DE3764754D1 - Katalysator fuer die umwandlung von synthesegas, seine herstellung und seine verwendung. - Google Patents

Katalysator fuer die umwandlung von synthesegas, seine herstellung und seine verwendung.

Info

Publication number
DE3764754D1
DE3764754D1 DE8787308211T DE3764754T DE3764754D1 DE 3764754 D1 DE3764754 D1 DE 3764754D1 DE 8787308211 T DE8787308211 T DE 8787308211T DE 3764754 T DE3764754 T DE 3764754T DE 3764754 D1 DE3764754 D1 DE 3764754D1
Authority
DE
Germany
Prior art keywords
catalyst
conversion
production
synthesis gas
synthesis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
DE8787308211T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Colin Hugh Mcateer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BP PLC
Original Assignee
BP PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BP PLC filed Critical BP PLC
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of DE3764754D1 publication Critical patent/DE3764754D1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8953—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
    • C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
    • C07C1/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
    • C07C1/0425—Catalysts; their physical properties
    • C07C1/043—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition
    • C07C1/0435—Catalysts; their physical properties characterised by the composition containing a metal of group 8 or a compound thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C07C2521/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/08—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of gallium, indium or thallium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of rare earths
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/12—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of actinides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • C07C2523/28—Molybdenum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C07C2523/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • C07C2523/30—Tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
    • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • C07C2523/42—Platinum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
    • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • C07C2523/44—Palladium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
    • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • C07C2523/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • C07C2523/74—Iron group metals
    • C07C2523/745—Iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • C07C2523/74—Iron group metals
    • C07C2523/75—Cobalt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • C07C2523/74—Iron group metals
    • C07C2523/755—Nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • C07C2523/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
    • C07C2523/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
    • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
DE8787308211T 1986-09-26 1987-09-16 Katalysator fuer die umwandlung von synthesegas, seine herstellung und seine verwendung. Expired - Lifetime DE3764754D1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB868623233A GB8623233D0 (en) 1986-09-26 1986-09-26 Syngas conversion catalyst

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
DE3764754D1 true DE3764754D1 (de) 1990-10-11

Family

ID=10604863

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
DE8787308211T Expired - Lifetime DE3764754D1 (de) 1986-09-26 1987-09-16 Katalysator fuer die umwandlung von synthesegas, seine herstellung und seine verwendung.

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (2) US4826800A (de)
EP (1) EP0261870B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2573965B2 (de)
CN (2) CN1013645B (de)
AU (1) AU605506B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1307782C (de)
DE (1) DE3764754D1 (de)
GB (1) GB8623233D0 (de)
NO (1) NO179236C (de)
NZ (1) NZ221823A (de)
ZA (1) ZA877162B (de)

