ZA200500915B - Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds - Google Patents
Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- ZA200500915B ZA200500915B ZA200500915A ZA200500915A ZA200500915B ZA 200500915 B ZA200500915 B ZA 200500915B ZA 200500915 A ZA200500915 A ZA 200500915A ZA 200500915 A ZA200500915 A ZA 200500915A ZA 200500915 B ZA200500915 B ZA 200500915B
- Authority
- ZA
- South Africa
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- nickel
- aromatics
- reaction temperature
- hydrogenation
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 57
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims description 54
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 43
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 title claims description 29
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 29
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 title claims description 28
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 129
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 56
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibenzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 35
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 35
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 35
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 11
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- -1 aromatic sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NPPHEVSPZGYDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S].C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 Chemical compound [S].C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 NPPHEVSPZGYDHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001934 delay Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004922 lacquer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003577 thiophenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/44—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons
- C10G45/46—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/48—Hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J33/00—Protection of catalysts, e.g. by coating
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/213,996 US7081555B2 (en) | 2002-08-07 | 2002-08-07 | Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ZA200500915B true ZA200500915B (en) | 2006-11-29 |
Family
ID=31494583
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA200500915A ZA200500915B (en) | 2002-08-07 | 2005-02-01 | Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds |
Country Status (21)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US7081555B2 (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP1546289B1 (ko) |
| JP (1) | JP4436757B2 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR100980137B1 (ko) |
| CN (1) | CN1309807C (ko) |
| AR (1) | AR040789A1 (ko) |
| AT (1) | ATE332953T1 (ko) |
| AU (1) | AU2003259697B2 (ko) |
| BR (1) | BR0313313A (ko) |
| CA (1) | CA2494843A1 (ko) |
| DE (1) | DE60306789T2 (ko) |
| DK (1) | DK1546289T3 (ko) |
| ES (1) | ES2268460T3 (ko) |
| IN (1) | IN247202B (ko) |
| MX (1) | MX256051B (ko) |
| NO (1) | NO20050602L (ko) |
| PT (1) | PT1546289E (ko) |
| RU (1) | RU2309179C2 (ko) |
| UA (1) | UA78844C2 (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO2004015032A1 (ko) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200500915B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7081555B2 (en) * | 2002-08-07 | 2006-07-25 | Shell Oil Company | Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds |
| EP2013316A2 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2009-01-14 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | A process for the hydrogenation of aromatics in a hydrocarbon feedstock that contains a thiopheneic compound |
| DE102007012812A1 (de) * | 2007-03-16 | 2008-09-18 | Süd-Chemie AG | Verfahren zur Entschwefelung von Kraftstoffen und dafür geeigneter hochaktiver Nickel-Trägerkatalysator auf der Basis von Aluminiumoxid |
| JP6456204B2 (ja) | 2015-03-24 | 2019-01-23 | 千代田化工建設株式会社 | 芳香族炭化水素の水素化触媒及びそれを用いた水素化処理方法 |
Family Cites Families (46)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2101104A (en) | 1934-04-26 | 1937-12-07 | Harold M Smith | Catalyst for hydrogenating hydrocarbons |
| NL257123A (ko) | 1960-10-21 | |||
| OA02047A (fr) | 1965-02-13 | 1970-05-05 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procédé d'hydrogenation selective des diolefines. |
| GB1232393A (ko) * | 1967-07-11 | 1971-05-19 | ||
