WO2023145657A1 - 硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法 - Google Patents

硫化物系固体電解質の製造方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023145657A1
WO2023145657A1 PCT/JP2023/001784 JP2023001784W WO2023145657A1 WO 2023145657 A1 WO2023145657 A1 WO 2023145657A1 JP 2023001784 W JP2023001784 W JP 2023001784W WO 2023145657 A1 WO2023145657 A1 WO 2023145657A1
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Prior art keywords
sulfide
solid electrolyte
based solid
raw material
heating
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PCT/JP2023/001784
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
直樹 藤井
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AGC Inc
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Asahi Glass Co Ltd
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Priority to CN202380017955.5A priority Critical patent/CN118575235A/zh
Priority to EP23746869.9A priority patent/EP4471811A4/en
Priority to JP2023564062A priority patent/JP7435926B2/ja
Priority to KR1020247024662A priority patent/KR20240134910A/ko
Publication of WO2023145657A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023145657A1/ja
Priority to JP2023223117A priority patent/JP2024027159A/ja
Priority to US18/782,602 priority patent/US20240387865A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • C01B25/14—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
    • C01D15/00—Lithium compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/10—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances sulfides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
    • H01M10/0562—Solid materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
    • H01M2300/008—Halides
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • Lithium ion secondary batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers.
  • liquid electrolytes have been used in lithium-ion secondary batteries, but there are concerns about liquid leakage, ignition, and the like, and it has been necessary to increase the size of the case for safety design. In addition, it is desired to improve the short battery life and the narrow operating temperature range.
  • Solid electrolytes are roughly divided into sulfide-based solid electrolytes and oxide-based solid electrolytes.
  • Sulfide ions forming a sulfide-based solid electrolyte have a higher polarizability than oxide ions forming an oxide-based solid electrolyte, and exhibit high ionic conductivity.
  • Sulfide-based solid electrolytes include, for example, sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing lithium element, sulfur element, and phosphorus element, and known methods for producing them include the glass-sealed tube method, the mechanical milling method, the melting method, and the like.
  • Patent Document 1 describes (1) a step of melting and vitrifying a composite compound containing lithium, phosphorus and sulfur as a composition, and (2) quenching the molten glass. obtaining a sulfide glass by Further, in Patent Document 2, when synthesizing a sulfide-based lithium ion conductive solid electrolyte, an inert gas containing water at 100 ppm or less is used, heated in the air flow, melted, and then cooled to form a sulfide. A method for obtaining a system lithium ion conducting solid electrolyte is disclosed.
  • Oxygen is likely to be adsorbed on the surface of such a raw material, and when the raw material is heated and melted in that state, the adsorbed oxygen reacts with other components in the raw material, and the lithium ion conduction of the resulting sulfide-based solid electrolyte It was found that the rate may decrease.
  • the present invention is a sulfide that can suppress the reaction between oxygen adsorbed to the raw material and other components in the raw material during heating and melting, and can suppress the decrease in the lithium ion conductivity of the resulting sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a system solid electrolyte.
  • the inventors of the present invention have found that the above problems can be solved by introducing the raw material into the introduction section where the dew point is adjusted to a predetermined range, and then transferring the raw material to the heating section to heat and melt it. and completed the present invention.
  • a method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte using a production apparatus comprising an introduction section and a heating section, introducing a raw material into the introduction section of the manufacturing apparatus; transferring the raw material to the heating unit having a higher temperature than the introduction unit and heating and melting the raw material;
  • a sulfide-based solid electrolyte block containing Li, P, S and Ha, Ha is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, In the sulfide-based solid electrolyte block, the ratio of PO bonds to the total of PS bonds and PO bonds is less than 5%, A sulfide-based solid electrolyte block having a thickness of 10 mm or less. 6.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte block is powdered with an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m, and when it is compacted at a pressure of 380 MPa, the lithium ion conductivity measured at 25 ° C. is 2.0 mS / cm or more. 5.
  • Electrolytes can be produced.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a manufacturing apparatus used in a manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating a manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • the method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment is a method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte using a manufacturing apparatus having an introduction section and a heating section, introducing a raw material into the introduction section of the manufacturing apparatus; and transferring the raw material to the heating section having a higher temperature than the introduction section to heat and melt the raw material, wherein the dew point of the introduction section is ⁇ 65°C to -25°C. That is, as exemplified in FIG. 2, the present manufacturing method includes step S11 of introducing raw materials into the introduction section of the manufacturing apparatus, and step S12 of transferring the raw materials to a heating section having a temperature higher than that of the introduction section and heating and melting them. including.
  • the type and composition of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte to be produced are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected according to the application, desired physical properties, and the like.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte include sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing Li, P and S, sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing Li, P, S and Ha, and the like.
  • Ha represents at least one element selected from halogen elements.
  • Ha is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, for example.
  • Ha preferably contains at least one of Cl and Br, more preferably Cl, and even more preferably Cl alone or a mixture of Cl and Br.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an amorphous sulfide-based solid electrolyte or a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having a specific crystal structure, depending on its purpose. It may be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing a solid phase.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains a crystal structure from the viewpoint of improving lithium ion conductivity.
