CN102084114B - 气体发动机的气体供应系统 - Google Patents

气体发动机的气体供应系统 Download PDF

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CN102084114B
CN102084114B CN200980123239.5A CN200980123239A CN102084114B CN 102084114 B CN102084114 B CN 102084114B CN 200980123239 A CN200980123239 A CN 200980123239A CN 102084114 B CN102084114 B CN 102084114B
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gas
gas supply
supply system
vaporizer
pump
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CN102084114A (zh
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埃里克·梅拉安
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Wartsila Oil and Gas Systems AS
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Hamworthy Oil and Gas Systems AS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/06—Apparatus for de-liquefying, e.g. by heating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D19/00—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
    • F02D19/06—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed
    • F02D19/0639—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels
    • F02D19/0642—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions
    • F02D19/0647—Controlling engines characterised by their use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures peculiar to engines working with pluralities of fuels, e.g. alternatively with light and heavy fuel oil, other than engines indifferent to the fuel consumed characterised by the type of fuels at least one fuel being gaseous, the other fuels being gaseous or liquid at standard conditions the gaseous fuel being liquefied petroleum gas [LPG], liquefied natural gas [LNG], compressed natural gas [CNG] or dimethyl ether [DME]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/0203—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels characterised by the type of gaseous fuel
    • F02M21/0215—Mixtures of gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Biogas; Mine gas; Landfill gas
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/0218—Details on the gaseous fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02M21/0227—Means to treat or clean gaseous fuels or fuel systems, e.g. removal of tar, cracking, reforming or enriching
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    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M21/00—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form
    • F02M21/02—Apparatus for supplying engines with non-liquid fuels, e.g. gaseous fuels stored in liquid form for gaseous fuels
    • F02M21/0218—Details on the gaseous fuel supply system, e.g. tanks, valves, pipes, pumps, rails, injectors or mixers
    • F02M21/029—Arrangement on engines or vehicle bodies; Conversion to gaseous fuel supply systems
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    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0045—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by vaporising a liquid return stream
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0221—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0235—Heat exchange integration
    • F25J1/0242—Waste heat recovery, e.g. from heat of compression
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
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    • F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
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    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0275—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices
    • F25J1/0277—Offshore use, e.g. during shipping
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/30—Use of alternative fuels, e.g. biofuels

Abstract

一种气体发动机的气体供应系统，适于与蒸气再液化设备整合，包括低温热交换器、带蒸气预热器的蒸气压缩器以及压缩膨胀器，气体为来自液货舱的液化天然气的形式或来自再液化设备的冷凝液的形式。为了在再液化设备中利用待由气体发动机燃烧的气体的冷负荷，此系统设置有提取冷负荷的蒸发器(优化器)，和/或设置在封闭回路中的蒸发器，封闭回路包括用于中间介质的泵和热源，用以优化冷负荷的提取。

