CN101065325B - 纳米尺寸二氧化钛颗粒的合成方法 - Google Patents
纳米尺寸二氧化钛颗粒的合成方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种合成平均粒度小于150纳米的球形和针形TiO2、掺杂金属的TiO2、金属涂布的TiO2颗粒的方法。本发明的方法是合成Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4或金属涂布的Ti(OH)4,在高于100℃的温度下施加等于或超过饱和蒸气压的压力使上述物质反应。该压力通过在封闭反应器内部反应过程中产生的蒸气的压力、从外部施加的压力或者这两种方式的组合来实现。用于从外部提高压力的气体优选是Ar和N2之类的惰性气体,但是不限于惰性气体。
Description
本申请要求于2004年10月14日提交的题为“纳米尺寸TiO2粉末的合成”的美国临时申请第60/618781号的优先权。
技术领域
本发明是平均粒度小于150纳米的球形和针形二氧化钛(TiO2)、掺杂金属的TiO2和金属涂布的TiO2颗粒的合成方法。
背景技术
二氧化钛是能够用于许多领域的材料,例如油漆、塑料、化妆品、油墨、纸张、化学纤维和光学催化剂。目前在全世界范围内,使用硫酸盐和氯化物方法来生产TiO2,但是在需要超微特征的领域中使用该方法却存在问题,因为该方法制得的是不具有高纯度的较大粒度(亚微米级)的颗粒。
随着各种应用中对纳米尺寸TiO2的需要的增加,在该领域中已经进行了许多研究。但是,由于目前使用的复杂的生产工艺而导致价格昂贵,纳米尺寸的TiO2没有得到广泛应用。
为了解决该问题,需要开发一种生产方法,可以在简化了的纳米尺寸纯TiO2、掺杂金属的TiO2和金属涂布的TiO2的生产方法中通过提高生产效率来降低纳米尺寸TiO2的生产成本。
发明概述
本发明是平均粒度小于150纳米的球形和针形TiO2、掺杂金属的TiO2、金属涂布的TiO2颗粒的合成方法。本发明的方法是合成Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4或金属涂布的Ti(OH)4,然后在高于100℃的温度下施加等于或超过饱和蒸气压的压力使上述物质反应。该压力通过在封闭反应器内部反应过程中产生的水蒸气的压力、从外部施加的压力、或者这两种方式的组合来实现。用于从外部提高压力的气体优选是Ar和N2之类的惰性气体,但是不限于惰性气体。
根据以下结合附图对优选实施方式的详细说明和所附权利要求可以更好地理解本发明的这些和其它特征、目标和优点。
附图简要说明
图1(a)-(b)涉及通过实施例1所述的方法制得的TiO2粉末。图1(a)是FESEM显微照片。图1(b)是XRD图谱。
图2(a)-(e)涉及通过实施例2所述的方法制得的掺杂Ag的TiO2粉末。图2(a)是FESEM显微照片。图2(b)是XRD图谱。图2(c)是XPS全谱扫描。图2(d)是对银峰的XPS窄谱扫描(narrow scan)。图2(e)是紫外可见吸收光谱。
图3(a)-(c)涉及通过实施例3所述的方法制得的掺杂Cr的TiO2粉末。图3(a)是FESEM显微照片。图3(b)是XRD图谱。图3(c)是EDS分析。
图4(a)-(d)涉及通过实施例4所述的方法制得的Ag涂布的TiO2粉末。图4(a)是FESEM显微照片。图4(b)是XRD图谱。图4(c)是XPS全谱扫描。图4(d)是XPS窄谱扫描。
本发明的最佳实施方式
参考图1-4,本发明优选实施方式的描述如下。
本发明的目的是开发一种方法,该方法能够合成初级颗粒粒度小于150纳米的大量纯TiO2、掺杂金属的TiO2和金属涂布的TiO2。该方法首先合成溶液、浆料、饼块或干燥粉末形式的Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4或金属涂布的Ti(OH)4,然后将上述物质中的一种放入封闭的反应器中。在封闭的反应器中,通过在高于100℃的温度和等于或大于水饱和蒸气压的压力下进行热处理而分别由Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4或金属涂布的Ti(OH)4合成晶体TiO2、掺杂金属的TiO2或金属涂布的TiO2。封闭的反应器中的压力通过反应器内部产生的水蒸气压、从反应器外部施加的水蒸气压、从反应器外部供应的气体、或它们的组合来实现。
为了合成Ti(OH)4,通过向钛源中加入碱性物质,然后将其pH调节到4或4以上而以Ti(OH)4的形式得到水溶性钛离子。四氯化钛、三氯化钛、氯氧化钛和硫酸钛可用作钛源,但是本发明不限于这些钛源,可以使用能够溶解在水中形成钛离子或钛离子络合物的任何有机或无机物质或混合物。NaOH、KOH和NH4OH可用作碱性物质,但是本发明不限于这些物质,可使用能溶解在水中提高溶液pH值的任何碱性物质。
使用离心和超滤系统对所得的Ti(OH)4进行若干次水洗涤步骤,以除去残留在其中的杂质离子。通过浓缩和干燥步骤得到溶液、浆料、饼块或干燥粉末形式的经过水洗的Ti(OH)4。
