CN100364309C - 重要文件的数字水印与方法 - Google Patents

重要文件的数字水印与方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN100364309C
CN100364309C CNB998089184A CN99808918A CN100364309C CN 100364309 C CN100364309 C CN 100364309C CN B998089184 A CNB998089184 A CN B998089184A CN 99808918 A CN99808918 A CN 99808918A CN 100364309 C CN100364309 C CN 100364309C
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
pattern
banknote
watermark
data
line
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
CNB998089184A
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English (en)
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CN1631030A (zh
Inventor
若弗雷·B·罗兹
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L-1 Security Qualification
Digimarc Corp
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Digimarc Corp
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Application filed by Digimarc Corp filed Critical Digimarc Corp
Priority to CN200710148561.6A priority Critical patent/CN101159799B/zh
Publication of CN1631030A publication Critical patent/CN1631030A/zh
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Abstract

对重要文件(例如:护照、货币、各种活动门票等)进行编码以传递机器可读取的多位二进制信息(例如:数字水印),通常此信息以不被肉眼观察者察觉的形式出现。可以在文件上设置明显或域下校准图案。当包括此图案的文件被扫描(例如:利用复印机)时,尽管对扫描数据进行比例缩放和旋转,但是图案仍可以实现对编码信息的检测。校准图案可以起水印信息的载体的作用,或可以单独对水印进行编码。在一个实施例中,利用凹版印刷过程,使用油墨或不使用油墨,在文件上形成水印和校准图案。如果试图复制重要文件,对此标记敏感的复印机可以采取预定行动。对此标记敏感的护照处理站可以利用解码的二进制数据来访问具有护照持有人有关信息的数据库。有些装置检测重要文件的水印数据和可见结构特征(例如:文件发行者的印刷印记)。

Description

重要文件的数字水印与方法
技术领域
本发明涉及将二进制数据以不易被觉察的形式嵌入重要文件中的方法和系统,并涉及对此二进制数据进行检测/解码的相关方法/系统。(这里的“重要文件”指可流通金融票据(即:钞票、旅行支票、无记名债券)、护照、签证、其它移民文件、股票、邮票、彩票、体育比赛票/音乐会票等)本发明的一种应用是防止重要文件被伪造,另一种应用是通过这种文件传递机器可读取的信息,而不会引起肉眼观察者对这种信息的注意。
背景技术
数字水印(有时称为“数据隐藏”或“数据嵌入”)领域是正在快速发展的领域,存在几种不同方法的数字水印技术。与已公开的PCT专利申请WO 97/43736一起,本发明以及上述详细说明的应用中反映了本发明发明人的工作。第5,734,752、5,646,997、5,659,726、5,664,018、5,671,277、5,687,191、5,687,236、5,689,587、5,568,570、5,572,247、5,574,962、5,579,124、5,581,500、5,613,004、5,629,770、5,461,426、5,743,631、5,488,664、5,530,759、5,539,735、4,943,973、5,337,361、5,404,160、5,404,377、5,315,098、5,319,735、5,337,362、4,972,471、5,161,210、5,243,423、5,091,966、5,113,437、4,939,515、5,374,976、4,855,827、4,876,617、4,939,515、4,963,998、4,969,041号美国专利以及公开的第WO 98/02864、EP 822,550、WO 97/39410、WO 96/36163、GB 2,196,167、EP 777,197、EP 736,860、EP 705,025、EP 766,468、EP782,322、WO 95/20291、WO 96/26494、WO 96/36935、WO 96/42151、WO 97/22206、WO 97/26733号国外专利申请说明了其它工作。其中上述一些专利涉及可见水印技术。在第5,706,364、5,689,620、5,684,885、5,680,223、5,668,636、5,640,647、5,594,809号美国专利中描述了其它可见水印技术(例如:数据字形)。
