WO2023034318A1 - Novel composition and method for papermaking - Google Patents

Novel composition and method for papermaking Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023034318A1
WO2023034318A1 PCT/US2022/042064 US2022042064W WO2023034318A1 WO 2023034318 A1 WO2023034318 A1 WO 2023034318A1 US 2022042064 W US2022042064 W US 2022042064W WO 2023034318 A1 WO2023034318 A1 WO 2023034318A1
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Prior art keywords
mol
polymer
colloidal
composition
monomer
Prior art date
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PCT/US2022/042064
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mingli Wei
Heqing Huang
David Steven JORDAN
Weiguo Cheng
Mei Liu
Zhi Chen
J. Matthew CHUDOMEL
Meng Zhang
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Ecolab USA Inc
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Ecolab USA Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CN202111009193.3A external-priority patent/CN115726215A/zh
Priority to EP22778108.5A priority Critical patent/EP4396410A1/en
Priority to CA3228526A priority patent/CA3228526A1/en
Priority to JP2024513457A priority patent/JP2024533092A/ja
Priority to KR1020247006086A priority patent/KR20240046728A/ko
Priority to AU2022338146A priority patent/AU2022338146A1/en
Application filed by Ecolab USA Inc filed Critical Ecolab USA Inc
Priority to MX2024002523A priority patent/MX2024002523A/es
Priority to CN202280058263.0A priority patent/CN117916423A/zh
Publication of WO2023034318A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023034318A1/en
Priority to CONC2024/0002248A priority patent/CO2024002248A2/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/38—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing crosslinkable groups
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D21H17/675—Oxides, hydroxides or carbonates
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/71—Mixtures of material ; Pulp or paper comprising several different materials not incorporated by special processes
    • D21H17/74—Mixtures of material ; Pulp or paper comprising several different materials not incorporated by special processes of organic and inorganic material
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/18—Reinforcing agents
    • D21H21/20—Wet strength agents
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/04—Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to the field of papermaking. More particularly, the disclosure relates to compositions and particles that may be used in a papermaking process.
  • a papermaking process may include the steps of pulping wood or some other source of papermaking fibers and producing a paper mat from the pulp, the paper mat being an aqueous slurry of cellulosic fiber.
  • the slurry may be deposited on a moving papermaking wire or fabric and a sheet may be formed from the solid components of the slurry by draining the water.
  • the sheet is then pressed and dried to further remove water and, in some instances, the process may include rewetting the dry sheet by passing it through a size press and further drying it to form a paper product.
  • Paper strength is dependent upon a number of factors, including choice of fibers, refining methods, press loading, and chemical additives employed. There has been an increase in the use of lower quality fiber sources and the use of such fibers often leads to the need for increased refining, greater press loads, and/or chemical additives.
  • the present disclosure provides compositions and methods for improving papermaking processes.
  • the present disclosure provides a colloidal composition.
  • the colloidal composition comprises a colloidal particle comprising a polymer embedded within a colloidal aluminum hydroxide complex and/or a colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • the composition comprises a pH of about 2 to about 8.5.
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer, a cationic monomer, a nonionic monomer, a zwitterionic monomer, and any combination thereof.
  • the colloidal particle is water-insoluble.
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, methacrylamide, 2- (dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (“DMAEA”), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (“DMAEM”), 3-(dimethylamino)propyl methacrylamide (“DMAPMA”), 3-(dimethylamino)propyl acrylamide (“DMAPA”), 3- methacrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride (“MAPTAC”), 3- acrylamidopropyl-trimethyl-ammonium chloride (“APTAC”), /V-vinyl pyrrolidone (“NVP”), diallyldimethylammonium chloride (“DADMAC”), diallylamine, 2- (acryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • MCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. MCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. BCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. MCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. BCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. BCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium chloride
  • DMAEM. BCQ 2- (methacryloyloxy)-/V,/V,/V-trimethylethanaminium
  • BCQ 2- acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
  • AMPS 2-acrylamido-2-methylbutane sulfonic acid
  • ABS 2-acrylamido-2- methylbutane sulfonic acid
  • ATBS acrylamide tertbutylsulfonate
  • [2-methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]propyl]-phosphonic acid acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, a salt of any of the foregoing monomer units, and any combination thereof.
  • the polymer comprises a glyoxalated polyacrylamide (GPAM), a polyvinylamine (PVAM), a polyethylenimine (PEI), a polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PAE), or any combination thereof.