  • the crystals contained in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte are preferably ion-conducting crystals.
  • the ion conductive crystal is a crystal having a lithium ion conductivity of preferably greater than 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm, more preferably greater than 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
  • a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing LGPS type crystals such as Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 and a sulfide-based solid containing aldirodite type crystals such as Li 6 PS 5 Cl 1
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be a combination of these, or may contain multiple types of crystals with different compositions and crystal structures.
  • a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing aldirodite-type crystals is preferable as the sulfide-based solid electrolyte because of its excellent lithium ion conductivity.
  • the crystal structure preferably contains an aldirodite type from the viewpoint of the symmetry of the crystal structure. Crystals with high symmetry are preferable when the powder is molded because the path of lithium ion conduction tends to expand three-dimensionally.
  • the crystal phase contains Ha in addition to Li, P, and S.
  • Ha more preferably contains at least one of Cl and Br, more preferably Cl, and even more preferably Cl alone or a mixture of Cl and Br.
  • XRD X-ray powder diffraction
  • composition of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte can be determined by composition analysis using, for example, ICP emission analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, ion chromatography, or the like. Also, the type of crystal contained in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte can be analyzed from an X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) pattern.
  • XRD X-ray powder diffraction
  • raw materials used in this production method those known as raw materials for the various sulfide-based solid electrolytes described above can be used.
  • the raw material contains elemental lithium (Li), elemental sulfur (S) and elemental phosphorus (P).
  • Such raw materials include Li-containing substances (components) such as Li alone and Li-containing compounds, S-containing substances (components) such as S alone and compounds containing S, and P such as P alone and compounds containing P. Substances (ingredients) and the like can be used in combination as appropriate.
  • the compound containing Li, the compound containing S and the compound containing P may be compounds containing two or more selected from Li, S and P.
  • diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ) and the like can be mentioned as a compound serving as both a compound containing S and a compound containing P.
  • Li-containing substances include, for example, lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). and lithium metal compounds. From the viewpoint of ease of handling, it is preferable to use lithium sulfide. On the other hand, since lithium sulfide is expensive, it is preferable to use a lithium compound other than lithium sulfide, metal lithium, or the like from the viewpoint of reducing the manufacturing cost of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • the raw materials are Li-containing substances such as metallic lithium, lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), and lithium hydroxide (LiOH). It is preferable to include one or more selected from the group consisting of These substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • Substances containing S include, for example, phosphorus trisulfide (P 2 S 3 ), phosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), and other phosphorus sulfides, other sulfur compounds containing phosphorus, elemental sulfur, and sulfur. compounds and the like.
  • Compounds containing sulfur include H 2 S, CS 2 , iron sulfide (FeS, Fe 2 S 3 , FeS 2 , Fe 1-x S, etc.), bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3 ), copper sulfide (CuS, Cu 2 S, Cu 1-x S, etc.).
  • the substance containing S is preferably phosphorus sulfide, more preferably diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), from the viewpoint of suppressing the inclusion of elements other than the elements constituting the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte. These substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Phosphorus sulfide is considered as a compound that serves as both an S-containing substance and a P-containing substance.
  • substances containing P include phosphorus sulfides such as diphosphorus trisulfide (P 2 S 3 ) and phosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), phosphorus compounds such as sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ), and elemental phosphorus. etc.
  • the substance containing P is preferably phosphorus sulfide, more preferably diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), from the viewpoint of suppressing the inclusion of elements other than the elements constituting the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte. These substances may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the raw materials are obtained, for example, by appropriately mixing the above substances according to the composition of the desired sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • the mixing ratio is not particularly limited, for example, the molar ratio Li/P of Li to P in the raw material is preferably 65/35 or more, more preferably 70/30 or more.
  • a preferred combination of the above compounds is a combination of Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 .
  • the molar ratio Li/P between Li and P is preferably 65/35 to 88/12, more preferably 70/30 to 88/12.
  • the raw material of this production method may contain further substances (compounds, etc.) in addition to the above substances, depending on the composition of the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte or as additives.
  • the raw material when producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing a halogen element such as F, Cl, Br, or I, the raw material preferably contains a halogen element (Ha).
  • the raw material preferably contains a compound containing a halogen element.
  • compounds containing halogen elements include lithium halides such as lithium fluoride (LiF), lithium chloride (LiCl), lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium iodide (LiI), phosphorus halides, phosphoryl halides, and sulfur halides. , sodium halide, boron halide and the like.
  • lithium halides are preferable, and LiCl, LiBr, and LiI are more preferable, from the viewpoint of suppressing the inclusion of elements other than the elements constituting the target sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • a lithium halide is also a compound containing Li.
  • the raw material contains lithium halide, part or all of Li in the raw material may be derived from lithium halide.
  • the molar equivalent of Ha to P in the raw material is preferably 0.2 molar equivalent or more, more preferably 0.5 molar equivalent or more, from the viewpoint of lowering the melting point when heating and melting the raw material. preferable.
  • the molar equivalent of Ha is preferably 4 molar equivalents or less, more preferably 3 molar equivalents or less.
