CN113578358A - 一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种Pt/NVC‑g‑C3N4光催化材料,以g‑C3N4作为载体,该g‑C3N4载体上修饰有Pt/NVC纳米颗粒。其制备方法包括:(1)高温碳化制得NVC;(2)将NVC借助化学还原法与Pt纳米颗粒复合,制得Pt/NVC;(3)将Pt/NVC通过热处理方式负载到g‑C3N4上,制得Pt/NVC‑g‑C3N4光催化材料。通过该方法制得的Pt/NVC‑g‑C3N4光催化材料能同时实现对水分子的活化和促进质子还原为氢过程,光催化活性高,具有出色的光解水制氢性能,且制备工艺简单、易于操作,适用于工业化生产。本发明还提供该Pt/NVC‑g‑C3N4光催化材料在光解水制氢的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光催化材料技术领域,更具体地涉及一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催 化材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
自二氧化钛半导体材料被用于光驱分解水制氢以来,该光解水制氢技术便 立刻引起研究热潮,成为缓解能源危机的有效策略。高活性光催化剂的设计 主要基于光催化的三个过程,包括光响应、光生载流子分离及表面催化反应 (氢析出动力学)。其中,表面催化反应-氢析出是实现光解水制氢的最后且 关键步骤,加速氢析出过程受到了广泛重视。研究发现,负载析氢助催化剂 不仅能加速质子还原成氢,还能作为电子捕获中心促进光生载流子的分离。 因此,发展高效的析氢助催化剂对光解水产氢效率的提升和突破至关重要。
在众多析氢助催化剂中,Pt因其具有合适的Fermi能级和氢吸附能,在 光解水反应中表现出优异的催化活性。但Pt助催化剂对水分子的活化能力差, 而该过程通常是氢析出的速率控制步骤,由此限制了单一Pt负载体系的性能 升级。鉴于此,探索并开发具有活化水分子和还原质子能力的多功能助催化 剂极具现实意义。
发明内容
本发明目的之一是提供一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料,该光催化材料能 同时实现对水分子的活化和促进质子还原为氢过程,光催化活性高,具有出色 的光解水制氢性能。
为实现本发明目的,本发明提供一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料,以g-C3N4作为载体,该g-C3N4载体上修饰有Pt/NVC纳米颗粒。
与现有技术相比,该Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料中,以g-C3N4作为载体, 该g-C3N4载体上修饰有Pt/NVC纳米颗粒,g-C3N4和Pt/NVC的紧密结合, g-C3N4吸收光后生成电子空穴对。Pt/NVC具有催化性,利用生成的光生电子 还原质子为氢。尤其是,NVC将助力活化水分子并提供丰富的质子,Pt将促 进质子还原并生成氢气,两者的协同作用能很大程度上加速光解水析氢反应。 因此,Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料能同时实现对水分子的活化和促进质子还原 为氢过程,光催化活性高,具有出色的光解水制氢性能。
本发明目的之二是提供一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,包括 步骤:
(1)将钒源与碳氮化合物混合,在Ar气氛中于高温下碳化以形成N掺 杂的VC,制得NVC;
(2)将NVC借助化学还原法与Pt纳米颗粒复合,制得Pt/NVC;
(3)将Pt/NVC通过热处理方式负载到g-C3N4上,制得Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光 催化材料。
在Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法中,通过简单的高温碳化和化学 还原法获得Pt/NVC助催化剂,并通过一步热处理过程得到Pt/NVC负载的 g-C3N4光催化材料。将具有优异活化水分子和还原质子能力的Pt/NVC负载于光 催化剂-石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)上,有利于光解水析氢反应。且该制备工艺简 单、易于操作,适用于工业化生产。
较佳的,步骤(1)中,钒源选自钒酸铵、钒酸钠、氧化钒中的至少一种。
较佳的,碳氮化合物选自尿素、单氰胺、二聚氰胺、三聚氰胺中的至少一 种。
较佳的,钒源与碳氮化合物的摩尔比为1:0.5~30。比如,采用1:0.5,1:2, 1:4,1:8,1:10,1:15,1:20,1:25,1:30。
较佳的,步骤(1)中的高温为600~1150℃。比如,该温度采用600℃、700℃、 800℃、900℃、1150℃。
较佳的,步骤(1)中,将钒源与碳氮化合物混合均匀,然后将上述混合 物转移到陶瓷舟中并置于管式炉正中间,在反应前用Ar气去除管式炉内空气, 并于600~1150℃下焙烧1~5小时以形成NVC。进一步,Ar气体的流速为10~100 sccm。
较佳的,步骤(2)中,将铂源溶于去离子水中,随后将NVC加入到上述 溶液中,混合均匀,然后将上述混合液转移到含硼氢化钠还原剂的水溶液中, 在超声辅助下原位还原Pt,得到Pt纳米颗粒复合的NVC。优选地,Pt与NVC 的质量比为0.1-5:1。
较佳的,铂源选自氯铂酸、氯铂酸钠、氯化铂中的至少一种。
较佳的,步骤(3)中,热处理的温度为400~600℃,如温度可为但不限于 400℃、450℃、500℃、550℃、600℃。
较佳的,步骤(3)中,将Pt/NVC与g-C3N4混合均匀,然后将上述混合物 转移到陶瓷舟中并置于管式炉正中间,在热处理前用Ar气去除管式炉内空气, 并于400~600℃下热处理0.5~5小时,得到Pt/NVC负载的g-C3N4,制得 Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料。进一步,热处理过程在Ar气氛中进行,气体流速 为50sccm。优选地,Pt/NVC与g-C3N4的质量比为0.01-0.5:1。
