24℃
相对空气湿度:22%
电压:70-82kV
电极距离:25cm
纺丝时间:1.5小时
片状S16蛋白质结构具有直径为约100nm至300nm的纤维(图14B)。
在产生包含片状R16或S16蛋白质结构的医疗产品(例如创伤敷料或膏药)或卫生产品(擦拭物、尿布、餐巾),或在相应的应用中使用R16或S16蛋白质无纺布的情况下,用于片状结构的载体底材或载体物质可以是待包被的医疗或卫生产品本身,或其部分或单层。
备选地,还可能将水性R16或S16蛋白质溶液(类似于C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质,其产生见实施例1)用作起始材料来产生纤维/纤维片状结构。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度或获得溶液的黏弹性,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物、聚合物分散体或生物聚合物(例如蛋白质)。
实施例7-利用电纺丝将Uvinul A+配制为R16和S16蛋白质无纺布中的有效物质
为了显示所述方法对配制活性成分的可用性,作为实例,利用电纺丝将活性成分Uvinul A+包封在片状R16或S16蛋白质结构(例如蛋白质膜、蛋白质纤维、蛋白质无纺布)中。
为了产生可纺丝的溶液,将R16蛋白质微珠(18%[w/w])或S16蛋白质微珠(12%[w/w])和活性成分Uvinul A+(10%[w/w])一起溶解在甲酸(98-100%p.a.)中。最初在烧杯中装入200ml甲酸,然后逐渐搅拌加入61.2g R16蛋白质或40g S16蛋白质和34g Uvinul A+。一旦物质已完全溶解,即用甲酸(98-100%)将溶液补足至340g。
同样,还可能将水性R16或S16蛋白质溶液(类似于C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质,其产生见实施例1)用作起始材料基础。然后将活性成分直接溶解在水性蛋白质溶液中,或在使用相对高的活性成分浓度的情况下,先溶解在另一溶剂(例如甲酸或THF)中,然后与蛋白质溶液混合。为了增加纺丝溶液的黏度,然后还可能加入水溶性聚合物、聚合物分散体或生物聚合物(例如蛋白质)。
在基于滚柱的Elmarco Nanospider仪器中按以下参数纺丝R16蛋白质或S16蛋白质和Uvinul A+的溶液:
R16蛋白质/Uvinul A+ | S16蛋白质/Uvinul A+ | |
电压[kV] | 82 | 82 |
温度[℃] | 24 | 24.5 |
相对空气湿度[%] | 33 | 27.5 |
电极间隔[cm] | 25 | 25 |
纺丝时间[h] | 1 | 3 |
这样产生的包含掺入的Uvinul A+的片状蛋白质结构具有与无活性成分的实验相当的纤维直径(图15)。
与纯Uvinul A+不同,x射线衍射光谱未在R16蛋白质/Uvinul A+制剂中显示任何结晶峰(图16)。因此,可以假定,已将活性成分以无定形形式整合入纤维中。在包含Uvinul A+的S16蛋白质中,可能检测到非常弱的结晶信号。这表明有效物质以半结晶形式存在。
从上文详述的流程出发,按以下测定活性成分从片状R16或S16蛋白质/Uvinul A+结构的释放动力学。在每种情况下,在含0.25%[w/v]蛋白酶K的5mM磷酸钾缓冲液中孵育10mg片状R16蛋白质/Uvinul A+结构或5mg(片状)S16蛋白质/Uvinul A+结构。对所计划的每个取样时间,在每种情况下配制混合物。在Thermomixer(来自Eppendorf)中于37℃和400转/分钟下孵育混合物。在特定时间,去除仍然完整的片状R16或S16蛋白质结构后,通过用THF萃取上清,随后在352nm下进行吸收光度法测定来定量所释放的Uvinul A+。
为了检测活性成分的负荷密度,用THF定量萃取配制用于释放动力学的所有样品。在存在不完全降解的片状蛋白质结构的样品中,也用THF萃取去除的片状蛋白质结构,然后通过吸收光度法定量Uvinul A+。将两个值(上清和沉淀)相加来测定总负荷密度。所有时间的负荷密度随后用来测定平均负荷密度。发现片状R16蛋白质结构中存在约33.5%[w/w]的Uvinul A+负荷密度,片状S16蛋白质结构中约为49.6%[w/w]。
