CN101416338A - 在停机时间期间利用低温氢汽化的燃料电池运行 - Google Patents

在停机时间期间利用低温氢汽化的燃料电池运行 Download PDF

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CN101416338A
CN101416338A CNA200680054142XA CN200680054142A CN101416338A CN 101416338 A CN101416338 A CN 101416338A CN A200680054142X A CNA200680054142X A CN A200680054142XA CN 200680054142 A CN200680054142 A CN 200680054142A CN 101416338 A CN101416338 A CN 101416338A
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fuel cell
powerplant
coolant
hydrogen
anode
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CN101416338B (zh
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K·塞托
J·M·坎宁安
J·S·易
Z·卡比尔
M·L·佩里
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UTC Power Corp
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Abstract

一种燃料电池动力装置(9)包括燃料电池堆(10),每个燃料电池包括阳极(11)、阴极(12)、冷却剂通道(13)且包括(a)冷却剂积贮器(60)和泵(61)或包括(b)冷凝器和冷却器风扇。在关闭过程中,响应处于汽化状态的氢气(18)在燃料电池中产生的电力为控制器(20)、空气泵(52)供电并且为(a)冷却剂泵或(b)冷却器风扇供电,空气泵可提高空气利用率从而防止关闭过程中电池电压超过0.85V。燃料电池的运行保持冷却剂处于温热状态;使温热的冷却剂进行循环防止冷却剂和管道设备产生冻结。阴极和/或阳极流出物被供给催化燃烧器(48)以便在排往环境前消耗所有的氢。车辆舱室中的HVAC系统利用来自处于汽化状态过程中的燃料电池的电力运行。

Description

在停机时间期间利用低温氢汽化的燃料电池运行
技术领域
本发明涉及在对于燃料电池的需求很低或没有需求期间使燃料电池动力装置运行,且在所述期间燃料电池动力装置通常可能被关闭;利用来自低温氢贮罐的汽化物实现运行;通过由此产生的电功率使控制器、鼓风机运行以及使水循环泵或冷凝器风扇运行;催化燃烧器消耗阳极和/或阴极流出物。
背景技术
利用大体上纯的氢使燃料电池系统,特别是质子交换膜燃料电池,实现运行是已公知的做法,所述大体上纯的氢通常被称作“工业级”氢。液体形式的氢被保持在低温贮罐中,这能够减少从环境吸收的热量且因此减轻氢的汽化(氢的沸点为20°K,-253℃,423℉)。当被用于燃料电池系统中时,气体从低温储罐的顶部被抽出并且通常通过控制阀被供给至燃料电池的阳极。当对燃料电池动力装置没有需求或将要没有需求时,燃料电池动力装置通常被关闭;在此期间,液体氢产生一定程度的汽化且处于汽化状态的氢气通常被吹扫到环境中。这样就降低了系统效率(由于损失了燃料)且造成了安全问题。
使用大体上纯的氢来运行的质子交换膜燃料电池通常采用燃料再循环回路,所述再循环回路可包括介于燃料电池堆的阳极出口与阳极入口之间的鼓风机;该再循环既提高了燃料的整体利用率且避免了出现局部的燃料不足。如果鼓风机被用于再循环回路中,则当系统在寒冷天气期间处于不运行状态时会在鼓风机中发生冷凝。这可能会导致形成冰,而冰的形成妨碍了鼓风机的运行。