  • GPAM glyoxalated polyacrylamide
  • PVAM polyvinylamine
  • PEI polyethylenimine
  • PAE polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin
  • the polymer comprises acrylamide. In some embodiments, the polymer is amphoteric. In certain embodiments, the polymer comprises a weight average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da.
  • the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of a cationic monomer and/or from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of an anionic monomer.
  • a weight ratio of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide to the polymer is from about 0.1 :99 to about 99:0.1.
  • the colloidal particle comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the polymer and from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide.
  • the colloidal composition excludes a polysaccharide, an anionic polysaccharide, and/or pulp fibers.
  • the polymer excludes a hydroxamic acid group, an isocyanate group, N-bromoamine and/or N-chloroamine.
  • the polymer is cationic, anionic, zwitterionic, non-ionic, amphoteric with a net positive charge or amphoteric with a net negative charge.
  • the colloidal particle has an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 0.01 wt. % of the colloidal particles.
  • the polymer is crosslinked. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a degree of crosslinking greater than 1 %. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises an anionic monomer and the crosslink is formed from an interaction between the anionic monomer and the aluminum and/or iron.
  • the polymer comprises a carboxylic acid.
  • a crosslink is formed from an interaction between the carboxylic acid and the aluminum and/or iron.
  • the colloidal particle comprises a zeta potential ranging from about -50 to about +70 mV.
  • the polymer is a linear polymer.
  • a method comprises adding a composition to a papermaking machine, wherein the composition comprises a colloidal particle, the colloidal particle comprising a polymer embedded within a colloidal aluminum hydroxide complex and/or a colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • from about 0.1 to about 100 Ib/ton of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide, relative to solid fiber, is added to the papermaking machine and from about 0.1 to about 100 Ib/ton of the polymer, relative to solid fiber, is added to the papermaking machine.
  • the composition is added to a thin stock, a thick stock, a headbox, before the headbox, after the headbox, before a press section, or any combination thereof.
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer, a cationic monomer, a non-ionic monomer, a zwitterionic monomer, and any combination thereof.
  • the colloidal particle is water-insoluble.
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, methacrylamide, DMAEA, DMAEM, DMAPMA, DMAPA, MAPTAC, APTAC, NVP, DADMAC, DMAEA. MCQ, DMAEM. MCQ, DMAEA.BCQ, DMAEM. BCQ, AMPS, AMBS, ATBS, [2-methyl- 2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]propyl]-phosphonic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, a salt of any of the foregoing monomer units, and any combination thereof.
  • a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, methacrylamide, DMAEA, DMAEM, DMAPMA, DMAPA, MAPTAC, APTAC, NVP, DADMAC, DMAEA. MCQ, DMAEM. MCQ, DMAEA.BCQ, DMAEM. BCQ,
  • the polymer comprises a GPAM, a PVAM, a PEI, a PAE, or any combination thereof.
  • the polymer is amphoteric. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of a cationic monomer and/or from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of an anionic monomer.
  • a weight ratio of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide to the polymer is from about 0.1 :99 to about 99:0.1.
  • the colloidal particle comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the polymer and from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide.
  • the colloidal composition excludes a polysaccharide, an anionic polysaccharide, and/or pulp fibers.
  • the polymer excludes a hydroxamic acid group, an isocyanate group, N-bromoamine and/or N-chloroamine.
  • the colloidal particle has an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns.
  • the polymer is crosslinked.
  • the polymer is a linear polymer.
  • the composition is an aqueous composition comprising a pH from about 2 to about 8.5.
  • the polymer may comprise a carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 8 mol % of the carboxylic acid.
  • the methods comprise treating a component of the papermaking process with a colloidal particle, wherein the colloidal particle is formed from mixing a polymer and an aluminum salt and/or ferric salt.
  • a papermaking process water comprises the component and the colloidal particle is added to the papermaking process water.
  • a papermaking process water comprises the component and the colloidal particle is formed in the papermaking process water.
  • the colloidal particle comprises the polymer embedded within a colloidal aluminum hydroxide complex and/or a colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • the component is selected from the group consisting of a fiber, a paper sheet, a fines particle, a filler particle, a pulp, and any combination thereof.
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer, a cationic monomer, a non-ionic monomer, a zwitterionic monomer, and any combination thereof.
  • the polymer is a linear polymer.
  • the colloidal particle is water-insoluble.
  • a thin stock, a thick stock, a headbox, or any combination thereof comprises the component.
  • the component is treated before a headbox, after a headbox, before a press section, or any combination thereof.
  • the colloidal particle has an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns, such as from about 0.1 to about 50 microns.
