CN101010420B - 二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物 - Google Patents
二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101010420B CN101010420B CN2004800438576A CN200480043857A CN101010420B CN 101010420 B CN101010420 B CN 101010420B CN 2004800438576 A CN2004800438576 A CN 2004800438576A CN 200480043857 A CN200480043857 A CN 200480043857A CN 101010420 B CN101010420 B CN 101010420B
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- Prior art keywords
- acid
- oil composition
- carbon dioxide
- machine oil
- supercritical
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- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 title abstract description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000010721 machine oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
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- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 38
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
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- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecane Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 3
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- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,其在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳中的溶解量为0.1质量%以上。根据本发明,可以提供二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,其可用于采用二氧化碳制冷剂的超临界状态下的冷冻系统,特别是可提高超临界二氧化碳通过热交换器时的热交换效率,同时,具有良好的耐久性和润滑性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物。更详细地说,本发明涉及在采用二氧化碳制冷剂的超临界状态下的冷冻系统中使用的、特别是可提高超临界二氧化碳通过热交换器时的热交换效率、同时具有良好的耐久性和润滑性的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物。
背景技术
一般来说,冷冻机,例如包括压缩机、冷凝器、膨胀阀、蒸发器的压缩型冷冻机的压缩式冷冻循环被制成制冷剂和润滑油的混合流体在该密闭系统内循环的结构。在这种压缩型冷冻机中,作为制冷剂,以往广泛采用二氟二氯甲烷(R-12)、二氟一氯甲烷(R-22)等氯氟碳。另外,与其联用的许多润滑油一直被制造并使用。然而,以往作为制冷剂一直使用的这些氟利昂化合物向大气中释放时,可能会引起破坏平流层中存在的臭氧层等的环境污染,因此,最近,世界上对其使用的限制越来越严格。因此,以1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R-134a)为代表的氢氟碳、氟碳等作为新型制冷剂开始备受注目。该氢氟碳等虽然不会破坏臭氧层,但其在大气中的寿命延长,有可能会导致地球温暖化,近年,一直在研究无上述问题的自然系制冷剂的使用。
