CN101035836B - 质子导电膜及其应用 - Google Patents
质子导电膜及其应用 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101035836B CN101035836B CN200480042201.2A CN200480042201A CN101035836B CN 101035836 B CN101035836 B CN 101035836B CN 200480042201 A CN200480042201 A CN 200480042201A CN 101035836 B CN101035836 B CN 101035836B
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- CN
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- dicarboxylic acid
- film
- benzene
- group
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- -1 phosphine acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 110
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-dicarboxylic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene Substances C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Natural products P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000000000 tetracarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- WJJMNDUMQPNECX-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipicolinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=N1 WJJMNDUMQPNECX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl ether Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC1=CC=CC=C1 USIUVYZYUHIAEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- NEQFBGHQPUXOFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-carboxyphenyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 NEQFBGHQPUXOFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SYHPANJAVIEQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicarboxy carbonate Chemical compound OC(=O)OC(=O)OC(O)=O SYHPANJAVIEQQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MPFLRYZEEAQMLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinicotinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CN=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 MPFLRYZEEAQMLQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GWZCCUDJHOGOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O GWZCCUDJHOGOSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- MJIVRKPEXXHNJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutidinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C(O)=O)=C1 MJIVRKPEXXHNJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- HLRLQGYRJSKVNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrimidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=NC(C(O)=O)=N1 HLRLQGYRJSKVNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003785 benzimidazolyl group Chemical group N1=C(NC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 claims description 3
- CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CC1=CC=CC=C1 CZZYITDELCSZES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ABMFBCRYHDZLRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=C(C(O)=O)C2=C1 ABMFBCRYHDZLRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- DFFZOPXDTCDZDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,5-dicarboxylic acid Chemical class C1=CC=C2C(C(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1C(O)=O DFFZOPXDTCDZDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical class C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WPUMVKJOWWJPRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid Chemical class C1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 WPUMVKJOWWJPRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- GMIOYJQLNFNGPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrazine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CN=C(C(O)=O)C=N1 GMIOYJQLNFNGPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CHGYKYXGIWNSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=NC(C(O)=O)=C1 CHGYKYXGIWNSCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NXRWBYFOLHCASC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[carboxy-(carboxymethylamino)methyl]benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CNC(C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O NXRWBYFOLHCASC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UITKHKNFVCYWNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,4-dicarboxybenzoyl)phthalic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1 UITKHKNFVCYWNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SBBQDUFLZGOASY-OWOJBTEDSA-N 