CN101641846A - 发射器模块中的用于光电子部件的温度稳定封装 - Google Patents

发射器模块中的用于光电子部件的温度稳定封装 Download PDF

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CN101641846A
CN101641846A CN200880009551A CN200880009551A CN101641846A CN 101641846 A CN101641846 A CN 101641846A CN 200880009551 A CN200880009551 A CN 200880009551A CN 200880009551 A CN200880009551 A CN 200880009551A CN 101641846 A CN101641846 A CN 101641846A
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凯文·麦考利翁
迈克尔·多伊奇
帕尔维兹·塔耶巴蒂
赛伊德·阿塞马蒂
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种光学发射器,所述光学发射器具有用于光滤波器的温度稳定系统,该温度稳定系统用于将所述滤波器的频率响应保持恒定。滤波器装配于具有显著更高的导热性的壳内。壳可以包括铜-钨合金,并且沿着滤波器的光轴延伸。壳与热电冷却器(TEC)及温度传感器热接触。TEC及温度传感器电耦合到控制器,所述控制器根据温度传感器的输出来调节TEC的温度。

Description

发射器模块中的用于光电子部件的温度稳定封装
技术领域
本发明应用于在基于光纤的通信系统中使用的高速发射器。
背景技术
近来已经开发出其中激光器比如分布式反馈(DFB)激光器直接被调制以产生绝热啁啾脉冲的激光发射器。脉冲通过光学鉴频器或者‘光谱整形器’(OSR),该鉴频器或整形器将绝热啁啾脉冲转换成具有增大的幅度调制和消光比的脉冲。在一些系统中,OSR还执行脉冲成形功能。
在这样的系统中,将激光器频率相对于OSR的传输频谱对准是重要的。这一般由对在OSR部件之前和之后的平均光功率进行比较的控制回路实施。所述控制回路通过经由热电冷却器(TEC)持续调节DFB激光器温度来将DFB激光器波长保持在校准的设置点。
在一些发射器中,测量激光器的输出和从OSR反射回的光的量,以评价激光器频率相对于OSR的对准。因此,将OSR的频率响应保持恒定以便为控制激光器的频率提供准确参考是重要的。
鉴于以上所述,提供一种用于稳定OSR的频率响应的系统和方法将是本领域中的一种进步。
发明内容
在本发明的一个方面,一种发射器包括光学耦合到滤波器组件的直接调制激光器,该滤波器组件包括具有透射边缘(transmission edge)的光滤波器。所述光滤波器布置于由导热性显著大于光滤波器的材料形成的壳内。温度调制器和温度传感器与壳热接触并且电耦合到控制器,该控制器根据温度传感器的输出来调节温度调制器的温度,以便将滤波器的透射边缘保持在预定频率附近。
在本发明的另一方面,壳包括沿着滤波器的光轴延伸而使相对端部暴露的铜-钨合金。壳可以包括借助于适应性粘合剂(compliant adhesive)如紫外线固化粘合剂来粘合到滤波器的板。每个板可以借助于焊料而紧固到相邻板。
在本发明的另一方面,温度传感器在接触温度调制器的第一表面和与第一表面相对的第二表面之间的中点处装配到壳。
在本发明的另一方面,光电二极管被定位成接收从光滤波器反射的光信号。锁定电路耦合到光电二极管和激光器,并且根据光电二极管的输出来控制激光器。
附图说明
为了进一步阐明本发明的上述以及其它优点和特征,将参照附图中图示的本发明的具体实施例来给出对本发明的更具体描述。应理解,这些附图仅描绘本发明的典型实施例,因此不应被认为是对本发明范围的限制。将通过使用以下附图来描述和说明本发明的附加特征和细节:
图1是根据本发明的实施例的发射器模块的俯视图;
图2是根据本发明的实施例的发射器模块的示意框图;
图3是根据本发明的实施例的用于光滤波器的温度稳定系统的正视图;
图4是适合于在图3的温度稳定系统中使用的壳的等轴测视图(isometric view);
图5A是适合于在根据本发明的实施例的用于光滤波器的温度稳定系统中使用的壳的替选实施例的等轴测视图;
图5B是图5A的壳的正视图;