Description

气体发动机的气体供应系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种气体供应系统，这种气体供应系统用于发动机，如用于输送液化气如液化天然气(LNG)的船只上的双燃料发动机或气体发动机。
背景技术
传统地，液化天然气船只使用汽轮机推进，但是现在正朝着低速柴油机、双燃料或气体推进机械的方向改变。
发明内容
以下讨论的是一种与蒸气再液化系统整合的气体供应系统。新的概念主要包括设置有中间封闭回路的“独立的”蒸发器(蒸发器)，和另外，蒸发器(优化器)与蒸气再液化设备的整合，以利用提供给发动机的蒸发液化天然气的冷负荷(cold duty)，推进船只。利用液化天然气的冷负荷将会使总体能量消耗降低。如果蒸气再液化设备被停止，那么独立蒸发器就会对气体发动机进行供给。
来自蒸气再液化设备的冷凝液或来自液货舱的由货油泵提供的液化天然气，被送往至少一个高压(HP)泵，以供给至蒸发器。正常地，在超临界压力之上的液化天然气在热交换器中被加热成“气体”。参照如图1和图2，所述热交换器分别称作蒸发器或汽化器。然后，高压气体被送去推进发动机或燃气轮机，发动机和燃气轮机未在图中显示出来。
高压泵的设计排放压力典型地达到30MPa(300巴)。液化天然气的温度典型地为从-140到-150℃。高压下的液化天然气是超临界的，不可能区分出液体和气体形态。尽管如此，本文件中，高压下加热液化天然气到环境温度被称为是蒸发。
高压泵的设计排放压力典型地是30MPa(300巴)。液化天然气的温度典型地为从-140到-150℃。
本系统基于以热源在高压下对液化天然气的蒸发。在与液化天然气进行热交换的热交换器，即本蒸发器中，为了不直接使用来自机室的缸套水或蒸汽，使用带有中间介质的封闭回路给液化天然气加热。中间介质能够是盐水混合物、乙二醇混合物、烃混合物或制冷剂，并且在下文中被称为“盐水”。如图2所示，封闭回路包括液化天然气蒸发器、盐水泵和热源，液化天然气蒸发器即所述蒸发器，热源在图中标示为蒸汽/热水蒸汽发生器。一旦蒸发器有内部泄漏发生，这能够防止液化天然气进入机室。使用中间回路的另一个主要原因是对于可能的冻结，这是更安全的系统。
蒸发器和其封闭回路包括的装置能够在货油压缩机室中与蒸气再液化设备一起安装在分开的位置或安装在发动机室里。
典型地-160℃以及大约2-5巴下的液化天然气在低温循环泵(HP泵)中被加压至300巴。然后，液化天然气在热交换器即蒸发器中被蒸发并加热到典型地+45℃。如果需要，可以在泵和/或蒸发器的出口安装脉冲阻尼装置，图中未示出。
一种典型的结构是两个并联的高压泵，每个的容量为1x100％，其中一个处于运行状态，另一个待机，或者容量为3x50％，其中两个处于运行状态，另一个待机。
在蒸发器中，液化天然气由盐水加热。盐水由来自发动机的热水(缸套水)、蒸汽，如机室和来自蒸汽/热水加热器中的处理设备的冷却水加热。取决于该中间介质，海水也可以是一种热源。
如果加热剂是蒸汽，那么盐水在典型地90℃时进入蒸发器，并在典型地30℃时离开。如果加热剂是缸套水，盐水在典型地75℃进入热交换器，并在典型地30℃时离开。如果使用来自处理设备的冷却水，那么温度水平会较低。
在蒸发器后，中间介质流(盐水)被抽吸到热交换器，以加热到典型地90℃，或者75℃。加热盐水的热交换器为热源，在图中标示为“蒸汽/热水、加热器”。
典型地，有两个并联的盐水泵，每个的容量为1x100％，一个处于运行状态，另一个待机。
蒸汽能够用来作蒸发器的热源，并且要采用饱和蒸汽。蒸汽的情况取决于在液化天然气船只上什么是可用的。在封闭回路里，蒸汽在返回煮器冷凝液/给水罐之前，在盐水加热器里冷凝并进一步冷却。
如上所述，本发明的主要目的是减少总体的能量消耗。此目的可通过一种双燃料或气体发动机的气体供应系统实现。这种气体供应系统与蒸气再液化设备整合，包括低温热交换器、设有蒸气预热器的蒸气压缩器和设有压缩膨胀器的氮气回路，气体的形式为来自液货舱的液化天然气或来自再液化设备的冷凝液。为了在再液化设备中利用来自待由气体发动机燃烧用的气体的冷负荷，此系统设置有提取冷负荷的蒸发器(优化器)，和/或设置在封闭回路中的蒸发器，该封闭回路包括用于中间介质的至少一个泵和一个热源，用以优化冷负荷的提取。
因此，蒸发器(优化器)用以优化冷负荷的提取。虽然详细说明了设有预热器的蒸气压缩器，但是预热器能够被预冷器取代或补充。例如压缩膨胀器应理解为设有压缩器/膨胀器的单元。
如果以上尚未说明，根据本发明的最优实施例可以从以下从属权利要求中理解。
附图说明
参照图中描述的实施例，现在讨论本发明的更多细节；其中：