4-[(e)-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C1\C=C\C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 SBBQDUFLZGOASY-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MMHLSHSAOIJBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(3-carboxyphenyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2C=C(C=C(C=2)C(O)=O)C(O)=O)=C1 MMHLSHSAOIJBHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LQEZHWGJSWHXPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC(C(O)=O)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 LQEZHWGJSWHXPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PIKFVGUMJSTJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C34.[N] Chemical class C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C34.[N] PIKFVGUMJSTJQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- ANUAIBBBDSEVKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2,4,5-tetramine Chemical compound NC1=CC(N)=C(N)C=C1N ANUAIBBBDSEVKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NLNRQJQXCQVDQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(3,4-diaminophenyl)methanone Chemical compound C1=C(N)C(N)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C(N)=C1 NLNRQJQXCQVDQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OBKARQMATMRWQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2,5,6-tetracarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 OBKARQMATMRWQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002577 polybenzoxazole Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001263 acyl chlorides Chemical class 0.000 claims 7
- CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyromellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(C(O)=O)C=C1C(O)=O CYIDZMCFTVVTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical group C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001632 acidimetric titration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- CXVGEDCSTKKODG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulisobenzone Chemical compound C1=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(OC)=CC(O)=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CXVGEDCSTKKODG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 17
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- WZJYKHNJTSNBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzo[h]quinoline Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 WZJYKHNJTSNBHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000006277 sulfonation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,8-naphthyridine Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CN=C21 FLBAYUMRQUHISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-1,2,4-triazole Chemical compound C=1N=CNN=1 NSPMIYGKQJPBQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GDRVFDDBLLKWRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4H-quinolizine Chemical compound C1=CC=CN2CC=CC=C21 GDRVFDDBLLKWRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 4
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acridine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 DZBUGLKDJFMEHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzothiazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=NC2=C1 IOJUPLGTWVMSFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 4
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OTEKOJQFKOIXMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(trichloromethyl)benzene Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)C1=CC=C(C(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C=C1 OTEKOJQFKOIXMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFEWXDOYPCWFHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-carboxybenzoyl)benzoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 LFEWXDOYPCWFHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XFFZVIRSYFJKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenylpyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=NC(C(=O)O)=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C(O)=O XFFZVIRSYFJKEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine Chemical compound ON AVXURJPOCDRRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000005428 