WO2024011905A1 - 一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶及其制备方法及应用 - Google Patents

一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶及其制备方法及应用 Download PDF

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WO2024011905A1
WO2024011905A1 PCT/CN2023/076428 CN2023076428W WO2024011905A1 WO 2024011905 A1 WO2024011905 A1 WO 2024011905A1 CN 2023076428 W CN2023076428 W CN 2023076428W WO 2024011905 A1 WO2024011905 A1 WO 2024011905A1
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nickel
manganese
metal
nanosphere
aerogel
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French (fr)
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路建美
陈冬赟
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苏州大学
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
    • B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
    • B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
    • B01D53/864—Removing carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
    • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
    • B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/8986—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/06—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing polymers
    • B01J31/069—Hybrid organic-inorganic polymers, e.g. silica derivatized with organic groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
    • B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
    • B01D2257/7027—Aromatic hydrocarbons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of functional materials, and specifically relates to a new type of precious metal-loaded nickel-manganese spinel nanosphere aerogel and its preparation method and application.
  • Toluene is colorless and volatile. It is not only extremely harmful to the environment, but also irritating to human skin and mucous membranes, and carcinogenic to humans and animals. Therefore, degrading as much of the released toluene gas as possible is a major problem facing the world.
  • supported noble metal materials have received widespread attention due to their high catalytic activity towards toluene.
  • Supported gold materials have attracted much attention in recent years since they were recognized as efficient catalysts for acetylene hydrochlorination. Support material is another important factor affecting catalyst activity.
  • Nickel-manganese mixed metal spinel (NiMn 2 O 4 ), due to its low content, is used in battery cathode catalysts, supercapacitor electrode materials, ammonia SCR catalysts and HCHO oxidation It has been widely researched and applied in other fields. However, there is no research on the removal of toluene by nickel-manganese mixed metal spinel in the existing technology, and the existing technology has problems such as complicated preparation and expensive raw materials.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide an inorganic functional material that can catalytically degrade toluene gas under low temperature conditions and generate harmless water and carbon dioxide.
  • a metal-supported nickel-manganese spinel nanosphere aerogel the preparation method of which includes the following steps: (1) combining nickel salt, manganese salt, and silica nanoparticles , urea, and polyvinylpyrrolidone are dispersed in the solvent, and then refluxed, dried, and calcined in sequence, and then the calcined product is added to the sodium carbonate solution to react to obtain nickel-manganese spinel nanospheres; (2) In the nickel-manganese spinel Gold nanoparticles are loaded on the nanospheres, and then mixed with graphene oxide, and then poly(propylene oxide) diamine is added, followed by a water bath reaction, and finally freeze-dried to obtain a metal-loaded nickel-manganese spinel nanosphere aerogel.
  • the solvent is ethanol.
  • the calcined product is added to a sodium carbonate solution for reaction, and then centrifuged to collect the product, washed with deionized water, and then freeze-dried to obtain nickel-manganese spinel nanospheres, which are then loaded with gold nanoparticles (Au) by dipping in a chloroauric acid solution. -hNMO).
  • the nickel salt is nickel nitrate hexahydrate
  • the manganese salt is manganese nitrate
  • the mass ratio of nickel salt, manganese salt, urea, silica nanoparticles, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is 0.3 ⁇ 0.5 g:0.3 ⁇ 0.6 g: 1 ⁇ 1.2 g: 0.1 ⁇ 0.2 g: 1 ⁇ 1.2 g
  • the silica nanoparticles are silica nanospheres
  • the D90 particle size is 300 nm.
  • AuCl 2 is 0.01 g/ml; preferably, nickel manganese spinel nanospheres, chloroplatinic acid solution, and polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP are mixed to promote the formation of uniform nanoparticles, and after washing and drying Nickel manganese spinel nanospheres loaded with gold nanoparticles were obtained.
  • graphene oxide (GO) is prepared from flake graphite powder by the modified Hummer method reported in the prior art.
  • the water bath reaction is 85-95°C for 20-40 minutes; preferably, the nickel manganese spinel nanospheres loaded with gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide are mixed in water, and then poly(propylene oxide) is added. amine, followed by a water bath reaction. The obtained product was freeze-dried to obtain a metal-supported nickel-manganese spinel nanosphere aerogel, which was recorded as Au-hNMO/GA.