不在本发明说明书中说明数据嵌入方面的大量工作,而在技术文章中对此进行说明。除了上述专利的专利权人外,本领域的其它一些技术人员(其中包括通过在INSPEC或NEXIS数据库中进行作者检索发现的涉及水印的文章的作者)包括:I.Pitas、Eckhard Koch、Jian Zhao、Norishige Morimoto、Laurence Boney、Kineo Matsui、A.Z.Tirkel、FredMintzer、B.Macq、Ahmed H.Tewfik、Frederic Jordan、Naohisa Komatsu、Joseph O′Ruanaidh、Neil Johnson、Ingemar Cox、Minerva Yeung以及Lawrence O′Gorman。
假设技术人员熟悉上述现有技术。
当然,在以下披露的内容中,所指的水印技术不仅包括发明人提出的水印技术,而且可以同样应用于其它任何水印技术(例如:上述指出的技术)。
可以将水印应用于多种信息形式。本发明所披露的内容主要是其在重要文件方面的应用。然而,应该承认以下讨论的原理可以应用于此领域以外的其它领域。
图像水印方面的大多数现有技术集中在像素映像(例如:位映射图像、JPEG/MPEG成像、VGA/SVGA显示装置等)。在大多数水印技术中,通过图像稍许改变组成像素的亮度值和色值来对二进制数据进行域下编码。(这种编码可以在在像素范围内直接实现或在信号已被处理并表现出不同后实现,例如:作为DCT或子波系数或作为压缩数据等)。
尽管像素映像技术是相对近期发展的技术,但是通常采用线条图的重要文件可以追索到几世纪前。一个熟悉的实例是美国纸币。例如,在一美元纸币上,以几种不同的方法使用了线条图。其中一种方法是沿纸币的边缘(通常由深色背景上的浅色线构成)形成交错的网状图案(有时称为“扭索饰图案”)。另一种方法是形成灰度成像,例如:乔治一华盛顿的肖像(通常由浅色背景上的深色线构成)。
在重要文件线条图上模拟灰度有两种基本方式。一种方式是改变各条线的相对间距来影响图像区域的亮和暗。图1A示出这种布局分布;由于组成线之间的间距较近,所以区域B看上去比区域A暗。另一种技术是改变组成线的宽度,越宽的线会导致区域越暗,越细的线会导致区域越亮。图1B示出这种布局。区域B还是较区域A暗,这次是由于组成线的宽度更宽了。经常同时使用这些技术。归根结底这些技术是油墨在给定区域内的多、少问题。
我在第08/438,159号专利申请中所介绍的以及我在第09/074,034号专利申请中所详细说明的水印线条图技术中稍许改变了组成线的宽度或位置。这种技术在本发明中被进一步拓展。
在所列举的我的几个专利中,讨论了多种“校准信号”,即使编码图像由于比例缩放或旋转而被破坏,这些“校准信号”仍有助于水印数据的解码过程。(例如,参考第5,832,119号专利)一般的伪造技术一例如彩色复印或扫描/喷墨打印经常会有意无意中破坏编码图像。因此,尽管存在这种影响,在重要文件中嵌入可检测的水印仍然重要。在本发明说明书中详细说明了特别适合用于重要文件的校准信号。
发明内容
根据本发明实施例,将重要文件编码成传送机器可读取的多位二进制信息(例如:数字水印),这些信息通常以不易引起肉眼观察者注意的方式存在。可以在重要文件内设置公开的校准图案或域下校准图案。当扫描含有这种图案的文件时(例如:利用复印机),尽管可能比例缩放或旋转扫描数据,但是该图案仍可用于编码信息的检测。校准图案可以作为水印信息的载体,或对水印进行单独编码。在一种实施例中,通过利用油墨或不利用油墨,进行凹版印刷处理,可以形成水印和校准图案。如果试图复制重要文件,对这种标记敏感的复印机就可以采取预定动作。对这种标记敏感的护照处理站可以利用解码的二进制数据来访问含有护照持有人有关信息的数据库。有些这种装置既可以检测水印数据又可以检测重要文件的外观结构特征。
因此,根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种钞票,至少包括基底、数字水印以及潜在的校准图案,校准图案具有便于根据与所述钞票对应的扫描数据对数字水印进行解码的已知变换,人眼观察者不能看见所述数字水印,而能够根据与所述钞票对应的可见光扫描数据检测所述数字水印,其中,所述校准图案包括沿所述钞票的至少一维冗余的结构,所述结构包括:多条调制在至少宽度和布置之一中的线,以给予钞票特性使所述钞票能够被机器所识别,从而防止所述钞票被机器复印。
根据本发明的另一个方面,提供了一种生产钞票的方法,所述钞票被设计成能够被打印或扫描设备的处理电路所识别,以防止伪造钞票,所述方法包括:限定将要形成在所述钞票上的基本图案设计;限定潜在特征,所述潜在特征当被所述处理电路处理后将产生潜在特性输出图案,无论所述潜在特征是否处于旋转状态,所述潜在特征包括沿所述钞票的至少一维冗余的结构;产生组合的线形图案,所述线形图案组合基本图案设计和潜在特征,所组合的线形图案包括多条线,其宽度和布置被定制,以产生对应于所述基本图案设计的可视效果,同时传递所述潜在特征;通过将金属板压到衬底中凹版印刷钞票,所述金属板的形状与所述组合的线条图案对应。
通过以下参考附图的详细说明,本发明的上述以及其它特征和优势会更加明显。
附图说明
图1A和图1B示出利用线条图达到灰度效果的现有技术。
图2示出根据本发明实施例可以施加到重要文件上的格点的虚拟阵列。
图3示出根据图2所示的实施例可以施加到重要文件上的区域的虚拟阵列。
图4示出有线条图图像线条通过的图3的局部。
图5示出为了实现水印编码图3所示的线条的宽度变化。
图6示出为了实现水印编码图3所示的线条的位置变化。
图7A和图7B示出根据本发明实施例的各种水印和校准块。
图8示出说明性的基准灰度校准子块。
图9A至图9C示出根据本发明实施例编织校准图案的设计步骤。
图10示出根据本发明实施例的编织校准图案的设计过程中使用的差错数据的产生过程。
图11示出根据本发明另一个实施例的护照处理站的方框图。
图12示出根据本发明另一个实施例的复印机的方框图。
具体实施方式
为了介绍,本发明以回顾在09/074,034申请中所公开的在线条图内嵌入水印数据的技术作为开始。
参考图2,上述说明的技术采用了在线条图图像内排列的格10的图像基准点。在上述阵列中,各点之间的间距为250微米,当然也可以采用更大或更小的间距。
如图3所示,与各格点相关的是环绕区域12。如下所述,为了实现域下二进制数据编码,稍许改变各环绕区域12的亮度(反射系数)。