| FR2105481A5 (ko) | 1970-09-08 | 1972-04-28 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | |
| US3674707A (en) | 1970-10-21 | 1972-07-04 | Grace W R & Co | Regeneration of sulfur-poisoned raney nickel catalyst |
| US3859370A (en) | 1970-10-26 | 1975-01-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Massive nickel catalysts and use in hydrogenation processes |
| US3755148A (en) | 1971-04-01 | 1973-08-28 | Union Oil Co | Hydrocarbon hydrogenation |
| US3700742A (en) * | 1971-04-26 | 1972-10-24 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Aromatic hydrogenation process |
| US3775506A (en) | 1971-06-07 | 1973-11-27 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of preparing a hydrogenation catalyst |
| GB1421155A (en) | 1972-04-12 | 1976-01-14 | British Petroleum Co | Fermentation process for converting straight chain hydrocarbons present in hydrocarbon mixtures into proteinaceous materials |
| FR2184404B1 (ko) | 1972-05-15 | 1974-09-27 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | |
| US3793388A (en) | 1972-05-30 | 1974-02-19 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Selective hydrogenation of acetylene from olefins with a nickel on alumina catalyst |
| FR2197967B1 (ko) | 1972-09-01 | 1975-01-03 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | |
| US4106745A (en) * | 1973-05-07 | 1978-08-15 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Apparatus for attaching an insert in a mold |
| US3856831A (en) | 1973-07-12 | 1974-12-24 | Fuji Oil Co Ltd | Process for preparing hard butter |
| US4098683A (en) * | 1975-11-03 | 1978-07-04 | Uop Inc. | Process for hydrodesulfurizing or hydrogenating a hydrocarbon distillate |
| US4118342A (en) | 1977-06-21 | 1978-10-03 | Labofina S. A. | Process for producing catalysts |
| US4160745A (en) | 1977-12-01 | 1979-07-10 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Method of preparing highly active nickel catalysts and catalysts prepared by said method |
| DE2912780A1 (de) * | 1979-03-30 | 1980-10-09 | Herbert Huettlin | Siebboden fuer wirbelschichtapparaturen |
| US4249907A (en) | 1979-08-23 | 1981-02-10 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Temperature control of exothermic reactions |
| US4327234A (en) | 1980-12-05 | 1982-04-27 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Hydrogenation process using supported nickel catalyst |
| US4361705A (en) | 1981-06-29 | 1982-11-30 | Gulf Research & Development Company | Process for hydrogenating unsaturated compounds |
| US4973785A (en) | 1984-04-13 | 1990-11-27 | Uop | Molecular sieve compositions |
| US4716256A (en) | 1985-01-31 | 1987-12-29 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Hydrogenation of dienes |
| US4695560A (en) | 1985-10-01 | 1987-09-22 | Uop Inc. | Catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of diolefinic hydrocarbons |
| JPS6322036A (ja) | 1986-05-12 | 1988-01-29 | Kawasaki Steel Corp | パ−ヒドロアセナフテントランス体の選択的製造方法 |
| US4734540A (en) | 1986-12-22 | 1988-03-29 | Uop Inc. | Catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of polyunsaturated organics |
| CA1319359C (en) | 1987-05-08 | 1993-06-22 | Wilhelmus P. Van Beek | Hydrogenation catalyst |
| NL8901239A (nl) | 1989-05-18 | 1990-12-17 | Meern Bv Engelhard De | Katalysator voor hydrogenering en/of dehydrogenering. |
| US5081083A (en) | 1990-02-12 | 1992-01-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Energy | Method of treating intermetallic alloy hydrogenation/oxidation catalysts for improved impurity poisoning resistance, regeneration and increased activity |
| US5135902A (en) | 1990-05-25 | 1992-08-04 | Union Oil Company Of California | Nickel-tungsten-phosphorus catalyst |
| US5095160A (en) | 1991-06-24 | 1992-03-10 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Conversion of benzene to toluene |
| US5189233A (en) | 1991-08-23 | 1993-02-23 | Texaco Chemical Company | Process for the production of cyclohexane by liquid phase hydrogenation of benzene |
| US5451312A (en) | 1993-10-26 | 1995-09-19 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Catalyst and process for producing low-aromatics distillates |
| ATE193513T1 (de) | 1994-08-26 | 2000-06-15 | Meern Bv Engelhard De | Verfahren zur herstellung von cyclohexan |
| US5773670A (en) | 1995-03-06 | 1998-06-30 | Gildert; Gary R. | Hydrogenation of unsaturated cyclic compounds |
| US5676822A (en) | 1995-03-09 | 1997-10-14 | Texaco Inc. | Process for hydrodearomatization of hydrocarbon oils using carbon supported metal sulfide catalysts promoted by zinc |