图1所示为液化天然气再液化设备的过程描述，包括双燃料或气体发动机的气体供应系统。此气体供应系统未连接到再液化设备。
图2所示为图1中的气体供应系统。
图3到图5描述的是根据本发明的实施例，其中蒸发器(优化器)中提取的冷负荷被转移到再液化设备中，再液化设备分别地位于低温热交换器上游，与蒸汽预热装置并联，或者与低温热交换器并联；和
图6所示为最少地使用用于高压液化天然气的外部热源的实施例。
具体实施方式
根据本发明，如图3到图5所示，液化天然气蒸发器中的冷负荷在液化天然气的加热和蒸发过程中被从液化天然气中去除，并在蒸气再液化设备中使用，以减少总体能量消耗。换言之，冷负荷在液化天然气蒸发器(优化器)中取出，并放进蒸气再液化设备中。最有效的措施本应是在低温热交换器，即制冷箱中增加其他通道。自从限制了这种现有的制冷箱的最大设计压力以后，这种措施在今天是不划算的。如果蒸气和氮气由液化气预冷，那么蒸气的液化所需要的冷负荷则更少。这意味着在优化器运作的工作模式下，压缩器的工作将会减少。
冷负荷能够转移到制冷箱上游的蒸气循环，该蒸气循环与制冷箱并联或与制冷箱整合，或转移到制冷箱上游或下游的氮气循环，该氮气循环与制冷箱并联或与制冷箱整合。图2中所示的封闭中间回路在下文中称为
“盐水回路”，液化气在“液化气蒸发器”中蒸发。与蒸气再液化设备整合的热交换器称作“优化器”。典型的解决方案在处理流程图中示出，参照图3到图5，但是能量整合并不限于这些图中所示的。液化天然气蒸发器和优化器并联安装，如图3所示，或串联安装。
图3所示为处理流程图，其中蒸气在制冷箱的上游预冷。在蒸气预冷的同时，液化天然气正在蒸发。替代性的方案是利用并联的冷负荷，或者利用在蒸气侧整合到制冷箱中的冷负荷。
蒸气在蒸气压缩机中被压缩，并在后冷却器的冷却下达到环境温度。通过与压缩液化天然气进行热交换，蒸气在制冷箱的上游或与制冷箱平行地被进一步冷却。压缩液化天然气处于低温状态(典型地-140到160℃)，并被蒸气加热。因此，在氮气回路中，能够利用液化天然气中的可用的冷负荷。使用冷负荷使得压缩膨胀器的能量消耗减少。图中所示的隔离器将作为泵的抽吸式转筒而运作。如果需要，低压泵(LP泵)将安装在高压泵的上游，以充分保障高压泵的净的正吸入压头(NPSH)。低压泵作为高压泵的升压泵而起作用。来自再液化系统的液化蒸气和来自油舱的液化天然气都能够提供给燃料气系统。
图4所示为处理流程图，其中优化器并联到蒸气预热器。这意味着液化天然气在优化器里蒸发的同时，环境状态下的氮气被预冷。预冷后的氮气与来自蒸气预热器的氮气流混合，被送到制冷箱中并与制冷箱中冷却的氮气混合。这些氮气在膨胀器中膨胀到几乎为压缩器抽吸压力之前，在制冷箱中被进一步冷却。预冷后的氮气也能够以单独的连接被引导入制冷箱中，在制冷箱中进一步预冷，并在膨胀器中膨胀。使用高压液化天然气对氮气进行预冷使得系统的能量消耗减少。
图5公开的是处理流程图，其中优化器与制冷箱并联。这意味着环境条件下的部分氮气在与优化器中的液化天然气进行热交换时被冷却。氮气流冷却到入口膨胀器温度，并与来自制冷箱的氮气混合。这些氮气在膨胀器中进一步膨胀到几乎为压缩器的抽吸压力。
如图6所示，在优化器后，并不是用外部热源将的高压液化天然气加热到所需温度，温热的氮气能够从位于中间冷却器或后冷却器上游的一个压缩器站(stage)中获取。然后从压缩器站来的温热氮气在进入优化器之前与来自后冷却器的氮气混合。或者，压缩器站冷却器之一的上游的氮气能够在优化器之后被送往单独的热交换器。冷却的氮气返回冷却器/热交换单元的下游，在那里，可获取氮气。
图6的实施例最少地使用蒸汽/热水加热器外部的热量，以降低成本。如果来自氮气的热量不充足，那么更多的热量能够在冷却器之前获得。存在着一种典型的情况：几乎没有蒸气可用，并且船使用大量的燃料。在这种情况下，再液化系统将在低容量下运作，同时燃料气系统在满容量下运行。
如上已述的，优化器仅能够在蒸气再液化设备工作的时候运作。如果蒸气再液化设备停止工作，独立蒸发器将会给气体发动机供给，不会从经过的液化天然气中获得任何的冷负荷。这意味着通过加热液化天然气而获得的冷负荷被送到热源(蒸汽或热水)。
典型地，气体供应系统将安装在货盘上，以简化安装过程。所有部件与所有需要的互连管道、阀、仪器和配线装配在结构钢货盘上。
一个货盘上的典型的部件有：
2个高压泵，一个待机；
1个液化天然气/盐水热交换器(蒸发器)；
1个蒸汽或缸套水/盐水热交换器(盐水加热器)；
2个盐水循环泵，一个待机；
1个与再液化设备(优化器)整合的液化天然气热交换器；
仪器；
控制模块；
阀；
结构钢和互连管道系统；
如果需要，另外的设备是低压泵和抽吸圆筒。