区域12可以为各种形状;所示出的方圆形仅是一个代表。(所示出的形状的优势是可以包围相当大的区域,而较例如正方形区域产生更少的直观人工痕迹。)在其它实施例中,可以替换采用正方形、长方形、圆形、椭圆形等。
图4是图3的局部放大图,它示出通过格点的线14。当然,线的宽度取决于部分特定图像。所示的线约为40微米宽,当然,也可以使用更宽或更细的线。
在如图5所示的一种编码技术中,为了改变它所通过的区域的亮度,可控改变线的宽度。为了提高亮度(或反射系数),可以使线更细(即:该区域内的油墨更少)。为了降低亮度,可以使线更宽(即:该区域内的油墨更多)。
应该提高还是应该降低给定区域的亮度取决于所采用的特定水印算法。通过改变区域12的亮度,可以将任何算法用作别的方法改变像素图像中像素的亮度或颜色的算法。(有些水印算法使它们在变换域内发生变化,例如:DCT、子波或傅立叶变换。然而,这种变化最终被表现为亮度或颜色的变化。)
在一种典型算法中,二进制数据被表示为-1和1序列,而不是0和1序列。(二进制数据可以包括唯一的单数据项,但是更一般的情况是包括几个单数据项。在所说明的实施例中,数据为128位,其中有些位是错误校正位或错误检测位。)
然后,将该二进制数据序列的各单元乘以由-1和1组成的伪随机数序列的相应单元,以产生中间数据信号。此中间数据信号的各单元映射到图像的相应子部分(例如:区域12)。(通常,各单元映射到几个这种子部分。)对此区域内(或选择围绕此区域)的图像进行分析以确定其隐藏嵌入数据的相对能力,并产生相应的比例因子。典型的比例因子在0至3范围内。然后,将该区域的比例因子乘以映射到区域的中间数据信号以产生区域“修整”值或“偏差”值。在所说明的情况下,获得的修整值在-3至3之间。然后,根据修整值调节区域的亮度。修整值为-3对应-5%的亮度变化,修整值为-2对应-2%的亮度变化,修整值为-1对应-1%的亮度变化,修整值为0对应不发生变化,修整值为1对应+1%的亮度变化,修整值为2对应+2%的亮度变化,修整值为3对应+5%的亮度变化。(此实例采用了第5,710,834号专利中披露的实时编码器实施例中所描述的主要技术)。
在图5中,水印算法确定应该将区域A的亮度降低某个百分比,而将区域C和区域D的亮度增加某个百分比。
在区域A内,通过增加线的宽度来降低亮度。与在区域C内相同(只是程度更低),在区域D内,通过降低线的宽度来增强亮度。
没有线通过区域B,因此,不可能改变该区域的亮度。然而,由于典型水印算法对全部线条图图像间隔的子部分内的数据的各位进行冗余编码,所以对于本方法这并不是致命弱点。
为了说明问题,夸大了图5所示的区域A和区域D内的线宽度变化。尽管所说明的偏差是可能的,但是多数实现过程通常将线宽度调制3-50%(增加或减少)。
(为了实现编码,许多水印算法通常约在亮度的+/-1%的变化范围内进行运算。即通过编码附加的“噪声”约相对于基础信号的1%。线通常不占满整个区域,因此,线宽度10%的变化仅可以引起区域亮度等1%的变化。重要文件与照片的不同之处在于照相原图通常不需要传递照片的真实性。因此,如果在审美方面能够满意,对重要文件进行编码所需的能量就可以比水印照片中所用的能量高。为了说明问题,在重要文件中可以存在约10%的局部亮度变化,然而,通常认为照片中的这种水印能级是不可接受的。在有些情况下,20%、30%、50%甚至100%的局部亮度变化都可以接受。)
在上述说明的技术中,线宽度的变化仅是待施加到单一区域内的水印修整(或如下所述的水印图案修整/校准图案修整)的函数。因此,如果线通过施加了2%修整的区域的任一部分,那么,该区域内的线宽度的变化会产生2%的亮度变化。在替换技术中,线宽度的变化是线在区域内位置的函数。尤其是,线宽度的变化是区域中心格点与接近该格点的最近的线之间的间距的函数。如果线通过格点,则产生全部2%的变化。对于连续更大的间距,施加连续更小的变化。通过采用多种插值算法之一,例如:双线性插值算法、双三次插值算法、三次样条插值算法、常规曲线插值算法,可以确定修整幅度随区域内线位置变化的方式。
在其它技术中,给定区域内线宽度的变化为相邻区域或环绕区域修整的加权函数。因此,根据与一个或多个相邻区域对应的修整值,可以增加或减少一个区域内的线宽度。
还可以采用上述技术的组合。
在上述技术中,有时需要交替使用相邻区域的修整值。例如,线可以沿区域的边界通过,或通过与四个格点等距离(“等距离区域”)的点。在这种情况下,线需要满足互相矛盾的修整值,一个区域可能希望增加线宽度,而另一个区域可能希望减小线宽度。(或者,两者均希望增加线宽度,只是数量不同而已)同样是线不通过等距离区域的情况,线宽度的变化是其修整值不同的相邻区域的函数。此外,在任何给定区域内确定线宽度的变化的过程中,可以采用已知的插入函数来确定待根据各区域给定修整值的权重。
在典型的水印算法中,整个重要文件图像的平均亮度变化为0,因此,产生的图像的亮、暗不明显。亮度的局部变化的程度以及位置的局部变化如此微小以致它们实质上不被肉眼观察者看见(例如:难于察觉/域下)。
在图6所示的替换技术中,改变线的位置而不改变线的宽度。
在图6中,以虚线的形式示出线的初始位置,以实线的形式示出该线位置的变化。为了降低区域内的亮度,稍许移动该线使它更接近格点的中心;为了提高区域的亮度,稍许移动该线使它离开格点的中心。因此,在区域A内,该线向着格点的中心移动,而在区域D内,该线离开格点的中心。
我们会注意到,当线从区域A出来时,在区域A的左侧的线并未返回其正常(虚线)位置。这是由于降低了区域A左侧的区域的亮度。在有可能的地方,通常优先不使线返回到其正常位置,而是当它们进入相邻区域时允许移动的线保持移动。这样做允许在区域内有更大的净线移动,增加嵌入信号的电平。
此外,在图6中有些夸大了线的移动。大多数典型的线移动约为3-50微米。
分析图6所示的技术的一种方法是采用磁性模拟。可以将各区域中心的格点看作磁铁。它既吸引线又排斥线。例如,-3的修整值可以对应于强值吸引力,+2的修整值可以对应于中等值排斥力等。在图6中,区域A内的格点显示吸引力(即:负修整值),而区域D内的格点显示排斥力(例如:正修整值)。