  • the raw material preferably contains sulfides such as SiS 2 , B 2 S 3 , GeS 2 and Al 2 S 3 .
  • sulfides such as SiS 2 , B 2 S 3 , GeS 2 and Al 2 S 3 .
  • oxides such as SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , GeO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and P 2 O 5 . These compounds may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
  • the amount of these compounds added is preferably 0.1% by weight or more, more preferably 0.5% by weight or more, relative to the total amount of raw materials.
  • the amount added is preferably 50% by weight or less, more preferably 40% by weight or less.
  • the various substances mentioned above can be used in combination.
  • the raw materials may be mixed using, for example, a known mixer.
  • a V-type mixer, a W-type mixer, a ribbon-type mixer, or the like can be used as the mixer.
  • a sulfide-based solid electrolyte is obtained by heating and melting the raw materials, but the raw materials may be heat-treated in advance before the heating and melting.
  • the composition of the raw material can be heated and melted from a state in which the composition is closer to the target composition, so that the composition can be easily controlled.
  • a part of the raw material may be subjected to heat treatment and then mixed with the rest of the raw material.
  • the heat-treated raw material may contain compounds containing Li, P and S, such as Li 4 P 2 S 6 and Li 3 PS 4 .
  • the conditions for the heat treatment are not particularly limited, it is preferable, for example, to maintain the temperature at 100 to 500° C. for 0.1 to 5 hours.
  • a manufacturing apparatus used in this manufacturing method includes an introduction section and a heating section.
  • This production method includes introducing a raw material into an introduction section of a manufacturing apparatus (introduction step), and transferring the raw material to the heating section having a higher temperature than the introduction section to heat and melt it (heating and melting step). and including.
  • the dew point of the inlet is -65°C to -25°C.
  • oxygen tends to be adsorbed on the surface of such a raw material, and when the surface of the raw material with oxygen adsorbed thereon is heated and melted, the adsorbed oxygen reacts with other components in the raw material, It was found that the ionic conductivity of the obtained sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be lowered.
  • the present inventor introduces the raw material into the introduction section where the dew point is adjusted to a predetermined range, and then transfers the raw material to the heating section and heats and melts it.
  • the inventors have found that the reaction with other components can be suppressed, and have completed the present invention.
  • the reason for this is considered as follows. That is, in the present manufacturing method, the dew point of the introduction section is set within a predetermined range, and the atmosphere in the introduction section is relatively humid. By exposing the raw material to a relatively moist atmosphere before heating and melting, a suitable amount of water is adsorbed on the surface of the raw material, which weakens the ability to adsorb oxygen. As a result, it is presumed that the adsorbed oxygen is likely to be desorbed from the raw material during subsequent heating and melting, and the reaction between the adsorbed oxygen and other components in the raw material can be suppressed.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing an example of a manufacturing apparatus used in this manufacturing method.
  • the manufacturing apparatus 100 includes an introduction section 2 and a heating section 4 .
  • the dew point inside the introduction section 2 is ⁇ 65° C. to ⁇ 25° C., and the temperature inside the heating section 4 is higher than the temperature inside the introduction section 2 .
  • each of the introduction part 2 and the heating part 4 has a mechanism for supplying gas to the inside and discharging the gas from the inside.
  • a supply gas 21 is supplied to the introduction portion 2 and an exhaust gas 22 is discharged from the introduction portion 2 .
  • a supply gas 41 is supplied to the heating unit 4 and an exhaust gas 42 is discharged from the heating unit 4 .
  • the introduction method is not particularly limited as long as the dew point can be maintained at preferably -65°C to -10°C.
  • the introduction method for example, before opening the introduction part, the raw material and the opening of the introduction part are covered with a polyethylene bag or the like, and the dew point in the covered space is adjusted to the preferred range described above. There is a method of opening an opening and throwing it in.
  • the atmosphere when the raw material is introduced into the introduction section 2 preferably has a dew point of -25°C or lower, more preferably -30°C or lower.
  • the dew point may be higher than -25°C, eg, up to about -10°C.
  • the dew point is preferably -65°C or higher, more preferably -55°C or higher.
  • the dew point of the atmosphere when the raw material is introduced into the introduction section 2 is preferably -65°C to -10°C, more preferably -65°C to -25°C, and even more preferably -55°C to -30°C.
  • the atmosphere in which the raw material is introduced into the introduction section is preferably an inert gas atmosphere, and specific examples include an atmosphere of nitrogen gas, argon gas, helium gas, or the like.
  • the oxygen concentration is preferably 10000 ppm or less, more preferably 1000 ppm or less.
  • ppm means a volume-based ratio (volume ppm).
  • the inlet dew point is -65°C to -25°C.
  • the dew point of the introduction part is -65°C or higher, preferably -60°C or higher, more preferably -55°C or higher.
  • the dew point of the introduction part is -25°C or less, preferably -30°C or less, more preferably -40°C or less.
  • the dew point of the introduction part is -65°C to -25°C, preferably -60°C to -30°C, more preferably -55°C to -40°C.