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US4801573A (en) * 1987-10-23 1989-01-31 501 Den Norske Stats Oljeslenskap A.S. Catalyst for production of hydrocarbons
US5109027A (en) * 1989-06-13 1992-04-28 Amoco Corporation Catalytic process for producing olefins or higher alcohols from synthesis gas
US5168091A (en) * 1990-10-15 1992-12-01 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Activation conditions to maximize the HSC activity of supported cobalt catalysts
EP0554348B1 (de) * 1990-10-15 1998-06-03 Exxon Research And Engineering Company Verfahren zur herstellung von cobalt enthaltenden kohlenwasserstoffsynthesekatalysatoren
GB9114314D0 (en) * 1991-07-02 1991-08-21 British Petroleum Co Plc Catalyst treatment for fisher-tropsch process
US5811365A (en) * 1992-12-04 1998-09-22 The British Petroleum Company, P.L.C. Zinc oxide composition for use in catalysts
GB9225372D0 (en) * 1992-12-04 1993-01-27 British Petroleum Co Plc Oxide compositions
US5939350A (en) * 1997-02-10 1999-08-17 Energy International Corporation Processes and catalysts for conducting fischer-tropsch synthesis in a slurry bubble column reactor
US6191066B1 (en) 1998-05-27 2001-02-20 Energy International Corporation Fischer-Tropsch activity for non-promoted cobalt-on-alumina catalysts
US6262132B1 (en) * 1999-05-21 2001-07-17 Energy International Corporation Reducing fischer-tropsch catalyst attrition losses in high agitation reaction systems
US6100304A (en) * 1999-05-26 2000-08-08 Energy International Corportion Processes and palladium-promoted catalysts for conducting Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
US6184176B1 (en) * 1999-08-25 2001-02-06 Phillips Petroleum Company Process for the production of a sulfur sorbent
US6313062B1 (en) * 1999-10-29 2001-11-06 Exxon Reserach And Engineering Company Process for the preparation of high activity carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysts; the catalyst composition, use of the catalysts for conducting such reactions, and the products of such reactions
US6573413B2 (en) 2000-04-19 2003-06-03 Solutia Inc. Process for activating catalyst for the hydroxylation of aromatics
GB0023781D0 (en) * 2000-09-28 2000-11-08 Kvaerner Process Tech Ltd Process
GB0112791D0 (en) 2001-05-25 2001-07-18 Bp Exploration Operating Process
GB0112796D0 (en) * 2001-05-25 2001-07-18 Bp Exploration Operating Process
GB0126643D0 (en) 2001-11-06 2002-01-02 Bp Exploration Operating Composition and process
GB0203058D0 (en) 2002-02-09 2002-03-27 Bp Chem Int Ltd Production of olefins
US6713657B2 (en) * 2002-04-04 2004-03-30 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Condensation of olefins in fischer tropsch tail gas
EP1358934A1 (de) * 2002-04-25 2003-11-05 Engelhard Corporation Fischer-Tropsch Katalysator
US7422995B2 (en) * 2004-04-30 2008-09-09 Basf Catalysts Llc Process for the preparation of a supported catalyst
US7846977B2 (en) * 2004-04-30 2010-12-07 Basf Corporation Processes using a supported catalyst
US7361626B2 (en) 2004-04-30 2008-04-22 Engelhard Corporation Supported catalyst
GB0409901D0 (en) * 2004-05-04 2004-06-09 Johnson Matthey Plc Catalysts
TWI294413B (en) * 2004-11-19 2008-03-11 Ind Tech Res Inst Method for converting co and hydrogen into methane and water
CN100374200C (zh) * 2005-07-27 2008-03-12 新奥新能(北京)科技有限公司 一种合成气转化催化剂及其制备方法
ATE521683T1 (de) 2005-10-25 2011-09-15 Bp Exploration Operating Fischer-tropsch-verfahren
DE602006014025D1 (de) 2005-12-19 2010-06-10 Bp Exploration Operating Verfahren zur herstellung von in kondensierter phase vorliegendem produkt aus einem oder mehreren in der gasphase vorliegenden reaktanten
EP1852182A1 (de) * 2006-05-01 2007-11-07 Engelhard Corporation Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysator enthaltend Kobalt und Zinkoxid
EP1946835A1 (de) * 2006-12-19 2008-07-23 Bp Exploration Operating Company Limited Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysator
EP1935964A1 (de) * 2006-12-19 2008-06-25 Bp Exploration Operating Company Limited Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysator
EP2008714A1 (de) * 2007-06-19 2008-12-31 BASF Catalysts LLC Herstellungsverfahren für einen Fischer-Tropsch, Kobalt-Zinkoxid-Katalysator
US20090156697A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-18 Range Fuels, Inc. Catalyst compositions and methods for alcohol production from synthesis gas
EP2090363A1 (de) * 2008-02-05 2009-08-19 Basf Se Fischer-Tropsch-Katalysator enthaltend Cobalt auf Zinkoxidträger gedoped mit Aluminiumoxid oder Zirconiumoxid
EP2530125A1 (de) 2011-05-30 2012-12-05 Total SA Kern-Schale-Partikel mit katalytischer Aktivität
FR2984347B1 (fr) 2011-12-14 2015-03-20 IFP Energies Nouvelles Procede de fabrication d'hydrocarbures avec conditionnement du catalyseur
US9006297B2 (en) 2012-06-16 2015-04-14 Robert P. Herrmann Fischer tropsch method for offshore production risers for oil and gas wells
WO2016091694A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 Bp P.L.C. Process for producing a supported, partially reductively activated fischer-tropsch synthesis catalyst, and process for producing hydrocarbons using the same
WO2016091691A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 Bp P.L.C. Fischer-tropsch process using supported reduced cobalt catalyst
WO2016091692A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-06-16 Bp P.L.C. Process for producing a supported reductively activated fischer-tropsch synthesis catalyst, and process for producing hydrocarbons using the same
GB201702248D0 (en) 2017-02-10 2017-03-29 Bp Plc Start-up procedure for a fischer-tropsch process
WO2021139898A1 (en) 2020-01-10 2021-07-15 Bp P.L.C. Process for producing a fischer-tropsch synthesis catalyst and fischer-tropsch start-up process

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US2850515A (en) * 1955-01-12 1958-09-02 Kellogg M W Co Synthesis of organic compounds and catalyst therefor
US3997582A (en) * 1975-12-08 1976-12-14 Battelle Development Corporation Process and catalyst for synthesizing a gaseous hydrocarbon mixture having a high methane content from carbon monoxide and hydrogen
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US4088671A (en) * 1976-03-19 1978-05-09 Gulf Research & Development Company Conversion of synthesis gas using a cobalt-ruthenium catalyst
DE2625541A1 (de) * 1976-06-05 1977-12-22 Basf Ag Verfahren zur herstellung einer zink und nickel oder kobalt enthaltenden kontaktmasse
NL7612460A (nl) * 1976-11-10 1978-05-12 Shell Int Research Werkwijze voor de bereiding van koolwater- stoffen.
NL7805494A (nl) * 1978-05-22 1979-11-26 Shell Int Research Kwaliteitsverbetering van fischer-tropsch produkten.
FR2496095B1 (fr) * 1980-12-15 1985-11-15 Shell Int Research Procede de preparation d'un melange hydrocarbone a partir d'un melange h2/co
US4301077A (en) * 1980-12-22 1981-11-17 Standard Oil Company Process for the manufacture of 1-4-butanediol and tetrahydrofuran
ATE21684T1 (de) * 1982-08-02 1986-09-15 Shell Int Research Verfahren zur herstellung von kohlenwasserstoffen.
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US4599481A (en) * 1984-09-13 1986-07-08 Shell Oil Company Process for the preparation of hydrocarbons
US4544792A (en) * 1984-12-13 1985-10-01 Mobil Oil Corporation Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch olefins

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO179236B (no) 1996-05-28
NO873958L (no) 1988-03-28
US4826800A (en) 1989-05-02
JPS63141644A (ja) 1988-06-14
EP0261870B1 (de) 1990-09-05
ZA877162B (en) 1989-05-30
JP2573965B2 (ja) 1997-01-22
NZ221823A (en) 1990-08-28
CN1013645B (zh) 1991-08-28
AU605506B2 (en) 1991-01-17
CA1307782C (en) 1992-09-22
NO179236C (no) 1996-09-04
NO873958D0 (no) 1987-09-22
US5023277A (en) 1991-06-11
CN1052844A (zh) 1991-07-10
GB8623233D0 (en) 1986-10-29
CN87106596A (zh) 1988-04-13
EP0261870A1 (de) 1988-03-30
CN1026098C (zh) 1994-10-05
AU7848887A (en) 1988-03-31

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