anthryl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C3C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C3=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- KZTYYGOKRVBIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl sulfone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KZTYYGOKRVBIMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LVPMIMZXDYBCDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocinchomeronic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)N=C1 LVPMIMZXDYBCDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910003209 (NH4)3H(SeO4)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SUTQSIHGGHVXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,2-trifluoroethenylbenzene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)C1=CC=CC=C1 SUTQSIHGGHVXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FIDRAVVQGKNYQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrotriazine Chemical compound C1NNNC=C1 FIDRAVVQGKNYQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000000177 1,2,3-triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BBVIDBNAYOIXOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-oxadiazole Chemical compound C=1N=CON=1 BBVIDBNAYOIXOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YGTAZGSLCXNBQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-thiadiazole Chemical class C=1N=CSN=1 YGTAZGSLCXNBQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
质子导电膜及其应用。本发明涉及一种基于聚唑的新型质子导电聚合物膜,由于其优良的化学和热性能而可以用于多方面,特别是作为聚合物电解质膜(PEM)而适用于所谓的PEM燃料电池的膜电极单元的生产中。
Description
本发明涉及一种基于聚唑的新型质子导电聚合物膜,由于其优良的化学和热性能而可以用于多方面,特别是作为聚合物电解质膜(PEM)而适用于所谓的PEM燃料电池中。
聚唑如聚苯并咪唑(Celazole)早已为人们所熟知。制备这种聚苯并咪唑(PBI)通常是通过3,3’,4,4’-四氨基联苯与间苯二羧酸或其酯在熔体中反应而进行。所形成的预聚物在反应器中固化,然后被机械粉碎。粉末状预聚物随后在高至400℃的温度下在固相聚合中完全聚合,得到所需的聚苯并咪唑。
为了制备聚合物膜,PBI在另一步骤中溶于极性的质子惰性的溶剂如二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)中,并通过常规方法制得膜。
用于PEM燃料电池的质子导电的,即酸掺杂的聚唑膜是早就已知的。碱性聚唑膜被掺杂以浓磷酸或者硫酸,然后在所谓聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(PEM燃料电池)中作为质子导电体和分离体。
由于聚唑聚合物优良的性能,所以这样的聚合物电解质膜可以在被加工为膜电极单元(MEE)后用于燃料电池中,并在高于100℃、特别是高于120℃的温度下连续操作。这一高的连续操作温度使得存在于膜电极单元(MEE)中的基于贵金属的催化剂的活性得到提高。特别是当使用所谓的烃重整产物时,重整气中存在大量一氧化碳,这些一氧化碳通常需要通过复杂的气体处理或气体纯化而除去。增加操作温度使得可以在长期操作中耐受明显更高浓度的CO杂质。
使用基于聚唑聚合物的聚合物电解质膜,首先可以至少部分省略复杂的气体处理或气体纯化,其次可以减少膜电极单元中的催化剂载荷。二者对于PEM燃料电池的广泛使用均是不可或缺的先决条件,因为否则PEM燃料电池系统的成本太高。
目前已知基于聚唑的酸掺杂聚合物膜表现出有利的性能特征。但是,这些性能还需要总体上提高,以使PEM燃料电池可用于需要的使用领域中,尤其是在汽车领域和分散的供电及产热(固定应用)。另外,迄今已知的聚合物膜具有高含量的二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),其不能用已知的干燥方法完全除去。在德国专利申请10109829.4描述了基于聚唑的聚合物膜,其中的DMAc污染物被除去。
德国专利申请10117686.4、10117687.2和10144815.5公开了由多磷酸制得的基于聚唑的聚合物膜。这些膜表现出突出的性能,特别当操作温度高于100℃时。不过所述膜的缺点在于,其具有较高过电压,特别是阴极。
本发明的目的是提供含有机酸的基于聚唑的聚合物膜,其首先具备基于聚唑的聚合物膜的使用优点,其次具有提高的比电导率,特别是当操作温度高于100℃,另外还具有明显更低的过电压,特别是阴极上。
我们现已发现,如果将基础性单体悬浮于或溶于有机膦酸酐中,通过刮刀形成薄的形式,并在有机膦酸酐中聚合,则可以得到基于聚唑的质子导电膜。
本发明主题是基于聚唑的质子导电聚合物膜,其可以通过包括以下步骤的方法得到:
A)在有机膦酸酐中,混合一种或多种芳香四氨基化合物与一种或多种每个羧酸单体含有至少两个酸基的芳香羧酸或其酯,或者混合一种或多种芳香和/或杂芳香二氨基羧酸,形成溶液和/或分散液,
B)使用步骤A)的混合物,在载体上或者在电极上涂布层,
C)在惰性气体中,将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达350℃,优选高达280℃的温度,形成聚唑聚合物。
D)处理步骤C)中形成的膜(直至它可以自支撑)。
本发明所用芳香及杂芳香四氨基化合物优选为3,3′,4,4′-四氨基联苯、2,3,5,6-四氨基吡啶、1,2,4,5-四氨基苯、3,3′,4,4′-四氨基二苯砜、3,3′,4,4′-四氨基联苯醚、3,3′,4,4′-四氨基苯甲酮、3,3′,4,4′-四氨基联苯甲烷和3,3′,4,4′-四氨基二苯二甲基甲烷及其盐,特别是它们的单-、二-、三-及四盐酸盐衍生物。
本发明所用芳香羧酸为二羧酸和三羧酸及四羧酸或其酯或酐或盐酸盐。术语芳香羧酸还包括杂芳香羧酸。芳香二羧酸优选为间苯二羧酸、对苯二羧酸、邻苯二羧酸、5-羟基间苯二羧酸、4-羟基间苯二羧酸、2-羟基对苯二羧酸、5-氨基间苯二羧酸、5-N,N-二甲基氨基间苯二羧酸、5-N,N-二乙基氨基间苯二羧酸、2,5-二羟基对苯二羧酸、2,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、4,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、2,3-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、2,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸;3,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、3-氟邻苯二羧酸、5-氟间苯二羧酸、2-氟对苯二羧酸、四氟邻苯二羧酸、四氟间苯二羧酸、四氟对苯二羧酸、1,4-萘二羧酸、1,5-萘二羧酸、2,6-萘二羧酸、2,7-萘二羧酸、联苯甲酸、1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二羧酸、双(4-羧苯基)醚、苯甲酮-4,4’-二羧酸、双(4-羧苯基)砜、联苯-4,4’二羧酸、4-三氟甲基邻苯二羧酸、2,2-双(4-羧苯基)六氟丙烷、4,4’-芪二羧酸、4-羧基肉桂酸或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的盐酸盐。芳香三羧酸或四羧酸及其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的盐酸盐,优选为1,3,5-苯三羧酸(苯均三羧酸)、1,2,4-苯三羧酸(苯偏三羧酸)、(2-羧苯基)亚氨基二乙酸、3,5,3’-联苯三羧酸、3,5,4’-联苯三羧酸。
芳香四羧酸或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的盐酸盐,优选为3,5,3’,5’-联苯四羧酸、1,2,4,5-苯四羧酸、苯甲酮四羧酸、3,3’,4,4’-联苯四羧酸、2,2’,3,3’-联苯四羧酸、1,2,5,6-萘四羧酸、1,4,5,8-萘四羧酸。