另一方面,二氧化碳从对环境无害、对人的安全性的观点考虑,是优良的制冷剂,而且,具有随处可简单获到,无需回收、非常廉价等的优点。近年来,该二氧化碳从地球环境保全和不燃性、低毒性等的观点出发,作为自然系制冷剂而备受注目。可适用的制品被认为有电动车载空调、寒冷地带用供暖设备和热水器等。
从地球环境问题的观点考虑,要求更加节能化、高效化。现在对热水器进行说明,通过采用使用二氧化碳的热泵式热水器,与作为一般家用热水器主流的气体式热水器相比,具有可使运转成本约降低1/5,制冷系数(COP:Coefficient of Performance)可达3.0以上的高效化这样的优点。例如,将上述的HFC制冷剂应用于热泵式热水器时,从制冷剂的热物性出发,只能给出最高约60℃的热水,而更加需要输出功率非常高的压缩机。与此相比,使用二氧化碳制冷剂时,从制冷剂的热物性出发,具有也可以给出约90℃的热水的优越性。
另一方面,冷冻机油可用于封闭式电动压缩机,并发挥其滑动部的润滑、密封、冷却等作用。但是,使用二氧化碳制冷剂的系统与使用R-134a等的系统相比,输出压力高,且达到高温,使冷冻机油处于超临界状态的二氧化碳中。因此,使用以往一般使用的润滑油进行润滑时,稳定性变差而无法长期稳定使用,或产生耐摩耗性变得不充分等润滑性变差等预料之外的问题。
作为采用二氧化碳制冷剂的冷冻循环和压缩机的冷冻机油,主要可采用与制冷剂具有相溶性的聚亚烷基二醇、多元醇酯等合成油。
具体来说,特开平10-46169号公报、特开2001-153476号公报中公开了包括选自聚亚烷基二醇和聚乙烯醚的至少1种的、100℃时的运动粘度为5mm2/s以上的冷冻机用润滑油组合物及使用该组合物的冷冻循环、压缩机,特开2000-273477号公报、特开2001-19987号公报中公开了使用多元醇酯的冷冻机油组合物。
但是,在封闭式电动压缩机中,也要求作为电绝缘油的功能的聚亚烷基二醇从其分子结构考虑电绝缘性低,恐怕会造成为向外部供给电源而安装在压缩机发动机上的气密性端子间的短路,而且由于介电常数、介质损耗角正切增高,恐怕泄漏电流会变大而触电。
另一方面,从多元醇酯与二氧化碳制冷剂的相溶性过高,压缩机内的溶解粘度大幅下降考虑,高压侧的密封性差,压缩效率降低、向冷冻循环的油流出变多,因此有可能导致热交换效率降低。
在这种状况下,本发明的目的是提供在采用二氧化碳制冷剂的超临界状态下的冷冻系统中使用的、特别是可提高超临界二氧化碳通过热交换器时的热交换效率、同时具有良好的耐久性和润滑性的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物。
发明内容
本发明者人等为达成上述目的而进行反复深入研究的结果,发现在超临界状态的二氧化碳中的溶解量在特定的压力和温度条件下为某值以上,特别是通过使在上述条件下的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物的粘度、介电常数、密度和导热系数分别在设定范围内的冷冻机油组合物,可达成上述目的。本发明正是鉴于上述知识而完成的。
即,本发明提供:
(1)二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,其特征在于,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳中的溶解量为0.1质量%以上。
(2)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物的粘度为1mPa·s以下。
(3)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物的介电常数为1~5。
(4)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物的密度为0.1~0.9g/cm3。
(5)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物的导热系数为0.01~0.0001W/m·K。
(6)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,基油为选自聚亚氧烷基乙二醇及其衍生物、聚乙烯醚、多元醇酯、聚α-烯烃、烷基苯和矿物油中的至少1种,且温度40℃下的运动粘度为3~1000mm2/s,色相(ASTM)为1以下。
(7)上述(1)项所述的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,包括选自极压剂、抗氧化剂、酸捕捉剂和消泡剂中的至少1种。