在名义关闭期间使燃料电池动力装置在接近零电流密度的情况下运行从而消耗处于汽化状态的氢会使燃料电池的电压变得很高,这会导致电池劣化且导致性能下降。
发明内容
本发明的多个方面包括:减少来自燃料电池动力装置的氢流出物;耐冻结的质子交换膜燃料电池系统;限制在燃料电池动力装置处于卸载状态期间将氢汽化物吹扫到环境中;提供更可靠的燃料电池动力装置;提供就生产和运行方面而言都更为经济的燃料电池动力装置;提高燃料电池动力装置中的燃料利用效率;并且改进质子交换膜燃料电池动力装置。
本发明所基于的认识是:来自低温氢源的汽化物的量足以使燃料电池动力装置运行以便产生足够的电力从而使控制器和阴极空气供应装置如空气鼓风机运转并使(a)冷却剂循环装置如泵或(b)冷凝器冷却装置如风扇运转,并且从而产生足够的热量以便只要还剩余有任何处于汽化状态的氢就会防止燃料电池动力装置的任何部分出现冻结。
正如本文所使用地,术语“关闭(shut down)”指的是在没有外部功率需求的情况下或出现断路而妨碍了功率供应的情况下燃料电池动力装置所处的状态;术语“汽化状态运行(boil-off operation)”和“汽化状态(boil-off condition)”指的是燃料电池堆在当动力装置可能满足或可能并不满足任何外部需求时的极低电流密度下的运行。此处,术语“外部需求(external demand)”包括除燃料电池动力装置的辅助设备以外的所有用户设备,例如控制器、阴极空气鼓风机、冷却剂循环泵或冷凝器风扇、燃料再循环鼓风机、冷却剂热交换鼓风机或冷却剂流动通道排气微型泵。
根据本发明,当燃料电池动力装置在极低电流密度下运行时,通过来自液体氢贮存装置如低温贮罐的天然的处于汽化状态的氢为该燃料电池动力装置提供燃料,所述在极低电流密度下的运行例如为在小于满足负载时的正常最大电流密度的10%(通常处在0.2%-5%的范围内)的电流密度大小下运行。通过在汽化状态运行过程中由处于汽化状态的氢提供燃料的燃料电池动力装置产生的电功率被用来使控制器和阴极空气鼓风机运行;来自阴极和/或阳极的流出物可被供给至催化燃烧器,从而实现在将燃料排出物吹扫到环境中之前消耗H2的目的。燃料电池动力装置的运行保持燃料电池堆在关闭过程中处于温热状态,且使其中存在的任何水或冷却剂处于温热状态。
在利用对流冷却,例如通过将可感测的热量传递至冷却剂,的系统中,使温热的冷却剂循环通过积贮器防止了冷却剂流动路径中的管道设备出现冻结。所述燃烧器因此无需与冷却剂积贮器热连通,但在本发明的任何特定使用过程中如果需要的话,所述燃烧器也可与冷却剂积贮器热连通。通过来自通过处于汽化状态的燃料运行的燃料电池堆的功率为水循环装置,如泵,提供功率。
本发明可被结合在利用天然水管理方案的燃料电池系统中,所述天然水管理方案不需要独立的冷却剂回路,而是依靠进入和被排出至少一种反应剂气体物质流的液体的汽化和冷凝,来冷却燃料电池堆,所述液体通常为水。在燃料电池堆的汽化状态运行过程中产生的功率使冷凝器冷却设备如风扇运行且可使冷却剂通道排气微型泵运行。
根据本发明,对阴极空气供应装置进行控制,因此使得在高利用率(例如在70%与90%之间,对于环境压力电池动力装置而言,其通常在约60%的利用率下运行)下为燃料电池堆提供空气,这抑制了与低电流密度运行相关联的高电池电压,所述低电流密度运行是在动力装置的关闭过程中消耗处于汽化状态的氢的过程中所采用的。通常情况下,本发明将电池电压保持为低于约0.850伏特/电池。
进一步地根据本发明,在汽化状态模式过程中通过来自主氢源的处于汽化状态的氢而运行的燃料电池动力装置采用介于阳极出口与阳极入口之间的喷出器(或喷射器),所述喷出器的初级(控制)入口被连接至氢源、出口被连接至阳极入口且次级入口被连接至阳极出口。该方法可通过在低电流密度汽化状态运行过程中减少通往燃烧器或通往环境的氢量而并未消耗功率使再循环泵运行,从而提高动力装置效率。在利用燃料再循环喷出器的本发明的该形式中,燃料电池动力装置成本更低且更为可靠,原因在于,在低电流密度运行中由此使得不必设置燃料再循环鼓风机。即使鼓风机被用于高功率运行中,但由于该喷出器提供了足够的再循环燃料,因此使得在汽化状态运行过程中无需使鼓风机运行。
