WO2022254983A1 - リチウム一次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム一次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022254983A1 WO2022254983A1 PCT/JP2022/018114 JP2022018114W WO2022254983A1 WO 2022254983 A1 WO2022254983 A1 WO 2022254983A1 JP 2022018114 W JP2022018114 W JP 2022018114W WO 2022254983 A1 WO2022254983 A1 WO 2022254983A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- electrode
- main surface
- negative electrode
- lithium
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 86
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 208000028659 discharge Diseases 0.000 description 100
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 11
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- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- -1 polyphenylene sulfite Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 6
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 5
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F MCVFFRWZNYZUIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BPFOYPDHLJUICH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl ethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC=C BPFOYPDHLJUICH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical group FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002641 lithium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
- H01M50/166—Lids or covers characterised by the methods of assembling casings with lids
- H01M50/169—Lids or covers characterised by the methods of assembling casings with lids by welding, brazing or soldering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/107—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/131—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by physical properties, e.g. gas permeability, size or heat resistance
- H01M50/133—Thickness
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/16—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte with organic electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to lithium primary batteries.
- ICT Information and Communication Technology
- DX Digital Transformation
- a smart meter for example, is an example of a device that has spread ahead of ICT.
- Devices used for such purposes often employ a primary battery as an independent power source when power cannot be obtained from a wire.
- Primary batteries utilized in such applications have performance characteristics such as long life, high capacity, and stable discharge at various currents, from large pulsed discharge currents for ICT communications to small currents for normal operation. is required. From the viewpoint of ensuring these performances, there is an increasing demand for larger primary batteries.
- Patent Document 1 the number of windings defined by the winding start end and the winding end of a positive electrode using a positive electrode sheet obtained by a specific manufacturing method is 1.0 or more and 4.0 or less. It is proposed that an electrode winding body in which positive and negative electrodes and a separator are wound in a cylindrical non-aqueous electrolyte battery is used.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that a positive electrode having a thickness of 1.4 mm or more is used in a wound electrode assembly of a cylindrical non-aqueous electrolyte primary battery, and a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode active material layer have a thickness of It is proposed to dispose two microporous resin films having a thickness of 7 to 20 ⁇ m.
- Patent document 3 includes a positive electrode containing manganese dioxide, and at least one selected from the group consisting of metallic lithium and lithium alloys, and has a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to the first main surface.
- a wound electrode body using a negative electrode, the whole of the first main surface and the second main surface facing the positive electrode, and the total area of the first main surface and the second main surface being 100 cm 2 or more and 180 cm 2 or less has been proposed for use in lithium primary batteries.
- the positive electrode expands and becomes thicker during discharge.
- lithium in the negative electrode becomes thinner due to the dissolution reaction. Therefore, the greater the thickness of the electrode or the greater the number of windings, the greater the amount of change in thickness during discharge. , it becomes difficult to keep uniform to some extent. Therefore, the discharge reaction of the wound electrode body does not progress evenly inside, and a difference occurs depending on the part in the electrode body.
- a separator is inserted between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to ensure insulation and retain the electrolyte. The separator has a small function of buffering the stress that accompanies changes in electrode thickness.
- the amount of change in the thickness of the electrode also increases, and the amount of change exceeds the limit buffered by the separator. Further, when the thickness of the separator changes, the amount of the electrolytic solution retained in the separator also changes.
- the effect of changes in the thickness of the electrode and separator in the electrode body is small at the beginning of discharge, but becomes more pronounced as discharge progresses.
- a large pulse discharge current for ICT communication is applied at a medium depth of discharge of 40 to 60%, the voltage drop becomes large and communication may not be possible.
- the depth of discharge is 80 to 90%, a phenomenon in which the voltage drop is small and communication is possible even when a large pulse discharge current for ICT communication is applied may be observed.
- Long-life and high-capacity tium that enables stable discharge at a wide range of currents, from large pulse discharge currents for ICT communications to small currents for normal operation, regardless of the depth of discharge of the battery. A primary battery is desired.
- a lithium primary battery includes an outer can, and a wound electrode assembly and a non-aqueous electrolyte that are accommodated in the outer can.
- a wound electrode body In the wound electrode body, a sheet-like positive electrode, a sheet-like negative electrode, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode are wound.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide.
- the negative electrode contains at least one selected from the group consisting of metallic lithium containing a lithium alloy and metallic lithium, and has a first principal surface and a second principal surface opposite to the first principal surface. The entire second main surface and the first main surface of the negative electrode face the positive electrode.