通过将一种或多种金属盐放入水溶性钛源中得到掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4。通过向溶解了钛和金属的溶液中加入碱性物质,然后如上所述将溶液的pH值调节到4或4以上,而使水溶性金属离子和钛离子共沉淀。如上所述,本发明可使用(但不限于)四氯化钛、三氯化钛、氯氧化钛或硫酸钛作为钛源。同样,本发明可使用(但不限于)NaOH、KOH和NH4OH作为碱性物质。Ag、Zn、Cu、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ge、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Sn、W、Pt、Au、Sr、Al和Si的水溶性盐可用作金属离子的源,但是本发明不限于此,可以使用所有水溶性金属盐。通过离心和超滤系统对共沉淀的掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4进行若干次水洗涤步骤,以除去残留在其中的杂质离子。作为分析经过水洗的掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4析出物的结果,检测到加入的金属成分,据信该金属成分在加入碱性物质后与Ti离子一起共沉淀。通过上述浓缩和干燥步骤可以得到溶液、浆料、饼块和干燥粉末形式的经过水洗的掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4。
为了合成金属涂布的Ti(OH)4,通过向钛源中加入碱性物质,然后将其pH值调节到4或4以上,而以Ti(OH)4的形式得到水溶性钛离子。四氯化钛、三氯化钛、氯氧化钛和硫酸钛可用作钛源,但是本发明不限于这些钛源,可以使用能够溶解在水中形成钛离子或钛络合物离子的任何有机或无机物质或混合物。NaOH、KOH和NH4OH可用作碱性物质,但是本发明不限于这些物质,可使用能溶解在水中提高溶液pH值的所有碱性物质。在对得到的Ti(OH)4进行3-4次水洗涤步骤后,完全除去杂质,通过超声处理将其分散在蒸馏水中。
在向分散的Ti(OH)4中加入所需量的一种或多种金属盐后,陈化(age)一段时间(5分钟以上)。优选陈化在低于100℃的温度进行。Ag、Zn、Cu、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ge、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Sn、W、Pt、Au、Sr、Al和Si的水溶性盐可用作本发明的金属盐,但是本发明的实施不限于此,可以使用所有水溶性金属盐。在陈化后,对析出物进行2-3次水洗涤过程,以除去杂质离子,从而得到金属涂布的Ti(OH)4。作为分析经过水洗的金属涂布的Ti(OH)4析出物的结果,检测到加入的金属成分,据信加入的金属离子被吸附到Ti(OH)4颗粒的表面,尽管本发明人还并不知道金属附加到Ti(OH)4颗粒上的确切机理。通过浓缩和干燥方法可以得到溶液、浆料、饼块或干燥粉末形式的经过水洗的金属涂布的Ti(OH)4。
如同已经提及的,经过水洗的Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4和金属涂布的Ti(OH)4根据其含湿量和浓度可以溶液、浆料、饼块或干燥粉末的形式存在。考虑到生产效率的需要,希望选择具有高钛含量的饼块或干燥粉末形式。但是,如果在封闭反应器内部的反应过程中析出物的含水量过低或者甚至不存在水,那么会有诸如此类的问题:(1)当不存在冷凝水或水蒸气时相转移反应所需的温度比反应器内部存在冷凝水或水蒸气时高,例如,如果水存在时的反应温度是160℃,则不存在水时的反应温度需超过300℃,差值超过100℃;(2)观察到TiO2表面的颜色发生变化(通常为黄色);(3)在压碎过程中由于形成的颗粒过于坚硬而难以得到微小颗粒。
反应器内绝对需要一些冷凝水,以降低反应温度,确保无定形TiO2成为锐钛矿型TiO2,防止发生上述黄色变化的现象。通常,即使是干燥粉末,由于反应Ti(OH)4=TiO2+2H2O在反应器中也会产生少量水。通过将反应器内的压力维持在等于或大于水的饱和蒸气压,以确保反应器内有一定量的冷凝水。如上文所讨论的,该压力可通过来自反应器的水蒸气、从外部引入到反应器中的水蒸气、惰性气体之类的气体、或它们的组合来提供。
为了证实上述问题与析出物(Ti(OH)4、掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4和金属涂布的Ti(OH)4)的含湿量密切相关,本发明人进行了以下实验。
将块状或干燥的Ti(OH)4粉末放入到封闭的反应器中,然后在饱和蒸气压和160℃的条件下反应2小时。得到的相是晶体TiO2。与此相反,当将块状或干燥的Ti(OH)4粉末放入到开放的反应器中,在大气压和300℃的条件下反应3小时,得到的相是非晶体相,显示为黄色。从这些结果,本发明人认为施加给反应器的压力和反应器内的水蒸气或冷凝水是与从非晶体到晶体形式的相变化有关的温度改变和颜色改变的原因。
为了研究压力的影响,将块状或干燥的Ti(OH)4放入到封闭的反应器中,然后在160℃反应2小时。然后分别在饱和蒸气压、2.07*106N/m2和3.45*106N/m2压力下进行压力实验,所述压力是通过从反应器外部通入氩气所提供的。所有三个样品都显示出相同的锐钛矿型晶体相。由此结果,证实压力不会对与从非晶体Ti(OH)4到晶体TiO2的相变化相关的温度造成影响或起到不利作用。