进一步地根据本发明,在汽化状态运行过程中,如果可获得足够的附加功率,则可在车辆的客舱中运行加热和冷却功能,至少在一定程度上如此。
本发明提供了一种更安全的系统,原因在于未被燃料电池消耗的所有处于汽化状态的氢都在燃烧器中进行反应而不是被吹送到环境中。所述系统是耐冻结的,原因在于燃料电池是周期性运行的且系统中的水根本不会冻结;当利用循环冷却剂时,该循环冷却剂通过循环通过燃料电池堆而变得温热,这防止了燃料电池堆外部的冷却剂管道设备产生冻结。
根据下面对附图所示的本发明的典型实施例作出的详细描述将更易于理解本发明的其它目的、特征和优点。
附图说明
图1是采用本发明的以对流方式受到冷却的燃料电池动力装置的一部分的简化的程式化框图;
图2是示出了根据本发明的运行模式的曲线图;
图3是示出了根据本发明的其它可选运行模式的曲线图;
图4是燃料电池堆性能的曲线图;
图5是根据本发明的通过汽化状态(boil-off)过程中的燃料电池功率而运行的用于客舱的加热、通风和/或空气调节(HVAC)设备的简化的程式化示图;和
图6是采用本发明的以蒸发方式(evaporatively)受到冷却的燃料电池动力装置的一部分的简化的程式化框图。
具体实施方式
参见图1,燃料电池动力装置9包括燃料电池堆10,所述燃料电池堆具有阳极11、阴极12和冷却剂通道13。通过导管16将来自喷出器17的燃料供应给阳极入口15,所述喷出器接收来自气体排出管线18的通过控制阀19的气体氢。控制阀19通过控制器20来运行,所述控制器对正常运行过程中的燃料流进行调节以便与对燃料电池动力装置的电功率需求相匹配。气体出口管线18通过低温贮罐24的壁。加热器27被设置在低温贮罐中的最低水平处以便能够响应于控制器20将热量施加到低温贮罐内的液体氢上。当燃料电池处于运行中时,控制器20将足够的电功率供应至加热器27以便确保存在的氢气压力将足够的流输送通过控制阀19和喷出器17而到达阳极入口15。多种类型的加热装置可被用来使H2液体变暖从而提高H2气体的汽化率且由此对燃料系统进行加压。在关闭过程中,加热器27并不接收功率,因此液体变得处于大体上静止的状态,且由于热量从周围环境通过低温贮罐进入液体H2内而使得仅产生了少量的汽化。低温贮罐24可具有障板28以便减少晃动,特别是在车辆79中时更是如此(图5)。可通过入口29对该贮罐进行充注。
阳极的出口30可通过导管31、32被连接至吹扫阀33且通过导管34被连接至喷出器17的次级入口40。喷出器的初级(控制)入口42通过控制阀被连接至管道18处的氢气源;喷出器的出口43通过导管16被连接至阳极的入口15。沿导管34可设置燃料再循环鼓风机以便帮助实现高功率输出下的燃料再循环流,如果在采用本发明的任何燃料电池系统中有此必要的话。
阳极出口30还通过导管31被连接至阀46,所述阀允许氢流出物流至催化燃烧器48,这减少了在被吹送到环境中之前的阳极排出物中的H2。在关闭过程中,该阀是通过控制器20运行的。
阴极12的入口51接收来自泵52的空气,所述泵响应于控制器20的运行将决定被供给至阴极的空气量,因此设定了空气利用率。阴极出口55通过导管56被连接至催化燃烧器48。在关闭过程中,阴极流出物中的氧和阳极流出物中的氢相结合从而产生热量,剩余的空气通过排出物58被排出,例如排到环境中,尽管如此,如果需要,则还可进行常规意义上的进一步加工。在正常运行过程中,阴极排出物在大体上不变的情况下通过燃烧器48。
液体冷却剂60从积贮器61通过导管64而循环通过燃料电池的冷却剂通道,通过导管65而循环至循环泵66。冷却剂从泵流动通过导管68和散热器69以便在正常运行过程中对冷却剂进行冷却,当燃料电池动力装置被设置在电动车辆中时,所述散热器可以是车辆散热器(90a,图5)。散热器的流出物通过导管71返回积贮器。催化燃烧器可被设置成将在其中产生的热量提供给积贮器,或其可与积贮器独立存在,如图1所示。