- a total area S of the first main surface and the second main surface satisfies 250 cm 2 ⁇ S ⁇ 700 cm 2 .
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode satisfies 0.8 mm ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.4 mm.
- the outer diameter D of the outer can satisfies 25 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 37 mm.
- a distance C between the outer can and the wound electrode body satisfies 0.3 mm ⁇ C ⁇ 1.0 mm.
- This lithium primary battery has a high capacity and can be stably discharged even as the discharge progresses.
- FIG. 1 is a front view showing a schematic vertical cross-section of part of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing evaluation results of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing evaluation results of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing evaluation results of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a diagram showing evaluation results of a lithium primary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure
- FIG. 1 is a front view showing a schematic vertical cross-section of part of a cylindrical lithium primary battery 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Regardless of the cylindrical shape, the coin-shaped or button-shaped lithium primary battery 10 with a low height is also included in the present invention.
- the lithium primary battery 10 includes a bottomed cylindrical outer can 100 , a wound electrode body 200 housed in the outer can 100 , and a sealing body 300 closing the opening of the outer can 100 .
- the outer can 100 has a cylindrical side wall 101 having open ends 101A and 101B opposite to each other, and a bottom 102 that closes the opening 501B of the open end 101B of the side wall 101 .
- the sealing member 300 is fixed to the open end portion 101A of the outer can 100 by welding.
- the sealing member 300 closes the opening 501A of the opening end 101A of the side wall 101 of the outer can 100 .
- An opening is formed in the center of the sealing member 300, and an external terminal 330 is arranged in this opening.
- An insulating gasket 310 is arranged between the external terminal 330 and the sealing member 300 .
- the wound electrode assembly 200 is configured by spirally winding a sheet-shaped positive electrode 201 and a sheet-shaped negative electrode 202 with a sheet-shaped separator 203 interposed therebetween around a central axis 200C.
- An internal lead wire 210 is connected to one of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202 (negative electrode 202 in the illustrated example).
- the internal lead wire 210 is connected to the external terminal 330 by welding or the like.
- Another internal lead wire 220 is connected to the other of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202 (positive electrode 201 in the illustrated example).
- the internal lead wire 220 is electrically connected to the inner surface of the outer can 100 by welding or the like.
- the negative electrode 202 has a first main surface 202A and a second main surface 202B opposite to the first main surface 202A.
- the first principal surface 202A faces the central axis 200C, and the second principal surface 202B faces outward of the wound electrode assembly 200.
- the whole and the first main surface 202A face the positive electrode 201 with the separator 203 interposed therebetween.
- the wound electrode body 200 is housed inside the outer can 100 together with the non-aqueous electrolyte 204 .
- an upper insulating plate 230A and a lower insulating plate 230B are arranged above and below the electrode assembly 200, respectively.
- the electrode body 200 and the side wall 101 of the outer can 100 are opposed to each other with a gap 200D of a gap C therebetween.
- the positive electrode 201 contains a positive electrode mixture containing manganese dioxide.
- Negative electrode 202 contains at least one selected from the group consisting of metallic lithium and metallic lithium containing a lithium alloy, and has first main surface 202A and second main surface 202B opposite to first main surface 202A. .
- the entirety of first main surface 202A and second main surface 202B face positive electrode 201 .
- the outermost electrode of the electrode body 200 becomes the positive electrode 201 .
- the following conditions (a) to (d) are listed for the lithium primary battery 10.
- the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B of the negative electrode 202 satisfies 250 cm 2 ⁇ S ⁇ 700 cm 2 (a).
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 satisfies 0.8 mm ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.4 mm (b).
- the outer diameter D of the outer can 100 satisfies 25 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 37 mm (c).
- the distance C between the outer can 100 and the wound electrode body 200 satisfies 0.3 mm ⁇ C ⁇ 1.0 mm (d).
- the outer diameter D of the outer can 100 of the lithium primary battery is about 17 mm, and the size A is slightly larger than the AA size.
- the lithium primary battery of the present disclosure relates to a battery having an outer diameter D of the outer can 100 of 25 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 37 mm and a size of AA to 1 (sizes of C to D).
- the lithium primary battery of the present disclosure has an outer diameter of about 1.5 to 2 times that of Patent Documents 1 to 3, and an electrode area of about 2 to 4 times.
- the present inventors have found that the problem that cannot be solved by a battery having a conventional configuration can be solved by simultaneously combining the above four conditions (a) to (d).