  • the dew point can be adjusted, for example, by selecting and using a gas of appropriate purity or by using a mixture of gases in an appropriate ratio.
  • the atmosphere of the introduction part is preferably an inert gas atmosphere, and specific examples include atmospheres such as nitrogen gas and argon gas.
  • the oxygen concentration is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less.
  • the introduction part is supplied with gas at a predetermined replacement rate.
  • a preferable mode of the gas to be supplied is the same as that of the gas forming the atmosphere in the introduction section.
  • replacement rate represents (amount of gas supplied)/(amount of volume of space to which gas is supplied) per minute. For example, when the same amount of gas as the volume of the inlet is supplied per minute, the replacement rate is 1 (min ⁇ 1 ).
  • the gas is preferably supplied at a substitution rate of 1/10000 (min -1 ) to 100 (min -1 ), more preferably 1/100 (min -1 ) to 10 (min -1 ). , 1/10 (min ⁇ 1 ) to 5 (min ⁇ 1 ) are more preferable.
  • the substitution rate is preferably 1/10000 (min -1 ) or more, more preferably 1/100 (min -1 ) or more, and even more preferably 1/10 (min -1 ) or more.
  • the substitution rate is preferably 100 (min -1 ) or less, more preferably 10 (min -1 ) or less, and even more preferably 5 (min -1 ) or less. It is preferable that the substitution rate is equal to or less than the above value because it is possible to suppress scattering of the raw material due to air currents.
  • the temperature of the introduction part is preferably 0°C to 500°C, more preferably 20°C to 300°C, even more preferably 50°C to 200°C.
  • the temperature is preferably 0°C or higher, more preferably 20°C or higher, and even more preferably 50°C or higher. It is preferable that the temperature is equal to or higher than the above value because the adsorption of water to the raw material is promoted.
  • the temperature of the introduction part is preferably 500° C. or lower, more preferably 300° C. or lower, and even more preferably 200° C. or lower. When the temperature is equal to or lower than the above value, sticking of raw materials can be suppressed, which is preferable.
  • the time for which the raw material is held in the introduction section is preferably 1 minute to 6 hours, more preferably 10 minutes to 3 hours, and even more preferably 30 minutes to 1 hour. Although a relatively short holding time is preferable from the viewpoint of production, it is preferably 1 minute or longer, more preferably 10 minutes or longer, and still more preferably 30 minutes or longer, from the viewpoint of more effectively adsorbing water to the raw material. When the holding time is at least the above value, the effect of suppressing the reaction between adsorbed oxygen and other components in the raw material during heating and melting can be made more sufficient.
  • the time during which the raw material is held in the introduction section is preferably 6 hours or less, more preferably 3 hours or less, and even more preferably 1 hour or less. When the holding time is equal to or less than the above value, deterioration of the raw material due to moisture in the atmosphere can be suppressed.
  • the heating unit 4 is not particularly limited as long as it is a device capable of heating and melting raw materials, and is, for example, a heating furnace. Depending on the configuration of the heating section 4, the raw material may be transferred directly into the heating section 4, or a container or the like may be provided inside the heating section 4 and the raw material may be transferred therein. In the configuration of FIG. 1, a heat-resistant container 43 is arranged inside the heating unit 4 and the raw material is transferred into the heat-resistant container 43 .
  • the transfer method is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include a method of dropping the raw material from the introduction section 2 and a method of conveying the raw material by an air current.
  • the heat-resistant container 43 is not particularly limited, but a heat-resistant container made of carbon, a heat-resistant container containing oxides such as quartz, quartz glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, alumina, zirconia, and mullite, silicon nitride, nitride, etc.
  • a heat-resistant container containing a nitride such as boron, a heat-resistant container containing a carbide such as silicon carbide, and the like can be used.
  • these heat-resistant containers may be bulks formed of the above materials, or may be containers formed with a layer of carbon, oxide, nitride, carbide, or the like.
  • the shape of the heat-resistant container is not particularly limited, and may be any shape such as a prismatic shape, a cylindrical shape, or a conical shape.
  • the raw material may be transferred from the introduction part 2 to the heating part 4 by a method of continuously transferring a fixed amount or a method of intermittently transferring a predetermined amount.
  • the temperature of the heating section is higher than the temperature of the introduction section, preferably 300°C to 1000°C, more preferably 400°C to 950°C, still more preferably 500°C to 900°C.
  • the temperature of the heating section is preferably 300° C. or higher, more preferably 400° C. or higher, and even more preferably 500° C. or higher. It is preferable that the temperature of the heating unit is equal to or higher than the above value, because the raw material is easily melted.
  • the temperature of the heating section is preferably 1000° C. or lower, more preferably 950° C. or lower, and even more preferably 900° C. or lower. It is preferable that the temperature of the heating part is equal to or lower than the above value, because the amount of components desorbed from the raw material during heating and melting is unlikely to be excessive.
  • temperatures of the heating section and the introduction section include that the temperature of the heating section is 400°C or higher and the temperature of the introduction section is 300°C or lower. It is preferable that the temperature ranges of the heating section and the introduction section are within the above ranges, respectively, because the adsorption of moisture on the surface of the raw material in the introduction section can be promoted, and the desorption of oxygen in the heating section can be promoted.