本发明目的之三是提供一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料在光解水制氢的应 用。
较佳的,将Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料加入到含牺牲剂的水溶液中进行光 催化反应。
较佳的,光催化材料用量为5~1000mg,牺牲剂溶液为10~250mL。
较佳的,牺牲剂选自甲醇水溶液、三乙醇胺水溶液、乳酸水溶液、Na2SO3和Na2S混合溶液中的至少一种。比如,可选用Na2SO3和Na2S混合溶液作为牺 牲剂。
较佳的,将Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料加入到含牺牲剂的水溶液中进行光 催化反应之前,通Ar去除空气,时间为5~60分钟。
较佳的,整个反应在磁力搅拌下进行。
附图说明
图1是本发明Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的XRD(a)及EDS图(b)。
其中,图1(a)为g-C3N4、NVC-g-C3N4、Pt/g-C3N4、Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的XRD 图;图1(b)为Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的EDS图。
图2是图1中Pt元素的放大图。
图3是图1中V元素的放大图。
图4中:图4(a)是本发明Pt/NVC-g-C3N4实施例1与对比例1-3中光催剂 的光催化性能;图4(b)是本发明Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的循环利用图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明的实施例,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完 整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实 施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前 提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,包括步骤:
(1)NVC的制备
将3.5mmol钒酸铵(NH4VO3)与10.5mmol二聚氰胺(C2H4N4)均匀 混合,随后将上述混合物转移到陶瓷舟中并盖好,置于管式炉正中间,反应 前以50sccm流速通30分钟Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于900℃下焙烧3小时, 其中Ar气的流量为50sccm,反应后,系统在Ar气氛下自然冷却到室温, 获得NVC;
(2)Pt/NVC的制备
将100mg的NVC经超声均匀分散到含53mg氯铂酸(H2PtCl6)的水溶 液中,然后将上述混合液转移到含硼氢化钠还原剂的水溶液中,在超声辅助 下原位还原Pt,得到Pt纳米颗粒复合的NVC;
(3)Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备
通过传统焙烧法将三聚氰胺于550℃下焙烧4小时,得到g-C3N4粉末。 然后将120mgPt/NVC与900mg g-C3N4混合均匀并转移到陶瓷舟中,置于管 式炉正中间。热处理前用Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于500℃下热处理2小时, 得到Pt/NVC-g-C3N4。整个过程的Ar气体流速为50sccm。
取实施例1制得的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料进行光解水产氢工艺,如 下:
将50mg的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料加入到45mL含10vol%三乙醇胺 的水溶液中,在室温下于顶部辐照反应体系来评价光催化性能。光照前,反应 体系超声15分钟以均匀分散光催化剂,同时通15分钟Ar去除反应器中的空气, 整个反应在磁力搅拌下进行。每隔一定时间,抽取约400μL气体产物,通过 福立气相色谱(FULI GC7980)进行定量分析(Ar为载气、TCD为检测器), 光催化分解水制氢性能见图4(a)。Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的光催化循环测试前,每 次通15分钟的Ar以除去之前的气体,然后进行光催化反应,循环4次,每 次2小时。光催化循环测试的性能见图4(b)。
实施例2
(1)NVC的制备
将1mmol钒酸钠(Na3VO4)与6mmol尿素(CH4N2O)均匀混合,随后 将上述混合物转移到陶瓷舟中并盖好,置于管式炉正中间,反应前以50sccm 流速通30分钟Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于800℃下焙烧4小时,其中Ar气 的流量为50sccm,反应后,系统在Ar气氛下自然冷却到室温,获得NVC;
(2)Pt/NVC的制备
将200mg的NVC经超声均匀分散到含100mg氯铂酸钠(Na2[PtCl6]·6H2O) 的水溶液中,然后将上述混合液转移到含硼氢化钠还原剂的水溶液中,在超 声辅助下原位还原Pt,得到Pt纳米颗粒复合的NVC;
(3)Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备
通过传统焙烧法将三聚氰胺于550℃下焙烧4小时,得到g-C3N4粉末。 然后将120mgPt/NVC与900mg g-C3N4混合均匀并转移到陶瓷舟中,置于管 式炉正中间。热处理前用Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于400℃下热处理3小时, 得到Pt/NVC-g-C3N4。整个过程的Ar气体流速为50sccm。