| WO1996037168A1 (en) | 1995-05-25 | 1996-11-28 | Mount Sinai School Of Medicine Of The City University Of New York | Indwelling one-way valve prosthesis for hands-free tracheoesophageal speech |
| US5954948A (en) | 1996-05-13 | 1999-09-21 | Uop Llc | Hydrocarbon conversion process using a sulfur tolerant catalyst |
| ZA98586B (en) | 1997-02-20 | 1999-07-23 | Sasol Tech Pty Ltd | "Hydrogenation of hydrocarbons". |
| US5994257A (en) * | 1997-08-12 | 1999-11-30 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Hydrotreating catalyst composition and processes therefor and therewith |
| FR2767721B1 (fr) | 1997-08-29 | 1999-10-22 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Nouveaux catalyseurs utilisables dans les reactions de transformation de composes organiques |
| RU2139843C1 (ru) | 1998-04-15 | 1999-10-20 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Максим Инжиниринг" | Способ получения циклогексана |
| CN1076387C (zh) * | 1998-09-02 | 2001-12-19 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种不要预硫化处理的加氢精制催化剂 |
| US7081555B2 (en) * | 2002-08-07 | 2006-07-25 | Shell Oil Company | Process for hydrogenation of aromatics in hydrocarbon feedstocks containing thiopheneic compounds |
-
2002
- 2002-08-07 US US10/213,996 patent/US7081555B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-06-08 UA UAA200502050A patent/UA78844C2/uk unknown
- 2003-08-05 AR AR20030102802A patent/AR040789A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-08-06 DE DE60306789T patent/DE60306789T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-06 IN IN420DE2005 patent/IN247202B/en unknown
- 2003-08-06 DK DK03785080T patent/DK1546289T3/da active
- 2003-08-06 KR KR1020057002119A patent/KR100980137B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-06 PT PT03785080T patent/PT1546289E/pt unknown
- 2003-08-06 AT AT03785080T patent/ATE332953T1/de active
- 2003-08-06 AU AU2003259697A patent/AU2003259697B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-08-06 EP EP03785080A patent/EP1546289B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-06 ES ES03785080T patent/ES2268460T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-08-06 RU RU2005106232/04A patent/RU2309179C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-08-06 MX MXPA05001459 patent/MX256051B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2003-08-06 WO PCT/US2003/024924 patent/WO2004015032A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-08-06 CN CNB038207354A patent/CN1309807C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-08-06 BR BR0313313-3A patent/BR0313313A/pt not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-08-06 CA CA002494843A patent/CA2494843A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-08-06 JP JP2004527918A patent/JP4436757B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-02-01 ZA ZA200500915A patent/ZA200500915B/en unknown
- 2005-02-03 NO NO20050602A patent/NO20050602L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2006
- 2006-04-04 US US11/397,063 patent/US7230148B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20050056955A (ko) | 2005-06-16 |
| ES2268460T3 (es) | 2007-03-16 |
| DK1546289T3 (da) | 2006-11-13 |
| PT1546289E (pt) | 2006-11-30 |
| WO2004015032A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| DE60306789D1 (de) | 2006-08-24 |
| CA2494843A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
| AR040789A1 (es) | 2005-04-20 |
| US20040030208A1 (en) | 2004-02-12 |
| EP1546289A1 (en) | 2005-06-29 |
| BR0313313A (pt) | 2005-06-14 |
| RU2005106232A (ru) | 2005-08-20 |
| UA78844C2 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
| AU2003259697A1 (en) | 2004-02-25 |
| US20060167327A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 |
| JP2006500434A (ja) | 2006-01-05 |
| NO20050602L (no) | 2005-03-07 |
| DE60306789T2 (de) | 2007-07-12 |
| MXPA05001459A (es) | 2005-06-06 |
| US7081555B2 (en) | 2006-07-25 |
| EP1546289B1 (en) | 2006-07-12 |
| IN2005DE00420A (ko) | 2008-12-05 |
| RU2309179C2 (ru) | 2007-10-27 |
| JP4436757B2 (ja) | 2010-03-24 |
| MX256051B (es) | 2008-04-07 |
| ATE332953T1 (de) | 2006-08-15 |
| CN1309807C (zh) | 2007-04-11 |
| US7230148B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
| AU2003259697B2 (en) | 2006-08-17 |
| IN247202B (ko) | 2011-04-01 |
| CN1678718A (zh) | 2005-10-05 |
| KR100980137B1 (ko) | 2010-09-03 |
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