  • an aqueous solution comprises the colloidal particle and the aqueous solution has a pH from about 2 to about 8.5.
  • the colloidal particle is formed in the absence of paper fibers.
  • the method further comprises co-feeding the polymer and the aluminum salt and/or the ferric salt into a papermaking process water, wherein the papermaking process water comprises the component.
  • the polymer may comprise a carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 8 mol % of the carboxylic acid.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show average strength results for crosslinked and uncrosslinked polymers
  • FIG. 3 shows average strength data for various crosslinker ratios
  • FIG. 4 shows average strength improvement data for polymers with and without carboxylic acid groups.
  • an alkyl group as described herein alone or as part of another group is an optionally substituted linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon substituent containing from, for example, one to about sixty carbon atoms, such as one to about thirty carbon atoms, in the main chain.
  • unsubstituted alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, i- pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, and the like.
  • aryl or “ar” as used herein alone or as part of another group (e.g., arylene) denote optionally substituted homocyclic aromatic groups, such as monocyclic or bicyclic groups containing from about 6 to about 12 carbons in the ring portion, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, substituted phenyl, substituted biphenyl or substituted naphthyl.
  • aryl also includes heteroaryl functional groups. It is understood that the term “aryl” applies to cyclic substituents that are planar and comprise 4n+2n electrons, according to Huckel's Rule.
  • Cycloalkyl refers to a cyclic alkyl substituent containing from, for example, about 3 to about 8 carbon atoms, preferably from about 4 to about 7 carbon atoms, and more preferably from about 4 to about 6 carbon atoms.
  • substituents include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.
  • the cyclic alkyl groups may be unsubstituted or further substituted with alkyl groups, such as methyl groups, ethyl groups, and the like.
  • Heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or bicyclic 5-or 6-membered ring system, wherein the heteroaryl group is unsaturated and satisfies Huckel's rule.
  • Non-limiting examples of heteroaryl groups include furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, 1 ,2,3-triazolyl, 1 ,2,4-triazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiazolyl, 1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazol-2-yl, 5- methyl-1 ,3,4-oxadiazole, 3-methyl-1 ,2,4-oxadiazole, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl, quinolinyl
  • suitable substituents may include halogen, an unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, an unsubstituted C4-C6 aryl group, or an unsubstituted C1-C10 alkoxy group.
  • substituents can be substituted by additional substituents.
  • substituted as in “substituted alkyl,” means that in the group in question (i.e., the alkyl group), at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituent groups, such as hydroxy ( — OH), alkylthio, phosphino, amido ( — CON(RA)(RB), wherein RAand Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl), amino( — N(RA)(RB), wherein RAand Rs are independently hydrogen, alkyl, or aryl), halo (fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo), silyl, nitro ( — NO2), an ether ( — ORA wherein RA IS alkyl or aryl), an ester ( — OC(O)RA wherein RA IS alkyl or aryl), keto ( — C(O)RA wherein RA IS alkyl or aryl), heterocyclo
  • substituent groups such as hydroxy (
  • aluminum salt refers to an inorganic compound containing an aluminum ion, which includes, but is not limited to, alum, aluminum chloride, aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate.
  • An aluminum salt is the compound that contributes aluminum ions in water solutions. It may include, but is not limited to, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum phosphate, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum acetate.
  • ferric salt refers to an inorganic compound containing a ferric ion, which includes, but is not limited to, ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, polyferric sulfate, and polyferric chloride.
  • a ferric salt is the compound that contributes ferric ions in water solutions. It may include, but is not limited to, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, ferric phosphate, ferric nitrate, and ferric acetate.
  • co-feed refers to the addition of two or more components, ingredients, chemicals, and the like, to the papermaking machine separately but essentially I substantially at the same time and location.
  • two components such as a polymer and an inorganic salt
  • a papermaking machine such as the furnish
  • Each pipe may continuously or intermittently inject chemical at the same time to a single location in the papermaking machine or to two or more locations in the papermaking machine that are in close proximity to each other (e.g., within about 1 to about 12 inches, such as from about 1 to about 10 inches, from about 1 to about 8 inches, or from about 1 to about 6 inches).
  • degree of crosslinking refers to how many connection bonds, on average, connect one polymer chain to another polymer chain. For example, a polymer sample with an average chain length of 1000 monomer units, wherein 10 monomer units are connected to another chain has a degree of crosslinking of 1 %.
  • paper or “paper product” as used herein encompass all types of fiber webs, such as paper, paperboard, board, tissue, towel, and/or sheet materials that contain paper fibers, such as natural and/or synthetic fibers including cellulosic fibers, wood fibers, cotton fibers, fibers derived from recycled paper, rayon, nylon, fiberglass, and polyolefin fibers, for example.