由于作用在线上的磁性作用取决于该线与格点之间的距离,所以磁性模拟有用。因此,通过格点附近的线比区域的周边附近的线移动得多。
(实际上,磁性模拟不仅仅作为理论工具使用。相反,可以用计算机程序建立磁性作用的模型,而且用于合成要求的相对于格点的线布局。可以使用任意定制的磁场。)
可以应用于图5的各种替换方法均同样可以应用于图6。
当然,可以综合使用图5所示的实施例与图6所示的实施例,结果会增加水印能量、更好的信噪比,而且在许多情况下,有更不易察觉的变化。
在进一步的技术中,当线保持不变时,可以改变各区域的亮度。这可以通过在区域内的同样空闲部分喷细小油墨滴实现。在印刷重要文件使用的高质量印刷技术中,沉淀直径约为3微米的小滴。(更大的小滴会超出大多数肉眼观察者的知觉范围。)在区域内喷上这种滴(或者是规则阵列或者是随机的或者是根据要求的轮廓,例如:高斯轮廓),可以容易地产生约1%的亮度变化。(通常将深色小滴施加到区域,使亮度降低。通过喷浅色油墨或通过在同样出现在区域内的线条图上形成浅色空隙均可以增强亮度。)(实际上,生产现实通常意谓着不印刷这些微滴,而统计上某些小滴是印刷的。)
在替换的喷滴技术中,可以将非常细的网格线插入原图一再一次稍许改变一个或多个区域的亮度(所谓的“背景涂色”)。
本发明说明书的以下部分将对校准或对在说明性重要文件中使用的同步模式进行研究,以便适当对准用于解码的水印数据。通过进一步对说明性水印方法进行详细研究,会更有益处。
参考图7,在一侧将典型水印划分为一边为250微米的“单元”,每个单元传递一个的信息位。在一侧将“单元”组织成具有128单元的“块”(即每个块有16,384个单元)。这些块并列排列在进行水印处理的整个区域(例如:整个重要文件的表面)。
如上所述,水印净荷载包括128位的数据。每位由各块内的128个不同的单元表示。(位与单元的映射关系可以是伪随机的、序列的、或其它。)利用伪随机函数,水印数据的128位“0”和“1”按“1”和“-1”的相等概率随机分布以降低水印的可见度。在单元数值为“1”的位置,会稍许增加图像相应区域的亮度,在单元数值为“-1”的位置会稍许降低图像相应区域的亮度(或反之亦然)。在有些实施例中,根据局部区域数据隐藏属性,对由于+1/-1水印单元数值引起的图像亮度的局部变化进行计算(例如:约为+/-4数字数)以增强水印的坚固性,而不破坏它的隐藏性。
应该注意,通常,单一水印“单元”包含大量油墨点。在印刷重要文件通常使用的高清晰度印刷技术中(例如:每英寸5000微滴),单一水印单元可以包括约50×50小滴。在其它实施例中,单元中可以包括更多或更少的小滴。
对水印进行解码要求对扫描的文件图像进行精确再对准,因此,将水印单元置于要求的位置。为了便于对准,可以采用校准信号。
典型的校准信号为具有已知的傅立叶-米林(Fourier-Mellin)变换的几何图案。如同第5,862,260号专利中所述的那样,当将已知的图案变换到傅立叶域,然后进一步变换到傅立叶-米林域时,变换的数据表示图案的缩放比例和图案的旋转。如果在重要文件上复制此图案,然后扫描该重要文件(如上所述,扫描时通常要采用旋转并且有时要进行比例缩放),则傅立叶-米林变换数据表示扫描数据的比例缩放和旋转,为了进行水印检测,对重要文件图像进行再对准。
如图7B所示,说明性的几何校准图案为每侧长3.2cm的块。该块包括16×16的实际上相同的平铺子块阵列,各子块每侧的长为2mm。实际上,每个子块包括8×8的组成单元阵列。
如下所述,在上述实施例中的几何校准图案是重要文件上的直观设计特征。因此,与水印数据不同,校准图案并不局限于为了将它隐藏在文件的其它特性中而采用的小范围的数字数。同样,与水印数据不同,根据重要文件图像的数据隐藏属性,并不在局部比例缩放上述校准图案。
可以在重要文件上印刷灰度长方格作为校准图案。然而,从审美方面考虑通常不鼓励这样做。优先以更传统的美术形式(例如:外观随机的缠结线串)实现此校准图案,形成类似编织的图案,通过部分或全部重要文件印刷此图案。
为了创建类似编织的校准图案,设计者首先确定8×8的单元基准校准平铺子块。对子块内的各单元指定灰度值。在上述实施例中,使用在互相之间2-10%内的数值,但是这不是实质问题。典型基准校准平铺子块示于图8(假定8位量化)。
对由此基准校准平铺子块获得的块进行傅立叶-米林变换是用于确定扫描重要文件图像的比例缩放和旋转的关键。
在选择/设计确定基准校准平铺子块的灰度值图案时,存在几种最佳选择。该图案应具有可以容易地与重要文件上的其它设计和水印单元的傅立叶-米林变换区别开的傅立叶-米林变换。一种设计方法实现重要文件设计的其余部分的试用傅立叶一米林变换,并由此数据逆变以选择可容易识别的基准校准平铺子块。
一旦选择了基准平铺子块图案,后面的步骤就是反复地确定具有类似编织图案、其局部亮度值接近满足基准平铺子块的灰度图案的平铺子块。
参考图9A,第一步是在线穿过平铺子块的边缘的平铺子块的左下侧边缘选择点。还要选择线穿过这些边缘的角度。(在上述实施例中,任意选择这些点和角度,但是,在其它实施例中,根据最佳设计方法进行选择)
然后,在相应的平铺子块的右上侧边缘复制选择点和角度。通过这样布局,从一个平铺子块上部出来的线以相同的角度无缝地进入相邻平铺子块的下部。同样,从平铺子块的任一侧出来的线与横向相邻的块中的线无缝接合。
接着,设计者建立试用线路,通过迂回通过平铺子块(如图9B、图9C所示)任意连接平铺子块边缘上匹配的点对。(有时将这些迂回通路称为“worm”)最好,这些通路通过构成平铺子块的64个组成单元中每个单元,并且通过各单元的通路长度在通过所有单元的平均通路长度的+/-30%范围内。(利用纸和铅笔就可以实现此试用路径,但是一般在计算机图形工作站用鼠标,光笔或其它由设计者操纵的输入设备实现此试用路径。)在上述实施例中,线的宽度约为30-100微米,线之间的平均间距约为100-400微米,但是这些参数并不是临界参数。
参考图10,试用平铺子块由形成16×16试用块(每侧长3.2cm)的同样平铺子块构成,具有重复编织图案,编织图案由在8×8单元试用平铺子块确定的线图案构成。然后,将此试用块转换为灰度值。通过扫描印刷的试用块图像,或通过计算机分析线长度和位置,可以实现此转换。输出为128×128灰度值阵列,各灰度值与试用块内的250微米单元的亮度对应。