Claims (13)

1.一种双燃料发动机或气体发动机的气体供应系统，其与蒸气再液化设备整合，包括低温热交换器、设有蒸气预热器的蒸汽压缩器和设有压缩膨胀器的氮气回路，供应的气体是来自液货舱的液化天然气的形式或者是来自所述再液化设备的冷凝液的形式，其特征在于，所述系统设置有从所述发动机燃烧的气体提取冷负荷的第一蒸发器，所述冷负荷在所述再液化设备中被应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述系统进一步包括封闭回路，所述封闭回路中设置有第二蒸发器、用于中间介质的至少一个泵和热源，所述第二蒸发器用于优化所述冷负荷的提取。
3.根据权利要求1所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述冷负荷被转移到所述低温热交换器上游的所述再液化设备。
4.根据权利要求1所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述冷负荷被转移到与所述蒸气预热器并联的所述再液化设备。
5.根据权利要求1所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述冷负荷被转移到与所述低温热交换器并联的所述再液化设备或集成于所述低温热交换器中的所述再液化设备。
6.根据以上权利要求中任一项所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，另一热交换器设置在将所述第一蒸发器连接到所述再液化设备的回路中，被提取的所述冷负荷通过所述另一热交换器被转移到所述再液化设备。
7.根据权利要求6所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，液化天然气通过高压泵和低压泵供给。
8.根据权利要求2所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述热源是蒸汽、热水或蒸汽发生器。
9.根据权利要求2所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，通过所述泵而循环在所述封闭回路的中间介质是盐水混合物、乙二醇混合物、烃混合物或制冷剂。
10.根据权利要求9所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述气体供应系统还包括至少一个与所述泵并联的泵。
11.根据权利要求1-5中的任一项所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，气体通过至少一个高压泵提供给所述第一蒸发器。
12.根据权利要求2所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，气体通过至少一个高压泵提供给所述第二蒸发器。
13.根据权利要求10所述的气体供应系统，其特征在于，所述气体供应系统包括一个与所述泵并联的泵，所述两个并联的泵中的一个处于运行状态，另一个处于待机状态；或者所述气体供应系统包括两个与所述泵并联的泵，所述三个并联的泵中的两个处于运行状态，一个处于待机状态。
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