  • weight average molecular weight refers to the molecular weight average of polymer determined by static light scattering measurement, specifically by Size-Exclusion-Chromatography/Multi-Angle-Laser-Light- Scattering (SEC/MALLS) technique.
  • the polymer of the present disclosure has a weight average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 10,000,000 Daltons.
  • average particle size refers to the average size of particles determined by a dynamic light scattering particle size analyzer when particles are less than 10 microns and by a laser diffraction size analyzer when the particle size is between 1 and 1 ,000 microns.
  • the particle of the present disclosure has an average particle size of from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns.
  • compositions, particles and methods of using the compositions and particles in papermaking processes are used in methods for increasing the strength, such as the dry strength, of a paper product.
  • the compositions which may be aqueous compositions, include a colloidal particle, which may be interchangeably referred to as a “particle” throughout the present disclosure.
  • the particle comprises a polymer embedded within a colloidal aluminum hydroxide complex and/or a colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • the particle of the present disclosure is formed by mixing a trivalent ion, such as an aluminum salt and/or a ferric salt, with a polymer and the resulting mixture is added to a papermaking machine.
  • a trivalent ion such as a polyaluminum chloride
  • it is added alone as a charged scavenger.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would not attempt to combine it with other compounds, such as the polymer of the present disclosure, before addition to the papermaking machine because it would be expected that the polymer would interfere with the charged scavenger and destroy its intended function.
  • the polymer of the present disclosure is chemically and/or physically entangled and/or embedded in the colloidal aluminum hydroxide and/or colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • the polymer may include one or more anionic monomers, one or more cationic monomers, one or more nonionic monomers, one or more zwitterionic monomers, or any combination of these monomers.
  • the polymer has a net negative charge and in other embodiments, the polymer has a net positive charge or a neutral charge. In certain embodiments, the polymer is water-soluble. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises a carboxylic acid group.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol % of the carboxylic acid, such as about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, about 10 mol % to about 50 mol %, about 20 mol % to about 50 mol %, about 30 mol % to about 50 mol % or about 40 mol % to about 50 mol %.
  • the carboxylic acid such as about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, about 10 mol % to about 50 mol %, about 20 mol % to about 50 mol %, about 30 mol % to about 50 mol % or about 40 mol % to
  • the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 8 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 7 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 6 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 5 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 4 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 3 mol %, or from about 1 mol
  • % to about 2 mol % of the carboxylic acid such as about 1 mol %, about 2 mol %, about 3 mol %, about 4 mol %, about 5 mol %, about 6 mol %, about 7 mol %, or about 8 mol % of the carboxylic acid.
  • anionic monomers include acrylic acid, and its salts, including, but not limited to sodium acrylate, and ammonium acrylate, methacrylic acid, and its salts, including, but not limited to sodium methacrylate, and ammonium methacrylate, AMPS, the sodium salt of AMPS, sodium vinyl sulfonate, styrene sulfonate, maleic acid, and its salts, including, but not limited to the sodium salt, and ammonium salt, sulfonate itaconate, sulfopropyl acrylate or methacrylate or other water-soluble forms of these or other polymerizable carboxylic or sulphonic acids, sulfomethylated acrylamide, allyl sulfonate, sodium vinyl sulfonate, itaconic acid, acrylamidomethylbutanoic acid, fumaric acid, vinylphosphonic acid, vinylsulfonic acid, ally
  • Illustrative, non-limiting examples of cationic monomers include dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates and their quaternary or acid salts, including, but not limited to, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate hydrochloric acid salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl sulfate quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate benzyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate sulfuric acid salt, dimethylmethylamin
  • zwitterionic monomers include N,N-dimethyl-N-acryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N- dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N- dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)-ammonium betaine, N,N- dimethyl-N-acrylamidopropyl-N-(2-carboxymethyl)-ammonium betaine, 2- (methylthio)ethyl methacryloyl-S-(sulfopropyl)-sulfonium betaine, 2-[(2- acryloylethyl)dimethylammonio]ethyl 2-methyl phosphate, 2- (acryloyloxyethyl)-2'-(trimethylammonium)e
  • the polymer comprises a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, DMAEA, DMAEM, DMAPMA, DMAPA, MAPTAC, APTAC, NVP, DADMAC, DMAEA. MCQ, DMAEM. MCQ, DMAEA.BCQ, DMAEM. BCQ, AMPS, AMBS, ATBS, [2-methyl-2-[(1 -oxo-2- propenyl)amino]propyl]-phosphonic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, a salt of any of the foregoing monomer units, and any combination thereof.