图6A是适合于在根据本发明的实施例的用于光滤波器的温度稳定系统中使用的壳的另一替选实施例的等轴测视图;以及
图6B是图6A的壳的正视图。
具体实施方式
参照图1,发射器模块10包括激光器12,比如分布式反馈(DFB)激光器。准直透镜14用来沿着光轴16引导来自激光器12的准直光束。光束可以穿过隔离器18,而一少部分(通常为5%)由分接分束器22重定向到光电二极管20。可以通过在一小片抛光玻璃的一侧上沉积抗反射涂层并在相对一侧上沉积第二受控反射涂层来产生分接分束器22。
在本发明的一个实施例中,准直光束中穿过分束器22的部分入射到置于光轴16上的光谱整形器(OSR)24上。OSR 24可以被实现为一个或者更多个滤波器,所述滤波器包括但不限于单腔滤波器、耦合多腔(CMC)滤波器、薄膜耦合多腔滤波器、周期性多腔标准具、光纤布拉格光栅、环形谐振腔滤波器或者具有波长相关损耗的任何其它光学元件。OSR 24也可以包括光纤、Gire-Tournois干涉仪或者具有色度色散的其它元件。OSR 24可以被制作为实心光学元件,或者可以包括气体填充的间隙,比如被实现为周期性多腔标准具的OSR 24。在这样的实施例中,氙或者其它气体可以存在于气体填充间隙中。
在其它实施例中,OSR 24由电介质薄膜形成。具体而言,要求更低成本和复杂性的时分复用(TDM)应用可以从电介质薄膜OSR 24的使用中受益。然而,电介质薄膜OSR 24在一些模块配置中仍然可能要求如下文描述的热管理。
OSR 24的频谱响应可以类似于其中反射非透射光的法布里-珀罗腔。因此,根据激光发射波长相对于OSR 24的通带而言的位置,入射光束的一部分将被透射,而入射光束的剩余部分将被反射。如图1中所示,光束的反射部分向后通过分接分束器22,并且功率的一部分如约5%被转向到第二光电检测器26上。
在如上文描述那样配置的发射器中,保持激光器12的波长相对于OSR 24的频谱对准是重要的。在操作中,可以将激光器12偏置以生成基频信号,并且根据数据信号来调制激光器12以生成绝热啁啾脉冲,所述绝热啁啾脉冲包括距基频的频率偏移,比如上至峰值频率。OSR 24优选地包括在基频与峰值频率附近(优选地在二者之间)具有高斜率频谱响应或者“透射边缘”的通带,以便将绝热啁啾脉冲的至少一部分频率调制转换成幅度调制,并且通过衰减基频来增大OSR 24的输出的消光比。
参照图2,同时仍然参照图1,激光器12与OSR 24之间的频率对准一般由对在OSR 24之前和之后的平均光功率进行比较的控制器28实现。例如,光电检测器20、26产生的光电流之比可以用来“锁定”激光器12相对于OSR 24的响应的相对频谱位置。在校准期间,确定激光器波长的相对于OSR频谱响应的最优设置点。在操作期间,控制回路然后用以通过响应于由光电检测器20、26产生的电流、经由它所耦合到的热电冷却器(TEC)30来持续调节激光器温度,将激光器波长保持在这一校准的设置点。例如,如果DFB激光发射波长改变,则光电二极管信号之比提供错误标记,所述错误标记使耦合到TEC 30的控制器28重新调节DFB温度以保持正确波长。
使用OSR 24来提供波长锁定有利地节省了模块10内的空间,这对于小型发射器模块10中的光学布局设计而言是重要的。OSR 24还提供与现有的波长锁定标准具相比更陡峭的频谱斜率。OSR 24提供这些优点,并且还适于用作光学鉴频器,从而增强发射器的幅度调制和消光比,并且消除对用于提供波长锁定功能的附加部件的需要。OSR 24的双重功能是上述发射器10的一个重要方面,并且与TOSA在XFP收发器中的实施相适应。
OSR 24可以相对于入射到OSR 24上的光束的光轴16成一定角度。例如,可以使用相对于法线从0.5度到两度的角度。OSR 24相对于光轴16的角度可以用来细调OSR 24的频谱响应,并且还使沿着光路的背向反射最小化。也可以通过改变OSR 24的温度来调整频谱响应。可以调整温度和角度之一或二者,以使OSR的频谱响应与ITU栅格重合。
OSR 24的输出可以由透镜32聚焦并且耦合到标准光纤34,比如标准单模光纤。可以可选地在透镜32与光纤34之间添加第二光学隔离部件。
如上所述的发射器使工作于C & L频带中的10Gb/s直接调制激光器能够在>200km光纤长度上发送信息而无需色散补偿。这与标准直接调制激光发射器的<20km的传输距离相比是突破性的成就。这样的发射器可以布置于时分复用(TDM)和密集波分复用(DWDM)光学链路中。