  • the present invention first prepares hNMO by hydrothermal method, then loads gold nanoparticles onto hNMO by impregnation method, and finally uses cross-linking agent hydrothermal method to prepare graphene aerogel, realizing that it can be widely used in degrading toluene gas. application. Therefore, the present invention further discloses the application of Au-hNMO/GA in degrading toluene, or the application of Au-hNMO/GA in preparing toluene degradation materials.
  • the present invention has the following advantages compared with the existing technology: 1.
  • the present invention adopts a simple and easy-to-operate method to prepare hNMO.
  • the preparation process is simple and the sources of materials are abundant, which is conducive to reducing the preparation cost;
  • the nickel-manganese spinel material has a large specific surface area, strong ion exchange capacity, strong adsorption capacity, good hydrothermal stability, and exhibits extremely high resistance to loss of activity in the degradation of toluene. It also performs well in toluene catalysis after loading precious metal nanomaterials.
  • the nickel-manganese spinel material of the present invention greatly improves the diffusivity of organic molecules in the catalyst and also increases its specific surface area, which allows the metal nanoparticles loaded on it to expose more active site.
  • Au-hNMO of the present invention gold has a very good catalytic effect on toluene.
  • the gold nanoparticles are evenly loaded on the nickel-manganese spinel. The synergistic effect further improves the catalytic effect of the catalyst on toluene and greatly reduces the Catalyst cost.
  • the introduction of graphene airgel material greatly enhances the practicality of the catalyst, and can further improve the degradability, recyclability and durability of the catalyst.
  • the present invention overcomes the shortcomings of traditional methods for treating toluene gas, including adsorption method, combustion method, photocatalytic degradation method and biodegradation method.
  • thermocatalytic technology can realize the degradation of toluene at low temperatures, and the products are harmless water and Carbon dioxide, which greatly reduces processing costs and energy consumption, is also very friendly to the natural environment.
  • Figure 1 shows the scanning electron microscope image (SEM) and transmission electron microscope image (TEM) of hNi 1 Mn 2 .
  • Figure 2 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of (a) hNiO, (b) hMnO and (c) sNi 1 Mn 2 .
  • Figure 3 shows the transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of Au 1 -hNMO.
  • Figure 4 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 .
  • Figure 5 shows the stress-strain curve of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 .
  • Figure 6 shows the effect of toluene degradation by Au 1 -hNMO/GA.
  • Figure 7 is a diagram of the toluene degradation cycle effect of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 .
  • Figure 8 is the thermal activation curve of Au 1 -hNMO/GA.
  • the invention uses nickel nitrate hexahydrate, manganese nitrate, PVP, urea and sodium carbonate as raw materials to prepare hollow nickel manganese spinel nanospheres, then adds chloroauric acid, prepares Au-hNMO by dipping method, and then uses a cross-linking agent
  • the final product (Au-hNMO/GA) was synthesized by combining graphene oxide with the water bath method.
  • the raw materials involved are all existing products or conventionally prepared according to existing methods.
  • the specific experimental operations and testing methods are conventional technologies; graphene oxide GO is prepared using the existing modified Hummer method, and the molecular weight of poly(propylene oxide) diamine is 400; Silica nanoparticles are silica nanospheres, with a D90 particle size of 300 nm.
  • FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image (c) and a transmission electron microscope image (f) of the nickel manganese spinel prepared in this example.
  • Control example Add 0.29 g of nickel nitrate hexahydrate and 0.36 g of manganese nitrate to 70 ml of absolute ethanol, then add 1g of urea and 1g of PVP, and the solution is refluxed at 90°C for 10 hours under stirring; the product is reacted with deionized water and anhydrous alcohol. Filter and wash with water and ethanol three times, then freeze-dry at 0°C for 24 h; heat the dried product to 300°C at a heating rate of 5°C ⁇ min -1 , and calcine for 3 hours to obtain sNi 1 Mn 2 .
  • Figure 2 shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of (a) hNiO, (b) hMnO and (c) sNi 1 Mn 2 .
  • FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscope image (g) and a transmission electron microscope image (j) of the Au 1 -hNMO prepared in this example.
  • Figure 4 is a scanning electron microscope image (h) and a transmission electron microscope image (k) of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 prepared in this example.
  • the inset in the h image is a physical image of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 .