- the area of the negative electrode 202 is more important than the area of the positive electrode 201 .
- the effective range of the total area S of the main surfaces 202A and 202B of the negative electrode 202 is determined.
- 202 thickness Tn range is determined.
- the configuration of the wound electrode body 200 is optimized by setting the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 to be combined to 0.8 mm ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.4 mm. If the total area S of the negative electrode 202 is less than 250 cm 2 , it can handle a small discharge current for normal operation until the end of discharge, but cannot handle a large pulse discharge current for ICT communication.
- the current collection efficiency decreases, making it difficult to obtain a large current for ICT communication. become unable.
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 is less than 0.8 mm, the balance of compensation due to the expansion of the positive electrode 201 due to the decrease in the thickness of the negative electrode 202 during discharge tends to be lost, and the discharge stability at each depth of discharge tends to be impaired. .
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 is more than 1.4 mm, the expansion of the positive electrode 201 becomes too large, and conversely, the reaction of the negative electrode 202 during discharge is accelerated.
- the difference between the maximum outer diameter and the minimum outer diameter of the electrode body 200 itself becomes even greater, and the cross section becomes far from a perfect circle, making it impossible to achieve high density.
- the distance C between the wound electrode body 200 and the outer can 100 having an outer diameter D of 25 mm ⁇ D ⁇ 37 mm satisfies 0.3 mm ⁇ C ⁇ 1.0 mm.
- the space C between the wound electrode body 200 and the outer can 100 is very important. Since the wound electrode body 200 is not normally a perfect circular body and has a maximum outer diameter and a minimum outer diameter, the distance C is set to 0.3 mm ⁇ C ⁇ 1.0 mm in consideration of the maximum diameter. Must be within range.
- the distance C is preferably 0.4 mm ⁇ C ⁇ 0.9 mm.
- the interval C is smaller than 0.3 mm, the interval C almost disappears or the wound electrode assembly 200 is completely in pressure contact with the inner surface of the outer can 100 when the discharge progresses to the middle level. There will be many parts. Therefore, the influence of the pressure of the outer can 100 on the state of the electrode assembly 200 during discharge is increased, and uneven reaction tends to occur. If the interval C is larger than 1.0 mm, gaps are generated between the electrode assembly 200 and the inner surface of the outer can 100 in many parts until the end of the discharge, and are not affected by the pressure from the outer can 100 at all. Discharge becomes unstable at the end.
- the outermost electrode in other words, the outermost electrode
- the wound electrode body 200 expands in the outer diameter direction, and the inner surface of the outer can 100 and the outer periphery of the wound electrode body 200 come into contact with each other.
- the positive electrode 201 and the separator 203 can cover the lithium of the negative electrode 202 .
- the reaction force of the outer can 100 directs the expansion of the positive electrode 201 inward rather than outward. Therefore, the decrease in the thickness of the negative electrode 202 due to discharge can be compensated in a well-balanced manner, and the expansion stress of the electrode assembly 200 can be easily alleviated, so that stable characteristics can be obtained until the end of discharge regardless of the depth of discharge.
- the area of the negative electrode 202 is large and the outermost periphery of the electrodes of the wound electrode assembly 200 is the negative electrode 202, the pressure due to the expansion of the positive electrode 201 as the discharge progresses is directed outward.
- the negative electrode 202 near the outermost end which is the end point of the cycle, is easily cut off, making it impossible to obtain a predetermined amount of charge discharge capacity, making it difficult to solve the problem.
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201, the interval C, and the total area S of the negative electrode 202 are the values of the lithium primary battery 10 at the initial stage of discharge.
- the lithium primary battery 10 in the early stage of discharge means a lithium primary battery 10 with a depth of discharge (hereinafter referred to as DOD) of 10% or less.
- DOD depth of discharge
- the battery voltage is lowered from about 3.6V to about 3.2V. This small amount of discharge is called preliminary discharge.
- An unused lithium primary battery 10 (at the time of shipment from the factory) in the pre-discharged state has a DOD of 0%.
- DOD 100% refers to the discharge capacity (rated discharge capacity, design capacity) when the battery 10 is discharged at the rated discharge current (for example, a current of 1 mA or more and 5 mA or less) and the voltage of the battery 10 reaches 2 V. .
- the setting of the rated current varies depending on the size or capacity of the battery 10, there is no difference in the discharge capacity obtained below a certain value.