本发明所用杂芳香酸为杂芳香二羧酸和三羟酸和四羧酸或其酯或其酐。杂芳香酸是指在芳香部分含有至少一个氮、氧、硫或磷原子的芳香系统。优选为吡啶-2,5-二羧酸、吡啶-3,5-二羧酸、吡啶-2,6-二羧酸、吡啶-2,4-二羧酸、4-苯基-2,5-吡啶-二羧酸、3,5-吡唑二羧酸、2,6-嘧啶二羧酸、2,5-吡嗪二羧酸、2,4,6-吡啶三羧酸、苯并咪唑-5,6-二羧酸。以及它们的C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的盐酸盐。
三羧酸或四羧酸的浓度(基于所用二羧酸)为0-30mol%,优选0.1-20mol%,特别是0.5-10mol%。
根据本发明所用芳香或杂芳香二氨基羧酸优选为二氨基苯甲酸及其单盐酸盐和二盐酸盐衍生物。
在步骤A)中,优选使用至少两种不同芳香羧酸的混合物。特别优选使用除了含有芳香羧酸外还含有杂芳香羧酸的混合物。芳香羧酸与杂芳香羧酸的混合比例为1∶99至99∶1,优选1∶50至50∶1。
这些混合物特别是N-杂芳香二羧酸与芳香二羧酸的混合物。非限制性的例子是间苯二羧酸、对邻苯二羧酸、苯二羧酸、2,5-二羟基对苯二羧酸、2,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、4,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、2,3-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、2,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、3,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、1,4-萘二羧酸、1,5-萘二羧酸、2,6-萘二羧酸、2,7-萘二羧酸、联苯甲酸、1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二羧酸、联苯醚-4,4′-二羧酸、苯甲酮-4,4’-二羧酸、二苯砜-4,4′-二羧酸、联苯-4,4’-二羧酸、4-三氟甲基邻苯二羧酸、吡啶-2,5-二羧酸、吡啶-3,5-二羧酸、吡啶-2,6-二羧酸、吡啶-2,4-二羧酸、4-苯基-2,5-吡啶-二羧酸、3,5-吡唑二羧酸、2,6-嘧啶二羧酸、2,5-吡嗪二羧酸。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸酐是下式的环状化合物:
或者是下式的线性化合物:
n≥0
或者是有机多磷酸的酸酐,例如下式的二磷酸的酸酐:
n≥1
其中基团R和R′相同或者不同,并且表示C1-C20-含碳基团。
在本发明范围内,C1-C20-含碳基团优选为基团C1-C20-烷基,特别优选是甲基、乙基、n-丙基、i-丙基,n-丁基、i-丁基、s-丁基、t-丁基、n-戊基、s-戊基、环戊基、n-己基、环己基,n-辛基或者环辛基,C1-C20-烯基,特别优选是乙烯基、丙烯基、丁烯基、戊烯基、环戊烯基、己烯基、环己烯基、辛烯基或者环辛烯基,C1-C20-炔基,特别优选是乙炔基、丙炔基、丁炔基、戊炔基、己炔基或者辛炔基,C6-C20-芳基,特别优选是苯基、联苯基、萘基或者蒽基,C1-C20-氟烷基,特别优选是三氟甲基、五氟乙基或者2,2,2-三氟乙基,C6-C20-芳基,特别优选是苯基、联苯基、萘基、蒽基、三亚苯基、[1,1′;3′,1″]-三联苯基-2′-基、二萘基或者菲基,C6-C20-氟芳基,特别优选是四氟苯基或者七氟萘基,C1-C20-烷氧基,特别优选是甲氧基、乙氧基、n-丙氧基、i-丙氧基、n-丁氧基、i-丁氧基、s-丁氧基或者t-丁氧基,C6-C20-芳氧基,特别优选是苯氧基、萘氧基、联苯氧基、蒽氧基、菲氧基,C7-C20-芳烷基,特别优选o-甲苯基、m-甲苯基、p-甲苯基、2,6-二甲基苯基、2,6-二乙基苯基、2,6-二-i-丙基苯基、2,6-二-t-丁基苯基、o-t-丁基苯基、m-t-丁基苯基、p-t-丁基苯基,C7-C20-烷芳基,特别优选苄基、乙苯基、丙苯基、二苯基甲基、三苯基甲基或者萘基甲基,C7-C20-芳氧基烷基,特别优选o-甲氧基苯基、m-苯氧基甲基、p-苯氧基甲基,C12-C20-芳氧基芳基,特别优选p-苯氧基苯基,C5-C20-杂芳基,特别优选2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吖啶基、苯并喹啉基或者苯并异喹啉基,C4-C20-杂环烷基,特别优选呋喃基、苯并呋喃基、2-pyrolidinyl、2-吲哚基、3-吲哚基、2,3-二氢吲哚基,C8-C20-芳基烯基,特别优选o-乙烯基苯基、m-乙烯基苯基或者p-乙烯基苯基,C8-C20-芳基炔基,特别优选o-乙炔基苯基、m-乙炔基苯基或者p-乙炔基苯基,C2-C20-含杂原子基团,特别优选羰基、苯甲酰基、氧苯甲酰基、苯甲酰氧基、乙酰基、乙酰氧基或者腈,其中一个或多个C1-C20-含碳基团可以形成环系。
上述C1-C20-含碳基团的一个或多个不相邻的CH2-基团可以被-O-、-S-、-NR1-或者-CONR2-代替,并且一个或多个H原子可以被F代替。
上述C1-C20-含碳基团,有芳香体系,一个或多个不相邻的CH-基团可以被-O-、-S-、-NR1-或者-CONR2-代替,并且一个或多个H原子可以被F代替。
基团R1和R2相同或者不同,分别表示H或者含有1到20个碳原子的脂族或者芳香烃基团。
特别优选部分氟代或者全氟代的有机膦酸酐。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸酐是市售购得的,例如Firma Clariant的产品T3P(丙烷膦酸酐)。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸酐还可以以与多磷酸和/或与P2O5组合使用。多磷酸为市售的多磷酸,如购自Riedel-de Haen。多磷酸Hn+2PnO3n+1(n>1)通常以P205量计算的分析值(酸滴定)为至少83%。除了单体的溶液,还可能制备分散液/悬浮液。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸酐还可以以与一元和或多元有机膦酸组合使用。
一元和或多元有机膦酸是下式的化合物
R-PO3H2
H2O3P-R-PO3H2
n>2
其中基团R相同或者不同,并且表示C1-C20-含碳基团。
在本发明范围内,C1-C20-含碳基团优选为C1-C20-烷基,特别优选甲基、乙基、n-丙基、i-丙基,n-丁基、i-丁基、s-丁基、t-丁基、n-戊基、s-戊基、环戊基、n-己基、环己基,n-辛基或者环辛基,C6-C20-芳基,特别优选苯基、联苯基、萘基或者葸基,C1-C20-氟烷基,特别优选三氟甲基、五氟乙基或者2,2,2-三氟乙基,C6-C20-芳基,特别优选苯基、联苯基、萘基、蒽基、三苯基、[1,′;3′,1″]-三联苯基-2′-基、二萘基或者菲基,C6-C20-氟芳基,特别优选四氟苯基或者七氟萘基,C1-C20-烷氧基,特别优选甲氧基、乙氧基、n-丙氧基、i-丙氧基、n-丁氧基、i-丁氧基、s-丁氧基或者t-丁氧基,C6-C20-芳氧基,特别优选苯氧基、萘氧基、联苯氧基、蒽氧基、菲氧基,C7-C20-芳烷基,特别优选o-甲苯基、m-甲苯基、p-甲苯基、2,6-二甲基苯基、2,6-二乙基苯基、2,6-二-i-丙基苯基、2,6-二-t-丁基苯基、o-t-丁基苯基、m-t-丁基苯基、p-t-丁基苯基,C7-C20-烷芳基,特别优选苄基、乙苯基、丙苯基、二苯基甲基、三苯基甲基或者萘基甲基,C7-C20-芳氧基烷基,特别优选o-甲氧基苯基、m-苯氧基甲基、p-苯氧基甲基,C12-C20-芳氧基芳基,特别优选p-苯氧基苯基,C5-C20-杂芳基,特别优选2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、吖啶基、苯并喹啉基或者苯并异喹啉基,C4-C20-杂环烷基,特别优选呋喃基、苯并呋喃基、2-pyrolidinyl、2-吲哚基、3-吲哚基、2,3-二氢吲哚基,C2-C20-含杂原子基团,特别优选羰基、苯甲酰基、氧苯甲酰基、苯甲酰氧基、乙酰基、乙酰氧基或者腈,其中一个或多个C1-C20-含碳基团可以形成环系。
上述C1-C20-含碳基团的一个或多个不相邻的CH2-基团可以被-O-、-S-、-NR1-或者-CONR2-代替,并且一个或多个H原子可以被F代替。
上述C1-C20-含碳基团,有芳香体系,一个或多个不相邻的CH-基团可以被-O-、-S-、-NR1-或者-CONR2-代替,并且一个或多个H原子可以被F代替。
基团R1和R2相同或者不同,分别表示H或者含有1到20个碳原子的脂族或者芳香烃基团。
特别优选部分氟代或者全氟代的有机膦酸酐。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸酐是市售购得的,例如Firma Clariant或者Aldrich的产品。
在步骤A)中使用的有机膦酸不包括含乙烯基的膦酸,例如在德国专利申请10213540.1中描述的那些。
在步骤A)中制得的混合物中,有机膦酸酐与所有单体之和的重量比为1∶10000至10000∶1,优选1∶1000至1000∶1,特别是1∶100至100∶1。如果这些膦酸酐以与多磷酸或者一元和或多元有机膦酸形成的混合物使用,则对于膦酸酐要考虑它们。
还可以向在步骤A)中制得的混合物中加入其他有机膦酸,优选全氟代的有机膦酸。可以在步骤B)之前和/或期间进行加入。从而可以提高粘度。
步骤B)中层的形成可通过现有技术已知的制备聚合物膜的方法(铸塑、喷塑、刮刀涂布)来进行。作为载体,可以使用在应用条件下为惰性的所有载体。为了调节粘度,溶液可以任选与磷酸(85%浓磷酸)混合。由此可以将粘度调节为所需的值,并使膜的形成变得容易。
步骤B)中制得的层的厚度为20至4000μm,优选30至3500μm,特别是50至3000μm。