  • Figure 5 is the stress-strain curve of Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 , and the inset is a physical change diagram of the force.
  • the catalyst of the present invention has very good deformation ability.
  • the catalyst Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 was placed in a U-shaped tube in a fixed bed reactor, toluene with a concentration of 500 ppm volume fraction was introduced, and air was used as the filling gas.
  • the catalyst was tested under heating conditions. Degradation effect of toluene, 36000mL/(h ⁇ g) WHSV, air flow rate 30 ml/min.
  • the concentration of toluene is analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS).
  • Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 achieves 100% catalysis of toluene at 150°C.
  • the Au 1 -hNMO/GA 0.5 composite material always maintained excellent catalytic performance and could reach approximately 100% catalysis at 155°C. Therefore, the catalyst can be used repeatedly and has good stability; when repeating the test, just continue to heat it.
  • Example 4 According to the method of Example 4, the catalyst is replaced.
  • the degradation rates of toluene by different catalysts and the conventionally calculated parameters are shown in Table 1.
  • Figure 8 is a thermal activation curve of Au 1 -hNMO/GA.
  • the catalyst of the present invention has low activation energy.
  • Comparative example Disperse 25 mg GO in 10 mL deionized water, then add 25 mg Au 1 -hNMO powder, stir normally for 2 hours, react in a water bath at 90 °C for 30 minutes, and finally freeze-dry at 0 °C for 24 h to obtain Au 1 -hNMO@GA 0.5 ; According to the method of Example 4, the degradation rate of toluene by this catalyst cannot reach 100% at 200°C.
  • the Au-hNMO/GA composite catalyst synthesized through a series of steps of the present invention has a good catalytic degradation effect on toluene, and has the advantages of relatively simple experimental process, low raw material cost, and no pollution to the environment by the catalytic product. More importantly, the catalyst of the present invention has very good mechanical properties and deformation ability, and has obvious application advantages compared with powder catalysts. It is not only convenient to use and store, but also can be applied to catalytic devices of different shapes and sizes. In terms of toluene treatment, It has unparalleled application prospects.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶及其制备方法与应用。将镍盐、锰盐、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、尿素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在溶剂中，然后依次进行回流反应、干燥、煅烧，然后将煅烧产物加入碳酸钠溶液中反应，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球；在镍锰尖晶石纳米球上负载金纳米颗粒，再与氧化石墨烯混合，然后加入聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，再进行水浴反应，最后冷冻干燥，得到金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶。本发明克服了处理甲苯气体的传统方法包括吸附法、燃烧法、光催化降解法以及生物降解法的缺陷，采用热催化技术可以实现在低温下降解甲苯，且产物为无害的水和二氧化碳，这大大降低了处理成本和能耗，也对自然环境非常友好。