  • the difference between the temperature of the heating section and the temperature of the introduction section is preferably 200°C or higher, more preferably 400°C or higher, and even more preferably 500°C or higher.
  • the temperature difference is at least the above value, moisture is adsorbed on the surface of the raw material while suppressing deterioration due to moisture in the introduction section, and the melting temperature is rapidly reached in the heating section, which is favorable for oxygen desorption. Conceivable.
  • the temperature difference is preferably 1000° C. or less, more preferably 900° C. or less, and even more preferably 800° C. or less, considering the respective suitable temperatures of the heating portion and the introduction portion.
  • the difference between the temperature of the heating section and the temperature of the introducing section may be 200°C to 1000°C, 400°C to 900°C, or 500°C to 800°C.
  • the difference between the temperature of the heating section and the temperature of the introducing section means (temperature of heating section) ⁇ (temperature of introducing section).
  • the method of heating the heating unit is not particularly limited, and may be a known heating method such as using an external heating device.
  • the heating part preferably has a dew point of -75°C to -25°C, more preferably -70°C to -35°C, and even more preferably -40°C to -65°C.
  • the dew point of the heating part is preferably ⁇ 25° C. or less, more preferably ⁇ 35° C. or less, and even more preferably ⁇ 40° C. or less.
  • the dew point of the heating part is preferably ⁇ 75° C. or higher, more preferably ⁇ 70° C. or higher, further preferably ⁇ 65° C. or higher. When the dew point is equal to or higher than the above value, it is easy to suppress the manufacturing cost.
  • the atmosphere of the heating part is preferably an inert gas atmosphere, and specific examples include atmospheres such as nitrogen gas and argon gas.
  • the oxygen concentration is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less.
  • the atmosphere of the heating section contains a gas that easily reacts with oxygen.
  • the gas that readily reacts with oxygen include a gas containing elemental sulfur, carbon monoxide, and the like. Since raw materials containing elemental sulfur such as sulfides are melted in the heating and melting step, gases containing elemental sulfur are preferred because they share the same elements and tend to prevent unwanted components from being mixed into the melt.
  • the gas containing elemental sulfur includes, for example, a compound containing elemental sulfur or a gas containing elemental sulfur, such as sulfur gas, hydrogen sulfide gas, carbon disulfide gas, and sulfur dioxide.
  • the gas containing elemental sulfur is preferably sulfur gas or hydrogen sulfide gas from the viewpoint of reactivity with oxygen.
  • the atmosphere of the heating section contains a gas that easily reacts with oxygen
  • the adsorbed oxygen released from the raw material reacts with the gas that easily reacts with oxygen to form a different compound. can. This makes it possible to further suppress the decrease in ionic conductivity due to adsorbed oxygen.
  • the heating part may contain a small amount of oxygen in addition to the oxygen adsorbed on the raw material. By heating and melting in an atmosphere containing a gas that readily reacts with oxygen, the reaction between the oxygen and the ingredients in the raw material can also be suppressed.
  • a gas containing elemental sulfur is obtained by heating a sulfur source. Therefore, the sulfur source is not particularly limited as long as it is elemental sulfur or a sulfur compound from which a gas containing elemental sulfur can be obtained by heating.
  • Fe 2 S 3 , FeS 2 , Fe 1-x S, etc. bismuth sulfide (Bi 2 S 3 ), copper sulfide (CuS, Cu 2 S, Cu 1-x S, etc.), lithium polysulfide, sodium polysulfide, etc. polysulfides, polysulfides, sulfur-vulcanized rubbers, and the like.
  • these sulfur sources are heated in a separate sulfur source heating unit to generate a gas containing elemental sulfur, and an inert gas such as N2 gas, argon gas, or helium gas is used as a carrier gas and conveyed to the heating unit.
  • an inert gas such as N2 gas, argon gas, or helium gas is used as a carrier gas and conveyed to the heating unit.
  • the temperature for heating the sulfur source may be appropriately selected depending on the type of sulfur source used. For example, when elemental sulfur is used as the sulfur source, the heating temperature is preferably 250° C. or higher and preferably 750° C. or lower.
  • a solid sulfur source such as elemental sulfur, H 2 S, Bi 2 S 3 , iron sulfide, copper sulfide, CS 2 , etc., in a fine state such as powder, is flown into the heating part with a carrier gas.
  • a gas atmosphere containing elemental sulfur may be obtained by transportation.
  • This production method may include a step of supplementing a predetermined element during heating and melting.
  • the adsorbed oxygen adsorbed on the raw material is easily desorbed during the heating and melting.
  • elemental components other than oxygen contained in the raw material may be desorbed together with oxygen.
  • a predetermined element or compound is likely to be desorbed, for example, because the raw material contains a plurality of compounds having large differences in boiling points.
  • the prescribed elemental components may be insufficient for the desired composition of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte during heating and melting.
  • the present production method may further include a step of supplementing the element that may be deficient in this way.
  • the missing element can be one or more elements selected from elements that can be contained in a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, such as sulfur element, lithium element, and phosphorus element.