24小时后,在对照实验(无蛋白酶K的缓冲液)中仅从片状R16结构释放了7.5%Uvinul A+。在此时期内,在对照实验中从片状S16结构释放了9.5%活性成分。但是,片状蛋白质结构在两个实验中都保持完整。在相同的时期内,在加入蛋白酶K的实验中,片状S16机构已完全降解。相比之下,蛋白酶K控制的片状R16结构的降解较慢。24小时后,分离的片状R16结构的残留物在此仍然出现在混合物中。
在含有蛋白酶K的蛋白质混合物中,24小时后已释放了约63%[w/w]的Uvinul A+(图17)。相反,在S16蛋白质混合物中,仅约3小时后就已释放了所有的Uvinul A+活性成分(图17)。
明确参考本文所引用的出版物的公开内容。
Claims (44)
1.含活性成分的纤维片状结构,其包含纤维状聚合的可溶和/或可降解的活性成分载体,和至少一种与所述载体结合且可以由所述纤维片状结构释放的活性成分,
其中所述载体包含至少一种还可以经化学和/或酶改性的生物聚合物作为聚合物成分,和
其中所述生物聚合物选自包含SEQ ID NO:2的氨基酸序列的C16蜘蛛丝蛋白质,包含SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列的R16蛋白质,包含SEQ ID NO:6的氨基酸序列的S16蛋白质;或具有至少95%序列同一性的衍生自这些蛋白质的可纺丝蛋白质,和
其中所述活性成分是微水溶性的或疏水的,并且其在20℃下的水溶解度低于1wt%。
2.权利要求1的纤维片状结构,其中利用纺丝法获得所述纤维片状结构。
3.权利要求2的纤维状片状结构,其中所述纺丝法是包含至少一种生物聚合物和至少一种活性成分的可电纺丝的溶液的电纺丝。
4.前述权利要求中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述至少一种活性成分处于无定形、半结晶或结晶的形式。
5.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中已将所述活性成分整合入所述载体中和/或吸附在其上。
6.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中存在至少一种活性药物成分。
7.权利要求6的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分是活性咳嗽诱导和黏液溶解成分。
8.权利要求7的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分是愈创木酚甘油醚。
9.权利要求1至3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分是活性作物保护成分。
10.权利要求1至3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分是活性皮肤和/或头发化妆品成分。
11.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述载体包含至少一种选自合成聚合物的其他聚合物成分。
12.权利要求11的纤维片状结构,其中所述合成聚合物是均聚物或共聚物。
13.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述聚合物载体是选自以下的复合聚合物:
a.至少2种可溶混的生物聚合物的混合物;
b.至少2种不溶混的生物聚合物的混合物;
c.相互可溶混的至少一种合成的均聚物或共聚物和至少一种生物聚合物的混合物;
d.相互不溶混的至少一种合成的均聚物或共聚物和至少一种生物聚合物的混合物。
14.权利要求11的纤维片状结构,其中所述合成聚合物成分具有从500至10000000范围内的摩尔质量。
15.权利要求13的纤维片状结构,其中所述合成聚合物成分具有从500至10000000范围内的摩尔质量。
16.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分载体纤维的直径是10nm至100μm。
17.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分载体纤维的直径是50nm至10μm。
18.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中所述活性成分载体纤维的直径是100nm至2μm。
19.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中基于所述纤维片状结构固体含量的活性成分负荷是0.01wt%至80wt%。
