CN1013645B - 合成气转化催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
合成气转化催化剂及其制备方法Info
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Abstract
活化之后于合成气至烃的转化过程中用作催化剂的组合物,其中作为主要成份包括(i)Co(元素或其氧化物或可热分解成该元素和/或其氧化物的化合物)和(ii)Zn(其氧化物或可热分解成其氧化物的化合物)。
Description
本发明涉及一种组合物,该组合物在还原活化之后用作将气体混合物转化成烃特别是5-60碳的烃的转化催化剂,所说的气体混合物主要包括一氧化碳和氢气(下称合成气),还涉及该催化剂的制备方法以及用于将合成气转化成上述烃的应用方法。
合成气经费-托法转化成烃已知道多年了,但该法仅在单一的经济因素发挥作用的国家如南非才值得在工业上应用。目前,代用能源如煤和天然气显得越来越重要,因此人们对费-托法的兴趣又在不断增长,因为该法可作为获得高质量运输燃料的环境上可以接受并更具吸引力的途径之一。
已知许多金属如Co,Ni,Fe,Mo,W,Th,Ru,Re和Pt单独或混合用于合成气转化成烃及其氧化衍生物时具有催化活性。这些金属一般是与载体并用的,最常见载体有氧化铝,硅石和碳。
Co作为催化活性金属与载体并用已见于EP-A-127220,EP-A-142887,GB-A-2146350,GB-A-2130113和GB-A-2125062等。例如EP-A-127220公开了每100pbw的硅石,氧化铝或硅石一氧化铝包括(ⅰ)3-60pbw Co,(ⅱ)0.1-100pbw Zr,Ti,Ru或Cr并(ⅲ)采用捏和和/或浸渍法制成的催化剂的应用。
我们已出版的欧洲专利申请№0209980(BP申请案№6131)说明了具有下式组合物的催化剂在合成气至烃的转化过程中的应用:
Coa·Ab·Lac·CeOx
其中A=碱金属,
a>0直至25%w/w,
b=0-5%w/w,
c=0-15%w/w,
x为满足其它元素对氧的化合价要求的数值,组合物中满足x要求的其它成份为Ce,百分比w/w以组合物总重为基础。
我们现已发现,含Co和ZnO作主要成份的组合物在还原活化之后可在合成气至烃的转化过程中作为活性催化剂。而与许多现有技术含Co催化剂如上述EP-A-0209980所述的催化剂相比,这些催化剂对5-60碳烃具有更高的选择性,实际上对含蜡烃产物可显示出非常好的选择性。
因此,本发明提供活化之后于合成气至烃的转化过程中用作催化剂的组合物,其中作为主要成份包括(ⅰ)Co(元素或其氧化物或可热分解成该元素和/或其氧化物的化合物)和(ⅱ)Zn(其氧化物或可热分解成其氧化物的化合物)。
适宜的组合物可包含高达70%,优选高至40%的Co,其余为Zn为O(百分比以原子计)。
组合物还可含其量高达15%w/w的一种或多种元素或其氧化物形态的金属(M)Cr,Ni,Fe,Mo,W,Zr,Ga,Th,La,Ce,Ru,Re,Pd或Pt。
所用组合物在热分解之后可用下式表示:
CoaMbZncOx
其中M如上述,
a>0直至70%w/w
b=0-15%w/w,
c>0,和
x为满足其它元素对氧的化合价要求的数值。
组合物可不采用载体或采用载体如常见的耐火载体硅石,氧化铝,硅石/氧化铝,氧化锆,氧化钛等。
组合物可用各种方法如浸渍,沉淀或凝胶化作用制得。适宜方法包括将用可热分解成其氧化物的钴化合物浸渍氧化锌等,可采用适宜的浸渍技术如本技术领域众所周知的早期润湿技术或过量溶液技术等,其中之所以称为早期润湿技术是因为需预定浸渍液以达到正好浸湿全部载体表面所必须的最小溶液体积,无一点多余,而过量溶液技术故名思议是需要过量的浸渍液,之后一般采用蒸馏法除去溶剂。
适宜的浸渍液可为可热分解钴化合物的水溶液或无水有机溶液。适宜的无水有机溶剂包括醇,酮,液态链烷烃和醚等。当然也可采用可热分解钴化合物的含水有机溶液如醇水溶液等。
适宜的可溶化合物包括硝酸盐,乙酸盐或乙酰基丙酮酸盐等,优选为硝酸盐。应尽量避免采用卤化物,因为这些化合物会带来不利影响。
优选的是采用沉淀法制备组合物,可以其可热分解的不溶性化合物形态同时沉淀金属钴和锌或者在氧化锌存在下沉淀出可热分解的不溶性钴化合物。
特别优选的组合物制备方法包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)采用包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂在0-100℃下以其可热分解的不溶性化合物的形态沉淀金属钴和锌,和