将此灰度数据与通过将256个基准校准平铺子块(每个基准校准平铺子块由8×8单元阵列构成)组合成16×16校准图案块而提供的灰度数据进行比较。特别是,将由试用模块获得的灰度值从由基准块获得的获得阵列中减去,产生128×128的误差值阵列。将此误差数据用于在试用块内修整线布局。
在误差数值为正的试用校准块的单元内,线太长。即由于增加了线长度(即,油墨太多),所以这些单元内的图案太暗(即,它具有低亮度灰度值)。通过缩短这些单元内的线长度,就可以增强它们的亮度(即,此单元变亮)。通过将曲线弧拉直,或通过在单元内重新设置线的进、出点,可以达到缩短的目的,这样,通过单元的距离变短。
相反,在误差值为负的单元内,线太短。通过增加此单元内的线长度,就可以降低它们的亮度(即该单元变暗)。通过提高单元内的线的弧度,或通过重新设置线沿单元边缘的进、出点,可以增加通过单元的线的长度,这样,通过单元的距离就变长。
最好采用计算机程序来实现上述线路径的变换从而使各单元达到希望的暗度或亮度。
以这种方式对试用校准块内的线位置进行修整后,再将试用块转换到灰度值,并再从基准块内减去。再次产生误差值阵列。然后,根据误差值进一步修整线的位置。
重复上述根据误差信号修整线路径、重新转换为灰度并计算新误差值的步骤,直到在试用块内获得的编织图案的亮度接近基准块的亮度为止。这种方法的五次重复中通常有四次可以满足找到最终校准块。
(会注意到,由设计者建立的初始平铺子块图案是在8×8单元的平铺子块级实现的。建立初始平铺子块后,接着在块级(128×128单元)进行处理。重复设计过程的通常结果是组成平铺子块丢失它们的一致性。即处于最终校准块边角的平铺子块内的线图案通常与靠近块中心的平铺子块内的线的图案稍许不同。)
按上述方法建立最终校准块图案后,在部分或全部重要文件上,将块反复并列显示,并可以作为背景设计单元或者作为更明显的设计单元。通过以接近纸底色的油墨色印刷此编织图案,该图案非常不引人注目。(如果使用强反差油墨色,并且如果图案延伸到重要文件的大部分或全部,则由于编织图案会使底色变暗,所以最好优先采用亮度更高的纸。)
如我在第08/649,419号专利申请中所述的那样,傅立叶-米林变换的特性是可以产生相同的输出图案,而与输入图像的旋转和比例缩放无关。将变换的输出图案在一维进行与图像旋转成正比的移动,并在另一维进行与图像比例缩放成正比的移动。当已知傅立叶-米林变换的图像被旋转和/或比例缩放时,可以通过观察变换的傅立叶-米林图案两维移动的程度,确定旋转的角度和比例缩放的程度。只要知道旋转角度和比例缩放程度,对图像进行逆处理就可以将图像恢复到其初始方向和比例。
在上述实施例中,校准块图案具有已知的傅立叶-米林变换。当扫描含有这种图案的重要文件时(例如:利用复印机、平板扫描仪、传真机等),可以对获得的数据进行傅立叶-米林变换。已知的傅立叶-米林图案在变换数据方面一致,并且其二维移动表示扫描的重要文件数据的比例缩放和旋转破坏。利用这些已知参数,可以对包括缩放和旋转破坏的重要文件的位置不正进行补偿,并恢复重要文件数据以适当调整并进行适当计算。在此再对准状态,可以检测到水印。(在替换实施例中,不对初始扫描数据进行处理去除比例缩放/旋转作用。而是从其破坏状态中的数据开始进行后续处理,并考虑特定破坏因数,依然可以产生精确解码等。)
当然,刚才说明的校准图案和设计方法仅是典型情况,并可以进行大量改良。可以随意改变尺寸。校准平铺子块的单元尺寸与水印的尺寸相匹配不是实质问题。不要求单元尺寸整体上互相关联。也不要求校准图案为线,可以交替地使用其它油墨图案以接近灰度校准图案。
不要求线迂回连续通过平铺子块。线可以恰好连接到平铺子块的一个边缘点上,结果,线通过此平铺子块边缘,没有别的情况。或者,线起始和终止于一个平铺子块而且不与其它线相连。
尽管示出了在亮背景上的暗线,但也可以使用在暗背景上的亮线。
重复设计法可以采用傅立叶-米林变换(或其它变换。例如,可以将试用块图案转换到傅立叶-米林域,并与校准块的傅立叶-米林变换进行比较。这样就可以获得傅立叶-米林域的误差信号,而且可以根据该信号改变线的路径。
尽管上述实施例可以通过改变线弧度和线位置来修整基于单元的校准块灰度,但是也可以采用改变亮度的其它技术。例如,可以局部改变编织线的宽度,或将细小油墨滴引入特定单元区域。
上述(和以下)讨论试图将水印图案和/或校准图案作为线条图同时印刷在重要文件上。在许多应用中,在印刷之前,先将校准图案设置到重要文件基底上。制造商可以用油墨、或用压花法施加标记,例如:纸张制造过程中用辊子压花。(以下将进一步讨论这种纹理标记。)或者,作为预印刷操作,例如:利用胶印技术,利用重要文件印刷机来施加标记。利用与原纸底色接近匹配的油墨的色彩和浓度,纸张制造商可以在其制造期间产生更少的底色。通过在空白纸上预印刷水印/校准图案,可以有效取代这种底色。
还可以使用与上述详细说明的校准信号完全不同的校准信号。当不非常关心比例缩放时,可以采用检测旋转,而不检测比例缩放的最佳校准信号。可以对DCT和傅立叶变换提供的数据进行快速分析以确定旋转。设计校准信号使它突出出现在变换频谱的典型低能量部分(例如:将倾斜角处的一系列细线变换到DCT空间内的通常空闲的区域),并可以将扫描图像变换到DCT/傅立叶域以检验校准信号的漂移(例如:倾斜线的空间频率表示法的移动)。
在有些重要文件中,独立于水印编码,印刷刚才说明的校准编织图案。在其它实施例中,正如这里所述以及第09/074,034号专利申请中所述的那样,编织图案为线,利用水印数据对其宽度、位置等进行调制。
在说明性实施例中,利用凹版印刷技术印刷重要文件。凹版印刷技术是熟知的印刷过程,这种印刷过程采用蚀刻或雕刻了重要文件图案的金属板。将油墨涂到金属板上,填充蚀刻的凹进部分/凹槽。然后,以很高的压力(例如:10-20吨的压力)将纸压入金属板,将油墨凹凸地涂到纸上而且使纸稍许有些变形(具有纹理)。
尽管在凹版印刷过程通常使用油墨,但是在本发明的某些实施例中并没有这样要求。而在凹版印刷过程中使纸张具有的纹理可以单独满足传递水印数据。(我在以前的许多专利申请中(包括授权的第08/438,159号专利申请)公开过如何用介质纹理传递水印信息。)
