CH628217A5 - Process for altering organoleptic properties of products - Google Patents
Process for altering organoleptic properties of products Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH628217A5 CH628217A5 CH928075A CH928075A CH628217A5 CH 628217 A5 CH628217 A5 CH 628217A5 CH 928075 A CH928075 A CH 928075A CH 928075 A CH928075 A CH 928075A CH 628217 A5 CH628217 A5 CH 628217A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- compound
- methyl
- mixture
- carbon
- ethyl
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 31
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 153
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 129
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 44
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 42
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 claims description 39
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Natural products CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 claims description 32
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- -1 4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002304 perfume Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- XPCTZQVDEJYUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone Chemical compound CC=1OC=CC(=O)C=1O XPCTZQVDEJYUGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000001317 (3E)-2-methylpent-3-enoic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 15
- NFRJJFMXYKSRPK-ARJAWSKDSA-N 2-methyl-3-pentenoic acid Chemical compound C\C=C/C(C)C(O)=O NFRJJFMXYKSRPK-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003205 fragrance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- JJYWRQLLQAKNAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpent-2-enoic acid Chemical compound CCC=C(C)C(O)=O JJYWRQLLQAKNAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)N)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 QUKGYYKBILRGFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- BYEVBITUADOIGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl nonanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC BYEVBITUADOIGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MLFHJEHSLIIPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamyl acetate Chemical compound CC(C)CCOC(C)=O MLFHJEHSLIIPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001373 (E)-2-methylpent-2-enoic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- JJYWRQLLQAKNAD-PLNGDYQASA-N 2-methyl-2-pentenoic acid Chemical compound CC\C=C(\C)C(O)=O JJYWRQLLQAKNAD-PLNGDYQASA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 9
- HVRZYSHVZOELOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-4-pentenoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)CC=C HVRZYSHVZOELOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- HYMLWHLQFGRFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maltol Natural products CC1OC=CC(=O)C1=O HYMLWHLQFGRFIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000015218 chewing gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940112822 chewing gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002537 cosmetic Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- PQLMXFQTAMDXIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoamyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OCCC(C)C PQLMXFQTAMDXIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229940043353 maltol Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N trans-anethole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(\C=C\C)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Chemical compound COC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Natural products COC1=CC(O)=CC(C=O)=C1 FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000012141 vanillin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- PSQYTAPXSHCGMF-BQYQJAHWSA-N β-ionone Chemical compound CC(=O)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C PSQYTAPXSHCGMF-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LQKRYVGRPXFFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenylmethylglycidic ester Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1OC1(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQKRYVGRPXFFAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 7
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 claims description 7
- QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diacetyl Chemical group CC(=O)C(C)=O QSJXEFYPDANLFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl sulfide Chemical compound CSC QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VAMXMNNIEUEQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl anthranilate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1N VAMXMNNIEUEQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)but-2-en-1-ol Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2C\C=C\CO DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940007550 benzyl acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940117955 isoamyl acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940030010 trimethoxybenzene Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- ICMAFTSLXCXHRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl pentanoate Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)OCC ICMAFTSLXCXHRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Geraniol Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCO GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940011037 anethole Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- CCRCUPLGCSFEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamic acid methyl ester Natural products COC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 CCRCUPLGCSFEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940094941 isoamyl butyrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000021056 liquid food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- CCRCUPLGCSFEDV-BQYQJAHWSA-N methyl trans-cinnamate Chemical compound COC(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 CCRCUPLGCSFEDV-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004998 naphthylethyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)CC* 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-methoxyphenyl Natural products COC1=CC=C(C=CC)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000021055 solid food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDSA-N (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol Chemical compound CC\C=C/CCO UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N acetaldehyde Chemical compound [14CH]([14CH3])=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-XPULMUKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- UZFLPKAIBPNNCA-BQYQJAHWSA-N alpha-ionone Chemical compound CC(=O)\C=C\C1C(C)=CCCC1(C)C UZFLPKAIBPNNCA-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-3-en-1-ol Natural products CCC=CCCO UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940102398 methyl anthranilate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019505 tobacco product Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- LGAQJENWWYGFSN-PLNGDYQASA-N (z)-4-methylpent-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C/C(C)C LGAQJENWWYGFSN-PLNGDYQASA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005792 Geraniol Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-YFHOEESVSA-N Geraniol Natural products CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C/CO GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-YFHOEESVSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940113087 geraniol Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- GJRQTCIYDGXPES-UHFFFAOYSA-N iso-butyl acetate Natural products CC(C)COC(C)=O GJRQTCIYDGXPES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M isocaproate Chemical compound CC(C)CCC([O-])=O FGKJLKRYENPLQH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OQAGVSWESNCJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N isovaleric acid methyl ester Natural products COC(=O)CC(C)C OQAGVSWESNCJJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims 8
- OVBFMEVBMNZIBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylvaleric acid Chemical compound CCCC(C)C(O)=O OVBFMEVBMNZIBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 claims 6
- SFEOKXHPFMOVRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+)-(S)-gamma-ionone Natural products CC(=O)C=CC1C(=C)CCCC1(C)C SFEOKXHPFMOVRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- QBCUUJGHWFKMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 QBCUUJGHWFKMDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N norbornadiene Chemical compound C1=CC2C=CC1C2 SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- CMWSRWTXVQLHNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1-(2-methylpropylsulfanyl)propane Chemical compound CC(C)CSCC(C)C CMWSRWTXVQLHNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- NUYVHVKQYJCJLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpenta-3,4-dienoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(C)C=C=C NUYVHVKQYJCJLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VDMTZPFJGWTKJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(6,6-dimethyl-2-methylidenecyclohex-3-en-1-yl)butan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC1C(=C)C=CCC1(C)C VDMTZPFJGWTKJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CAAAXQFHDYHTTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylpenta-1,2-diene Chemical compound CC(C)C=C=C CAAAXQFHDYHTTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013361 beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- SQFRYZPEWOZAKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydrodehydro-beta-ionone Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC1=C(C)C=CCC1(C)C SQFRYZPEWOZAKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)OC VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019520 non-alcoholic beverage Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 claims 1
- 235000011888 snacks Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 description 34
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 33
- 235000016623 Fragaria vesca Nutrition 0.000 description 30
- 235000011363 Fragaria x ananassa Nutrition 0.000 description 30
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 26
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 19
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 13
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 12
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 11
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 235000014443 Pyrus communis Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 10
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000007818 Grignard reagent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000021028 berry Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000008504 concentrate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 8
- DTELTOREECFDBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-iodobenzoyl chloride Chemical compound ClC(=O)C1=CC=CC(I)=C1 DTELTOREECFDBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N (E)-1,3-pentadiene Chemical compound C\C=C\C=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 6
- FGWYWKIOMUZSQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-triethoxypropane Chemical compound CCOC(CC)(OCC)OCC FGWYWKIOMUZSQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaldehyde Chemical compound CC=O IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylphosphoric triamide Chemical compound CN(C)P(=O)(N(C)C)N(C)C GNOIPBMMFNIUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCO ZSIAUFGUXNUGDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 6
- HJFRLXPEVRXBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-3-yn-2-ol Chemical compound CC#CC(C)O HJFRLXPEVRXBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperylene Natural products CC=CC=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-yn-1-ol Chemical compound OCC#C TVDSBUOJIPERQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 244000099147 Ananas comosus Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 235000010489 acacia gum Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000004795 grignard reagents Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 5
- FKKCIOTUMHPTSB-ONEGZZNKSA-N (e)-4-chloropent-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C\C(C)Cl FKKCIOTUMHPTSB-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010013911 Dysgeusia Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000001785 acacia senegal l. willd gum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 235000019568 aromas Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PPXUHEORWJQRHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl isovalerate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(C)C PPXUHEORWJQRHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MMXKVMNBHPAILY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl laurate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC MMXKVMNBHPAILY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000010692 aromatic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- POIARNZEYGURDG-FNORWQNLSA-N beta-damascenone Chemical compound C\C=C\C(=O)C1=C(C)C=CCC1(C)C POIARNZEYGURDG-FNORWQNLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N beta-methyl-butyric acid Natural products CC(C)CC(O)=O GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014171 carbonated beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001055 chewing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940117916 cinnamic aldehyde Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cinnamic aldehyde Natural products O=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KJPRLNWUNMBNBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001926 citrus aurantium l. subsp. bergamia wright et arn. oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ctk1a3526 Chemical compound NP(N)(N)=O DMSZORWOGDLWGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000021185 dessert Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008393 encapsulating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003623 enhancer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001449 ethyl (2R)-2-methylpentanoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- DDZLNKMWFGDTAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylpenta-3,4-dienoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)C=C=C DDZLNKMWFGDTAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYIBRDXRRQCHLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl acetoacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(C)=O XYIBRDXRRQCHLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093503 ethyl maltol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002217 eugenol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002140 halogenating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BSKRYZBCMPUFRS-UITAMQMPSA-N hexyl 2-methyl-3-pentenoate Chemical compound CCCCCCOC(=O)C(C)\C=C/C BSKRYZBCMPUFRS-UITAMQMPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001481 hexyl 2-methylpent-3-enoate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000042 hydrogen bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical class II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010501 lemon oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- CCERQOYLJJULMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M magnesium;carbanide;chloride Chemical compound [CH3-].