可设置孔口73以便导致产生足够的冷却剂压力降(达几千帕(kPa)或者1或2 psi)以便提供适当的气泡压力从而确保反应剂气体和冷却剂在燃料电池本身中进行分离,正如已公知地那样。在散热器周围可存在阀控制的旁通装置和其它设备,该设备的细节独立于本发明存在。
图2示出了使包括本发明的燃料电池动力装置运行的一种模式。在该运行模式中,直至燃料容器中的燃料气体的压力达到由燃料容器和燃料供应系统的结构性和安全性考虑因素所设定的预定压力,才在燃料电池中消耗处于汽化状态的燃料,该预定压力通常远超出大气压力。如图2所示,正常运行发生于第一压力P1下,所述压力被设定成使得在所有设计的运行条件下都可满足燃料流速。
当正常运行结束时,典型的关闭过程将导致向阳极进行的氢供应过程被停止,此时阀19(图1)被关闭。该关闭启动了在图2中介于时间T1与T2之间的静止时期。在阀19被关闭的情况下,低温贮罐24中的氢压力将继续增加,直至其达到预定压力P2,所述预定压力可例如小于100kPa。当压力达到P2时,正如压力传感器79(图1)所指示出地那样,控制器20将打开阀19并允许处于汽化状态的氢流至燃料电池阳极。与此同时,控制器20将导致空气鼓风机52开始以适当速率将空气供应至阴极,从而使得燃料电池可在消耗处于汽化状态的氢的低水平下运行。在图2中,汽化状态时期从时间T2延伸至时间T3。一旦处于汽化状态的氢被燃料电池堆消耗,则压力降低至预定压力P1。该过程将继续下去,直至正常运行重新开始,例如在图2中的时间T3处。当正常运行在时间T4处再次结束时,静止状态时期将再次开始,此时允许压力再次升高至P2。
存在静止状态时期使得简单地减少了氢的消耗。在静止状态时期期间(在图2中,该时期介于时间T1与T2之间且在时间T4之后),在关闭的起初时期期间,燃料电池堆将通常保持足够温热从而使其不会冻结;然而,更好的实施方式可包括将水从所有的冷却剂通道排入积贮器内,并且导致积贮器以本领域公知的任何方式保持温热。例如,积贮器可被高度隔绝或可通过蓄电池或任何其它已公知的方式对积贮器进行加热,如果这在可包括本发明的任何燃料电池堆中被认为适当的话。静止状态时期的长度当然将根据涉及的实际物理结构和适用于该结构的限制压力P2而产生变化。
如图3所示,为了附加地保持燃料,介于时间T2与T3之间的汽化状态时期可在某个压力P3处终止,如图3所示,且介于时间T3与T4之间的另一静止状态时期则在阀19被关闭的情况下重新开始。这可继续下去,直至正常运行重新开始,如图所示,该正常运行例如在时间T6处开始。在这种情况下,静止状态时期将存在于时间T1与T2之间、时间T3与T4之间和时间T5之后。汽化状态时期在时间T2与T3之间且在时间T4与T5之间延伸,如图3所示。
图2和图3所示的运行并非可良好地利用本发明的唯一方式。如果需要,例如在极冷环境中可能适当地,汽化状态可立即开始并与正常运行相邻,从而允许阀19在一些设定下保持打开状态。尽管正常运行在图2和图3中被示作是在恒定压力下进行的,T1,但实际流动通过燃料电池的燃料量将取决于对电池的需要,即所消耗的电功率的量。在功率消耗更高的情况下,由于阀19的设定值的变化,因此使得更多燃料将从低温贮罐24流出,正如通常会出现的情况那样。
静止状态时期(即在压力达到限制压力P2之前)中的时间量当然随着实施本发明的动力装置的结构而产生变化;然而,该时间量大小可为几个小时,通常为约10小时。图3中的压力P3可与压力P1或其它某个压力相同。
图4示出了具有可用于车辆中的类型和尺寸的典型燃料电池堆的性能。在0.6(化学计量比量的166%)的氧化剂利用率下,在正常的运行电流密度范围内,电池电压处在大约稍稍超过0.5伏特与稍稍超过0.7伏特之间的范围内。然而,当电流密度降低至小于最大正常电流密度的约10%时,电池电压易于超出0.85伏特,该电压值是一个阈值,高于该电压值则会使燃料电池动力装置的结构产生长期劣化并降低性能。