为了说明问题,根据3.2×3.2cm的类似噪声的水印数据块,(利用数控雕刻装置)将凹雕平板的深度雕刻到略小于1mm。如上所述产生水印数据(例如:随机分布在128×128单元阵列的128位的数据),并与相应大小的校准数据块累加(由离散灰度单元实现,而非上述详细说明的线图案和编织图案)。在此实施例中,数据不在数字数的小范围内,而是被提高到满8位的动态范围。用此金属板对钞票纸进行凹版压印,而不使用油墨,所以在其上通常产生具有3.2×3.2cm的纹理区域的平坦基底。只有非常接近检查时,纹理才可见,普通检查时,纸张表面均匀一致。
将此纹理纸张纹理面朝下地放置到(通常作为个人计算机附件销售的)传统平板扫描仪的扫描板上,并进行扫描。将获得的图像数据输入到Adobe公司推出的包括Digimarc水印读取软件的4.0版Photoshop图像处理软件。即使纸张在扫描仪的扫描平板上没有放正,该软件仍可以从纹理纸张中容易地检测到水印。
这里还未对光学检测过程进行讨论,利用此光学检测过程,看起来是一张白纸的纸张可以通过廉价的扫描仪可靠传递128位的数据;纸张的局部反射强度可以随亮度区域是凸形还是凹形发生变化。无论如何解释,这对于目击者来说都是值得注意的现象。
利用相同的雕刻金属板进行第二个实验,这次使用透明油墨。尽管水印数据的检测并不总是象无油墨时那样可靠,但是结果相同。与无油墨纸张的简单反射相反,凸起的透明油墨可以作为光通路以不可预测的方式扩散垂直照明。
还可以利用传统的不透明油墨进行实验。此外,可以可靠读取水印。
除了刚才说明的利用传统扫描仪“读取”凹版标记的技术之外,在Van Renesse,Optical Inspection Techniques for SecurityInstrumentation,SPIE Proc.Vol.2659,pp.159-168(1996)中公开了其它技术,而且可以在根据本发明的实施例中使用。
尽管凹版印刷技术是印刷重要文件的优选技术,但是这不是唯一技术。其它可以印刷水印图案和校准图案的类似技术包括平板胶印技术和活版印刷技术以及喷墨印刷技术、静电印刷技术等。此外,如上所述,作为造纸过程的一部分,可以产生纹理水印,例如:利用高压纹理辊。
在其它实施例中,不将水印图案和/或校准图案印刷到重要文件基底,而是成形在辅助层上或辅助层内,辅助层与基底层叠在一起。如果使用通常透明的层压制品,就可以使用不透明油墨来实现信息图案,将该图案附加到下面的基底。或者,以纹理的形式对附加信息进行编码。同样,可以组合使用上述方法。
为了改型现有具有信息图案的重要文件设计,必须对现有原图进行调整以实现对局部重要文件亮度和/或纹理的必要叠加和/或修整。
设计新重要文件时,优点是便于将信息图案合并到基本设计中。下面将详细讨论其中一种这种布局。
许多重要文件仍然主要采用手工设计。设计者在制图台或计算机工作站工作,并花费许多小时用在设计的微细单元(例如:5mm×5mm)的布局方面。为了在此过程中将水印图案和校准图案合并,提供必须的布局格,识别在重要文件各250微米单元内含有的水印“偏差”(例如:-3至+3)。如果辅助格表示应该稍许增强单元的亮度(例如:增强1%),设计者在确定单元的构图时就记忆此偏差并含有比其它格含有的油墨更微量的油墨。同样,如果辅助格指出应该稍许增强单元内的亮度(例如:增强5%),设计者可以再一次记忆此偏差并试图包括比其它格包括的油墨更多的油墨。由于大多数水印编码技术实质上是冗余的,所以不要求设计者严格照此原则做。如果不严格照此原则做就需要对原图做较少的进一步修改,以可靠地传送水印和/或校准信息。
通过几种由重要文件的设计者所做的任意设计选择可以实现将信息嵌入重要文件的这种“合并设计”。美国钞票中有几个实例,包括总统头发上的卷发、衣服的折缀、天空中的云彩、风景中的灌木林、塔上的砖、字体内的填充图案以及大量随意扭索饰图案和其它奇异的设计等。所有这些包括卷发、折痕、皱纹、阴影效果等,在选择局部亮度时,设计者有广泛的选择。设计者不是随意做这种选择,而是为了起传递信息以及美学作用而做出慎重选择。
为了进一步帮助重要文件的设计者,可以将定义几种不同信息(携带图案(水印图案和/或校准图案))的数据存储到计算机工作站的大容量存储器并作为将来设计用的设计单元库。对于重要文件设计者,在图像编辑软件(例如:Adobe Photoshop)中选取色彩和在显示程序(例如:Microsoft PowerPoint)中填充纹理使用的相同用户界面技术同样可以用于向安全文件设计者提供信息图案的调色板。点击要求图案的直观表示就可以在正设计的重要文件内使用此图案(例如:填充要求的区域)。
在上述说明的实施例中,将校准图案作为重要文件的直观艺术单元印刷。然而,如有要求,在域下提供相同的校准作用。即,不是产生模拟基准校准块的灰度图案的原图,而是基准校准块本身可以被随局部亮度的微弱变化编码到编码文件内。在许多这种实施例中,可以将由于校准图案引起的局部文件亮度的偏差简单附加到由水印数据引起的偏差上,并和水印数据一样被编码(例如:当加入油墨小滴等时,作为组成线条图线的宽度或位置的局部变化)。
可以将128位的水印数据设置到重要文件上的应用有无数种。上述说明中对许多应用进行了详细说明。实例包括:用其面值或利用目的地(或其发送地)的邮政编码进行编码的邮票、利用其面额以及其发行日期和地址编码的钞票、利用可以识别个人标识的鉴别信息编码的标识文件等等。
编码数据可以是任何阅读机可读取的、具有必要关键字数据(在水印技术中使用了关键字数据)的原始形式,也可以是加密形式,例如:公钥加密技术等。编码数据可以直接包含信息,或可以是指向进一步选择含有要求的最终信息的数据的指针或索引。
例如,护照中的水印数据无需对护照持有人信息的全部材料进行编码。而编码数据可以包括在远程数据库中识别特定对准的关键字数据(例如:社会保险号),在该数据库中存储了与护照持有人有关的个人数据。护照处理站采用如图11所示的布局。
为了对水印数据进行解码,必须将重要文件转换为电子图像数据用于分析。通常利用扫描仪进行这种转换。