(8)上述(1)项所述的二酸化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物,可用于热水器、车载空调、空调、冰箱、热泵、自动售货机或商品陈列橱的各种供热水系统,或者制冷、供暖系统。
附图说明
图1~图4是表示可使用本发明的冷冻机油组合物的压缩式冷冻循环的各个不同例子的流程图。
图5是热泵式热水器的基本构成图,图6是表示CO2中的冷冻机油溶解量与热交换效率的关系的曲线图。
具体实施方式
首先,对本发明的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物的性状进行说明。
该冷冻机油组合物需要在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳中的溶解量为0.1质量%以上。该溶解量小于0.1质量%时,含有超临界二氧化碳和该冷冻机油组合物的冷冻机用流体组合物通过热交换器时的热交换效率变低。上述的溶解量优选为0.3质量%以上,更优选为0.5质量%以上。另外,该溶解量的上限没有特殊限制,通常为10质量%左右。
另外,含有超临界二氧化碳和该冷冻机油组合物的冷冻机用流体组合物从通过热交换器时的热交换效率及耐久性、润滑性能等方面考虑,在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的冷冻机油组合物的混合物优选(1)粘度1mPa·s以下,(2)介电常数1~5,(3)密度0.1~0.9g/cm3,以及(4)导热系数0.0001~0.01W/m·K。
上述粘度更优选为0.5mPa·s以下,其下限没有特殊限制,通常为0.02mPa·s左右。上述介电常数更优选为1~2,且密度更优选为0.2~0.7g/cm3。进而,上述导热系数更优选为0.001~0.01W/m·K。予以说明,上述各特性值的测定方法如后所述。
以下,对该冷冻机油组合物的基油进行说明。
作为本发明的冷冻机油组合物的基油,只要是可以获得满足上述各特性的冷冻机油组合物的基油,就没有特殊限制,例如可使用选自聚亚氧烷基乙二醇及其衍生物、聚乙烯醚、多元醇酯、聚α-烯烃、烷苯和矿物油中的至少1种。
上述聚亚氧烷基乙二醇及其衍生物例如可使用含有至少1个通式(I)或通式(II)表示的结构单元的聚亚氧烷基乙二醇衍生物。
R1—[(OR2)m-OR3]n …(I)
(式中,R1表示氢原子、碳数1~10的烷基、碳数2~10的酰基或具有2~6个键合部位的碳数1~10的脂肪烃基;R2表示碳数2~4的亚烷基、R3表示氢原子、碳数1~10的烷基或碳数2~10的酰基,n表示1~6的整数,m表示使m×n的平均值达6~80的数。)
[式中,R4~R7分别表示氢原子、碳数1~10的一价烃基或通式(III)
(R8和R9分别表示氢原子、碳数1~10的一价烃基或碳数2~20的烷氧烷基,R10表示碳数2~5的亚烷基、具有烷基作为取代基的总碳数2~5的取代亚烷基、或具有烷氧烷基作为取代基的总碳数4~10的取代亚烷基,n表示0~20的整数,R11表示碳数1~10的一价烃。)表示的基团,且R4~R7的至少1个是通式(III)表示的基团]
这些聚亚氧烷基乙二醇的详情如特开2001-49282号公报的[0012]~[0026]所述。
这些聚亚氧烷基乙二醇在上述通式(I)表示的化合物的中,优选可举出聚丙二醇二甲醚、聚乙烯聚丙二醇共聚物二甲醚、聚丙二醇单丁醚、聚丙二醇二乙酸酯等。
上述聚乙烯醚例如可举出具有通式(IV)表示的结构单元的聚乙烯醚系化合物。
(式中,R12、R13和R14分别表示氢原子或碳数1~8的烃基,它们彼此既可以相同也可以不同,R15表示碳数1~10的二价烃基、R15表示碳数1~20的烃基、k表示其平均值为0~10的数,R12~R16的每个结构单元既可以相同也可以不同,且R15O有若干个时,若干个R15O既可以相同也可以不同。)
另外,也可以使用包含具有上述通式(IV)表示的结构单元和通式(V)表示的结构单元的嵌段或无规共聚物的聚乙烯醚系化合物。
(式中,R17~R20分别表示氢原子或碳数1~20的烃基,它们彼此既可以相同也可以不同,且R17~R20的每个结构单元既可以相同也可以不同。)
这些聚乙烯醚的详情如特开2001-49282号公报的[0027]~[0045]所述。
上述聚乙烯醚例如可优选举出聚乙基乙烯醚、聚乙基乙烯醚-聚异丁基乙烯醚共聚物等。