步骤C)中形成的基于聚唑的聚合物含有重复的通式(I)和/或(II)和/或(III)和/或(IV)和/或(V)和/或(VI)和/或(VII)和/或(VII)和/或(IX)和/或(X)和/或(XI)和/或(XII)和/或(XIII)和/或(XIV)和/或(XV)和/或(XVI)和/或(XVI)和/或(XVII)和/或(XVIII)和/或(XIX)和/或(XX)和/或(XXI)和/或(XXII)的唑单元。
其中
Ar相同或者不同,并且可以表示四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar1相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar2相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价或三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar3相同或者不同,并且可以表示三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar4相同或者不同,并且可以表示三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar5相同或者不同,并且可以表示四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar6相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar7相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar8相同或者不同,并且可以表示三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar9相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价、三价或四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar10相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价或三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
Ar11相同或者不同,并且可以表示二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,具有一个或多个环,
X相同或者不同,并且是氧、硫或者带有氢原子、1-20个碳原子的基团的氨基,所述基团优选支化或非支化的烷基或烷氧基或芳基,作为另外的基团。
R相同或者不同,表示氢、烷基或者芳基,条件是,式(XX)中的R不表示氢,和
n,m为大于或等于10的整数,优选大于或等于100。
优选的芳香或杂芳香基团衍生自苯、萘、联苯、二苯醚、二苯甲烷、二苯二甲基甲烷、双苯基酮、二苯砜、噻吩、呋喃、吡咯、噻唑、噁唑、咪唑、异噻唑、异噁唑、吡唑、1,3,4-噁二唑、2,5-二苯基-1,3,4-噁二唑、1,3,4-噻二唑、1,3,4-三唑、2,5-二苯基-1,3,4-三唑、1,2,5-三苯基-1,3,4-三唑、1,2,4-噁二唑、1,2,4-噻二唑、1,2,4-三唑、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,3,4-四唑、苯并[b]噻吩、苯并[b]呋喃、吲哚、苯并[c]噻吩、苯并[c]呋喃、异吲哚、苯并噁唑、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、苯并异噁唑、苯并异噻唑、苯并吡唑、苯并噻二唑、苯并三唑、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、咔唑、吡啶、双吡啶、吡嗪、吡唑、嘧啶、哒嗪、1,3,5-三嗪、1,2,4-三嗪、1,2,4,5-三嗪、四嗪、喹啉、异喹啉、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、肉啉、1,8-二氮杂萘、1,5-二氮杂萘、1,6-二氮杂萘、1,7-二氮杂萘、2,3-二氮杂萘、吡啶并嘧啶、嘌呤、喋啶或者喹嗪、4H-喹嗪、二苯醚、蒽、苯并吡咯、苯并氧硫二唑、苯并氧二唑、苯并吡啶、苯并吡嗪、苯并pyrazidine、苯并嘧啶、苯并三嗪、中氮茚、吡啶并吡啶、咪唑并嘧啶、吡嗪并嘧啶、咔唑、吖啶、吩嗪、苯并喹啉、吩噁嗪、吩噻嗪、Acridizine、苯并喋啶、菲咯啉和菲,它们任选也可以是取代的。
Ar1、Ar4、Ar6、Ar7、Ar8、Ar9、Ar10、Ar11的取代形式是任意的,例如对于亚苯基,Ar1、Ar4、Ar6、Ar7、Ar8、Ar9、Ar10、Ar11可以是邻、间和对亚苯基。特别优选衍生自苯和联苯的基团,它们任选也可以是取代的。
优选的烷基为具有1至4个碳原子的短链烷基,如甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基及叔丁基。
优选的芳基为苯基或萘基。烷基和芳基可以是取代的。
优选的取代基为卤原子如氟、氨基、羟基或短链烷基如甲基或乙基。
优选的聚唑含有式(I)的重复单元,其中重复单元中的基团X是相同的。
原则上聚唑还可以含有不同的重复单元,其不同之处例如在于基团X是不同的。但是,优选它们在重复单元中仅含有相同的基团X。
另外,优选的聚唑聚合物为聚咪唑、聚苯并噻唑、聚苯并噁唑、聚噁二唑、聚喹啉、聚噻二唑、聚(吡啶)、聚(嘧啶)和聚(四氮芘)(tetrazapyrenes)。
在本发明另一个实施方案中,含有重复的唑单元的聚合物是共聚物或者含有至少两个彼此不同的式(I)至式(XXII)单元的混合物。聚合物可以作为嵌段共聚物(二嵌段、三嵌段)、链段共聚物、无规共聚物、周期共聚物和/或交替聚合物存在。
在本发明一个特别优选的实施方案中,含有重复唑单元的聚合物是仅含有式(I)和/或式(II)单元的聚唑。
聚合物中重复唑单元的数量优选大于或等于10。特别优选的聚合物含有至少100个重复的唑单元。
在本发明范围内优选含有重复苯并咪唑单元的聚合物。一些特别有利的聚合物实例含有具有如下通式重复的苯并咪唑单元:
其中n和m为大于或等于10的整数,优选大于或等于100。
通过上述方法得到的聚唑,特别是聚苯并咪唑,具有高分子量。测量其本征粘度至少为1.4dl/g,因而显著高于市售的聚苯并咪唑(IV<1.1dl/g)。
如果步骤A)的混合物还含有三羧酸或四羧酸,则通过此方法可实现所形成的聚合物发生支化/交联。这有助于改善机械性能。
步骤C)所得的聚合物层在水汽存在下于一定温度下处理一定时间,直到该层具有足够在燃料电池中使用的强度。进行处理的程度使得膜可以自支撑,从而其可从载体上剥离而不破坏。
还表明,使用芳香二羧酸(或者杂芳香二羧酸),如间苯二羧酸、对苯二羧酸、2,5-二羟基对苯二羧酸、4,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、2,6-二羟基间苯二羧酸、联苯甲酸、1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二羧酸、二苯醚-4,4′-二羧酸、苯甲酮-4,4′-二羧酸、双(4-羧苯基)砜、联苯4,4′-二羧酸、4-三氟甲基苯二羧酸、吡啶-2,5-二羧酸、吡啶-3,5-二羧酸、吡啶-2,6-二羧酸、吡啶-2,4-二羧酸、4-苯基-2,5-吡啶二羧酸、3,5-吡唑二羧酸、2,6-嘧啶二羧酸或者2,5-吡嗪二羧酸时,步骤D)的温度(或者如果已经在步骤A)中需要形成低聚物和/或低分子量聚合物),有利地高达300℃,优选为100℃至250℃。
步骤D)中膜的处理是在高于0℃并低于150℃的温度下进行,优选温度范围为10-120℃,特别优选室温(20℃)至90℃,存在水汽或水和/或水蒸气和/或高至85%的含水磷酸,或者和/或在水或者磷酸中含有由有机膦酸和/或磺酸形成的混合物的混合物中。处理优选在常压下进行,但也可在高压下进行。重要的是处理需在足量水汽存在下进行,这样存在的有机膦酸酐有助于强化膜,这是部分水解形成有机膦酸和/或磷酸(如果使用多磷酸)的结果。
在有机膦酸酐水解时形成的有机膦酸
导致意料不到地降低过电压,特别是由本发明的膜制得的膜电极单元阴极上的过电压。
步骤D)中有机膦酸酐的部分水解导致膜强化并使层厚降低,形成厚度为15至3000μm,优选20至2000μm,特别是20至1500μm的自撑膜。
步骤D)中处理温度的上限通常为150℃。如果水汽作用时间极短,如使用过热蒸汽时,则该蒸汽温度也可以高于150℃。对于该温度上限而言重要的是处理时间。
部分水解(步骤D)也可在控温并控湿的室中进行,从而水解可以在指定量水汽作用下以确定的方式控制进行。此时可以通过温度或与膜接触的饱和环境,如气体诸如空气、氮气、二氧化碳或其他适合气体或水蒸汽,以确定的方式调节水汽量。处理时间取决于所选上述参数。
另外,处理时间取决于膜厚。
处理时间通常从几秒到几分钟,如在过热水蒸汽作用下,或多至整天,如在空气中在室温下及较低的相对湿度下。处理时间优选为10秒至300小时,特别是1分钟至200小时。
如果部分水解在室温(20℃)下使用相对湿度为40-80%的环境空气进行,则处理时间为1至200小时。
步骤D)中所得膜可制成自撑的,即其可从载体上剥离而不产生破坏,并任选立即进行随后的处理。
磷酸浓度及本发明聚合物膜的导电性可通过水解程度调节,即,时间、温度和环境湿度的水平。根据本发明,质子浓度表示离子交换能力(IEC-Ion exchange capacity)。在本发明范围内,IEC至少为2eq/g,优选5eq/g,特别优选10eq/g。
步骤D)处理之后,膜可在空气中氧存在下通过加热作用而在表面进行交联。对膜表面的硬化处理进一步改善了膜的性质。