我们熟悉扫描仪,因此这里不作详细说明。只需说明扫描仪通常采用一排紧密间隔的光检测器单元,光检测器单元产生与文件的连续列反射光数量有关的信号。大多数廉价民用扫描仪的分辨率为每英寸300点(dpi),或光检测器单元的中心到中心的间距约为84微米。在大多数专业图像设备和复印机内的更高质量的扫描仪的分辨率有600dpi(42微米)、1200dpi(21微米)或更高。
以300dpi(光检测器间距为84微米)的扫描仪为例,重要文件上的每个250微米的区域12将与约3×3光检测器采样阵列对应。当然,只有在少数实例中,扫描仪对给定区域进行物理对准,以致有9个光检测器采样捕获该区域的亮度,而且没有例外。更一般情况是,图像根据扫描仪光检测器旋转,或存在纵向位移(即两个相邻区域的有些光检测器图像子部分)。然而,由于扫描仪对区域进行过采样,所以可以明确确定各区域的亮度。
在一个实施例中,从重要文件上扫描的数据为二维阵列数据并被处理以检测嵌入校准信息。然后,对扫描仪数据进行处理以实现重要文件图像的虚拟再对准。接着,软件程序分析再对准数据的统计量(利用我在以前的说明中披露的技术)以提取嵌入数据位。
(此外,我以前说明的水印解码技术仅作为典型参考。一旦开始扫描并且可以使用采样形式的数据,可以直接使用任何其它水印解码技术以提取相应的编码水印。其中有些技术采用了域转换(例如:作为解码处理的一部分,子波、DCT或傅立叶域))。
在替换实施例中,在处理之前,将扫描数据合并到完全阵列。而为了无延迟检测嵌入水印数据,在产生扫描数据时就对扫描数据进行了实时处理。(根据扫描仪的参数,可以在获得的数据的统计量明确确定存在水印之前,约对半英寸文件进行扫描。)
在另一个实施例中,硬件装置具有在它们处理的任何文件图像中识别嵌入的水印数据并由此做响应的能力。
一个实例是彩色复印机。这种装置采用彩色扫描仪来产生与输入介质(例如:美元汇票)对应的采样(像素)数据。如果要检测到与重要文件有关的水印数据,则复印机需要进行一步或多步操作。
一种选择是简单中断复制并显示一条消息提醒操作员复制货币是违法。
另一种选择是拨通远程服务中心并报告有人试图复制钞票。在本技术领域内,已知有具有拨号能力的复印机(例如:第5,305,199号专利)并可以容易地应用于此目的。远程服务中心可以是独立服务中心也可以是政府机构。
另外还有一种选择是允许复制,但是将法定示踪信号插入获得的复制品中。此示踪数据的形式有多种形式。密码编码二进制数据是一种实例。例如在第5,568,268号专利中公开的实例。示踪数据可以对准进行复制的机器的序列号和/或进行复制的日期和时间。为了秘密起见,通常不将这种示踪数据插入到所有的复印机输出中,而是仅当被复印的对象被作为重要文件检测到时插入到复印机输出中。(图12示出这种方案的实例)
最好,为了以最小延迟识别非法复印,对扫描数据进行逐行分析。如果对重要文件进行扫描,在进行识别判别之前,可以将扫描仪输出数据的一行或多行送到复印机的复照装置。在这种情况下,复制品具有两个区域:其中第一个区域不是示踪标记区,而在接着的第二个区域内插入示踪数据。
在本技术领域内已知具有其它装置的复印机用于检测未被复制的文件并采用了各种响应。例如在美国第5,583,614号、第4,723,149号、第5,633,952号、第5,640,467号以及第5,424,807号专利中详细说明的实例。
可以利用上述原理的另一种硬件装置为独立扫描仪。扫描仪内的已编程处理器(或专用硬件)对该装置产生的数据进行分析并由此作响应。
另外还有一种可以采用上述原理的硬件装置是打印机。打印机内的处理器对待打印的图形图像数据进行分析,搜索与重要文件有关的水印。
对于扫描仪和打印设备,响应方法可以有取消操作或插入示踪信息。(这种装置通常不具有拨号功能)。
此外,为了检测以最小延迟处理的重要文件,在使用时最好一得到它们就处理扫描仪数据和打印机数据。另外,在进行检测判别之前,存在一些滞后时间。因此,扫描仪或打印机的输出包括两个部分,其中一个部分不具有示踪数据,而另一个部分具有示踪数据。
许多重要文件已经含有帮助进行钞票检测的可见结构(例如:发行者的印记以及各种几何标记)。根据本发明的另一方面,利用综合系统对被看作是可见结构数据和水印嵌入数据的重要文件进行分析。
利用已知的图案识别技术可以检测重要文件的可见结构。在美国第5,321,773、5,390,259、5,533,144、5,539,841、5,583,614、5,633,952、4,723,149、5,692,073以及5,424,807号专利和第EP 649,114和EP766,449号已公开国外专利申请中公开了这种技术的许多实例。
在装备用来从重要文件中检测可见结构和水印的复印机(等)中,检测这两者中的任意一个可以导致一个或多个上述响应被激发(如图12所示)。
此外,可以使扫描仪和打印机具备相同的功能,即对这些重要文件标志中的任何一个标志数据进行分析。如果检测到任何一个标志数据,则软件(或硬件)作出响应。
利用水印数据标识重要文件比利用可见结构进行识别具有明显优势,它不易失效。可以假造重要文件,(例如:利用模糊(white out)、剪切或加工技术)以去除/消除可见结构。这样,既可以在外观结构检测复印机上又可以在扫描仪/打印机上任意进行复制。然后,在第二次进行印刷/复印操作时,可以将去除的可见结构添加到重要文件。如果不具备使重要文件失效的功能,重要文件图像编辑工具的打印机可以被用于将可见结构插入扫描此假造的文件获得的图像数据集并且可以随意打印整个文件。通过在重要文件内添加包括嵌入水印数据并检测,这些诡计不会得逞。
(类似的诡计是在非重要文件扫描仪上扫描重要文件图像。然后,利用传统图像编辑工具对获得的图像进行编辑以去除/消除可见结构。这样,既使在检查这种表示可见结构存在的数据的打印机/复印机上可也以打印这种数据集合。此外,可以利用后续印刷/复印过程将丢失的可见结构插入。)
最好,将外观结构检测器和水印检测器集成在一起作为一个硬件和/或软件工具。这种设置提供了多种经济装置,例如:在与扫描仪连接过程中,对图案识别和水印提取的像素数据集进行处理、电子再对准图像以实现图案识别/水印提取、向复印机/扫描仪等发出控制信号(例如:取消信号)。