上述多元醇酯可举出多元醇与碳数5~20的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的酯化物。多元醇可举出己二醇、新戊二醇、癸二醇、季戊四醇、二季戊四醇、三羟甲基乙烷、三甲醇丙烷等,碳数5~20的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸可举出戊酸、己酸、辛酸、癸酸、2-乙基己酸、3,5,5-三甲基己酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、二十烷酸、油酸等。
该多元醇酯的具体例子可举出己二醇的辛酸酯或壬酸酯、癸二醇的辛酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷的己酸酯或辛酸酯、季戊四醇的2-乙基己酸酯、或3,5,5-三甲基己酸酯等。
上述聚α-烯烃优选使用含有α-烯烃的低聚物或乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物或它们的氢化物的物质。尤其,聚α-烯烃优选使用碳数6~14的α-烯烃的低聚物,特别优选1-癸烯的低聚物。乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物优选使用乙烯-丙烯共聚物。
上述烷基苯可举出丙基苯、丁基苯等,矿物油例如可举出石蜡基系矿物油、环烷基系矿物油、中间基系矿物油等,具体例子可举出经溶剂纯化或氢化纯化的轻质中性油、中质中性油、重质中性油、高粘度纯化润滑油料等。
在本发明中,作为基油,为了获得满足上述各特性的冷冻机油组合物,可以从上述各种基油中适当选择1种或2种以上来使用。该基油优选在温度40℃下的运动粘度为3~1000mm2/s,色相(ASTM)为1以下。运动粘度只要在上述范围内就能发挥良好的润滑性能。更优选40℃下的运动粘度为5~500mm2/s,特别优选为5~200mm2/s。而且色相(ASTM)为1以下的基油耐久性良好。
可使该冷冻机油组合物中含有选自极压剂、抗氧化剂、酸捕捉剂和消泡剂中的至少1种。
上述极压剂可举出羧酸的金属盐。这里所谓的羧酸金属盐优选为碳数3~60的羧酸、更优选为碳数3~30、特别优选为碳数12~30的脂肪酸的金属盐。另外,可举出上述脂肪酸的二聚酸或三聚酸以及碳数3~30的二羧酸的金属盐。其中,特别优选碳数12~30的脂肪酸和碳数3~30的二羧酸的金属盐。
另一方面,构成金属盐的金属优选碱金属或碱土类金属,特别是最优选碱金属。
构成上述羧酸的金属盐的羧酸有各种各样,例如可举出脂肪族饱和单羧酸、脂肪族不饱和羧酸、脂肪族二羧酸、芳香族羧酸等。若进一步举出具体例子的话,脂肪族饱和单羧酸可举出己酸、辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、蜡酸、三十二烷酸等直链饱和酸、或者异戊酸、2-甲基戊酸、2-甲基丁酸、2,2-二甲基丁酸、2-甲基己酸、5-甲基己酸、2,2-二甲基庚酸、2-乙基-2-甲基丁酸、2-乙基己酸、二甲基己酸、2-正丙基戊酸、3,5,5-三甲基己酸、二甲基辛酸、异十三烷酸、异肉豆蔻酸、异硬脂酸、异花生酸、异己酸等支化型脂肪酸。另外,不饱和羧酸可举出棕榈烯酸、油酸、反油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等,以及蓖麻醇酸等不饱和羟基酸。另外,脂肪族二羧酸可举出己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸,芳香族羧酸可举出苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸、苯偏三酸、均苯四甲酸等。另外,也可以使用环烷酸等脂环式脂肪酸。上述羧酸还可以2种以上组合使用。
构成羧酸的金属盐的金属也可以举出无特殊制限的各种金属。例如可举出锂、钾、钠等碱金属,镁、钙、锶等碱土类金属,其他金属可举出锌、镍、铝等。优选的金属为碱金属和碱土类金属,特别是最优选碱金属。导入上述每1种羧酸的金属不仅限于1种,也可以是2种以上。
本发明的冷冻机油组合物中,上述羧酸的金属盐的配合量为0.001~5质量%,特别优选为0.005~3质量%。小于0.001质量%时,耐摩耗性不充分,大于5质量%时,稳定性降低,因而不优选。
另外,作为本发明中所用的极压剂,也可以举出磷酸酯、酸性磷酸酯、亚磷酸酯、酸性亚磷酸酯及它们的胺盐等磷系极压剂。磷酸酯有三芳基磷酸酯,三烷基磷酸酯、三烷基芳基磷酸酯,三芳基烷基磷酸酯,三烯基磷酸酯等,具体地可举出磷酸三苯酯、磷酸三甲苯酯、磷酸苄基二苯酯、磷酸乙基二苯酯、磷酸三丁酯、磷酸乙基二丁酯、磷酸甲苯二苯酯、磷酸二甲苯苯酯、磷酸乙基苯基二苯酯、磷酸二乙基苯基苯酯、磷酸丙基苯基二苯酯、磷酸二丙基苯基苯酯、磷酸三乙基苯酯、磷酸三丙基苯酯、磷酸丁基苯基二苯酯、磷酸二丁基苯基苯酯、磷酸三丁基苯酯、磷酸三己酯、磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯、磷酸十三烷基酯、磷酸三月桂基酯、磷酸三肉豆蔻基酯、磷酸三棕榈基酯、磷酸三硬脂基酯、磷酸三油基酯等。