(Ⅱ)分离出步骤(Ⅰ)中得到的沉淀物。
上述方法的步骤(Ⅰ)可以各种办法进行,就最终催化剂的活性而言,其中一些办法要比另外一些办法好。因此,实施方案(A)包括于50℃以下的温度下将金属钴和锌的可溶性盐以及包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂一起加入溶液中。而另一方面,实施方案(B)则包括将可溶性锌盐与沉淀剂一起加入基本上无钴的溶液中以沉淀出锌盐,之后再于沉淀出的锌化合物存在下将沉淀剂加入可溶性钴盐溶液中以沉淀出可热分解的不溶性钴化合物。在锌化合物沉淀之后,可于沉淀钴化合物之前适当地将可溶性钴盐溶液直接加入沉淀出的锌化合物中,而无需任何中间处理如过滤等。与此不同的是于沉淀钴化合物之前分离出锌化合物并进行洗涤和再分散。上述实施方案(A)和(B)还可有许多变性方法,如将盐加入沉淀剂中而不采用将沉淀剂加入盐中的办法。
加入沉淀剂可使混合物中最初较低的pH值上升。本发明催化剂的制备过程中希望混合物的最后pH大于6,优选7-10。沉淀剂可一直加到达到上述pH值为止,这之后可停止加入更多的沉淀剂以抑制pH值上升。为了改善催化剂的均匀性,最好采用适当的机械搅拌方法于沉淀过程中将混合物进行搅拌。
在特别优选的另一种式(Ⅰ)组合物的制备方法中,上述方法的步骤(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)可由如下的步骤(Ⅰ′)和(Ⅱ′)代替:
(Ⅰ)将钴和锌的可溶性化合物和包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氨铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂在低于溶液沸点的温度下加入溶液中以形成沉淀物,其中钴、锌和沉淀剂的加入速度应加以调节以使pH值在6-9的范围内基本上保持恒定,和
(Ⅱ)分离出这样制得的沉淀物。
步骤(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)可间歇或连续地进行。
步骤(Ⅰ)可适当地通过同时连续地向沉淀区添加并在其中混合钴和锌的可溶性化合物溶液和沉淀剂溶液来完成,其中沉淀剂的添加速度应使混合物的pH值在6-9的范围内基本上保持恒定。沉淀区可取适宜的容器形式,其中装有单独地引入钴和锌的可溶性化合物溶液和沉淀剂溶液且其安置状态足以将这两种溶液进行混和的装置,搅拌装置,pH值测定装置以及连续引出沉淀物的装置如溢流管。还可用固体沉淀剂代替沉淀剂溶液。
连续操作步骤(Ⅰ)和(Ⅱ)可促进以工业规模生产组合物。
可采用钴和锌的可溶性盐,适宜的盐包括羧酸盐,氯化物和硝酸盐。与浸渍法相比较而言,氯化物在沉淀法制备催化剂时同样有效。
优选的是采用盐的水溶液,当然必要时可采用醇水溶液等。
至于沉淀剂,除碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵和氢氧化铵而外,还可用氢氧化四烃基铵有机胺。四烃基铵中的烃基可含1-4个碳原子。适宜的有机胺为环已基胺。实验表明采用碱金属沉淀剂制得的催化剂质量非常低劣,因此最好应避免在催化剂组合物中存在碱金属。可采用碳酸铵和碳酸氢铵更优选的是碳酸氢铵作沉淀剂制得无碱金属的组合物。碳酸铵可以市售品形态得到应用,其中包括碳酸氢铵和氨基甲酸铵的混合物。除了采用预定形态的碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐而外,还可采用这些盐的母体如可溶性盐和二氧化碳。
不管是在上升的pH值条件下还是在恒定的pH值条件下进行,沉淀优选是在低于50℃的温度,更优选的是在低于30℃的温度下进行。还发现于室温如15-25℃下进行沉淀一般是很方便的。
步骤(Ⅰ)和(Ⅰ)可在二氧化碳气氛中进行。
在制备方法的步骤(Ⅱ)中将步骤(Ⅰ)中得到的沉淀物分离出来。这可经过滤完成。但也可采用其它固-液分离法如离心分离。分离后最好还用水洗涤沉淀物以除去不希望存在的可溶性物质。之后再于低于200℃的高温如约150℃下将沉淀物干燥。
如有必要,还可在组合物生产过程的任何阶段如沉淀步骤中或于后续浸漬过程中引入其它金属。
不管组合物是用浸渍,沉淀或共同沉淀法制备还是用任何其它方法制备。最好还在用作催化剂之前多进行一次或多次处理。为此最好是在气流如氮气或空气流中于250-600℃下将组合物加热焙烧。这样可将上面制成的组合物转化成式(Ⅰ)的组合物。