  • a monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, DMAEA, DMAEM, DMAPMA, DMAPA, MAPTAC, APTAC, NVP, DADMAC, DMAEA. MCQ, DMAEM. MCQ, DMAEA.BCQ, DMAEM. BCQ, AMPS, AMBS, ATBS
  • the polymer comprises a GPAM, a PVAM, a PEI, a PAE, or any combination thereof.
  • DAAM diacetone acrylamide
  • AAEM acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate
  • MAA methacrylic acid.
  • the polymer comprises about 90 mol% acrylamide, about 8 mol% DMAEA.MCQ and about 2 mol% itaconic acid.
  • the mole percentage of each monomer in the polymer is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of the cationic monomer.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 1 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 60 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 70 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 80 mol %
  • the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of the anionic monomer.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 1 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 60
  • the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of a non-ionic monomer.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 1 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 99 mol %,
  • the polymer comprises from about 1 mol % to about 99 mol % of a zwitterionic monomer.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 1 mol % to about 90 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 80 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 70 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 60 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 50 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 40 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 30 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 20 mol %, from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol %, from about 10 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 20 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 30 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 40 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 50 mol % to about 99 mol %, from about 50 mol % to
  • the polymer disclosed herein comprises from about 1 mol % to about 10 mol % of the cationic monomer and about 1 mol % to about 5 mol % of the anionic monomer.
  • the polymer may comprise from about 5 mol % to about 10 mol % of the cationic monomer, such as about 6 mol %, about 7 mol %, about 8 mol %, or about 9 mol % of the cationic monomer, and about 1 mol %, about 2 mol %, about 3 mol %, about 4 mol %, or about 5 mol % of the anionic monomer.
  • the polymer is not a disaccharide or a polysaccharide. In certain embodiments, the polymer excludes monosaccharide monomers. In certain embodiments, the composition or particle disclosed herein excludes a polysaccharide, an anionic polysaccharide, and/or pulp fibers. In some embodiments, the polymer excludes a hydroxamic acid group, an isocyanate group, N-bromoamine and/or N-chloroamine. In certain embodiments, the polymer comprises unmodified/unreacted amide and/or amine side chains.
  • the polymer comprises amide and/or amine side chains
  • less than 10% of those side chains such as less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1 % or 0%, are modified/reacted with other functional groups before the polymer is embedded within a colloidal aluminum hydroxide complex and/or a colloidal ferric hydroxide complex.
  • a polymer of the present disclosure is a water-soluble amphoteric polymer containing a carboxylic acid group.
  • a polymer of the present disclosure may be linear, branched, crosslinked, structured, synthetic, semi-synthetic, natural, and/or functionally modified.
  • a polymer of the present disclosure can be in the form of a solution, a dry powder, a liquid, or a dispersion, for example.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is not particularly limited.
  • the polymer has a molecular weight ranging from about 10,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da.
  • the polymer may have a molecular weight ranging from about 10,000 Da to about 5,000,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 3,000,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 1 ,000,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 750,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 500,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 250,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 100,000 Da, from about 10,000 Da to about 50,000 Da, from about 100,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da, from about 500,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da, from about 750,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da, from about 1 ,000,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da, from about 3,000,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da, from about 5,000,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da or from about 8,000,000 Da to about 10,000,000 Da.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the polymer may be from about 200,000 Da to about 1 ,000,000 Da, such as from about 200,000 Da to about 800,000 Da, from about 200,000 Da to about 600,000 Da, or from about 300,000 to about 500,000 Da.
  • the polymer may be crosslinked with the aluminum or iron of the aluminum hydroxide complex or the ferric hydroxide complex.
  • the polymer has a degree of crosslinking greater than 1 %, greater than 2%, greater than 3%, greater than 4%, greater than 5%, greater than 6%, greater than 7%, greater than 8%, greater than 9% or greater than 10%.
  • the polymer has a degree of crosslinking less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30% or less than about 20%.
  • the polymer may have a degree of crosslinking from about 1 % to about 50%, from about 5% to about 50%, from about 10% to about 50%, from about 15% to about 50%, from about 20% to about 50%, from about 30% to about 50%, from about 2% to about 25%, from about 2% to about 20%, from about 2% to about 15%, from about 2% to about 10%, from about 3% to about 25%, from about 3% to about 20%, from about 3% to about 15%, from about 3% to about 10%, from about 4% to about 25%, from about 4% to about 20%, from about 4% to about 15% or from about 4% to about 10%.