酸性磷酸酯例如可举出2-乙基己基酸性磷酸酯、乙基酸性磷酸酯、丁基酸性磷酸酯、油基酸性磷酸酯、二十四烷基酸性磷酸酯、异癸基酸性磷酸酯、月桂基酸性磷酸酯、十三烷基酸性磷酸酯、硬脂基酸性磷酸酯、异硬脂基酸性磷酸酯等。
亚磷酸酯例如可举出亚磷酸三乙酯、亚磷酸三丁酯、亚磷酸三苯酯、亚磷酸三甲苯酯、亚磷酸三(壬基苯基)酯、亚磷酸三(2-乙基己基)酯、亚磷酸十三烷基酯、亚磷酸三月桂基酯、亚磷酸三异辛基酯、异癸基亚磷酸二苯酯、亚磷酸三硬脂基酯、亚磷酸三油基酯、二苯基亚磷酸2-乙基己基酯等。
酸性亚磷酸酯例如可举出亚磷酸氢二丁酯、亚磷酸氢二月桂基酯、亚磷酸氢二油基酯、亚磷酸氢二硬脂基酯、亚磷酸氢二苯酯等。
进而,作为可与它们形成胺盐的胺类,例如可举出通式(VI)表示的单取代胺、二取代胺或三取代胺。
R5NH3-s …(VI)
(式中,R表示碳数3~30的烷基或烯基、碳数6~30的芳基或芳烷基、或碳数2~30的羟烷基,s表示1、2或3。另外,R有若干个时,若干个R既可以相同也可以不同。)上述通式(VI)中的R中的碳数3~30的烷基或烯基是直链状,分枝状,环状均可。
在此,单取代胺的例子可以举出丁胺、戊胺、己胺、环己胺、辛胺、月桂基胺、硬脂酰胺、油胺、苄胺等,二取代胺的例子可以举出二丁胺、二戊胺、二己胺、二环己胺、二辛胺、二月桂基胺、二硬脂基胺、二油胺、二苄胺、硬脂基·单乙醇胺、癸基·单乙醇胺、己基·单丙醇胺、苄基·单乙醇胺、苯基·单乙醇胺、甲苯基·单丙醇等。另外,三取代胺的例子可以举出三丁胺、三戊胺、三己胺、三环己胺、三辛胺、三月桂基胺、三硬脂基胺、三油胺、三苄胺、二油基·单乙醇胺、二月桂基.单丙醇胺、二辛基·单乙醇胺、二己基·单丙醇胺、二丁基·单丙醇胺、油基·二乙醇胺、硬脂基·二丙醇胺、月桂基·二乙醇胺、辛基·二丙醇胺、丁基·二乙醇胺、苄基·二乙醇胺、苯·二乙醇胺、甲苯基·二丙醇胺、二甲苯基·二乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、三丙醇胺等。
这些磷系极压剂中,从极压性,摩擦特性等方面考虑,特别优选为磷酸三甲苯酯、亚磷酸三(壬基苯基)酯、亚磷酸氢二油基酯、二亚磷酸2-乙基己基苯基酯。
进而,除上述以外的极压剂例如可举出硫化油脂、硫化脂肪酸、硫化酯、硫化烯烃、二烃基多硫化物、硫代氨基甲酸酯类、硫代萜烯类、二烷基硫代二丙酸酯类等硫类极压剂。在此,硫化油脂是硫或含硫化合物与油脂(猪油、鲸油、植物油、鱼油等)反应而成的物质,其含硫量没有特殊限制,但一般优选为5~30质量%的物质。其具体例可举出硫化猪油、硫化菜籽油、硫化蓖麻油、硫化大豆油、硫化米糠油等。硫化脂肪酸的例子可举出硫化油酸等,硫化酯的例子可举出硫化油酸甲酯或硫化米糠脂肪酸辛酯等。
硫化烯烃例如可举出下述通式(VII)
R21—St—R22 …(VII)
(式中,R21表示碳数2~15的烯基,R22表示碳数2~15的烷基或烯基,t表示1~8的整数)表示的化合物等。该化合物是碳数2~15的烯烃或其二~四倍体与硫、氯化硫等硫化剂反应而得到的,该烯烃优选为丙烯、异丁烯、二异丁烯等。
另外,二烃基多硫化物是下述通式(VIII)
R23—Su—R24 …(VIII)
(式中,R23和R24分别表示碳数1~20的烷基或环状烷基、碳数6~20的芳基、碳数7~20的烷芳基或碳数7~20的芳基烷基,它们彼此既可以相同也可以不同,u表示2~8的整数)表示的化合物。此处,R23和R24是烷基时,被称为硫代烷。
上述通式(VIII)中的R23和R24的具体例子可举出甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、伯丁基、叔丁基、各种戊基、各种己基、各种庚基、各种辛基、各种壬基、各种癸基、各种十二烷基、环己基、环辛基、苯基、萘基、甲苯基、二甲苯基、苄基、苯乙基等。
该二烃基(ジヒドロカルビル,dihydrocarbyl)多硫化物例如优选可举出二苄基多硫化物、二叔壬基多硫化物、二(十二烷基)多硫化物、二叔丁基多硫化物、二辛基多硫化物、二苯基多硫化物、二环己基多硫化物等。
进而,硫代氨基甲酸酯(盐)类例如可举出二硫代氨基甲酸锌等,硫代萜烯类例如可举出五硫化磷与蒎烯的反应物,二烷基硫代二丙酸酯类例如可举出二月桂基硫代二丙酸酯、二硬脂基硫代二丙酸酯等。