为获得模块寿命和壳体温度极限方面的可靠性能,可以运用多种光电子封装技术以特别地有助于上述技术的DWDM实现。上述技术的DWDM版本和其它版本可以有利地使用温度受控的OSR 24,以保持良好的光学性能并且还提供波长锁定功能。OSR 24的物理尺寸和高性能光学规格对热管理有强烈需求,以在所有环境条件之下实现所需光学性能。
对于大多数实心-标准具波长锁定器配置,优选地严密控制OSR 24的温度以保持对频谱响应的准确校准从而实现锁定目的。典型的透射-标准具型锁定器也依赖于插入损耗随寿命和温度的最小改变。然而,OSR 24的滤波斜率优选地高于标准锁定器标准具,因此可以帮助补偿插入损耗的残留改变并且由此保持锁定准确度预算可接受。
OSR 24的有效温度控制可能造成构成OSR 24的材料上的热梯度随着模块壳体温度改变而变化。这归因于以下几个方面的作用:包括OSR材料的导热性、周围内部模块环境(包括氮、氩或者氙气)的导热性、初始校准条件和壳体温度变化的量值。OSR 24上的热梯度造成频率响应范围内的“平均”,从而导致插入损耗的增大和有效频谱斜率的减小。这些参数对于模块的传输性能以及波长稳定性而言尤为相关。
可以通过将发射器模块10装入由惰性气体比如氙填充的密封壳38内来改进发射器模块10的热管理。氙气的低导热性减小OSR 24经受的热梯度,因而提高了面对壳体温度变化的波长锁定准确度和OSR性能。
OSR 24的一种优选设计还将使用高导热性材料,比如硅或者蓝宝石。这将极大地增强OSR材料内的温度均匀性,尽管在波长灵敏度方面有缺点。还有迄今为止一直阻碍使用这些材料来成功实现OSR 24的制造公差问题。在无高导热性材料时,OSR 24可以由高折射率光学玻璃如LaSFN9材料制成。也可以使用熔融硅石和其它标准抛光玻璃。LaSFN9(以及广义上的光学玻璃)呈现出低导热性。
参照图3和图4,根据本发明的OSR 24包括等温壳38。等温壳38的良好性能由于OSR 24对热梯度的敏感而变得很重要。等温壳38围绕SOR 24而留出端部40a、40b暴露,从而使光束可以沿着光轴16穿过OSR24。
等温壳38优选地具有比OSR 24高得多的导热性。例如,壳38可以由铜-钨合金(CuW)或者氮化铝(AlN)形成。具有高导热性的材料比如CuW合金的使用增强了实际OSR 24上的温度均匀性。可以将OSR 24的温度保持到0.05℃准确度内以提供很准确的波长稳定性。壳38优选地具有与OSR 24的热膨胀系数基本上相等的热膨胀系数。例如,CuW壳很好地适合于装入由LaSFN9形成的OSR 24。
在所示实施例中,壳38包括紧固到OSR 24的侧部上的板42a-42d。板42a-42d优选地借助于适应性粘合剂44如紫外线固化环氧树脂而紧固到OSR 24的侧部。适应性粘合剂44可以有利地适应壳38和OSR 24的热膨胀系数的差。在替选实施例中,未使用粘合剂44。在这样的实施例中,OSR 24优选地与板42a-42d紧密接触。然而,OSR 24的侧部与板42a-42d之间的角度差可能造成气隙,所述气隙可以由存在于发射器10中的任何气体如氙填充。
相邻板42a-42d的边缘可以借助于焊珠46如铅-锡合金而彼此接合,以便增强在壳38的拐角处的温度均衡。或者,可以使用高导热性的粘合剂,比如银环氧树脂。
壳38可以装配到热电冷却器(TEC)48上。在所示实施例中仅使用一个TEC 48。在其它实施例中可以使用各自与板42a-42d之一接合的多个TEC 48。温度传感器50与壳38热接触。TEC 48和温度传感器50电耦合到控制器52,控制器52根据温度传感器50的输出来控制TEC 48的温度。在一些实施例中,温度传感器50位于TEC 48与壳38的顶部中间的距离54处,以便提供关于壳38的平均温度的更准确反馈。温度传感器50也可以如图所示地位于壳44的长度的约中点处。在替选实施例中,用与壳38热接触并且电耦合到控制器52的加热元件来取代TEC 48。由于加热元件仅通过加热来提供温度稳定化,因此在这样的实施例中的OSR 24优选地稳定于在发射器模块10的最大模块壳体温度范围以上的温度。
光电检测器20、26也可以被设置成减小温度引起的变化。在一些实施例中,光电检测器20、26被实施为InGaAs光电二极管,并且优选地被布置为物理上相互紧邻,如图1的模块布局中所示。这在所有情况下为两个光电二极管20、26产生相似热环境,并且也与将光学布局设计转变成小型化TOSA封装相适应。类似地,公共分接分束器22(其中采用“反射模式”配置与OSR频谱响应)帮助消除残留干扰和子腔,所述残留干扰和子腔可能随着寿命和/或温度而改变“有效”锁定比。此外,光电检测器20、26和分接分束器22可以全部位于公共温度受控衬底上以降低对壳体温度变化的敏感。例如,光电检测器20、26和分接分束器22可以与OSR24耦合到同一TEC 48。