- the discharge capacity of each DOD is calculated based on the discharge capacity of DOD 100% based on the rated current at this time.
- the sheet-like negative electrode 202 has two main surfaces occupying most of the surface of the negative electrode 202, one main surface being a first main surface 202A, and the main surface opposite to the first main surface 202A ( In other words, the other main surface) is the second main surface 202B.
- the sheet-like negative electrode 202 has an end surface 202C that connects the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B, in addition to the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B.
- the area of each principal surface means the projected area of each principal surface in the thickness direction of the sheet when the sheet is flattened.
- the area of each principal surface is calculated by excluding the area of this portion.
- the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B does not include the area of the end surface 202C.
- the total area S of main surfaces 202A and 202B is substantially the area of the portion of the surface of negative electrode 202 facing positive electrode 201 .
- the interval C is the difference between the inner diameter Dd of the side wall 101 of the portion of the outer can 100 in which the wound electrode assembly 200 is accommodated and the maximum diameter of the wound electrode assembly 200 .
- the inner diameter Dd of the outer can 100 is the center in the height direction along the central axis 200C of the electrode assembly 200 in the lithium primary battery 10, and is located at a plurality of locations (for example, 60° It is a value obtained by averaging the values obtained by measuring the inner diameter Dd at three points for each.
- the maximum diameter of the electrode body 200 is the maximum diameter at the center of the electrode body 200 in the height direction.
- the maximum diameter of electrode body 200 is measured on the outermost peripheral surface of electrode body 200 . When the outermost circumference of the electrode body 200 is the separator 203 , the maximum diameter of the electrode body 200 is determined including the outermost separator 203 .
- the outer diameter D of the side wall 101 of the outer can 100 is the center of the electrode assembly 200 in the height direction of the lithium primary battery 10 and is located at a plurality of locations along the outer peripheral surface of the side wall 101 of the outer can 100 (for example, three point) is measured and averaged.
- Manganese dioxide may be used alone as the positive electrode active material, or may be used in combination with manganese oxide, graphite fluoride, or the like. As manganese dioxide, it is preferable to use electrolytic manganese dioxide neutralized with ammonia, sodium, lithium or the like. Furthermore, it is preferable to use calcined electrolytic manganese dioxide. Specifically, it is preferable to bake electrolytic manganese dioxide in air or oxygen at 300 to 450° C. for about 6 to 12 hours. The oxidation number of manganese contained in manganese dioxide is typically tetravalent, but is not limited to tetravalent, and a slight reduction is allowed.
- Manganese dioxide that can be used includes MnO, Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , MnO 2 and the like, and generally manganese dioxide is used as a main component.
- Manganese dioxide may be in a mixed crystal state containing a plurality of crystal states.
- uncalcined electrolytic manganese dioxide it is preferable to use manganese dioxide whose specific surface area is reduced by increasing the degree of crystallinity depending on the conditions during electrolytic synthesis.
- chemical manganese dioxide or the like can be added in a small amount.
- the positive electrode 201 usually contains a positive electrode current collector in addition to the positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode 201 may include a positive electrode mixture layer.
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 satisfies 0.8 mm ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.4 mm.
- Tp may be 1.0 mm ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.3 mm, or 1.1 ⁇ Tp ⁇ 1.3 mm from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity and easily ensuring a higher discharge voltage even when the discharge progresses.
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 is the average thickness of the positive electrode 201 included in the electrode assembly 200 measured at a plurality of locations (eg, 10 locations) in the lithium primary battery 10 at the initial stage of discharge.
- the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 is measured for a cross-sectional photograph of the lithium primary battery 10 perpendicular to the axial direction of the electrode body 200 .
- a cross-sectional photograph is obtained by X-ray transmission or X-ray CT (Computed Tomography).
- the positive electrode mixture contains, for example, a binder and a conductive agent as optional components in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- binders include fluororesins, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide resins, acrylic resins, polyolefin resins, and rubber-like polymers.
- the positive electrode mixture may contain one type of binder, or may contain two or more types.
- a carbon material is preferable as the conductive agent.
- Examples of carbon materials include carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphite.
- the positive electrode mixture may contain one or more conductive agents.
- the conductive agent may be present between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode mixture layer.
- the density d p of the positive electrode mixture is, for example, 2.5 g/cm 3 ⁇ d p ⁇ 3.5 g/cm 3 .