该组合物还须于高温下与还原气如氢气(可用氮气稀释)而进行还原活化。典型的活化条件是压力1-100巴。温度150-500℃,时间长达24小时以上。尽管最好在用作合成气转化催化剂之前将还原活化作为单独的步骤进行,但也可并入合成气转化工艺中进行。
本发明另一方面是提出合成气至烃的转化方法,其中包括在高温高压或大气压下将合成气与上述还原活化之后的催化剂接触。
正如本技术领域已众所周知,合成气主要包括一氧化碳和氢气。还可含少量二氧化碳,氮气和其它惰性气体,这由其来源和纯度决定。合成气的制备方法已在本技术领域建立起来,其中一般包括部分氧化含碳物质如煤。另一方面,合成气还可用催化蒸汽重整甲烷等方法制得,就本发明而言,适宜的一氧化碳与氢气之比可为2:1至1:6。当然用上述方法制成的合成气中一氧化碳与氢气之比可能不在上述范围内,但可适当地通过添加一氧化碳或氢气来加以改变或通过本技术领域已众所周知的所谓转换反应来加以调整。
适宜的高温可为160-350℃,最好为200-250℃。适宜的压力可为0-100巴,最好为10-50巴。连续操作时的GHSV可为100-25000h-1。
该方法可在固定床,流化床或浆料反应器中间歇或连续地进行。
本发明的方法的优点之一是其操作中二氧化碳生成量小。而且出乎意料地发现,就催化剂性质来说,氧化程度也非常低。还惊人地看见本发明方法
中对5-60碳烃特别是含蜡烃的选择性非常高。经对比还观察到用类似方法制成的Ru/Zn氧化物催化剂几乎不具有活性,而Fe/Zn氧化物催化剂又仅以比较低的选择性生产出极其低级的烃。因此本发明催化剂组合物提供了生产汽油烃的有效途径,其中包括生产含蜡烃以及该产品随后进行的裂化和提质加工。
作为本发明方法的改进方法,式(Ⅰ)的催化剂中可掺入适宜的多孔性金属结构硅酸盐。适宜的多孔性金属结构硅酸盐可包括硅铝酸盐沸石,最好是硅石/氧化铝之比较高(>10∶1)的硅铝酸盐。适宜的硅铝酸盐包括US3702886所述MFI型沸石,但决不应仅限于止。
本发明另一更优选的改进方法中可包括另一步骤,其中将合成气与式(Ⅰ)催化剂接触所得产物或至少其中一部分进行提质加工,例如将其中的低碳烯烃按US4544792,US4520215和US4504693等所述方法低聚成高碳烃,按GB-A-2146350等所述方法进行加氢裂化,按US4423265等所述的方法将重质副产物进行裂化和异构化以及按AU-A-8321809和GB-A-2021145等所述方法进行提质加工等。
本发明现以下述实施例作进一步说明,其中CO转化率定义为所耗用的CO摩尔数/所加入的CO摩尔数xloo,而碳转化率定义为转化成特定产物的CO摩尔数/所转化的CO摩尔总数xloo。
实施例1 Co∶Zn=1∶2
A.催化剂制备
将碳酸氢铵(215g,2.72mol)溶于蒸馏水(2dm3)并于室温下用力搅拌。向此溶液中加入含硝酸钴(50.0g,0.17mol)和硝酸锌(102.2g,0.34mol)的1dm3蒸馏水溶液。此金属盐溶液的添加速度为约12cm3/min。碳酸氢盐溶液的pH在金属盐溶液添加期间保持恒定(约7.5-8.0)。在整个金属盐溶液添加期间形成的细粉沉淀物悬浮在搅拌溶液中。然后将沉淀物收集起来并在过滤床上干燥。
从沉淀饼中洗去残余物,其中是将沉淀饼悬浮在500cm3蒸馏水中,用力搅拌悬浮液,然后仍采用过滤至干。第二次重复洗涤操作之后才将沉淀饼在烘箱中于150℃下干燥16小时。
B.催化剂预处理
烘箱干燥饼按以下程序于流动的氮气,然后是氢气氛中进行加热:
形成的催化剂置于空气,然后贮存在瓶中。
C.催化剂试验
将催化剂压至6吨,再将片状催化剂粉碎并过筛(BSS18-25目)。将得到的催化剂与同样体积的金刚砂(BSS18-25目)混合后送入固定床反应器。让氢气流流过催化剂床,该催化剂床已按以下程序进行了过夜加热:
10℃ (2℃/min)/() 150℃ (10℃/min)/() 225℃ (14hr)/() 225℃
将催化剂床温度降到170℃,然后送入合成气(H2/CO=2)并加压至30巴。将合成气流速进行调节以达到所要求的催化剂床GHSV,之后升温直至合成气开始转化。
实施例2 Co∶Zn=1∶1
重复实施例1所用方法,只是采用75.0g(0.25mol)硝酸钴,76.7g(0.25mol)硝酸锌以及270g(3.42mol)碳酸氢铵。
实施例3 Co∶Zn=2∶1
重复实施例1所用方法,只是采用100g(0.34mol)硝酸钴,51.1g(0.17mol)硝酸锌以及270g(3.42mol)碳酸氢铵。
实施例4 Co∶Zn=1∶3
重复实施例1所用方法,只是采用37.5g(0.13mol)硝酸钴和115.0g(0.39mol)硝酸锌。
实施例5 Co∶Zn=1∶4