根据本发明,在关闭的汽化状态时期期间,通过将高于0.7的氧化剂利用率提高至0.9,即使在汽化状态过程中设定的低电流密度下,同仍可将电池电压保持在0.85伏特以下。本发明可用于氧化剂利用率在正常的产生电功率的运行过程中产生变化(即作为功率需求的函数而产生变化)的系统中。
因此,通过利用由处于汽化状态的燃料所产生的电功率来(a)为控制器提供功率,这将化学计量比降低至约0.9的安全利用率、(b)使空气泵运行、并且(c)使水循环泵运行从而防止积贮器和循环管道设备中的水产生冻结,使得允许燃料电池堆本身运行并由此保持温热。消耗来自阳极流出物的残余氢使得在汽化状态过程中不会将任何明显的氢排放到大气中。
在汽化状态过程中产生的功率量对于为附加设备提供功率来说可能是远远足够的。例如,如果燃料电池动力装置9处在车辆79中,如图5所示,则可利用功率使与客舱82相关联的加热、通风和/或空气调节系统(HVAC)80运行。
可得到的功率可能尚不足以实现所需的加热或冷却效应(从而达到舒适温度),但仍可用来对客舱进行部分暖化或冷却,从而使得一旦燃料电池堆重新开始正常运行则将会更迅速地达到适当温度。
图6示出了采用蒸发冷却而不是图1所示实施例中的对流冷却的燃料电池动力装置9。在图6中,不存在冷却剂循环泵。冷却剂从贮存装置60a通过导管85被供给至冷却剂通道13的入口86。冷却剂通道具有排气装置88,所述排气装置可以是无源的,如疏水多孔塞,或可以是有源的并包括微型泵(如低成本的民用鱼缸所带的泵)以便确保清除气泡,该微型泵通过燃料电池堆在汽化状态过程中产生的功率而运行。
来自冷却剂通道的水产生汽化而进入反应剂气体物质流内,特别是阴极中的空气物质流内,由此对燃料电池进行冷却。通过阴极出口55的排出物包含大量的水蒸汽,所述水蒸汽被供给通过冷凝器90的盘管89。风扇92通常被用来冷却通过盘管89的流。冷凝器90可以是车辆的散热器90a,如图5所示。
在汽化状态运行过程中,燃料电池堆将为控制器20、冷凝器的阴极空气鼓风机52和风扇92、以及与排气装置88相关联的微型泵,如果存在的话,提供功率。
图6中还示出燃烧器不需要接收来自阴极排出物的空气;燃烧器可接收来自一些其它来源如环境中的氧;燃烧器可包括扩散燃烧器而从环境中获得氧。

Claims (14)

1、一种使燃料电池动力装置(9)运行的方法,所述燃料电池动力装置包括:
包括多个燃料电池的燃料电池堆(10),所述燃料电池包括具有入口(15)和出口(30)的阳极(11)、具有入口(51)和出口(55)的阴极(12)以及冷却剂通道(13);
(a)冷却剂积贮器(60)和用于使冷却剂循环通过所述积贮器和所述冷却剂通道的冷却剂循环器(66),或者(b)被连接至所述阴极(12)的所述出口(55)的冷凝器(90),所述冷凝器的冷凝物与所述冷却剂通道(13)流体连通(60a、85),所述冷凝器具有冷却装置(92);
控制器(20);
响应于热量的吸收而提供气体氢的液体氢源(18、24);
介于来自所述源的气体氢与所述阳极的入口之间的流体连接装置(16-19);
所述方法的特征在于:
响应于来自所述液体氢源的氢气汽化而在燃料汽化状态运行过程中控制所述燃料电池动力装置的运行以便产生电功率和热量;并且
响应于由所述燃料电池堆产生的电功率而在燃料汽化状态运行过程中使控制器、阴极空气泵运行并且使(a)冷却剂循环器或(b)冷却装置运行。
2、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
在所述燃料电池动力装置(9)的汽化状态运行过程中,将来自所述阳极(11)的出口(30)的流出物提供给催化燃烧器(48、48a)。
3、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
所述运行步骤包括使所述冷却剂循环器(66)运行;并且
在所述燃料电池动力装置(9)的汽化状态运行过程中,将来自所述阴极(12)的出口(55)和来自所述阳极(11)的出口(30)的流出物提供给催化燃烧器(48、48a)。
4、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