参照图5A和5B,在替选实施例中,等温壳38由成角板56a、56b形成,每个成角板具有分别承载表面60a、60b的两个分支58a、58b,这些表面是OSR 24的位置相邻表面。与图4的实施例相比,成角板56a、56b的使用通过消除两个焊接接缝来降低制造成本。
与在上述实施例中一样,成角板56a、56b优选地由具有高导热性的材料如CuW或者AlN形成。在所示实施例中,通道62形成于表面60a、60b的相交处。通道62容纳OSR 24的拐角,并且可以用于放宽为了形成与OSR 24的拐角准确匹配的表面60a、60b的相交而要求的公差。
成角板56a的分支58a、58b大于成角板56b的分支58a、58b,从而使另一成角板56b可以容易地倚靠成角板56a放置。与在上述实施例中一样,成角板56a、56b可以借助于粘合剂44如UV固化环氧树脂来紧固到OSR 24上。成角板56a、56b可以通过焊料或者通过粘合剂如银环氧树脂而紧固到彼此。
在所示实施例中,成角板56a的分支58a延伸至组装壳38的成角板56b以外。较大的分支58a优选地紧固到基板比如TEC 48上。它的增大的长度可以由于可用于承载粘合剂的面积更大而有助于紧固到TEC 48。分支58a的较大面积也可以有助于与TEC 48的更高速率热传递。
参照图6A和6B,在另一替选实施例中,壳38包括U形构件64,该U形构件具有用于与OSR 24的表面接合的表面66a-66c。顶板68紧固在U形构件64上,使得顶板68和U形构件64完全地包围OSR 24。顶板68和U形构件可以包括具有高导热性的材料,比如CuW或者AlN。顶板68借助于焊料46或者银环氧树脂而紧固到U形构件64。
OSR 24可以借助于粘合剂44如UV固化环氧树脂而紧固到顶板68和U形构件64之一或者两者。在一些实施例中,与在图5A和5B的实施例中一样,可以在表面66a与66b以及表面66b和66c的相交处形成通道,以容纳OSR 24的拐角。在所示实施例中,没有形成这样的通道,使得小的间隙存在于OSR 24的表面与表面66a-66c之间。所述间隙可以由气体如氙填充,或者可以由粘合剂如UV固化环氧树脂填充。
可以在不背离本发明的精神或者实质特性的情况下,用其它具体形式来实施本发明。所描述的实施例将在所有方面都被认为是仅为示例性的而非限制性的。本发明的范围因此由所附权利要求而不是由前文描述来表示。在权利要求的等效含义和范围内的所有改变将被涵盖于权利要求的范围内。

Claims (27)

1.一种发射器模块,包括:
激光器;
滤波器组件,包括:
光滤波器,具有至少一个透射边缘,
壳,围绕所述光滤波器的大部分,并且包括导热性显著大于所述光滤波器元件的材料,
温度调制器,与所述壳热接触,以及
温度传感器,与所述壳热接触;
温度稳定电路,耦合到所述温度调制器和温度传感器,并且可操作用于根据所述温度传感器的输出来控制所述温度调制器的温度,以将所述滤波器的透射边缘保持在预定频率附近。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,还包括:
光电二极管,定位成接收从所述光滤波器反射的光信号;以及
锁定电路,耦合到所述光电二极管和所述激光器,所述锁定电路根据所述光电二极管的输出来控制所述激光器,以将所述激光器的输出的频率保持为与所述滤波器的透射边缘呈预定关系。
3.根据权利要求2所述的发射器模块,其中所述光电二极管是第一光电二极管,所述发射器模块还包括定位成检测所述激光器的输出的第二光电二极管,其中所述锁定电路耦合到所述第二光电二极管并且可操作用于根据对所述第一和第二光电二极管的输出的比较来控制所述激光器。
4.根据权利要求2所述的发射器模块,其中所述激光器包括热电冷却器,并且其中所述锁定电路耦合到所述热电冷却器,并且可操作用于通过改变所述热电冷却器的温度而将所述激光器的输出保持在所述滤波器的透射边缘附近。
5.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳包括铜-钨合金。
6.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳包括多个板,每个板的两个相对边缘中的每个边缘通过焊接材料而接合到相邻板的边缘。