  • the crosslink is formed from an interaction I reaction of an anionic monomer and the iron and/or aluminum.
  • the polymer may comprise a carboxylic acid group and a crosslink may be formed from a reaction I interaction between the carboxylic acid group and the iron and/or aluminum.
  • An aqueous medium may comprise the colloidal particle (thereby forming an aqueous colloidal composition) and the aqueous medium may have a pH, for example, from about 2 to about 8.5, from about 4.5 to about 8.5, from about 5.5 to about 8.5, from about 5.5 to about 8, from about 6 to about 8 or from about 7 to about 8.
  • the aqueous medium comprises a pH from about 3.5 to about 8.5.
  • the colloidal particle is water-insoluble.
  • the colloidal particle has a weight ratio of aluminum hydroxide and/or ferric hydroxide to the polymer from about 0.1 :99 to about 99:0.1 .
  • the weight ratio may be from about 0.1 :50 to about 50:0.1 , from about 0.1 :25 to about 25:0.1 , from about 0.1 :10 to about 10:0.1 , from about 0.1 :5 to about 5:0.1 or from about 0.1 :2 to about 2:0.1.
  • a weight ratio of the aluminum hydroxide and/or ferric hydroxide to the polymer is from about 0.1 :1 to about 2:1 .
  • a weight ratio of the aluminum hydroxide and/or ferric hydroxide to the polymer is from about 0.1 :1 to about 0.9:1 or 0.1 :1 to about 0.5:1.
  • the colloidal particle comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the polymer.
  • the colloidal particle may comprise form about 5 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, or from about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the polymer.
  • the colloidal particle comprises from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. % of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide.
  • the colloidal particle may comprise form about 5 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, from about 5 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, from about 10 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, or from about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of the aluminum hydroxide and/or the ferric hydroxide.
  • the colloidal particle has an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns.
  • the average particle size may be from about 0.05 to about 100 microns, from about 0.05 to about 80 microns, from about 0.05 to about 60 microns, from about 0.05 to about 40 microns, from about 0.05 to about 20 microns, from about 0.05 to about 10 microns, from about 0.1 to about 50 microns, from about 0.1 to about 40 microns, from about 0.1 to about 30 microns, from about 0.1 to about 20 microns, or from about 0.1 to about 10 microns.
  • the average particle size may be from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, such as from about 50 nm to about 400 nm, about 50 nm to about 300 nm, about 100 nm to about 200 nm, about 100 nm to about 300 nm, or about 100 nm to about 400 nm.
  • the colloidal particle has a zeta potential ranging from about -50 to about +70 mV.
  • the colloidal particle may have a zeta potential ranging from about -40 to about +60, about -30 to about +50, about -20 to about +40, about -10 to about +30, or about 0 to about +30 mV.
  • an aqueous composition may comprise at least about 0.01 wt. % of the colloidal particles, based on the dosage of the particles to the aqueous slurry of cellulosic fiber, such as a papermaking furnish.
  • the composition comprises greater than 0.01 wt. % of the particles to about 10 wt. % of the particles, such as greater than about 0.02 wt. %, greater than about 0.05 wt. %, greater than about 1 wt. %, greater than about 2 wt. %, or greater than about 3 wt. % to about 5 wt. % of the particles.
  • the percentages in this paragraph refer to the dosage of particles relative to solid fiber dispersed in the furnish.
  • compositions and/or particles disclosed herein may include additional papermaking additives including, but not limited to, strength agents, fillers, retention aids, optical brighteners, pigments, sizing agents, starch, dewatering agents, microparticles, coagulants, enzymes, and any combination thereof.
  • compositions and particles in a papermaking process.
  • a composition and/or particle may be added to a papermaking machine, such as to the papermaking furnish or papermaking process water, in order to increase the strength of the resulting paper product.
  • a composition comprising the particle is added to the papermaking machine.
  • the polymer may be premixed with a trivalent ion, such as an aluminum salt and/or a ferric salt, in an aqueous medium to form the particle and the resulting mixture may be added to the papermaking machine.
  • a trivalent ion such as an aluminum salt and/or a ferric salt
  • a composition comprises the polymer and inorganic salt, such as the aluminum salt and/or the ferric salt.
  • This composition may optionally comprise a colloidal particle as defined herein.
  • the composition may be an aqueous composition comprising a pH from about 1 to about 14, such as from about 1 to about 10, from about 1 to about 9, from about 1 to about 8.5, from about 3 to about 14, from about 3 to about 10, from about 3 to about 8.5, from about 3.5 to about 8.5, from about 5 to about 14, from about 5 to about 10 or from about 5 to about 8.