重复实施例1所用的方法,只是采用30.0g(0.10mol)硝酸钴和122.6g(0.41mol)硝酸锌。
实施例6 Co∶Zn=1∶5
重复实施例1所用的方法,只是采用25.0g(0.086mol)硝酸钴,127.8g(0.43mol)硝酸锌以及235g(2.97mol)碳酸氢铵。
实施例7 Co∶Zn=1∶2(来自氯化钴)
重复实施例1所用的方法,只是将40.9g(0.17mol)氯化钴和102.2g(0.34g)硝酸锌溶于0.75dm3蒸馏水中。碱溶液中包含300g
B.催化剂预处理
重复实施例1所述操作。
C.催化剂试验
重复实施例1所述操作。
结果列于附表中。
比较例2 1%Ru/ZnO
A.催化剂制备
将碳酸氢铵(154g,1.95mol)溶于蒸馏水(2dm3中并于室温下用力搅拌。向此溶液中加入含氯化钌(0.65g,约2.5mmol)和硝酸锌(92.7g,0.31mol)的750cm3蒸馏水溶液。金属盐溶液的添加速度为约12cm3/min。其它制备步骤同于实施例1所述。
B.催化剂预处理
重复实施例1所述操作。
C.催化剂试验
重复实施例1所述操作。
结果列于附表中。
对比例1和2不属本发明范围,叙述于此仅供对照。
表 合成气至烃的转化结果
H2∶CO=2∶1
压力=30巴
床 %CO %碳摩尔选择性
实施例 T/℃
GHSV 转化率 CO2CH4C3+ 氧化程度
1 216 2500 64.2 0.5 9.1 89.6 0.1
1 206 1250 70.1 0.5 8.3 90.5 0.1
2 240 2500 68.0 2.8 20.5 74.1 0.4
3 216 2500 53.9 1.6 12.8 83.1 0.4
4 252 2500 56.2 2.0 19.3 75.9 0.4
5 232 2500 60.7 1.2 16.2 81.2 0.1
6 259 2500 55.2 2.6 27.6 66.6 0.2
7 246 2500 60.9 1.2 14.6 82.0 0.8
8 240 2500 52.7 1.2 14.1 82.7 0.7
9 202 2500 43.0 0.3 8.0 90.4 0.3
10 233 2500 58.1 1.3 15.5 81.6 0.4
11 218 2500 55.1 0.8 11.0 86.9 0.4
12 218 2500 48.9 0.6 15.5 82.2 0.4
13 219 2500 64.2 0.8 9.1 88.9 0.4
14 209 1250 56.5 0.5 6.3 91.8 0.7
15 238 2500 42.5 0.9 18.5 76.9 1.4
16 233*2500 50.6 1.9 12.1 84.8*0.04
比较试验
1 325 2500 67.0 33.3 23.1 31.0 1.4
比较试验
2 350 2500 <5.0 # # # #
“*”FT床233℃,沸石床321℃,C3+选择性84.8%产物为46.3%LPG和38.5%的C5+液体产物。“#”由于转化率非常低,所以没有对产物进行分析。
Claims (6)
1、活化之后于合成气至烃的转化过程中用作催化剂的组合物,其中作为主要成份包括(i)Co(元素或其氧化物或可热分解成该元素和/或其氧化物的化合物)和(ii)Zn(其氧化物或可热分解成其氧化物的化合物),该催化剂组合物制备方法中包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)采用包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂在0-100℃温度下以其可热分解的不溶性化合物的形态沉淀金属钴和锌,和
(Ⅱ)分离出步骤(Ⅰ)中得到的沉淀物,其中钴与锌的化合物之摩尔比为1∶5至1∶1。
2、根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中还可含一种或多种元素或其氧化物形态的金属(M),为Ni,Fe,Mo,W,Zr,Ga,Th,La,Ce,Ru,Re,Pd或Pt。
3、组合物,其中的可热分解化合物热分解之后该组合物可用下式表示:
CoaMbZnCOx
其中M为一种或多种金属Ni,Fe,Mo,W,Zr,Ga,Th,La,Ce,Ru,Re,Pd或Pt。
a>0并直至70%w/w,
b=0-15%w/w
c>0,和
x为满足其它元素对氧的化合价要求的数值,