在本发明中,上述极压剂既可以使用1种,也可以2种以上组合使用。优选的形式为选自羧酸的金属盐和磷系极压剂中的1种或2种以上,特别优选联合使用羧酸的金属盐和磷系极压剂。此时,羧酸的金属盐、磷系极压剂可各配合1种或2种以上。
上述磷系极压剂以下的极压剂的配合量在组合物中通常为0.001~5质量%,特别优选为0.01~3质量%的范围。该配合量小于0.001质量%时,有可能润滑性不充分;且大于5质量%时,有可能促使油泥产生。
另外,上述抗氧化剂优选配合2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚、2,6-二叔丁基-4-乙基苯酚、2,2’-亚甲基双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)等酚系,苯基-α-萘胺、N,N’-二苯基对苯二胺等胺系抗氧化剂。抗氧化剂在组合物中通常配合0.01~5质量%,优选配合0.05~3质量%,该配合量小于0.01质量%时,有时效果不充分,大于5质量%时也无法期待该效果的提高。
另一方面,酸捕捉剂例如可举出苯基缩水甘油醚、烷基缩水甘油醚、亚烷基二醇缩水甘油醚、氧化环己烯、α-烯烃氧化物、环氧化大豆油等环氧化合物。其中,从相溶性的角度考虑优选为苯基缩水甘油醚、烷基缩水甘油醚、亚烷基二醇缩水甘油醚、氧化环己烯、α-烯烃氧化物。
该烷缩水甘油醚的烷基和亚烷基二醇缩水甘油醚的亚烷基可以有分支,碳数通常为3~30、优选为4~24、特别优选为6~16。另外,α-烯烃氧化物可使用总碳数一般为4~30、优选为4~24、特别优选为6~16的物质。本发明中,上述酸捕捉剂既可以使用1种,也可以2种以上组合使用。另外,其配合量相对于组合物,通常为0.005~5质量%,特别优选为0.05~3质量%的范围。该配合量小于0.005质量%时,其配合效果可能无法发挥,而且大于5质量%时,有可能会成为油泥产生的重要原因,因此不优选。
在本发明中,通过配合该酸捕捉剂,在曝露于超临界状态下的二氧化碳的情况下可以提高稳定性。通过联合使用上述极压剂和抗氧化剂,更能发挥提高稳定性的效果。
上述消泡剂可以举出硅油或氟化硅油等。
在不损害本发明目的的范围内,可以在本发明的冷冻机油组合物中适当地配合其他公知的各种添加剂,例如N-[N,N’-二烷基(碳数3~12的烷基)氨甲基]三(三唑)等铜惰化剂等。
在本发明中,二氧化碳制冷剂既可以是以二氧化碳为主成分,也可以是其中包含丙烷、异丁烷等烃类制冷剂,氨系制冷剂,1,1,1,2-四氟碳(R-134a)代表的氢氟碳、氟碳等氟利昂系制冷剂等的制冷剂。其中,只要是以二氧化碳为主成分,特别优选为含有90质量%以上时,就能发挥本发明的效果。
在使用本发明的冷冻机油组合物的冷冻机的润滑方法中,有关上述二氧化碳制冷剂和冷冻机油组合物的使用量,优选为制冷剂/冷冻机油组合物的质量比为99/1~10/90、更优选为95/5~30/70的范围。制冷剂的量少于上述范围时,可见冷冻能力下降,而多于上述范围时润滑性能下降,因此不优选。本发明的冷冻机油组合物可用于各种冷冻机。特别优选适用于压缩型冷冻机的压缩式冷冻循环。例如,本发明的冷冻机油组合物在应用于如附图1~4的各图所示的具有油分离器和/或热气线路的压缩式冷冻循环时也能有效地起到其效果。通常,压缩式冷冻循环包括压缩机-冷凝器-膨胀阀-蒸发器。
各图中,符号1表示压缩机,2表示冷凝器,3表示膨胀阀,4表示蒸发器,5表示油分离器,6表示热气线路,7表示热气线路用阀。
将本发明的冷冻机油组合物应用在使用上述以二氧化碳为主成分的制冷剂的冷冻循环的冷冻机而进行润滑时,能够发挥良好的热交换效率,同时,稳定性和润滑性良好,可长期稳定使用。
本发明的制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物例如可用于热水器、车载空调、空调、冰箱、热泵、自动售货机或商品陈列橱的各种供热水系统,或者制冷、供暖系统等。
以下,对供热水系统进行说明。
图5是热泵式热水器的基本构成图。如图5所示,在该供热水系统中,分类为二氧化碳制冷剂循环的冷冻循环和加热被供给水的循环。
首先,对冷冻循环进行说明。在密闭容器等中收纳的封闭式电动压缩机11压缩低温、低压的制冷剂气体(二氧化碳制冷剂),喷出高温、高压的制冷剂气体,送入水制冷剂热交换器12(放热用热交换器)。被送入到水制冷剂热交换器12中的制冷剂气体将其热量与所供给的低温的水进行显热交换。然后,通过减压机13,变成低温、低压,被送入到热交换器14(吸热用热交换器)。被送入到热交换器14的制冷剂从周围吸收热而蒸发,通过送风箱15释放出冷气。
从热交换器14出来的低温、低压的制冷剂气体再次被吸入到压缩机11,变成重复以下相同循环的机构。二氧化碳制冷剂变成超临界循环,故高压侧超过临界点,可以任意设定高压的压力,因此可以容易地获得接近100℃的高温水。