  • the composition comprises a pH of about 2 to about 7, such as from about 3 to about 5.
  • the polymer comprises one or more anionic monomers.
  • the pH of the aqueous composition may be adjusted such that it is greater than the lowest pKa value of a monomer of the polymer.
  • the pKa of an anionic monomer equals the pH value while 50% anionic monomer carries an anionic charge.
  • the solution pH is higher than the pKa, more anionic charge sites will appear on the polymer chain that can promote its interaction with trivalent ions and their derivatives.
  • the pH of the aqueous composition comprising the polymer may be adjusted as described in the foregoing paragraph.
  • the polymer and the aluminum salt and/or ferric salt are co-fed into the papermaking machine.
  • Other components such as retention aids, dewatering agents, strength aids, etc., may also be co-fed alongside the polymer and/or inorganic salt into the papermaking machine.
  • the particle is formed in the papermaking machine, such as in the furnish.
  • the papermaking process water receiving the polymer, inorganic salt, and/or colloidal particle has a near-neutral pH, such as a pH from about 5.5 to about 8.5 or from about 6 to about 8.
  • an injection pipe may lead to a location in the papermaking furnish and the pipe may inject polymer into the furnish.
  • An adjacent pipe may be present and it may add additional chemical, such as inorganic salt.
  • Each chemical addition may be continuous or intermittent, for example. Since the injection pipes are adjacent or substantially adjacent to one another, the chemicals are fed to substantially the same location in the furnish at substantially the same time. The chemicals may interact in the furnish and form a colloidal particle.
  • a colloidal particle is formed in the furnish or process water and optionally a colloidal particle is additionally or alternatively added to the furnish or process water.
  • a colloidal particle may form in a composition before the composition is added to the paper furnish or process water and optionally a colloidal particle may form in the furnish or process water.
  • any appropriate aluminum salt may be selected and used with the presently disclosed innovation.
  • the aluminum salt is selected from the group consisting of aluminum chloride, aluminum chloride hydrate, aluminum sulfate, alum, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), aluminum chlorohydrate, a compound having the formula Al n CI(3n-m)(OH) m , wherein m is an integer from 0 - 100, n is an integer from 1 - 100, and m is less than 3n, and any combination thereof.
  • ferric salt Any appropriate ferric salt may be selected and used with the presently disclosed innovation.
  • the ferric salt is selected from the group consisting of ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, a polyferric salt, and any combination thereof.
  • compositions, particles, polymers, aluminum salts and/or ferric salts can be added at any location or at any time during a papermaking process. Two or more of the components may be added together and/or two or more components may be co-fed into the papermaking machine.
  • the compositions, particles, polymers, aluminum salts and/or ferric salts may be added together, separately, and/or co-fed to the thin stock, the thick stock, the headbox, before the headbox, after the headbox, before a press section, and/or any combination of the foregoing locations.
  • the composition, salts, polymers, and/or particles can be added to a liquid medium of the papermaking process, such as the process water or furnish.
  • the polymer is added to the papermaking process, such as to the furnish, before, after, and/or concurrently with the aluminum and/or ferric salt.
  • the polymer and aluminum and/or ferric salt may be added at the same location and/or at different locations.
  • a composition comprising any one or more of aluminum salt, ferric salt, polymer, and particle is added during a papermaking process, such as to a pulp slurry prior to formation of the paper product.
  • one or more of the aluminum salt, ferric salt, polymer, and particle may be added separately into the papermaking process, such as by co-feeding.
  • the aluminum and/or ferric salt and the polymer are premixed prior to addition to the pulp slurry.
  • the amount of polymer and aluminum and/or ferric salt added to the papermaking process is not particularly limited. In some embodiments, from about 0.1 to about 100 Ib/ton of the aluminum and/or ferric salt, relative to solid fiber, is added to the papermaking process, such as to the pulp slurry. For example, from about 0.1 to about 75 Ib/ton, from about 0.1 to about 50 Ib/ton, from about 0.1 to about 25 Ib/ton, from about 1 to about 30 Ib/ton or from about 1 to about 20 Ib/ton of the aluminum and/or ferric salt, relative to solid fiber, is added to the papermaking process, such as to the pulp slurry.
  • from about 0.1 to about 100 Ib/ton of the polymer, relative to solid fiber is added to the papermaking process, such as to the pulp slurry.
  • the papermaking process such as to the pulp slurry.