  • a method of supplementing these elements for example, a method of further introducing a compound containing the element into the heating unit can be mentioned.
  • the compound to be introduced may be in any state of solid, amorphous, liquid, or gas, and may be introduced into the heating section via the introduction section, or may be introduced into the heating section as a supply gas.
  • the compound to be introduced may be, for example, one or a mixture of two or more selected from the substances used as the raw materials described above.
  • sulfur when the element lacking is elemental sulfur, sulfur can also be introduced into the melt by heating and melting the raw material in a gas atmosphere containing the elemental sulfur described above. As a result, a sufficient amount of sulfur can be introduced to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having a desired composition, and elemental sulfur can be supplemented.
  • the melt By introducing sulfur in a liquid phase state in which the raw material is melted, it is easy to uniformly introduce sulfur into the entire melt, and the resulting sulfide-based solid electrolyte tends to have a uniform composition.
  • the melt is in a state of high uniformity due to a decrease in viscosity due to fluidization of the solid. As a result, the melt has high dissolution and diffusibility of gases containing elemental sulfur. Heating and melting while stirring the melt or the gas containing elemental sulfur is more preferable because the above effects can be obtained more easily.
  • the heat melting time is preferably 0.1 hours or longer, more preferably 0.5 hours or longer, and even more preferably 0.7 hours or longer, from the viewpoint of improving the homogeneity of the melt and the resulting sulfide-based solid electrolyte. One hour or more is even more preferable.
  • the upper limit of the heating and melting time is not particularly limited as long as the deterioration and decomposition of the components in the melt due to heating can be tolerated, and it may be relatively long.
  • a practical range is preferably 100 hours or less, more preferably 50 hours or less, and even more preferably 24 hours or less.
  • the pressure during heating and melting is not particularly limited, but normal pressure or slight pressure is preferred, and normal pressure is more preferred.
  • the partial pressure of sulfur is preferably 10 ⁇ 3 to 10 0 atm.
  • This production method preferably further includes a step of obtaining a solid by cooling the melt obtained by heating and melting. Cooling may be performed by a known method, and the method is not particularly limited. After the heating and melting step, the heating section 4 may continue to cool, or the melt may be removed from the heating section 4 and cooled.
  • the thickness of the melt and the resulting solid after pouring is preferably relatively thin from the viewpoint of improving the cooling efficiency.
  • the thickness is preferably 10 mm or less, more preferably 5 mm or less.
  • the lower limit of the thickness is not particularly limited, it may be 0.01 mm or more, or may be 0.02 mm or more.
  • the cooling efficiency is excellent, and flaky, fibrous, and powdery products can be obtained.
  • the resulting solid can be obtained in any shape, such as by crushing into a size that is easy to handle. Among them, it is preferable to obtain it in the form of a block-shaped solid because it is easy to recover.
  • block-like includes plate-like, flake-like, or fiber-like.
  • the cooling rate is preferably 0.01°C/sec or higher, more preferably 0.05°C/sec or higher, and even more preferably 0.1°C/sec or higher, from the viewpoint of maintaining the composition obtained by the heating and melting step.
  • the cooling rate of twin rollers which is generally said to have the fastest rapid cooling rate, is 1,000,000° C./sec or less.
  • the obtained solid is to be an amorphous sulfide-based solid electrolyte
  • the cooling rate for rapid cooling is preferably 10° C./sec or higher, more preferably 100° C./sec or higher, even more preferably 500° C./sec or higher, and even more preferably 700° C./sec or higher.
  • the upper limit of the cooling rate is not particularly limited, the cooling rate of twin rollers, which is generally said to have the fastest rapid cooling rate, is 1,000,000° C./sec or less.
  • the cooling rate for slow cooling is preferably 0.01° C./sec or more, more preferably 0.05° C./sec or more. Also, the cooling rate is preferably 500° C./sec or less, more preferably 450° C./sec or less. The cooling rate may be less than 10°C/sec and may be 5°C/sec or less. Incidentally, the cooling rate may be appropriately adjusted according to the crystallization conditions.
  • the crystals contained in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte are preferably ion-conducting crystals.
  • the ion conductive crystal is specifically a crystal having a lithium ion conductivity of greater than 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm, more preferably greater than 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
  • the solid obtained after cooling is intended to be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing a crystal phase
  • the method of adding a compound that serves as crystal nuclei to the melt is not particularly limited. method.
  • a compound that serves as crystal nucleus includes oxides, oxynitrides, nitrides, carbides, other chalcogen compounds, and halides.
  • a compound that serves as a crystal nucleus is preferably a compound that has a certain degree of compatibility with the melt. A compound that is completely incompatible with the melt cannot form a crystal nucleus.
  • the content of the compound that becomes the crystal nuclei in the melt is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and is preferably 0.1% by mass or more. More preferably, it is 1% by mass or more.
  • the content of the compound that becomes crystal nuclei in the melt is preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less.
  • the melt does not contain compounds that serve as crystal nuclei, or that the content thereof is less than a predetermined amount.
  • the content of the compound serving as crystal nuclei in the melt is preferably 1% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or less.