以下对加热水的循环进行说明。最初从给水口16供给的低温水被送入到水制冷剂热交换器12,从制冷剂获得热而变成热水,再一次性送入到储热水箱17中,从出热水口18给出热水。此时,被给出的水既可以用于调节温度,也可以直接与从水制冷剂热交换器12送出的热水相混合来使用。
以下,通过实施例更详细地说明本发明,但本发明并不局限于这些实施例。
各例所用冷冻机油的种类如下所示。
A1:聚丙二醇二甲醚、40℃下的运动粘度42mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A2:聚丙烯聚乙二醇共聚物二甲醚、(PO/PE质量比=8/2)、40℃下的运动粘度100mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A3:聚乙基乙烯醚聚异丁基乙烯醚共聚物(EV/BV质量比=1/9)、40℃的粘度68mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A4:聚乙基乙烯醚、40℃的粘度430mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A5:季戊四醇的2-乙基己酸/3,5,5-三甲基己酸混合物(质量比1/1)的酯、40℃下的运动粘度65mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A6:聚α-烯烃、40℃下的运动粘度28mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A7:石蜡基系矿物油、氢化处理纯化物、40℃下的运动粘度32mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A8:环烷基系矿物油、40℃下的运动粘度56mm2/s、S成分0.03质量%、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
A9:聚丙二醇二甲醚、40℃下的运动粘度56mm2/s、色相(ASTM)1.5
A10:聚乙基乙烯醚、40℃下的运动粘度570mm2/s、色相(ASTM)1.5
A11:季戊四醇的2-乙基己酸/3,5,5-三甲基己酸混合物(质量比1/1)的酯、40℃下的运动粘度65mm2/s、色相(ASTM)2.0
A12:石蜡基系矿物油、溶剂纯化物、40℃下的运动粘度450mm2/s、色相(ASTM)2.0
B1:聚丁烯、40℃下的运动粘度1500mm2/s、色相(ASTM)小于0.5
B2:CO2单体
予以说明,A1~A6和B1在氮气大于99体积%、氧气小于1体积%的气氛下,由各种制造方法进行制造。另外,A9~A11在氮气95体积%、氧气5体积%的气氛下,由各种制造方法进行制造。
实施例1~8、比较例1、参考例1
对于表1所示的冷冻机油,通过以下所示方法求出特性值,其结果如1表所示。另外,CO2中的冷冻机油溶解量与热交换效率的关系如图6用曲线图表示。
(1)冷冻机油在15MPa、100℃下的超临界CO2中的溶解量
采取含有15MPa、100℃下溶解的冷冻机油的混合物,从混合物的质量和除去CO2后残留的冷冻机油的质量算出溶解量。
(2)混合物的粘度
用压力容器内的粘度计计测15MPa、100℃下的超临界CO2和饱和溶解于其中的冷冻机油的混合物的粘度。
(3)混合物的介电常数
用压力容器内的介电常数测定装置计测15MPa、100℃下的超临界CO2和饱和溶解于其中的冷冻机油的混合物的介电常数。
(4)混合物的密度
通过密度测定池计测15MPa、100℃下的超临界CO2和饱和溶解于其中的冷冻机油的混合物的密度。
(5)热交换效率
使用CO2冷冻循环,测定在超临界状态下运行时的热交换器(冷凝器)中的热交换效率,将CO2单体的热交换效率作为100表示指数。
表1
冷冻机油的种类 | 冷冻机油在超临界CO2中的溶解量(质量%) | 混合物的粘度(mPa·s) | 混合物的介电常数 | 混合物的密度(g/cm3) | 热交换效率[指数] | |
实施例1 | A1 | 3.2 | 0.07 | 1.9 | 0.49 | 99 |
实施例2 | A2 | 2.1 | 0.06 | 1.8 | 0.48 | 99 |
实施例3 | A3 | 3.7 | 0.07 | 1.9 | 0.50 | 99 |
实施例4 | A4 | 4.1 | 0.12 | 2.2 | 0.50 | 99 |
实施例5 | A5 | 4.3 | 0.08 | 2.1 | 0.51 | 99 |