为了研究冷凝水和水蒸气的影响,将块状或干燥的Ti(OH)4在除去水分的情况下放入到封闭的反应器中,然后通入氮气在相当于饱和蒸气压的压力下、在160℃反应2小时。由此得到的相是非晶体,显示为黄色。
由这些实验证实,最好最大程度的减少反应过程中水蒸气的损失,以防止与从非晶体到晶体的相变化有关的温度升高、颜色变化以及形成饼块或干燥粉末类的坚硬形式的TiO2。本发明的完成是通过从外部提供两种或多种由水蒸气、气体或水蒸气和气体组成的混合气体而引起封闭反应器内部的反应。本发明对生产TiO2进行了描述,但是所述的方法同样可以按照以下实施例中所述的方式用于生产掺杂金属的TiO2和金属涂布的TiO2。
实施例1
将440毫升氯氧化钛(TiCl4溶解在水中,浓度约为50重量%)放入到1560毫升的蒸馏水中。在氯氧化钛完全溶解后,加入氨水将最终的pH调节到6.5。然后用水洗涤析出物,除去杂质离子。然后使用过滤系统对除去杂质离子的Ti(OH)4进行浓缩,在60℃干燥12小时。在将干燥的样品放入到封闭的反应器中后,用氩气将封闭反应器内的压力调节到0.83*106N/m2,在160℃反应2小时。在反应后,通过从外部向封闭的反应器内反复供水,而除去反应器内部产生的氨气,然后排出水蒸气和气体,反应器冷却到正常温度。通过该方法得到白色TiO2粉末。该粉末的初级颗粒粒度大约为10纳米(见图1(a)),显示为晶体相的锐钛矿型TiO2(见图1(b))。
实施例2
将77毫升氯氧化钛(TiCl4溶解在水中,浓度约为50重量%)放入273毫升蒸馏水中,向该溶液中加入0.22克AgNO3。在氯氧化钛和AgNO3完全溶解后,加入约70毫升的氨水将最终的pH值调节到6.5。然后用水洗涤析出物,除去杂质离子。在使用超滤器制备1M掺杂Ag的Ti(OH)4后,将该产物放入封闭的反应器中,在160℃反应2小时。图2(a)-(e)显示反应之后的样品的分析结果。
反应后得到掺杂Ag的TiO2形成初级颗粒粒度约为10纳米的锐钛矿型TiO2颗粒(见图2(a)和(b))。据信掺杂的Ag以纯银或氧化银的形式存在(见图2(c)和2(d))。图2(e)显示掺杂了各种元素的TiO2的紫外可见吸收光谱。可以看出,根据所掺杂的元素得到不同的吸收光谱。
实施例3
将7.7毫升氯氧化钛(TiCl4溶解在水中,浓度约为50重量%)放入342.3毫升蒸馏水中,向该溶液中加入0.717克六水合氯化铬(III)。在氯氧化钛和铬化合物完全溶解后,加入约10毫升氨水将最终的pH值调节到9。然后用水洗涤析出物,除去杂质离子。将除去杂质离子的0.1M掺杂铬的Ti(OH)4溶液放入到封闭的反应器中,在150℃反应3小时。
由此形成的掺杂铬的TiO2显示为针形的锐钛矿型TiO2(长轴=~100纳米,短轴=~20纳米)(见图3(a)和(b))。通过该方法,制得掺杂了约5重量%的Cr的TiO2粉末(见图3(c))。
实施例4
将77毫升氯氧化钛(TiCl4溶解在水中,浓度约为50重量%)放入273毫升蒸馏水中。在氯氧化钛完全溶解后,加入约70毫升的氨水将最终的pH值调节到6.5。在用水洗涤析出物而除去杂质离子后,通过超声处理进行分散。在将0.22克AgNO3放入到分散的Ti(OH)4中后,在正常温度下保持1小时。在陈化后,进行2-3次水洗涤步骤,除去杂质离子,这样得到Ag涂布的Ti(OH)4。将1M Ag涂布的Ti(OH)4溶液放入到封闭的反应器中,然后在170℃反应2小时。
形成初级颗粒粒度大约为10纳米的晶体相Ag涂布的TiO2(见图4(a)和(b))。经证实,银以纯银或氧化银的形式存在(见图4(c)和(d))。
工业适用性
已经参考某些优选和可选的实施方式对本发明进行了描述,这些实施方式是示例性的,不用来限制本发明的全部范围,本发明的范围由所附权利要求限定。
Claims (16)
1.一种合成二氧化钛(TiO2)颗粒的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
在封闭的反应容器中,在至少为水饱和蒸气压的压力和高于100℃的温度使Ti(OH)4反应,产生TiO2颗粒。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:在所述反应步骤前,通过向水溶性钛离子或钛络合物离子的溶液中加入碱性物质,将混合物的pH值调节到4或4以上来合成Ti(OH)4。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述水溶性钛离子选自:四氯化钛、三氯化钛、氯氧化钛和硫酸钛。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述碱性物质选自:NaOH、KOH和NH4OH。
5.如权利要求2所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:在合成Ti(OH)4之后且在所述反应步骤之前,从所述Ti(OH)4中除去杂质离子。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述压力通过以下方式提供:反应器内部的水蒸气、来自反应器外部的水蒸气、从反应器外部提供的气体、或它们的组合。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述气体是惰性气体。