  • the content of the compound serving as crystal nuclei in the melt may be less than 0.01% by mass.
  • An amorphous sulfide-based solid electrolyte or a sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing an amorphous phase can be heat-treated (post-annealed) to promote high-temperature crystallization.
  • the production method may further include reheating the solid. . Further, by reheating the sulfide-based solid electrolyte containing sulfide-based solid electrolyte crystals, the ions in the crystal structure can be rearranged and the lithium ion conductivity can be increased.
  • the reheat treatment in this step refers to at least one of heat treatment for crystallization of the solid obtained by cooling in the cooling step and rearrangement of ions in the crystal structure.
  • reheating treatment including crystallization treatment.
  • the ratio of the amorphous phase and the crystalline phase can be controlled, which is preferable because the lithium ion conductivity can be controlled.
  • the proportion of the crystal phase is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more.
  • the proportion of the crystal phase is preferably 99.9% by mass or less, more preferably 99% by mass or less.
  • the proportion of crystalline phase can be measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement.
  • the specific conditions for the reheating treatment may be adjusted according to the composition of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte, etc., and are not particularly limited.
  • the reheating treatment is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen gas, argon gas, or helium gas.
  • the reheating treatment may be performed in a gas atmosphere containing elemental sulfur.
  • the oxygen concentration is preferably low, preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 300 ppm or less.
  • the temperature of the reheating treatment is preferably at least the glass transition temperature of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte, specifically at least 200°C, more preferably at least 250°C.
  • the upper limit of the temperature is not particularly limited as long as the sulfide-based solid electrolyte can suppress thermal deterioration and thermal decomposition due to heating and does not impair the effects of the present invention. more preferred.
  • the reheat treatment time is preferably 0.1 hours or longer, more preferably 0.2 hours or longer, in order to more reliably precipitate crystals. From the viewpoint of suppressing thermal deterioration due to heating, the reheat treatment time is preferably 3 hours or less, more preferably 2 hours or less.
  • the shape of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by this production method is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, the above-described block shape (sulfide-based solid electrolyte block) or powder (sulfide-based solid electrolyte powder).
  • a powder form is preferable from the viewpoint of improving adhesion to active material particles and the like and improving battery characteristics when used in a lithium ion secondary battery.
  • the production method may include a pulverization step for pulverizing the sulfide-based solid electrolyte into powder. In the pulverization step, the block-shaped sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be pulverized into powder, or the particle size of the powdered sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be further reduced.
  • the average particle size of the powder is not particularly limited, it is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics when used in a lithium ion secondary battery, for example. 0 ⁇ m or less is even more preferable.
  • the average particle size is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of easy handling of the powder.
  • the average particle size refers to the median size (D50) determined from the volume-based particle size distribution chart obtained by measuring the particle size distribution using a Microtrac laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer MT3300EXII.
  • the resulting sulfide-based solid electrolyte is less affected by the adsorbed oxygen. More specifically, when it is assumed that the sulfide-based solid electrolyte is not affected by adsorbed oxygen during heating and melting, most of the binding partners of P in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte are considered to be S. On the other hand, when the influence of adsorbed oxygen is large, the P—O bond tends to exist in the sulfide-based solid electrolyte, and the ratio of O in the P bonding partner increases.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by this production method has a relatively small ratio of P—O bonds to the total amount of P—S bonds and P—O bonds.
  • the ratio of such PO bonds is preferably less than 5%, more preferably 3% or less, and even more preferably 2% or less.
  • the ratio of PO bonds is obtained from the results of 31 P-NMR measurement by the method described in Examples.
  • An example of a preferred sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by this production method is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte block containing Li, P, S and Ha, where Ha is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I. At least one sulfide-based solid electrolyte block in which the ratio of PO bonds to the total of PS bonds and PO bonds is less than 5% and the thickness is 10 mm or less A solid electrolyte block is mentioned.
  • the lithium ion conductivity of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by this production method is not particularly limited because it varies depending on its composition. is preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more, more preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more, and still more preferably 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm or more. More preferably, the lithium ion conductivity measured at 25° C. is within the above range when the sulfide-based solid electrolyte to be measured is a powder having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m and is compressed at a pressure of 380 MPa.
  • the raw material when the raw material is heated and melted, the influence of oxygen adsorbed on the raw material is suppressed, so a sulfide-based solid electrolyte with excellent lithium ion conductivity can be produced.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte obtained by this production method is suitably used as a solid electrolyte material for lithium ion secondary batteries, for example.
  • Examples 2 to 5 are examples, and example 1 is a comparative example.
  • Li 2 S (manufactured by Sigma , purity 99.98 %) , P 2 Powders of S 5 (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99%) and LiCl (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.99%) were mixed at a molar ratio of 1.9:0.5:1.6.
  • the heated raw material thus obtained was stored at room temperature in a dry air atmosphere with a dew point of -50°C for one day or more, and this was used as the raw material in each example.
  • the raw material thus obtained was subjected to heat-generated gas analysis (EGA-MS method) in the range of 0 to 200° C. in an atmosphere non-exposed environment, and the presence or absence of detection of oxygen molecules was examined.