  • from about 0.1 to about 75 Ib/ton, from about 0.1 to about 50 Ib/ton, from about 0.1 to about 25 Ib/ton, from about 1 to about 30 Ib/ton or from about 1 to about 20 Ib/ton of the polymer, relative to solid fiber is added to the papermaking process, such as to the pulp slurry.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of improving a papermaking process that include the step of treating a component of the papermaking process with the colloidal particle disclosed herein.
  • the term “treating” as used herein refers to contacting, reacting, mixing, or otherwise bringing together the colloidal particle and the component.
  • the colloidal particle is formed from mixing a polymer and an aluminum salt and/or ferric salt.
  • the colloidal particle is water-insoluble and has an average particle size ranging from about 0.01 to about 1 ,000 microns.
  • the colloidal particle is formed in the absence of paper fibers.
  • the colloidal particle may be formed prior to addition to the papermaking process and contact paper fibers only after formation and addition to the papermaking process.
  • a component of the papermaking process is treated with a colloidal particle.
  • the component is located in the papermaking process water, such as the water of the thin stock, thick stock, furnish, pulp slurry, etc., and the particle is added to the process water to carry out the “treating” step.
  • a polymer and inorganic salt such as an aluminum salt and/or ferric salt, are added to the process water.
  • the polymer and salt may be added together in a single composition, may be added separately in any order, and/or may be co-fed into the process water. In these embodiments, all or at least some of the colloidal particles are formed in the process water. If the polymer and salt are added together in a single composition, the composition may optionally comprise some colloidal particles.
  • any component of the papermaking process may be treated with the compositions and/or particles disclosed herein.
  • the component to be treated is selected from the group consisting of a fiber, such as a cellulose fiber, a paper sheet, a paper product, a fines particle, a filler particle, a pulp, and any combination thereof.
  • the “treating” step can be carried out at one or more locations throughout the papermaking process, such as before the headbox, in the headbox, after the headbox, before a press section, and any combination thereof.
  • the polymer may comprise any one or more of the polymers disclosed herein, such as a polymer comprising a monomer selected from the group consisting of an anionic monomer, a cationic monomer, a non-ionic monomer, a zwitterionic monomer, and any combination thereof.
  • the colloidal particle has an average particle size ranging from about 0.1 to about 1 ,000 microns.
  • Table 2 [00126] In Table 2, the complex was prepared by mixing diluted polymer and PAC solutions. Polymers and PAC can be diluted with water of any source.
  • a polyampholyte backbone (Polymer 14: 8 mol% methylchloride quat (MCQ)/4 mol% acrylic acid (AA)/88 mol% acrylamide) was crosslinked with PAC and zirconyl chloride at about a 1 :1 and about a 0.06:1 actives ratio, respectively.
  • the polymer backbone (control sample) as well as the crosslinked samples were dosed into the fiber stock at about 4 and about 8 Ib/ton actives.
  • Table 3 shows the polymer sample details.
  • Figure 1 shows the average strength results, which are also tabulated in Table 5. The results show that the PAC crosslinked sample provides a significant improvement in strength relative to the uncrosslinked control polymer.
  • the zirconyl chloride sample shows similar performance to the control.
  • a cationic polymer (Polymer 8) or polyampholyte with overall cationic charge (Polymer 17) has no or weak interaction with PAC.
  • anionic polymers or polyampholytes with an overall anionic charge have a stronger interaction with PAC.
  • a much lower pH or/and lower concentration is needed to minimize gelling or high viscosity.
  • the complex was prepared by adding concentrated PAC (about 24% AI2O3) drop by drop to diluted polymer solution with mixing.
  • the “PAC: Polymer Ratio” is the ratio of PAC active (as AI2O3) and polymer active.
  • Table 5 Paper strength values for a base polyampholyte crosslinked with PAC and zirconyl chloride (1 :1 actives ratio).
  • samples were dosed into a recycled board furnish.
  • the samples (described below) were added to the wet end of the papermaking system (dilute suspension of fiber in water) at the indicated dosages. Sheets were then formed in a handsheet mold, pressed, and dried. The resulting sheets were allowed to equilibrate at about 23 °C and about 50% relative humidity for about 18 hours before strength testing.
  • composition disclosed herein may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of any element, component and/or ingredient disclosed herein or any combination of two or more of the elements, components or ingredients disclosed herein.
  • Any method disclosed herein may comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of any method step disclosed herein or any combination of two or more of the method steps disclosed herein.
  • the term "about” refers to the cited value being within the errors arising from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements, and if those errors cannot be determined, then “about” may refer to, for example, within 5% of the cited value.

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