- the density d p is 2.6 g from the viewpoint of facilitating the stabilization of the discharge voltage in response to the thinning due to the absorption of the electrolyte solution of the positive electrode 201 or expansion during discharge and the elution of the negative electrode 202 .
- /cm 3 ⁇ d p ⁇ 3.3 g/cm 3 is preferably satisfied.
- the density dp of the positive electrode mixture is obtained by removing the positive electrode 201 from the lithium primary battery 10 at the initial stage of discharge, washing it with a solvent, drying it, and then determining the thickness Tp of the positive electrode 201 and the mass of the positive electrode mixture excluding the current collector. Calculated from volume.
- Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include metal materials such as stainless steel, Al, and Ti.
- the metal material may be a single metal or an alloy.
- Examples of positive electrode current collectors include sheets and porous bodies. A metal foil or the like may be used as the positive electrode current collector. Also, a metal mesh (or net), expanded metal, punching metal, or the like may be used as the porous positive electrode current collector.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode 201 is not particularly limited.
- a positive electrode mixture may be applied to a positive electrode current collector, or a porous positive electrode current collector may be filled with the positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode mixture may be formed into a sheet and laminated so as to be in physical contact with the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture may be used in the form of a paste or a clay by using a liquid medium in addition to the constituent components of the positive electrode mixture, if necessary.
- Liquid media include, for example, water and organic liquid media.
- the liquid medium is liquid at room temperature (20° C. to 35° C.), for example.
- drying may be performed and compression in the thickness direction of the positive electrode 201 may be performed as necessary.
- the negative electrode 202 contains at least one metal material selected from the group consisting of metallic lithium containing lithium alloys and metallic lithium.
- metallic lithium containing lithium alloys include Li--Al, Li--Sn, Li--Ni--Si and Li--Pb.
- the content of metal elements other than lithium contained in the lithium alloy is, for example, 0.05% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less with respect to the lithium alloy.
- a metal foil is used as the sheet-shaped negative electrode 202 .
- the sheet-shaped negative electrode 202 can be formed by extruding the above metal material.
- a tape or the like may be attached to a portion of the sheet-like negative electrode 202 from the viewpoint of preventing the negative electrode 202 from being consumed and isolated during discharge.
- the width of the tape is preferably 0.5 mm or more and 3 mm or less from the viewpoint of not inhibiting the battery reaction.
- the tape may be applied to either the first main surface 202A or the second main surface 202B of the sheet-like negative electrode 202, or may be attached to both.
- the entire first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B of the negative electrode 202 face the positive electrode 201.
- the outermost electrode in the wound electrode body 200 becomes the positive electrode 201 .
- the capacity Cn of the negative electrode 202 and the capacity Cp of the positive electrode 201 preferably satisfy Cp ⁇ Cn. Since unreacted lithium remains even at the end of discharge, the thickness of the negative electrode 202 is maintained to some extent.
- the ratio of the capacity Cn of the negative electrode 202 to the capacity Cp of the positive electrode 201: Cn/Cp is preferably greater than 1, for example, 1.05 or more, and may be 1.10 or more. From the viewpoint of ensuring high energy density, the Cn/Cp ratio is preferably 1.2 or less.
- the capacitance Cn and capacitance Cp can be obtained by the following procedure.
- the positive electrode 201 is taken out from the lithium primary battery 10 in the initial stage of discharge, and the mass of manganese dioxide contained in the positive electrode 201 is obtained.
- the negative electrode 202 is taken out from the lithium primary battery 10 in the initial stage of discharge, and the mass of metallic lithium contained in the negative electrode 202 is obtained.
- the capacity Cp is obtained from the mass of manganese dioxide and the theoretical capacity of manganese dioxide (308 mAh/g).
- the capacity Cn is obtained from the mass of metallic lithium contained in the negative electrode 202 and the theoretical capacity of lithium (3860 mAh/g).
- the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B of the sheet-shaped negative electrode 202 satisfies 250 cm 2 ⁇ S ⁇ 700 cm 2 . From the viewpoint of high discharge voltage and high capacity, 265 cm 2 ⁇ S ⁇ 680 cm 2 is preferable, and 300 cm 2 ⁇ S ⁇ 500 cm 2 is more preferable.
- a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulation is used for the separator 203 .
- porous sheets include microporous films, woven fabrics, and non-woven fabrics.
- the separator 203 may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure.
- Examples of the separator 203 having a multilayer structure include a separator 203 including a plurality of layers with at least one of different materials and structures. In the separator 203 having a multilayer structure of three or more layers, some layers (for example, two layers) may have the same material and structure, or all layers may have different materials and/or structures. good.