Description

一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶及其制备方法及应用 技术领域
本发明属于功能材料技术领域，具体涉及到一种新型贵金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶及其制备方法及应用。
 背景技术
甲苯无色，易挥发，它不仅对环境极其有害，而且对人体皮肤和粘膜有刺激性，对人和动物有致癌作用。因此，尽可能多地降解释放出的甲苯气体是全世界面临的一大难题。一般来说，负载型贵金属材料因其对甲苯的高催化活性而受到广泛关注，负载型金材料自从被公认为乙炔氢氯化的高效催化剂以来，近年来备受关注。载体材料是影响催化剂活性的另一个重要因素，镍锰混合金属尖晶石（NiMn 2O 4），由于其低含量的特性，在电池阴极催化剂、超级电容器电极材料、氨的 SCR 催化剂和 HCHO 氧化等领域得到了广泛的研究和应用，但是现有技术未见镍锰混合金属尖晶石去除甲苯的研究，而且现有技术存在制备复杂、原料昂贵等问题。
技术问题
本发明的目的是提供一种能够在低温条件下催化降解甲苯气体，并生成无害的水和二氧化碳的无机功能材料。
 技术解决方案
为达到上述目的，本发明具体技术方案如下：一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶，其制备方法包括以下步骤：（1）将镍盐、锰盐、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、尿素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在溶剂中，然后依次进行回流反应、干燥、煅烧，然后将煅烧产物加入碳酸钠溶液中反应，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球；（2）在镍锰尖晶石纳米球上负载金纳米颗粒，再与氧化石墨烯混合，然后加入聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，再进行水浴反应，最后冷冻干燥，得到金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶。
本发明中，溶剂为乙醇。先将镍盐、锰盐、二氧化硅纳米颗粒与乙醇混合，再加入尿素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮，然后于85～95℃回流反应8～12小时，反应结束后将产物抽滤，再用去离子水和乙醇冲洗，然后冷冻干燥，再将干燥产物于280～320℃煅烧2.5～3.5小时。煅烧产物加入碳酸钠溶液中反应，然后离心收集产物，再用去离子水洗涤，再冷冻干燥，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球，然后在氯金酸溶液中用浸渍法负载金纳米颗粒（Au-hNMO）。
上述技术方案中，镍盐为六水合硝酸镍，锰盐为硝酸锰；镍盐、锰盐、尿素、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）的质量比为0.3～0.5 g∶0.3～0.6 g∶1～1.2 g∶0.1～0.2 g∶1～1.2 g；二氧化硅纳米颗粒为二氧化硅纳米球，D90粒径为300 nm。
上述技术方案中，氯金酸溶液中，AuCl 2为0.01 g/ml；优选的，镍锰尖晶石纳米球、氯铂酸溶液、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮PVP混合，促成均匀纳米颗粒形成，洗涤干燥后得到负载金纳米颗粒的镍锰尖晶石纳米球。
上述技术方案中，氧化石墨烯 (GO) 是通过现有技术报道的改良 Hummer 方法从片状石墨粉末制备的。优选的，水浴反应为85～95°C反应20～40分钟；优选的，先将负载金纳米颗粒的镍锰尖晶石纳米球与氧化石墨烯在水中混合，再加入聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，然后进行水浴反应。将获得的产品通过冷冻干燥处理得到金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶，记为Au-hNMO/GA。
本发明首先水热法制备hNMO，再将金纳米颗粒通过浸渍法，负载到hNMO上，最后用交联剂水热法制备了石墨烯气凝胶，实现其在降解甲苯气体方面能够得到广泛地应用。因此，本发明还进一步公开了Au-hNMO/GA在降解甲苯中的应用，或者Au-hNMO/GA在制备甲苯降解材料中的应用。
 有益效果
由于上述技术方案的运用，本发明与现有技术相比具有下列优点：1. 本发明采用简单易操作的方法，制得hNMO，制备工艺简单，材料来源丰富，有利于实现制备成本的降低；镍锰尖晶石材料比表面积大、离子交换能力强、吸附能力强、水热稳定性好、在降解甲苯中还展现出极高的抗失活性，且负载贵金属纳米材料后在甲苯催化中表现出了较高的活性，本发明的镍锰尖晶石材料大大提高了有机分子在催化剂中的扩散率，也提高了其比表面积，这使得负载其上的金属纳米颗粒能够暴露出更多的活性位点。
2. 本发明Au-hNMO中，金对甲苯有非常好的催化效果，此外，将金纳米颗粒均匀负载在镍锰尖晶石上，协同作用进一步提高了催化剂对甲苯的催化效果，还大大降低了催化剂的成本。