交联也可通过IR或NIR作用(IR=红外,即波长长于700nm的光;NIR=近红外,即波长范围为700-2000nm或能量范围为0.6-1.75eV的光)完成。另一种方法是通过β射线照射。此时照射剂量范围为5至200kGy。
本发明聚合物膜与迄今已知的掺杂的聚合物膜相比具有改善的材料性质。特别地,其与已知的掺杂的聚合物膜相比具有改善的性能。这特别是由于质子导电性能得到提高。其在120℃温度时至少为0.1S/cm,优选为至少0.11S/cm,特别是至少0.12S/cm。
根据本发明的膜除了基于聚唑的聚合物外还可以含有其他聚合物作为混合材料。在此,混合成分主要任务是改善机械性能和减少材料成本。
为此,可以在步骤A)期间或之后或者在步骤B)之前添加额外的混合材料。合适的混合材料是聚醚砜,特别在德国专利申请10052242.4中描述的聚醚砜。属于可以作为混合成分使用的另外的聚合物特别是聚烯烃,如聚(氯丁二烯)、聚乙炔、聚亚苯基、聚(对苯二亚甲基)、聚芳基亚甲基、聚armethylene、聚苯乙烯、聚甲基苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯基醚、聚乙烯基胺、聚(N-乙烯基乙酰胺)、聚乙烯基咪唑、聚乙烯基咔唑、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯基吡啶、聚氯乙烯、聚偏1,1-二氯乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚六氟丙烯、PTFE与六氟丙烯、与全氟丙基乙烯基醚、与三氟亚硝基甲烷、与磺基氟乙烯基醚、与烷酯基-全氟烷氧基乙烯基醚的共聚物,聚氯三氟乙烯,聚氟乙烯,聚偏1,1-二氟乙烯,聚丙烯醛,聚丙烯酰胺,聚丙烯腈,聚氰基丙烯酸酯,聚甲基丙烯酰胺,环烯烃共聚物,特别由降冰片烯形成的;主链中含有C-O-键的聚合物,例如聚缩醛、聚甲醛、聚醚、聚环氧丙烷、聚表氯醇、聚四氢呋喃、聚苯醚、聚醚酮、聚酯,特别是聚羟基乙酸、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯、聚羟基苯甲酸、聚羟基丙酸、聚新戊内酯、聚己内酯、聚丙二羧酸、聚碳酸酯;主链中含有C-S键的聚合物,例如聚硫醚、聚苯硫醚、聚醚砜;主链中含有C-N-键的聚合物,例如聚亚胺、聚胩、聚醚亚胺、聚苯胺、聚酰胺、聚酰肼、聚氨酯、聚亚酰胺、聚唑、聚嗪;液晶聚合物,特别是Vetra,以及无机聚合物,例如聚硅烷、聚碳硅烷、聚硅氧烷、聚硅酸、聚硅酸盐、硅树脂、聚磷腈和聚噻唑。
为了用于持续工作温度高于100℃的燃料电池中,优选这样的混合聚合物,其玻璃转化温度或者维卡软化温度VST/A/50至少100℃,优选至少150℃,更特别优选至少180℃。在此优选维卡软化温度VST/A/50为180℃至230℃的聚砜。
聚砜属于优选的聚合物,特别是主链中有芳香部分的聚砜。根据本发明一个特别方面,根据ISO 1133进行测量,优选的聚砜和聚醚砜的熔融体积速率MVR300/21.6小于或等于40cm3/10分钟,特别是小于或等于30cm3/10分钟,特别优选小于或等于20cm3/10分钟。
根据一个特别方面,聚合物膜可以含有至少一种带有芳香磺酸基和/或膦酸基的聚合物。芳香磺酸基和/或膦酸基是这样的基团,其中磺酸基(-SO3H)和/或膦酸基(-PO3H2)共价结合到芳香或杂芳香基。芳香基团可以是聚合物主链(骨架)的一部分或者是侧基团的一部分,这里优选主链中有芳香基团的聚合物。磺酸基团和/或膦酸基团还经常以盐形式使用。此外还可以使用衍生物,例如酯,特别甲酯或乙酯,或者磺酸的卤化物,其在对膜进行操作时反应转化为磺酸。
优选的芳香或者杂芳香基团衍生自苯、萘、联苯、二苯醚、二苯甲烷、二苯二甲基甲烷、双酚酮、二苯砜、噻吩、呋喃、吡咯、噻唑、噁唑、咪唑、异噻唑、异噁唑、吡唑、1,3,4-噁二唑、2,5-二苯基-1,3,4-噁二唑、1,3,4-噻二唑、1,3,4-三唑、2,5-二苯基-1,3,4-三唑、1,2,5-三苯基-1,3,4-三唑、1,2,4-噁二唑、1,2,4-噻二唑、1,2,4-三唑、1,2,3-三唑、1,2,3,4-四唑、苯并[b]噻吩、苯并[b]呋喃、吲哚、苯并[c]噻吩、苯并[c]呋喃、异吲哚、苯并噁唑、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、苯并异噁唑、苯并异噻唑、苯并吡唑、苯并噻二唑、苯并三唑、二苯并呋喃、二苯并噻吩、咔唑、吡啶、联吡啶、吡嗪、吡唑、嘧啶、哒嗪、1,3,5-三嗪、1,2,4-三嗪、1,2,4,5-三嗪、四嗪、喹啉、异喹啉、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、肉啉、1,8-二氮杂萘、1,5-二氮杂萘、1,6-二氮杂萘、1,7-二氮杂萘、2,3-二氮杂萘、吡啶并嘧啶、嘌呤、喋啶或者喹嗪、4H-喹嗪、二苯醚、蒽、苯并吡咯、苯并氧硫二唑、苯并氧二唑、苯并吡啶、苯并吡嗪、苯并pyrazidine、苯并嘧啶、苯并三嗪、中氮茚、吡啶并吡啶、咪唑并嘧啶、吡嗪并嘧啶、咔唑、吖啶、吩嗪、苯并喹啉、吩噁嗪、吩噻嗪、Acridizine、苯并喋啶、菲咯啉和菲,它们任选也可以是取代的。优选的取代基是卤原子如氟、氨基、羟基或者烷基。
在此的取代形式是任意的,例如对于亚苯基,可以是邻、间和对亚苯基。特别优选衍生自苯和联苯的基团,它们任选也可以是取代的。
优选的烷基为具有1至4个碳原子的短链烷基,如甲基、乙基、正丙基或异丙基及叔丁基。
优选的芳基为苯基或萘基。烷基和芳基可以是取代的。
用磺酸基改性的聚合物的磺酸基浓度优选为0.5至3meq/g,优选0.5至2meq/g。该值是通过所谓的离子交换能力(IEC)测定的。
为了测量IEC,将磺酸基转化为游离酸。为此,以已知方式用酸处理聚合物,通过洗涤除去过量的酸。因此,磺化的聚合物首先在沸水中处理2个小时。然后掸去过量的水,并将试样在p<1mbar的真空干燥箱中在160℃下干燥15小时。然后确定膜的干重。这样干燥的聚合物然后在80℃下在1小时内溶DMSO中。然后用0.1M NaOH滴定溶液。然后由达到等当点时酸的消耗和干重计算离子交换能力(IEC)。
具有与芳香基共价键合的磺酸基的聚合物是本领域已知的。这样,例如通过使聚合物磺化可以制备具有芳香磺酸基的聚合物。使聚合物磺化的方法在F.Kucera等人,Polymer Engineering and Science 1988,第38卷,第5期,783-792中有述。在此这样选择磺化条件,使得形成较低磺化度(DE-A-19959289)。
关于具有芳香磺酸基的聚合物,其芳香基团部分是侧基部分,特别是可参考聚苯乙烯衍生物。这样,公开文本US-A-6110616描述了由丁二烯和苯乙烯形成的共聚物及其之后的磺化,以用于燃料电池。
另外,这样的聚合物还可以通过含有酸基团的单体进行聚合反应而得到。这样,如US-A-5422411所述的全氟代的聚合物可以通过三氟苯乙烯和磺基改性的三氟苯乙烯进行共聚而制得。
根据本发明一个特别方面,使用高温稳定的具有与芳香基团键合的磺酸基团的热塑性塑料。通常这样的聚合物的主链有芳香基团。这样,优选磺化的聚醚酮(DE-A-4219077,WO96/01177),磺化的聚砜(J.Membr.Sci.83(1993)211页)或者磺化的聚苯硫醚(DE-A1-19527435)。
以上所述具有与芳香部分键合的磺酸基的聚合物可以单独或者作为混合物进行使用,在此特别优选主链上具有芳香部分的聚合物的混合物。
具有与芳香部分键合的磺酸基的聚合物的分子量可以视聚合物种类及其加工性而有较宽范围。重均分子量Mw优选为5000至10000000,特别是10000至1000000,特别优选15000至50000。根据本发明一个特别方面,具有与芳香部分键合的磺酸基的聚合物有较小的多分散指数Mw/Mn。优选多分散指数为1至5,特别是1至4。
为进一步提高使用性质,还可以另外向膜中添加填充剂,特别是质子导电填充剂,以及另外的酸。添加可在步骤A),步骤B)或者步骤C)期间或之后进行。
非限制性的质子导电填充剂的例子为:
硫酸盐,如
CsHSO4、Fe(SO4)2、(NH4)3H(SO4)2、LiHSO4、NaHSO4、KHSO4、RbSO4、LiN2H5SO4、NH4HSO4,
磷酸盐,如
Zr3(PO4)4、Zr(HPO4)2、HZr2(PO4)3、UO2PO4.3H2O、H8UO2PO4、Ce(HPO4)2、Ti(HPO4)2、KH2PO4、NaH2PO4、LiH2PO4、NH4H2PO4、CsH2PO4、CaHPO4、MgHPO4、HSbP2O8、HSb3P2O14、H5Sb5P2O20,
多元酸,如
H3PW12O40.nH2O(n=21-29)、H3SiW12O40.nH2O(n=21-29)、HxWO3、HSbWO6、H3PMo12O40、H2Sb4O11、HTaWO6、HNbO3、HTiNbO5、HTiTaO5、HSbTeO6、H5Ti4O9、HSbO3、H2MoO4
亚硒酸盐和砷酸盐,如
(NH4)3H(SeO4)2、UO2AsO4、(NH4)3H(SeO4)2、KH2AsO4、Cs3H(SeO4)2、Rb3H(SeO4)2,
磷化物,如ZrP、TiP、HfP
氧化物,如Al2O3、Sb2O5、ThO2、SnO2、ZrO2、MoO3
硅酸盐,如沸石、沸石(NH4 +)、片状硅酸盐、网状硅酸盐、H-钠沸石、H-丝光沸石、NH4-方沸石、NH4-方钠石、NH4-镓酸盐、H-蒙脱石;
酸,如HClO4、SbF5
填充剂如碳化物,特别是SiC、Si3N4,纤维,特别是玻璃纤维、玻璃粉和/或聚合物纤维,优选基于聚唑者。