7.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳包括第一和第二成角板,所述成角板彼此紧固和/或紧固到所述光滤波器元件。
8.根据权利要求7所述的发射器模块,其中所述第一和第二成角板中的每个成角板包括基本上彼此垂直的两个分支,所述第一成角板的分支比所述第二成角板的分支长。
9.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳包括:U形通道,其尺寸设定成容纳所述光滤波器元件;以及顶板,其在所述U形通道上延伸并且紧固到所述U形通道和所述光滤波器元件中的至少一个。
10.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述激光器沿着光轴引导光信号通过所述滤波器,并且其中所述壳包围所述光轴并沿着所述光轴、至少沿着所述滤波器的主体和长度延伸。
11.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳利用环氧树脂来粘结到所述滤波器。
12.根据权利要求11所述的发射器模块,其中所述环氧树脂是适应性环氧树脂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的发射器模块,其中所述环氧树脂是紫外线固化环氧树脂或者热固化环氧树脂。
14.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述壳的热膨胀系数基本上等于所述滤波器的热膨胀系数。
15.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述滤波器布置在容纳氙的密封室内。
16.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述滤波器包括玻璃标准具。
17.根据权利要求16所述的发射器模块,其中所述滤波器包括LaSFN9。
18.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述温度调制器是热电冷却器。
19.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述温度传感器位于所述壳的紧固到所述温度调制器的第一表面和所述壳的与所述第一表面相对的第二表面之间的近似中间处。
20.根据权利要求1所述的发射器模块,其中所述温度调制器是加热元件。
21.一种用于发射光信号的方法,包括:
测量围绕光滤波器的壳的温度,所述光滤波器具有温度相关的频谱透射边缘,所述壳具有显著高于所述光滤波器的导热性;
根据所述测量到的温度使所述壳的温度朝着参考温度变化;以及
发射通过所述光滤波器的光信号,所述光信号具有在所述透射边缘附近的频率。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,还包括测量通过所述光滤波器的所述光信号的传输以及根据所测量到的传输来调节所述光信号的频率。
23.根据权利要求21所述的方法,还包括调制所述光信号,以使得所述频率根据数据序列而跨所述透射边缘来回转变。
24.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述壳包括铜-钨合金。
25.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中发射通过所述光滤波器的所述光信号包括在所述光滤波器的第一端与第二端之间沿着所述光滤波器的光轴发射所述光信号,并且其中所述壳包围所述光轴并沿着所述滤波器的基本上整个长度在所述第一端与第二端之间延伸。
26.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述光滤波器布置在容纳氙的密封室内。
27.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中测量所述壳的温度包括:读取位于所述壳的紧固到温度调制器的第一表面和所述壳的与所述第一表面相对的第二表面之间的近似中间处的温度传感器的输出;并且其中根据所测量到的温度使所述壳的温度朝着所述参考温度变化包括:根据所述温度传感器的输出来调节所述温度调制器的温度。
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