3、本发明Au-hNMO/GA中，石墨烯气凝胶材料的引入大大加强了催化剂的实用性，并能够进一步提高催化剂的降解性、可回收性和耐久性。
4、本发明克服了处理甲苯气体的传统方法包括吸附法、燃烧法、光催化降解法以及生物降解法的缺陷，采用热催化技术可以实现在低温下降解甲苯，且产物为无害的水和二氧化碳，这大大降低了处理成本和能耗，也对自然环境非常友好。
 附图说明
图1 为hNi 1Mn 2扫描电镜图（SEM）和透射电镜图（TEM）。
图2为(a) hNiO, (b) hMnO and (c) sNi 1Mn 2扫描电镜图（SEM）。
图3为Au 1-hNMO的透射电镜图（TEM）。
图4为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5的扫描电镜图（SEM）和透射电镜图（TEM）。
图5为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5的应力应变曲线。
图6为Au 1-hNMO/GA降解甲苯的效果图。
图7为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5降解甲苯循环效果图。
图8为Au 1-hNMO/GA的热活化曲线图。
本发明的实施方式
本发明以六水合硝酸镍、硝酸锰、PVP、尿素和碳酸钠为原材料，制备空心镍锰尖晶石纳米球，然后加入氯金酸，用浸渍法制备成Au-hNMO，再采用交联剂水浴法结合氧化石墨烯GO，合成了最后的产物（Au-hNMO/GA）。
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步描述。涉及的原料都为现有产品或者根据现有方法常规制备，具体实验操作以及测试方法为常规技术；采用现有改良 Hummer 方法制备氧化石墨烯GO，聚（氧化丙烯）二胺的分子量为400；二氧化硅纳米颗粒为二氧化硅纳米球，D90粒径为300 nm。
实施例一
将 0.29 g 六水合硝酸镍、0.36 g 硝酸锰、10 ml 二氧化硅纳米球（0.15g 二氧化硅）水溶液加入70 ml无水乙醇中，然后加入1g尿素和1g PVP，溶液在搅拌下于 90 ℃回流反应10 h；产物用去离子水和无水乙醇过滤洗涤3次，然后0℃冷冻干燥24 h；将干燥产物以 5 ℃∙min -1 的升温速率升温至300 ℃，煅烧 3 小时，得到SiO 2@Ni 1Mn 2；将煅烧产物加入 100 ml 碳酸钠溶液 (200 ml, 0.6 M) ，并在80 °C下搅拌5小时，离心收集产物，用去离子水洗涤3次，0℃冷冻干燥24 h，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球hNi 1Mn 2。采用扫描电镜和透射电镜对本实施例制备的产品进行表征，附图1是本实施例制备的镍锰尖晶石的扫描电镜图（c）和透射电镜图（f）。
同样的，改变镍、锰原料比例，煅烧后得到SiO 2@Ni 1.5Mn 1.5和SiO 2@Ni 0.5Mn 2.5，与碳酸钠反应后得到hNi 1.5Mn 1.5, hNi 0.5Mn 2.5。
对照例：将 0.29 g 六水合硝酸镍、0.36 g 硝酸锰加入70 ml无水乙醇中，然后加入1g尿素和1g PVP，溶液在搅拌下于 90 ℃回流反应10 h；产物用去离子水和无水乙醇过滤洗涤3次，然后0℃冷冻干燥24 h；将干燥产物以 5 ℃∙min -1 的升温速率升温至300 ℃，煅烧 3 小时，得到sNi 1Mn 2。
图2为(a) hNiO, (b) hMnO and (c) sNi 1Mn 2扫描电镜图（SEM）。
实施例二
将0.1 g镍锰尖晶石纳米球hNi 1Mn 2、PVP (100 mg)分散在40 mL乙二醇中， 90℃搅拌1 h，然后加入1.72 ml HAuCl 4（5 mg/ml）溶液、2 ml NaBH 4（120 mM）溶液，再搅拌1小时。最后，将所得产物用去离子水和无水乙醇离心冲洗3次，在70℃下在真空干燥，得到负载金纳米颗粒的镍锰尖晶石（Au 1-hNMO）（yAu=1 wt%，实际含量0.92%）。附图3是本实施例制备的Au 1-hNMO的扫描电镜图（g）和透射电镜图（j）。
此外，改变氯金酸水溶液的量为0.86 ml 和 2.59 ml分别制得不同含金量的催化剂Au 0.5-hNMO（实际含量0.47%）和Au 1.5-hNMO（实际含量1.4%）。
实施例三
将 25 mg GO 在分散在 10 mL 去离子水中，然后加入25mg Au 1-hNMO粉末，常规搅拌2小时，然后加入 25 μL 聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，于90 °C 水浴反应 30 分钟，最后在0 ℃下冷冻干燥24h，得到负载金纳米颗粒的镍锰尖晶石气凝胶，记为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5。此外，改变GO的量为15 mg和50 mg分别制得不同石墨烯含量的催化剂Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.3和Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.7。附图4是本实施例制备的Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5的扫描电镜图（h）和透射电镜图（k），h图中的插图为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5实物图。图5为Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5的应力应变曲线，插图为受力实物变化图，本发明催化剂具有非常好的形变能力。
 实施例四  甲苯的催化测试