这些膜还可含有全氟代磺酸添加剂作为其它的组分(0.1-20wt%,优选0.2-15wt%,更优选0.2-10wt%)。这些添加剂使性能改善,在阴极附近增加氧的溶解性和氧的扩散性,并降低铂上磷酸和磷酸盐的吸附。(Electrolyte additives for phosphoric acid fuel cells,Gang,Xiao;Hjuler,H.A.;Olsen,C.;Berg,R.W.;Bjerrum,N.J..Chem.Dep.A,Tech.Univ.Denmark,Lyngby,Den.J.Electroche m.Soc.(1993),140(4),896-902,以及Perfluorosufonimide as an additive in phosphoric acid fuelcell.Razaq,M.;Razaq,A.;Yeager,E.;DesMarteau,Darryl D.;Singh,S.Case Cent.Electrochem.Sci.,Case West.Reserve Univ.,Cleveland,OH,USA.J.Electrochem.Soc.(1989),136(2),385-90)。
全磺化添加剂非限制性的例子为:
三氟甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸钾、三氟甲烷磺酸钠、三氟甲烷磺酸锂、三氟甲烷磺酸铵、全氟代己烷磺酸钾、全氟代己烷磺酸钠、全氟代己烷磺酸锂、全氟代己烷磺酸铵、全氟代己烷磺酸、五氟代丁烷磺酸钾、九氟代丁烷磺酸钠、九氟代丁烷磺酸锂、九氟代丁烷磺酸铵、九氟代丁烷磺酸铯、全氟代己烷磺酸三乙铵、全氟代磺胺和Nafion。
而且,膜可进一步含有可清除(主抗氧剂)或破坏(副抗氧剂)操作中还原氧时产生的过氧化物自由基的添加剂,并进而提高膜和膜电极单元的寿命和稳定性,如JP2001118591 A2所述。这样的添加剂的作用方式及其分子结构述于F.Gugumus在Plastics Additives,Hanser Verlag,1990;N.S.Allen,M.Edge Fundamentals of polymer Degradation andStability,Elsevier,1992;或H.Zweifel,Stabilization of PolymericMaterials,Springer,1998。
这样的添加剂非限制性的例子为:
双(三氟甲基)硝基氧、2,2-二苯基-1-苦味碱基偕腙肼、苯酚、烷基酚、立体位阻的烷基酚如Irganox、芳香胺、立体位阻的胺如Chimassorb;立体位阻的羟胺、立体位阻的烷基胺、立体位阻的羟胺、立体位阻的羟胺醚、亚磷酸盐如Irgafos、亚硝基苯、甲基-2-亚硝基-丙烷、苯甲酮、苯甲醛叔丁基硝酮、半胱胺、三聚氰胺、氧化铅、氧化锰、氧化镍、氧化钴。
本发明掺杂的聚合物膜可能的应用领域尤其包括,燃料电池、电解、电容及电池系统。由于其性能特征,掺杂的聚合物膜优选用于燃料电池。
本发明还涉及含有至少一种本发明聚合物膜的膜电极单元。关于膜电极单元的进一步信息,可参考专业文献,特别是专利US-A-4191618、US-A-4212714和US-A-4333805。上述参考文献中[US-A-4191618、US-A-4212714和US-A-4333805]涉及有关膜电极单元的结构和制备,以及所选电极,气体扩散层及催化剂的公开内容也是本说明书的组成部分。
在本发明的一个变体方案中,膜还可以直接在电极上而不是在载体上形成。这样步骤D)中的处理可以相应缩短,因为膜不再必须是自支撑的。这样的膜也是本发明的一个主题。
本发明另一主题是具有聚唑基质子导电聚合物涂层的电极,该电极由包括如下步骤的方法得到:
A)在有机膦酸酐中,混合一种或多种芳香四氨基化合物与一种或多种每个羧酸单体含有至少两个酸基的芳香羧酸或其酯,或者混合一种或多种芳香和/或杂芳香二氨基羧酸,形成溶液和/或分散液
B)使用步骤A)的混合物,在电极上涂布层,
C)在惰性气体中,将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达350℃,优选高达280℃的温度,形成聚唑聚合物。
D)处理步骤C)中形成的膜。
以上所述的变体方案和优选的实施方案也适用于该主题,因此在此省略重复描述。
步骤D)后的涂层厚度为2至3000μm,优选3至2000μm,特别是5至1500μm。
这样涂覆的电极可引入膜电极单元中,该膜电极单元任选含有至少一种本发明的聚合物膜。
通用测试方法:
IEC的测定方法
膜的电导率高度依赖于以所谓离子交换能力(IEC)表征的酸基团的含量。为测量离子交换能力,刻下直径为3cm的试样并置于充满100ml水的烧杯中。所释出的酸用0.1M的NaOH滴定。然后取出试样,掸去过量水并于160℃将试样干燥4小时。然后用重量法以0.1mg精度测量干重,m0。然后根据下式,由到达第一滴定终点时0.1M NaOH的消耗量,V1ml,和干重,m0mg,计算离子交换能力:
IEC=V1×300/m0
比电导率的测定方法
在恒电势模式下用铂电极(导线直径为0.25mm)通过四极排列的阻抗谱测量比电导率。集电极的间距为2cm。用由平行排列的欧姆电阻和电容以简单模式评估所得谱。在试样要安装前测量磷酸掺杂的膜的试样截面。为测量与温度的关系,将测量池放置在设定于所需温度的烘箱中,通过放置在紧邻试样处的Pt-100电阻温度计调节温度。达到所需温度后,试样在开始测量前于该温度下保持10分钟。
Claims (44)
1.基于聚唑的质子导电聚合物膜,其通过包括以下步骤的方法得到:
A)在有机膦酸酐中,混合一种或多种芳香四氨基化合物与一种或多种每个羧酸单体含有至少两个酸基的芳香羧酸或其酯,或者混合一种或多种芳香和/或杂芳香二氨基羧酸,形成溶液和/或分散液,
B)使用步骤A)的混合物,在载体上或者在电极上涂布层,
C)在惰性气体中,将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达350℃的温度,形成聚唑聚合物,
D)在存在足够水汽的情况下处理步骤C)中形成的膜,从而通过部分水解并形成有机膦酸、或者如果还使用多磷酸的话则通过部分水解并形成有机膦酸和磷酸,存在的有机膦酸酐有助于膜的固化,
其中在步骤A)中是下式的有机膦酸酐:
或者是下式的线性化合物:
或者是下式的有机多磷酸的酸酐:
其中基团R和R'相同或者不同,并且表示Cl-C20-含碳基团。
2.根据权利要求1的膜,其中在步骤C)中将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达280℃的温度。
3.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为芳香四氨基化合物使用3,3',4,4'-四氨基联苯、2,3,5,6-四氨基吡啶、1,2,4,5-四氨基苯、3,3',4,4'-四氨基二苯砜、3,3',4,4'-四氨基二苯醚、3,3',4,4'-四氨基二苯甲酮、3,3',4,4'-四氨基二苯基甲烷和3,3',4,4'-四氨基二苯基二甲基甲烷。
4.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为芳香二羧酸使用间苯二羧酸、对苯二羧酸、邻苯二羧酸、5-羟基间苯二羧酸、4-羟基间苯二羧酸、2-羟基对苯二羧酸、5-氨基间苯二羧酸、5-N,N-二甲基氨基间苯二羧酸、5-N,N-二乙基氨基间苯二羧酸、2,5-二羟基对苯二羧酸、2,5-二羟基间苯二羧酸、2,3-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、2,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸;3,4-二羟基邻苯二羧酸、3-氟邻苯二羧酸、5-氟间苯二羧酸、2-氟对苯二羧酸、四氟邻苯二羧酸、四氟间苯二羧酸、四氟对苯二羧酸、1,4-萘二羧酸、1,5-萘二羧酸、2,6-萘二羧酸、2,7-萘二羧酸、联苯甲酸、1,8-二羟基萘-3,6-二羧酸、二苯醚-4,4’-二羧酸、二苯甲酮-4,4’-二羧酸、二苯砜-4,4’-二羧酸、联苯-4,4’二羧酸、4-三氟甲基邻苯二羧酸、2,2-双(4-羧苯基)六氟丙烷、4,4’-茋二羧酸、4-羧基肉桂酸或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
5.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为芳香羧酸使用三羧酸、四羧酸或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
6.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为芳香羧酸使用1,3,5-苯三羧酸(苯均三羧酸);1,2,4-苯三羧酸(苯偏三羧酸);(2-羧苯基)亚氨基二乙酸;3,5,3’-联苯三羧酸;3,5,4’-联苯三羧酸和/或2,4,6-吡啶三羧酸或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
7.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于作为芳香羧酸使用四羧酸、其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
8.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为芳香羧酸使用苯-1,2,4,5-四羧酸;萘-1,4,5,8-四羧酸;3,5,3’,5’-联苯四羧酸;二苯甲酮四羧酸;3,3’,4,4’-联苯四羧酸;2,2’,3,3’-联苯四羧酸;1,2,5,6-萘四羧酸;1,4,5,8-萘四羧酸,或其C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
9.根据权利要求5的膜,其特征在于,三羧酸或四羧酸的浓度基于所用的二羧酸为0-30mol%。
10.根据权利要求5的膜,其特征在于,三羧酸或四羧酸的浓度基于所用的二羧酸为0.1-20mol%。
11.根据权利要求5的膜,其特征在于,三羧酸或四羧酸的浓度基于所用的二羧酸为0.5-10mol%。