实施例6 | A6 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 1.5 | - | 96 |
实施例7 | A7 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 1.5 | - | 97 |
实施例8 | A8 | 0.3 | 0.04 | 1.5 | - | 97 |
比较例1 | B1 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.4 | - | 93 |
参考例1 | B2 | - | 0.01> | 1.3 | - | 100 |
实施例9~16
将表2所示的冷冻机油50g、CO250g以及Fe、Cu和Al填充入催化剂量高压灭菌器,进行250℃下保持10天的耐久试验后,测定油的酸值,同时,评价外观和有无油泥。
另外,按下述方法求出耐久试验后的热交换效率。
使用CO2冷冻循环,测定在超临界状态下运行2000小时时的热交换器(冷凝器)中的热交换效率,将CO2单体的热交换效率作为100表示指数。
其结果如表2所示。
表2
由2表可知,使用色相(ASTM)大于1的冷冻机油时,耐久试验后的冷冻机油外观呈褐色,酸值增大,同时,产生油泥,而且热交换效率低下。
产业实用性
本发明的二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物可用于采用二氧化碳制冷剂的超临界状态下的冷冻系统,特别是可提高超临界二氧化碳通过热交换器时的热交换效率,同时,具有良好的耐久性和润滑性,可用于例如热水器、车载空调、空调、冰箱、热泵、自动售货机或商品陈列橱的各种供热水系统、或者制冷·供暖系统等。
Claims (6)
1.使用二氧化碳制冷剂用冷冻机油组合物提高超临界二氧化碳通过热交换器时的热交换效率的方法,其特征在于,所述冷冻机油组合物在温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳中的溶解量为0.5质量%以上,其中所述冷冻机油组合物的基油的ASTM色相为1以下,其中,所述冷冻机油组合物的基油为选自聚烯化氧二醇及其衍生物、聚乙烯基醚和多元醇酯中的至少1种,且温度40℃下的运动粘度为3-1000mm2/s,其中,温度为100℃、压力为15MPa的超临界二氧化碳与饱和溶解于其中而成的所述冷冻机油组合物的混合物的粘度为0.5mPa·s以下,并且所述混合物的密度为0.2~0.7g/cm3。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述混合物的介电常数为1~5。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述混合物的导热系数为0.0001~0.01W/m·K。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述冷冻机油组合物包含选自极压剂、抗氧化剂、酸捕捉剂和消泡剂中的至少1种.
5.权利要求1所述的方法,所述冷冻机油组合物用于热水机、空调、冰箱、热泵、自动售货机或商品陈列橱的各种供热水系统,或者制冷、供暖系统。
6.权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述空调为车载空调。
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JP5097402B2 (ja) | 2012-12-12 |
US20070272893A1 (en) | 2007-11-29 |
EP1783199A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
EP1783199B1 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
JPWO2006022023A1 (ja) | 2008-05-08 |
US9243205B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 |
EP1783199A4 (en) | 2013-01-02 |
US20110248206A1 (en) | 2011-10-13 |
CN101010420A (zh) | 2007-08-01 |
WO2006022023A1 (ja) | 2006-03-02 |
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