[Mg+2].[Cl-] CCERQOYLJJULMD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001627 myristica fragrans houtt. fruit oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010661 oregano oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940111617 oregano oil Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIZKVZYBUGUDTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-3-ynoic acid Chemical compound CC#CCC(O)=O NIZKVZYBUGUDTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SDVVLIIVFBKBMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-2,4-dienoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC=C SDVVLIIVFBKBMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGPPDYNPZTUNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl pentanoate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)CCCC FGPPDYNPZTUNIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000010944 pre-mature reactiony Methods 0.000 description 1
- KHEVONYRUVZYHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl 2-methylpent-3-enoate Chemical compound CC=CC(C)C(=O)OC(C)C KHEVONYRUVZYHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002453 shampoo Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000020374 simple syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019654 spicy taste Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000475 sunscreen effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000516 sunscreening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009974 thixotropic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000606 toothpaste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940034610 toothpaste Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005809 transesterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940005605 valeric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000015192 vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930007850 β-damascenone Natural products 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
- C11B9/00—Essential oils; Perfumes
- C11B9/0007—Aliphatic compounds
- C11B9/0015—Aliphatic compounds containing oxygen as the only heteroatom
- C11B9/0019—Aliphatic compounds containing oxygen as the only heteroatom carbocylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
- C07C17/16—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of hydroxyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/36—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring increasing the number of carbon atoms by reactions with formation of hydroxy groups, which may occur via intermediates being derivatives of hydroxy, e.g. O-metal
- C07C29/38—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring increasing the number of carbon atoms by reactions with formation of hydroxy groups, which may occur via intermediates being derivatives of hydroxy, e.g. O-metal by reaction with aldehydes or ketones
- C07C29/42—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring increasing the number of carbon atoms by reactions with formation of hydroxy groups, which may occur via intermediates being derivatives of hydroxy, e.g. O-metal by reaction with aldehydes or ketones with compounds containing triple carbon-to-carbon bonds, e.g. with metal-alkynes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/15—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction of organic compounds with carbon dioxide, e.g. Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
- C07C57/03—Monocarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/10—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with ester groups or with a carbon-halogen bond
- C07C67/11—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting carboxylic acids or symmetrical anhydrides with ester groups or with a carbon-halogen bond being mineral ester groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
- C07C67/303—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by hydrogenation of unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/533—Monocarboxylic acid esters having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US490718A US3907718A (en) | 1974-07-22 | 1974-07-22 | 2-Methyl-4-pentenoic acid ester fragrance |
| US05/490,719 US3931293A (en) | 1974-07-22 | 1974-07-22 | Processes for producing cis alkyl-2-methyl-3-pentenoates and isomer mixtures containing high proportions of cis alkyl-2-methyl-3-pentenoates |
| US05/566,118 US3978239A (en) | 1975-04-08 | 1975-04-08 | Foodstuff and flavoring containing C1 -C6 alkyl-2-methyl-3,4-pentadienoates |
| US05/569,853 US3998873A (en) | 1975-04-21 | 1975-04-21 | Process for preparing one or more alkyl-2-methyl pentenoates by means of hydrogenation of one or more alkyl-2-methyl-3,4-pentadienoates |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH628217A5 true CH628217A5 (en) | 1982-02-26 |
Family
ID=27504333
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH928075A CH628217A5 (en) | 1974-07-22 | 1975-07-16 | Process for altering organoleptic properties of products |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CH (1) | CH628217A5 (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE2530227C3 (enExample) |
| FR (2) | FR2324292A1 (enExample) |
| GB (1) | GB1524695A (enExample) |
| NL (1) | NL171220C (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3225293A1 (de) * | 1982-07-07 | 1984-01-12 | Henkel KGaA, 4000 Düsseldorf | 2-methylpentansaeureester mit verzweigtem oder carbocyclischem alkoholrest, deren herstellung und verwendung als riechstoffe |
| DE3306560A1 (de) * | 1983-02-25 | 1984-08-30 | Henkel KGaA, 4000 Düsseldorf | Neue 2-methylpentansaeureester, deren herstellung und verwendung als riechstoffe sowie diese enthaltende riechstoff-kompositionen |
| FR2805991B1 (fr) * | 2000-03-13 | 2003-03-21 | Rhodia Chimie Sa | Procede d'obtention de compositions parfumantes et de produits parfumes et produits ainsi obtenus |
| WO2007104727A1 (de) * | 2006-03-16 | 2007-09-20 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Substituierte alkene als initiatoren für die kationische polymerisation |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2119580A5 (enExample) * | 1970-12-22 | 1972-08-04 | Firmenich & Cie | |
| US3931306A (en) * | 1973-10-23 | 1976-01-06 | International Flavors & Fragrances Inc. | Process for producing isomer mixtures containing high proportions of cis-2-methyl-3-pentenoic acid |
-
1975
- 1975-07-07 DE DE2530227A patent/DE2530227C3/de not_active Expired
- 1975-07-16 CH CH928075A patent/CH628217A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-07-18 GB GB30202/75A patent/GB1524695A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-07-18 NL NLAANVRAGE7508619,A patent/NL171220C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-07-21 FR FR7522694A patent/FR2324292A1/fr active Granted
-
1976
- 1976-01-20 FR FR7601375A patent/FR2292464A1/fr active Granted
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL7508619A (nl) | 1976-01-26 |
| DE2530227B2 (de) | 1979-09-20 |
| DE2530227A1 (de) | 1976-02-05 |
| DE2530227C3 (de) | 1980-05-29 |
| FR2292464B1 (enExample) | 1979-02-02 |
| FR2324292B1 (enExample) | 1982-07-30 |
| FR2292464A1 (fr) | 1976-06-25 |
| NL171220C (nl) | 1983-03-01 |
| FR2324292A1 (fr) | 1977-04-15 |
| GB1524695A (en) | 1978-09-13 |
| NL171220B (nl) | 1982-10-01 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased | ||
| PL | Patent ceased |