根据常规方法，在一个固定床反应器中的U型管放入50 mg催化剂Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5，通入浓度为500 ppm体积分数的甲苯，空气为填充气，测试加热条件下催化剂对甲苯的降解效果，36000mL/（h·g）WHSV，气流速率30 ml/min。甲苯的浓度则通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪来分析 (GCMS)，甲苯的转化率可通过公式η=(C 0-C)/C 0×100% （C 0是甲苯的初始浓度，C是每15分钟测试的甲苯浓度）来计算。持续加热作为重复实验。
 从附图6中可以看出，Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5在150℃达到甲苯100%催化。从附图7中可以看出，在上述五次重复使用过程中，Au 1-hNMO/GA 0.5复合材料始终保持优良的催化性能，在155℃下都能达到约100%催化。因此，该催化剂可以重复使用，具有良好的稳定性；重复试验时，持续加热即可。
 实施例五  不同催化剂对甲苯的催化测试
 根据实施例四的方法，更换催化剂，不同催化剂对甲苯的降解率以及常规计算的参数见表1。
  。
 图8为Au 1-hNMO/GA的热活化曲线图，本发明催化剂具有低活化能。
 对比例：将 25 mg GO 在分散在 10 mL 去离子水中，然后加入25mg Au 1-hNMO粉末，常规搅拌2小时，于90 °C 水浴反应 30 分钟，最后在0 ℃下冷冻干燥24h，得到Au 1-hNMO@GA 0.5；根据实施例四的方法，200℃时该催化剂对甲苯的降解率不能达到100%。
 总结：经文献调研，日常生产生活中，空气中的甲苯浓度通常小于1000 ppm，且在较低浓度下降解甲苯比在较高浓度下降解更困难，通过与高甲苯含量文献的性能比较进一步显示了本发明催化剂的出色催化性能，尤其是，以金为活性催化剂的现有催化剂中，较少有在200℃以上能够实现甲苯完全降解的现象，除非加大金用量，但会大幅增加成本。通过以上分析，说明本发明通过一系列步骤合成的Au-hNMO/GA复合催化剂对甲苯有良好的催化降解效果，并且其具有实验过程较为简便，原料成本低，催化产物对环境无污染等优点，更主要的是，本发明催化剂具有非常好的力学性能以及形变能力，较粉体催化剂具有显而易见的应用优势，不仅使用、存储便利，而且可适用不同形状、大小的催化装置，在甲苯的处理方面具有不可比拟应用前景。

Claims (10)

  1.  一种金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    （1）将镍盐、锰盐、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、尿素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮分散在溶剂中，然后依次进行回流反应、干燥、煅烧，然后将煅烧产物加入碳酸钠溶液中反应，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球；
    （2）在镍锰尖晶石纳米球上负载金纳米颗粒，再与氧化石墨烯混合，然后加入聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，再进行水浴反应，最后冷冻干燥，得到金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶。
  2.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，溶剂为乙醇；先将镍盐、锰盐、二氧化硅纳米颗粒与乙醇混合，再加入尿素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮，然后于85～95℃回流反应8～12小时；镍盐为六水合硝酸镍，锰盐为硝酸锰；镍盐、锰盐、尿素、二氧化硅纳米颗粒、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮的质量比为0.3～0.5 g∶0.3～0.6 g∶1～1.2 g∶0.1～0.2 g∶1～1.2 g。
  3.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，回流反应结束后将产物抽滤，再用去离子水和乙醇冲洗，然后冷冻干燥，再将干燥产物于280～320℃煅烧2.5～3.5小时。
  4.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，煅烧产物加入碳酸钠溶液中反应，然后离心收集产物，再用去离子水洗涤，再冷冻干燥，得到镍锰尖晶石纳米球。
  5.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，在氯金酸溶液中用浸渍法在镍锰尖晶石纳米球上负载金纳米颗粒。
  6.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法，其特征在于，水浴反应为85～95℃反应20～40分钟；先将负载金纳米颗粒的镍锰尖晶石纳米球与氧化石墨烯在水中混合，再加入聚（氧化丙烯）二胺，然后进行水浴反应。
  7.  根据权利要求1所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶的制备方法制备的金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶。
  8.  权利要求7所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶在降解甲苯中的应用，或者在制备甲苯降解材料中的应用。
  9.  根据权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于，降解甲苯的温度为100～170℃。
  10.  一种低温降解甲苯的方法，其特征在于，将权利要求7所述金属负载型镍锰尖晶石纳米球气凝胶置入含有甲苯的环境中，100～170℃下完成甲苯的降解。
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