  • the measurement conditions for the EGA-MS method are as follows. ⁇ Thermal decomposition conditions> Apparatus: Double Shot Pyrolyzer (Frontier Laboratories, PY-3030D) Sample amount: 10 to 20 mg used Heating conditions: Hold at 40° C. for 5 minutes, heat up to 200° C.
  • Example 1 100 g of the raw material obtained in Production Example 1 was introduced into the introduction section adjusted to the dew point and temperature shown in Table 1.
  • the raw material was introduced into the glove box with the introduction part opened while the dew point was kept at ⁇ 30° C. or less and the oxygen concentration was kept at 100 ppm or less.
  • the introduction section had a volume of 500 cm 3 , and nitrogen gas was supplied into the introduction section at a replacement rate of 0.2 (min ⁇ 1 ).
  • the oxygen concentration in the inlet was 10 ppm or less.
  • N 2 gas containing 0.05 vol % of sulfur gas was supplied from another gas line at a flow rate of 1 L/min.
  • the raw material was heated and melted by holding the raw material in the heating unit for 1 hour.
  • the oxygen concentration of the gas introduced into the heating section was 10 ppm or less.
  • the melted material was poured onto a carbon plate so as to have a thickness of 5 mm and cooled. After that, the obtained solid was pulverized to an appropriate size to obtain a block-shaped sulfide-based solid electrolyte.
  • the obtained sulfide-based solid electrolyte was evaluated as follows.
  • Example 5 Powders of Li 2 S (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.98%), P 2 S 5 (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99%), and LiCl (manufactured by Sigma, purity 99.99%) were exposed to a dew point of ⁇ 50 at room temperature.
  • the mixture was stored in a dry air atmosphere at °C for one day or more, and each powder was blended so as to have a molar ratio of 1.9:0.5:1.6.
  • the prepared raw material was subjected to heat-generated gas analysis (EGA-MS method) in the same manner as in Production Example 1 to examine the presence or absence of detection of oxygen molecules. 100 g of the prepared raw material was introduced into the introduction part adjusted to the dew point and temperature shown in Table 1.
  • the raw material was introduced into the glove box with the introduction part opened while the dew point was kept at ⁇ 30° C. or less and the oxygen concentration was kept at 100 ppm or less.
  • the introduction section had a volume of 500 cm 3 , and nitrogen gas was supplied into the introduction section at a replacement rate of 0.2 (min ⁇ 1 ).
  • the oxygen concentration in the inlet was 10 ppm or less.
  • AVANCE-III-HD400 manufactured by Bruker
  • a band in which a peak is observed in the range of 0 to 20 ppm is derived from PO 4 3-
  • a band in which a peak is observed in the range of 30 to 50 ppm is derived from PO 3 S 3-.
  • a band in which a peak is observed in the range of 60 to 75 ppm is derived from PO 2 S 2 3-
  • a band in which a peak is observed in the range of 75 to 78 ppm is derived from POS 3 3-
  • a peak is observed in the range of 78 to 100 ppm.
  • the area intensity of each band is (4 ⁇ [PO 4 3 ⁇ ]+3 ⁇ [POS 3 3 ⁇ ]+2 ⁇ [PO 2 S 2 3 ⁇ ]+[PO 3 S 3 ⁇ ])/ ⁇ 4 ⁇ ([PO 4 3 ⁇ ]+[POS 3 3 ⁇ ]+[PO 2 S 2 3 ⁇ ]+[PO 3 S 3 ⁇ ]+[PS 4 3 ⁇ ]) ⁇ 100 (%) to determine the PO bond ratio.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte of each example was pulverized to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte powder having an average particle size of 10 to 100 ⁇ m, which was used as a sample. Sampling was performed in an atmosphere non-exposed environment, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate was measured as an external standard to be 1.6 ppm.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte of each example was pulverized to obtain a sulfide-based solid electrolyte powder having an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m.
  • This sulfide-based solid electrolyte powder was pressed at a pressure of 380 MPa to obtain a green compact, which was used as a measurement sample, and measured using an AC impedance measuring device (manufactured by Bio-Logic Sciences Instruments, potentiostat/galvanostat VSP). Measurement conditions were measurement frequency: 100 Hz to 1 MHz, measurement voltage: 100 mV, and measurement temperature: 25°C.
  • Table 1 shows the manufacturing conditions and evaluation results for each example.
  • a method for producing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte using a production apparatus comprising an introduction section and a heating section, introducing a raw material into the introduction section of the manufacturing apparatus; transferring the raw material to the heating unit having a higher temperature than the introduction unit and heating and melting the raw material;
  • a sulfide-based solid electrolyte block containing Li, P, S and Ha, Ha is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I, In the sulfide-based solid electrolyte block, the ratio of PO bonds to the total of PS bonds and PO bonds is less than 5%, A sulfide-based solid electrolyte block having a thickness of 10 mm or less. 6.
  • the sulfide-based solid electrolyte block is powdered with an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m, and when it is compacted at a pressure of 380 MPa, the lithium ion conductivity measured at 25 ° C. is 2.0 mS / cm or more. 5.

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