20.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其选自聚合物纤维、聚合物膜和聚合物无纺织物。
21.权利要求1到3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其中载体聚合物成分和活性成分非共价相互作用。
22.含活性成分的制剂,其以加工形式包含前述权利要求中任一项的纤维片状结构,任选地与至少一种其他配制助剂组合。
23.权利要求22的制剂,其以连续或不连续的形式包含所述纤维片状结构。
24.权利要求22或23的制剂,其包含压缩形式、粉末形式或应用于载体底材的所述纤维片状结构。
25.权利要求22或23的制剂,其选自化妆品制剂、人和动物药物制剂、农业化学制剂、食品添加剂和动物饲料添加剂。
26.权利要求22或23的制剂,其用于控释其中存在的活性成分。
27.权利要求1至21中任一项的含活性成分的纤维片状结构在产生权利要求22至26中任一项的含活性成分的制剂中的用途。
28.用于产生权利要求1至21中任一项的纤维片状结构的方法,其中:
a.将至少一种活性成分与至少一种生物聚合物成分在组合液相中混合在一起;和
b.然后利用纺丝法将活性成分包埋入生物聚合物纤维中。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中将所述至少一种活性成分和生物聚合物成分混合在溶剂相中,并从此混合物纺丝。
30.权利要求28的方法,其中将所述至少一种活性成分和生物聚合物成分混合在至少两种相互可溶混的溶剂的混合物中,其中所述活性成分和聚合物至少溶解于所述溶剂之一,并从此混合物纺丝。
31.权利要求28至30中任一项的方法,其中所述生物聚合物是两亲性自组装蛋白质,将其与至少一种活性成分混合在甲酸中,然后从此混合物纺丝。
32.权利要求28至30中任一项的方法,其中所述纺丝法是电纺丝法或离心纺丝法。
33.权利要求32的方法,其中所述离心纺丝法是离心转子纺丝法。
34.权利要求28至30中任一项的方法,其中操作温度在从5℃至50℃的范围内。
35.权利要求1至3中任一项的纤维片状结构,其无低分子量的活性成分。
36.权利要求35的纤维片状结构在产生含活性成分或无活性成分的制剂中的用途。
37.权利要求36的用途,其中所述制剂选自化妆品制剂、人和动物药物制剂、农业化学制剂、食品添加剂和动物饲料添加剂。
38.权利要求35的纤维片状结构,其包含纤维状聚合的可溶和/或可降解的载体,其中所述载体包含至少一种还任选地经化学和/酶改性的生物聚合物作为聚合物成分,且其中所述生物聚合物是两亲性自组装蛋白质。
39.权利要求35的纤维片状结构,其中所述生物聚合物是丝蛋白质,其选自包含SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列的R16蛋白质和包含SEQ ID NO:6的氨基酸序列的S16蛋白质;或衍生自这些蛋白质且具有至少95%序列同一性的可纺丝蛋白质。
40.权利要求38的纤维片状结构,其中所述生物聚合物是丝蛋白质,其选自包含SEQ ID NO:4的氨基酸序列的R16蛋白质和包含SEQ ID NO:6的氨基酸序列的S16蛋白质;或衍生自这些蛋白质且具有至少95%序列同一性的可纺丝蛋白质。
41.权利要求39或40的纤维片状结构在产生创伤护理产品和卫生用品中的用途。
42.权利要求41的用途,其中所述创伤护理产品是医疗创伤护理产品。
43.用权利要求39或40的纤维片状结构产生的创伤护理产品。
44.用权利要求39或40的纤维片状结构产生的卫生用品。
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US20140045695A1 (en) | 2014-02-13 |
EP2328567A2 (de) | 2011-06-08 |
JP2011530491A (ja) | 2011-12-22 |
US20110136669A1 (en) | 2011-06-09 |
CN102176904A (zh) | 2011-09-07 |
WO2010015419A2 (de) | 2010-02-11 |
WO2010015419A3 (de) | 2010-10-21 |
EP2684562A1 (de) | 2014-01-15 |
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