在所述燃料电池动力装置(9)的汽化状态运行过程中,将所述电功率施加到与乘坐用舱室(82)相关联的加热、通风和/或空气调节系统(80)上。
5、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
所述控制步骤包括在汽化状态运行过程中使车辆(79)内的所述燃料电池动力装置(9)运行,同时将所述电功率施加到与乘坐用舱室(82)相关联的加热、通风和/或空气调节系统(80)上。
6、根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
当所述燃料电池动力装置(9)在汽化状态下运行时,提供空气应用以便防止燃料电池电压超过约0.85伏特。
7、一种燃料电池动力装置(9),所述燃料电池动力装置包括:
包括多个燃料电池的燃料电池堆(10),所述燃料电池包括具有入口(15)和出口(30)的阳极(11)、具有入口(51)和出口(55)的阴极(12)以及冷却剂通道(13);
(a)冷却剂积贮器(60)和用于使冷却剂循环通过所述积贮器和所述冷却剂通道的冷却剂泵(66),或者(b)被连接至所述阴极(12)的所述出口(55)的冷凝器(90),所述冷凝器的冷凝物与所述冷却剂通道(13)流体连通(60a、85),所述冷凝器具有冷却装置(92);
控制器(20);
响应于热量的吸收而提供气体氢的液体氢源(18、24);
介于来自所述源的气体氢与所述阳极的入口之间的流体连接装置(16-19);
其特征在于:
用于响应于来自所述液体氢源的氢气汽化而在燃料汽化状态运行过程中控制所述燃料电池动力装置的运行以便产生电功率和热量并且用于响应于由所述燃料电池堆产生的电功率而在燃料汽化状态运行过程中使控制器、阴极空气泵运行并且使(a)冷却剂循环器或(b)冷却装置运行的器件。
8、根据权利要求7所述的燃料电池动力装置(9),进一步特征在于:
催化燃烧器(48、48a);和
在所述燃料电池动力装置的汽化状态运行过程中将来自所述阳极(11)的出口(30)的流出物提供给所述催化燃烧器的器件。
9、根据权利要求7所述的燃料电池动力装置(9),所述燃料电池动力装置具有冷却剂积贮器(60)和冷却剂循环器(66),进一步特征在于:
在所述燃料电池动力装置的汽化状态运行过程中,将来自所述阴极(12)的出口(55)和来自所述阳极(11)的出口(30)的流出物提供给催化燃烧器(48)的器件。
10、根据权利要求7所述的燃料电池动力装置(9),进一步特征在于:
喷出器(17),所述喷出器的初级入口(42)被连接(19)至来自所述源(18、24)的所述气体氢,所述喷出器的出口(43)被连接至所述阳极入口(15),且所述喷出器的次级入口(40)被连接(31、32、34)至所述阳极出口(30)。
11、一种使燃料电池动力装置(9)运行的方法,其特征在于:
当所述燃料电池动力装置在燃料汽化状态下运行时,响应于处于汽化状态的氢燃料气体而使所述燃料电池动力装置运行并且利用所产生的功率来使控制器(20)、阴极空气泵(52)运行并且使(a)冷却剂循环器(66)和(b)冷凝器冷却装置(92)中的至少一个运行。
12、根据权利要求11所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
将所述燃料电池动力装置中的燃料电池的阳极(11)的流出物(30)施加到催化燃烧器(48、48a)上。
13、根据权利要求11所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
将所述燃料电池动力装置中的燃料电池的阳极(11)和阴极(12)的流出物(30、55)施加到催化燃烧器(48、48a)上。
14、根据权利要求11所述的方法,进一步特征在于:
当所述燃料电池动力装置(9)在汽化状态下运行时,提供空气应用以便防止燃料电池电压超过约0.85伏特。
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