式(Ⅰ)所示组合物制备方法中包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ)采用包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂在0-100℃温度下以其可热分解的不溶性化合物的形态沉淀金属钴和锌,
(Ⅱ)分离出步骤(Ⅰ)中得到的沉淀物,其中钴与锌的化合物之摩尔比为1∶5至1∶1,和
(Ⅲ)在氮气或空气流中于250-600℃温度下将组合物加热。
4、根据上述权利要求中任何一项所述的组合物,其制备方法中包括以下步骤:
(Ⅰ′)用钴和锌的可溶性化合物和包括氢氧化铵,碳酸铵,碳酸氢铵,氢氧化四烃基铵或有机胺的沉淀剂在低于其溶液沸点的温度下形成溶液以沉积出沉淀物,其中钴,锌和沉淀剂的加料速度应加以调节以使pH值在6-9的范围内基本上保持恒定,和
(Ⅱ′)分离出这样制得的沉淀物。
5、根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中沉淀剂为碳酸铵或碳酸氢铵。
6、根据权利要求4或5所述的方法,其中沉淀在低于30℃的温度下进行。
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NL7612460A (nl) * | 1976-11-10 | 1978-05-12 | Shell Int Research | Werkwijze voor de bereiding van koolwater- stoffen. |
NL7805494A (nl) * | 1978-05-22 | 1979-11-26 | Shell Int Research | Kwaliteitsverbetering van fischer-tropsch produkten. |
FR2496095B1 (fr) * | 1980-12-15 | 1985-11-15 | Shell Int Research | Procede de preparation d'un melange hydrocarbone a partir d'un melange h2/co |
US4301077A (en) * | 1980-12-22 | 1981-11-17 | Standard Oil Company | Process for the manufacture of 1-4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran |
ATE21684T1 (de) * | 1982-08-02 | 1986-09-15 | Shell Int Research | Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenwasserstoffen. |
US4423265A (en) * | 1982-12-01 | 1983-12-27 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Process for snygas conversions to liquid hydrocarbon products |
US4500417A (en) * | 1982-12-28 | 1985-02-19 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Conversion of Fischer-Tropsch products |
IN161735B (zh) * | 1983-09-12 | 1988-01-30 | Shell Int Research | |
NL8400609A (nl) * | 1984-02-28 | 1985-09-16 | Shell Int Research | Werkwijze voor de bereiding van koolwaterstoffen. |
US4520215A (en) * | 1984-04-16 | 1985-05-28 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Catalytic conversion of olefinic Fischer-Tropsch light oil to heavier hydrocarbons |
US4595703A (en) * | 1984-06-29 | 1986-06-17 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | Preparation of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas |
US4599481A (en) * | 1984-09-13 | 1986-07-08 | Shell Oil Company | Process for the preparation of hydrocarbons |
US4544792A (en) * | 1984-12-13 | 1985-10-01 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch olefins |
-
1986
- 1986-09-26 GB GB868623233A patent/GB8623233D0/en active Pending
-
1987
- 1987-09-15 NZ NZ221823A patent/NZ221823A/xx unknown
- 1987-09-16 EP EP87308211A patent/EP0261870B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-16 US US07/097,807 patent/US4826800A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-16 DE DE8787308211T patent/DE3764754D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-17 AU AU78488/87A patent/AU605506B2/en not_active Expired
- 1987-09-22 NO NO873958A patent/NO179236C/no unknown
- 1987-09-23 ZA ZA877162A patent/ZA877162B/xx unknown
- 1987-09-25 JP JP62240559A patent/JP2573965B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-25 CA CA000547892A patent/CA1307782C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-26 CN CN87106596A patent/CN1013645B/zh not_active Expired
-
1990
- 1990-07-06 US US07/549,631 patent/US5023277A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-24 CN CN90108625A patent/CN1026098C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO179236B (no) | 1996-05-28 |
NO873958L (no) | 1988-03-28 |
US4826800A (en) | 1989-05-02 |
JPS63141644A (ja) | 1988-06-14 |
EP0261870B1 (en) | 1990-09-05 |
ZA877162B (en) | 1989-05-30 |
JP2573965B2 (ja) | 1997-01-22 |
NZ221823A (en) | 1990-08-28 |
AU605506B2 (en) | 1991-01-17 |
CA1307782C (en) | 1992-09-22 |
NO179236C (no) | 1996-09-04 |
NO873958D0 (no) | 1987-09-22 |
US5023277A (en) | 1991-06-11 |
CN1052844A (zh) | 1991-07-10 |
DE3764754D1 (de) | 1990-10-11 |
GB8623233D0 (en) | 1986-10-29 |
CN87106596A (zh) | 1988-04-13 |
EP0261870A1 (en) | 1988-03-30 |
CN1026098C (zh) | 1994-10-05 |
AU7848887A (en) | 1988-03-31 |
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