8.一种合成二氧化钛(TiO2)颗粒的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
在封闭的反应容器中,在至少为水饱和蒸气压的压力和高于100℃的温度使Ti(OH)4反应,产生TiO2颗粒;
还包括以下步骤:在所述反应步骤前,通过向水溶性钛离子或钛络合物离子的溶液中加入碱性物质,将混合物的pH值调节到4或4以上来合成Ti(OH)4;
还包括以下步骤:选择至少一种金属盐,所述金属盐选自Ag、Zn、Cu、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ge、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Sn、W、Pt、Au、Sr、Al或Si的水溶性盐;
在加入所述碱性物质之前,向所述水溶性钛离子或钛络合物离子的溶液中加入所述至少一种含有金属离子的水溶性金属盐,并使所述金属离子和所述钛离子共沉淀,形成掺杂金属的Ti(OH)4,由此通过所述反应步骤所产生的所述TiO2颗粒是掺杂金属的TiO2。
9.如权利要求5所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:在除去杂质离子之后且在所述反应步骤之前,通过超声处理将所述Ti(OH)4分散在蒸馏水中。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:选择至少一种水溶性金属盐,所述水溶性金属盐选自Ag、Zn、Cu、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Ge、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Sn、W、Pt、Au、Sr、Al或Si的水溶性盐;在所述反应步骤之前,向所述分散的Ti(OH)4中加入所述至少一种水溶性金属盐,将金属盐和分散的Ti(OH)4的混合物陈化至少5分钟,由此通过所述反应步骤所产生的所述TiO2颗粒是金属涂布的TiO2。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述陈化步骤在低于100℃的温度进行。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TiO2颗粒包括初级颗粒的平均粒度小于150纳米的颗粒。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TiO2颗粒包括球形颗粒。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述TiO2颗粒包括针形颗粒。
15.如权利要求5所述的方法,还包括浓缩和干燥所述Ti(OH)4的步骤。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,所述经过浓缩和干燥的Ti(OH)4根据Ti(OH)4浓缩的程度以溶液、浆料、饼块或干燥粉末的形式产生。
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WO2022007764A1 (zh) * | 2020-07-06 | 2022-01-13 | 宁波极微纳新材料科技有限公司 | 制备二氧化钛的方法以及提升二氧化钛分散性的方法 |
CN113896233B (zh) * | 2020-07-06 | 2024-02-09 | 极微纳(福建)新材料科技有限公司 | 一种低温晶化二氧化钛的方法 |
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- 2005-10-13 CN CN2005800348184A patent/CN101065325B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
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US20080064592A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
JP2008516880A (ja) | 2008-05-22 |
KR20070106975A (ko) | 2007-11-06 |
KR100869666B1 (ko) | 2008-11-21 |
CN101065325A (zh) | 2007-10-31 |
WO2006044495A1 (en) | 2006-04-27 |
EP1812348A4 (en) | 2009-12-23 |
EP1812348A1 (en) | 2007-08-01 |
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