实施例3
(1)NVC的制备
将1mmol氧化钒(V2O5)与4mmol三聚氰胺(C3H6N6)均匀混合,随 后将上述混合物转移到陶瓷舟中并盖好,置于管式炉正中间,反应前以50 sccm流速通30分钟Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于1000℃下焙烧3小时,其中Ar气的流量为50sccm,反应后,系统在Ar气氛下自然冷却到室温,获得 NVC;
(2)Pt/NVC的制备
将100mg的NVC经超声均匀分散到含35mg氯化铂(PtCl4)的水溶液 中,然后将上述混合液转移到含硼氢化钠还原剂的水溶液中,在超声辅助下 原位还原Pt,得到Pt纳米颗粒复合的NVC;
(3)Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备
通过传统焙烧法将三聚氰胺于550℃下焙烧4小时,得到g-C3N4粉末。 然后将120mgPt/NVC与900mg g-C3N4混合均匀并转移到陶瓷舟中,置于管 式炉正中间。热处理前用Ar气去除管式炉内空气,于600℃下热处理1小时, 得到Pt/NVC-g-C3N4。整个过程的Ar气体流速为50sccm。
对比例1
该对比例中的光催化材料采用g-C3N4,采用g-C3N4进行光解水产氢工艺, 其余工艺与实施例1相同,在此不详细说明。
对比例2
该对比例中的光催化材料采用NVC-g-C3N4,采用NVC-g-C3N4进行光解 水产氢工艺,其余工艺与实施例1相同,在此不详细说明。
对比例3
该对比例中的光催化材料采用Pt/g-C3N4,采用Pt/g-C3N4进行光解水产氢 工艺,其余工艺与实施例1相同,在此不详细说明。
利用XRD、EDS等手段对Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料进行表征。如下:
图1(a)为g-C3N4、NVC-g-C3N4、Pt/g-C3N4、Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的XRD图。 图1(a)中Pt/NVC-g-C3N4表现出明显g-C3N4和NVC的特征衍射峰,说明 NVC已经成功负载到g-C3N4上。其中,Pt纳米颗粒由于其低含量而无显著 的衍射峰。
图1(b)为Pt/NVC-g-C3N4的EDS图。图1(b)的数据结果说明Pt/NVC-g-C3N4中除C、N、O元素外,还包含了Pt和V两种元素(请参考图2和图3),证实 了Pt的存在,并进一步证明了Pt/NVC成功负载在g-C3N4材料上。
请参考图4,图4(a)的数据结果说明:Pt/NVC负载的光催化产氢性能显 著高于纯g-C3N4以及单一NVC或Pt负载的g-C3N4,表明Pt和NVC的共负 载具有协同作用,能极大促进g-C3N4的光解水产氢活性。
图4(b)的数据结果说明:本发明制得的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4在循环使用4次 后(总共8小时)仍能表现出优异的光催化产氢活性,说明本发明Pt/NVC-g-C3N4具有良好的稳定性,有利于实际应用。
以上所揭露的仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,当然不能以此来限定本发明 之权利范围,因此依本发明申请专利范围所作的等同变化,仍属本发明所涵盖 的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料,其特征在于,以g-C3N4作为载体,该g-C3N4载体上修饰有Pt/NVC纳米颗粒。
2.如权利要求1所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,将Pt/NVC通过热处理方式负载到g-C3N4上,制得Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料。
3.如权利要求2所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括步骤:
(1)将钒源与碳氮化合物混合,在Ar气氛中于高温下碳化以形成N掺杂的VC,制得NVC;
(2)将NVC借助化学还原法与Pt纳米颗粒复合,制得Pt/NVC。
4.如权利要求3所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述钒源选自钒酸铵、钒酸钠、氧化钒中的至少一种;
所述碳氮化合物选自尿素、单氰胺、二聚氰胺、三聚氰胺中的至少一种。
5.如权利要求3所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中的高温为600~1150℃。
6.如权利要求3所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,将铂源溶于去离子水中,随后将NVC加入到上述溶液中,混合均匀,然后将上述混合液转移到含硼氢化钠还原剂的水溶液中,在超声辅助下原位还原Pt,得到Pt纳米颗粒复合的NVC。
7.如权利要求6所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述铂源选自氯铂酸、氯铂酸钠、氯化铂中的至少一种。
8.一种如权利要求1所述的Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料在光解水制氢的应用。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用,其特征在于,将Pt/NVC-g-C3N4光催化材料加入到含牺牲剂的水溶液中进行光催化反应。
10.如权利要求9所述的应用,其特征在于,所述牺牲剂选自甲醇水溶液、三乙醇胺水溶液、乳酸水溶液、Na2SO3和Na2S混合液中的至少一种。
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