当上述装置特别涉及防止伪造时,嵌入标记还可以起其它作用。实例包括实现币值分类、伪造检测以及循环分析功能的钞票处理机器。(即通过已知的源头对具有某种标记的钞票进行发行,而且可以监视其流通和发行以支持宏观经济分析。)
根据上述说明,可以认识到,根据本发明的各种实施例提供将多位二进制数据嵌入重要文件的技术,并且即使存在多种形式的损坏仍可以提供对此数据的可靠提取(例如:比例缩放和旋转)。
参考几个说明性的实施例说明和描述本发明的原理之后,可以认识到这些实施例仅是典型实施例而不应看作本发明范围的限制。根据上述讲解,很明显,可以用其它水印技术、解码技术以及防伪技术代替上述详细说明的单元和/或与上述详细说明的单元合并使用以产生有利结果。在这里详细说明的技术的实施例中可以采用我在以前的专利申请中公开的其它特征。(因此,这里没有对我在以前的专利申请中公开的各种技术的应用到当前对象的内容作过多的说明,例如:利用水印检测器的中枢网络,因为通过阅读我在以前的专利申请的上下文中公开的内容同样受益。)
由于参考采用正方形单元阵列的实施例对技术进行了说明,所以本领域的技术人员会认识到可以替换使用其它既不是长方形又不规则的阵列。
由于在实施例中对附属于数字水印、便于进行检测的校准图案进行了描述,因此这种图案具有除数字水印以外的用处。一个实例是在重新对准扫描重要文件图像数据过程中实现对可见结构的检测(例如:利用已知的图案识别技术检测印刷的发行者的印记)。的确,为了,使用这种校准图案来对准用于识别的水印数据和可见结构图像数据是一种重要机制,通过将可见结构检测器和水印检测器合并到一个系统可以实现这种机制。
尽管最通常的情况是印刷重要文件(例如:棉/亚麻),但是其它基底获得了普及(例如:诸如聚合物的合成物)并适于(或更适于)使用上述说明的技术。
利用专用硬件(例如:ASIC)、可编程硬件和/或软件可以实现上述详细说明的实施例。
上述提到了几种专利和专利出版物。假设技术人员熟悉在此说明的技术并且能够将它们与本专利公开的特别详细说明的单元进行合并。在可能的范围内,在此引入所公开的那些文件的内容供参考。
根据采用上述技术原理的许多实施例,应该认识到,详细说明的实施例仅是说明性的而不被看作本发明范围的限制。我要求所有这种实施例均属于下列权利要求及其等价物的实质范围和精神内。

Claims (9)

1.一种钞票,至少包括基底、数字水印以及潜在的校准图案,校准图案具有便于根据与所述钞票对应的扫描数据对数字水印进行解码的已知变换,人眼观察者不能看见所述数字水印,而能够根据与所述钞票对应的可见光扫描数据检测所述数字水印,其中,所述校准图案包括沿所述钞票的至少一维冗余的结构,所述结构包括:多条调制在至少宽度和布置之一中的线,以给予钞票特性使所述钞票能够被机器所识别,从而防止所述钞票被机器复印。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钞票,其中,所述校准图案包括沿所述钞票的至少二维冗余的结构。
3.根据权利要求1所述的钞票,其中,所述校准图案包括凹版压印。
4.根据权利要求1所述的钞票,其中,所述校准图案包括噪声的图案。
5.根据权利要求1所述的钞票,其中,所述结构包括多条油墨限定的线。
6.根据权利要求1所述的钞票,其中,所述结构包括多条在衬底上通过形变限定的线。
7.一种生产钞票的方法,所述钞票被设计成能够被打印或扫描设备的处理电路所识别,以防止伪造钞票,所述方法包括:
(a)限定将要形成在所述钞票上的基本图案设计;
(b)限定潜在特征,所述潜在特征当被所述处理电路处理后将产
生潜在特性输出图案,无论所述潜在特征是否处于旋转状态,所述潜在特征包括沿所述钞票的至少一维冗余的结构,并且所述潜在特征隐藏在所述组合的线形图案之中,其中观察者仅仅能够觉察到基本图案设计;
(c)产生组合的线形图案,所述线形图案组合基本图案设计和潜在特征,所组合的线形图案包括多条线,其宽度和布置被定制,以产生对应于所述基本图案设计的可视效果,同时传递所述潜在特征;
(d)通过将金属板压到衬底中凹版印刷钞票,所述金属板的形状与所述组合的线条图案对应。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还进一步包括:限定数字水印,所述数字水印编码多位二进制数据,人眼观察者不能看见所述数字水印,而能够根据与所述钞票对应的可见光扫描数据检测所述数字水印,其中(c)包括产生组合线形图案,所述组合线形图案组合基本图案设计、所述潜在特征和所述数字水印。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,包括对所述多位二进制数据施用算法,从而产生与其对应的二维数字水印。
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CA2338618C (en) 2006-07-04
AU4836799A (en) 2000-02-21
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US6804379B2 (en) 2004-10-12
US20020076081A1 (en) 2002-06-20
US20070047765A1 (en) 2007-03-01
US6750985B2 (en) 2004-06-15
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US7418111B2 (en) 2008-08-26
US20030210804A1 (en) 2003-11-13
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US8165341B2 (en) 2012-04-24
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US7130087B2 (en) 2006-10-31
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