12.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为杂芳香羧酸使用杂芳香二羧酸和三羧酸和四羧酸,它们的芳香部分含有至少一个氮、氧、硫或磷原子,以及它们的C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
13.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,作为杂芳香羧酸使用吡啶-2,5-二羧酸、吡啶-3,5-二羧酸、吡啶-2,6-二羧酸、吡啶-2,4-二羧酸、4-苯基-2,5-吡啶-二羧酸、3,5-吡唑二羧酸、2,6-嘧啶二羧酸、2,5-吡嗪二羧酸、2,4,6-吡啶三羧酸、苯并咪唑-5,6-二羧酸,以及它们的C1-C20烷基酯或C5-C12芳基酯或它们的酸酐或它们的酰氯。
14.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤A)中还使用通过酸滴定法以P2O5计算的含量为至少83%的多磷酸。
15.根据权利要求1或14的膜,其特征在于,在步骤A)还使用P2O5。
16.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤A)或步骤B)中,产生溶液或分散液/悬浮液。
17.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤C)中,形成基于聚唑的聚合物含有通式(I)和/或(II)和/或(III)和/或(IV)和/或(V)和/或(VI)和/或(VII)和/或(VIII)和/或(IX)和/或(X)和/或(XI)和/或(XII)和/或(XIII)和/或(XIV)和/或(XV)和/或(XVI)和/或(XVI)和/或(XVII)和/或(XVIII)和/或(XIX)和/或(XX)和/或(XXI)和/或(XXII)的重复唑单元
其中
Ar相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar1相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar2相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价或三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar3相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar4相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar5相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar6相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar7相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar8相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar9相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价、三价或四价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar10相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价或三价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
Ar11相同或者不同,并且可以表示单环或多环的二价芳香或者杂芳香基团,
X相同或者不同,并且是氧、硫或者氨基,所述氨基带有氢原子、1-20个碳原子的基团或芳基作为另外的基团,
R相同或者不同,表示氢、烷基或者芳基,条件是,式(XX)中的R不表示氢,和
n,m各自为大于或等于10的整数。
18.根据权利要求17的膜,其特征在于,所述1-20个碳原子的基团为支化或非支化的烷基或烷氧基,且n,m各自大于或等于100。
19.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤C)中形成选自聚苯并咪唑、聚(吡啶)、聚(嘧啶)、聚咪唑、聚苯并噻唑、聚苯并噁唑、聚噁二唑、聚喹喔啉、聚噻二唑和聚四氮芘(tetrazapyrene)的聚合物。
20.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤C)中形成含有下式的重复的苯并咪唑单元的聚合物:
其中n和m各自为大于或等于10的整数。
21.根据权利要求20的膜,其中n和m各自大于或等于100。
22.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,步骤A)期间或之后和/或在步骤B)之前,添加额外的聚合物作为混合材料。
23.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤C)之后和步骤D)之前,通过添加磷酸和/或有机膦酸来调节粘度。
24.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,步骤D)中所得的膜在水汽存在下在一定温度下处理一段时间,直到该膜是自支撑的,并且可以从载体上剥离而不产生破坏。
25.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,步骤D)中膜的处理是在大于0℃和小于150℃的温度下进行的,在水汽或水和/或水蒸气存在下进行。
26.根据权利要求25的膜,其中步骤D)中膜的处理是在10-120℃的温度下进行。
27.根据权利要求26的膜,其中步骤D)中膜的处理是在室温20℃至90℃下进行。
28.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤D)中对膜的处理时间为10秒至300小时。
29.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤D)中对膜的处理时间为1分钟至200小时。
30.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤B)中选择电极作为载体,并且步骤D)中的处理这样进行,使得所形成的膜不再是自支撑的。
31.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤B)中形成厚度为20至4000μm的层。
32.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤B)中形成厚度为30至3500μm的层。
33.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤B)中形成厚度为50至3000μm的层。
34.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤D)形成厚度为15至3000μm的膜。
35.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤D)形成厚度为20至2000μm的膜。
36.根据权利要求1的膜,其特征在于,在步骤D)形成厚度为20至1500μm的膜。
37.具有聚唑基质子导电聚合物涂层的电极,该电极由包括如下步骤的方法得到:
A)在有机膦酸酐中,混合一种或多种芳香四氨基化合物与一种或多种每个羧酸单体含有至少两个酸基的芳香羧酸或其酯,或者混合一种或多种芳香和/或杂芳香二氨基羧酸,形成溶液和/或分散液
B)使用步骤A)的混合物,在电极上涂布层,
C)在惰性气体中,将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达350℃的温度,形成聚唑聚合物,
D)在存在足够水汽的情况下处理步骤C)中形成的膜,从而通过部分水解并形成有机膦酸、或者如果还使用多磷酸的话则通过部分水解并形成有机膦酸和磷酸,存在的有机膦酸酐有助于膜的固化直至它可以自支撑,
其中在步骤A)中是下式的有机膦酸酐:
或者是下式的线性化合物:
或者是下式的有机多磷酸的酸酐:
其中基团R和R'相同或者不同,并且表示Cl-C20-含碳基团。
38.根据权利要求37的电极,其中在步骤C)中将步骤B)得到的片状结构/层加热至高达280℃的温度。
39.根据权利要求37的电极,其中涂层厚度为2至3000μm。
40.根据权利要求37的电极,其中涂层厚度为3至2000μm。
41.根据权利要求37的电极,其中涂层厚度为5至1500μm。
42.含有至少一种电极和至少一种根据权利要求1到36中一项或多项所述的膜的膜电极单元。
43.含有至少一种根据权利要求37到41任一项的电极和至少一种根据权利要求1到36中一项或多项的膜的膜电极单元。
44.含有一种或多种根据权利要求42或者43的膜电极单元的燃料电池。
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DE10361833A DE10361833A1 (de) | 2003-12-30 | 2003-12-30 | Protonenleitende Membran und deren Verwendung |
PCT/EP2004/014831 WO2005063852A1 (de) | 2003-12-30 | 2004-12-30 | Protonenleitende membran und deren verwendung |
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