- Examples of materials for the separator 203 include polymeric materials.
- Examples of polymeric materials include olefin resins, polyamide resins, polyimide resins (polyimide, polyamideimide, etc.), cellulose, polyphenylene sulfite, polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like.
- the separator 203 may contain additives as needed. An inorganic filler etc. are mentioned as an additive.
- the thickness Ts of the separator 203 can be selected, for example, from a range of 10 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness Ts of the separator 203 may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more and 80 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness Ts of the separator 203 made of a microporous film is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of keeping the internal resistance low and easily ensuring a higher discharge voltage even if the discharge progresses. .
- the thickness Ts of the separator 203 can be selected from the range of 100 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less. Microporous films and non-woven fabrics may be combined.
- the wound electrode body 200 is formed by spirally winding a negative electrode 202, a positive electrode 201, and a separator 203 interposed between these electrodes. At this time, the negative electrode 202 and the positive electrode 201 are arranged with the separator 203 interposed therebetween so that the entire second main surface 202B and the first main surface 202A of the negative electrode 202 face the positive electrode 201 .
- the maximum diameter of the wound electrode body 200 is obtained for the electrode body 200 taken out from the lithium primary battery 10 in the initial stage of discharge. More specifically, the diameter is measured at a plurality of locations (for example, 6 locations) along the outermost peripheral surface in the direction perpendicular to the winding axis, and the maximum value among these is taken as the maximum diameter of the electrode body 200 .
- the diameter of the electrode body 200 is measured using a vernier caliper or the like.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte used in the lithium primary battery 10 has lithium ion conductivity.
- Such a non-aqueous electrolyte 204 contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- Lithium salts include lithium borofluoride, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide, lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and lithium perchlorate.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte 204 may contain one type of lithium salt, or may contain two or more types in combination.
- non-aqueous solvents include, but are not limited to, esters (eg, carbonate esters, carboxylic acid esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, etc.) and ethers (1,2-dimethoxyethane, etc.).
- Carbonic acid esters include cyclic carbonates (propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, etc.), chain carbonates (diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, etc.), and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte 204 may contain one type of non-aqueous solvent, or may contain two or more types in combination.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte 204 is, for example, 0.1 mol/L or more and 3.5 mol/L or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution 204 may contain additives as necessary.
- additives include vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, and vinyl ethyl carbonate.
- the nonaqueous electrolytic solution 204 may contain one type of additive, or may contain two or more types in combination.
- the outer can 100 is made of stainless steel, iron, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy. Even if the positive electrode 201 expands, deformation of the outer can 100 can be suppressed, variation in the discharge reaction can be reduced, and the discharge voltage can be stabilized even when the discharge progresses. there is
- the outer can 100 may be annealed or plated as required. Moreover, by using the outer can 100 made of stainless steel, it is easy to obtain high durability that can withstand long-term use.
- the thickness Tc of the outer can 100 is preferably 0.25 mm or more. From the viewpoint of discharge stability and energy density, 0.3 mm ⁇ Tc ⁇ 0.45 mm is preferable.
- the thickness Tc of the outer can 100 is the center of the electrode assembly 200 in the height direction of the lithium primary battery 10, and is the thickness at a plurality of locations along the inner peripheral surface of the outer can 100 (for example, six locations every 60°). are measured and averaged.
- the thickness Tc of the outer can 100 is measured with respect to a photograph of a cross section of the lithium primary battery 10 perpendicular to the direction along the central axis 200C of the electrode body 200 .
- the inner diameter Dd of the side wall 101 of the outer can 100 is measured for a cross-sectional photograph of the lithium primary battery 10 perpendicular to the direction of the central axis 200C of the electrode body 200 .
- the interval C is obtained from the inner diameter Dd (average value) of the outer can 100 and the maximum diameter of the electrode body 200 obtained as described above.
- the polarity of the outer can 100 may be either the positive electrode 201 or the negative electrode 202.
- the separator 203 completely covers the positive electrode 201, which is the outermost electrode, and a tape is attached to a part of the outermost periphery so that the separator 203 can be kept in a wound state. configuration.
- the second is a state in which the positive electrode 201, which is the outermost electrode, is not completely covered with the separator 203 partially or entirely absent, and the outermost electrode is partly wrapped with tape attached. This is the maintained configuration.
- the outer can 100 is the positive electrode 201, and the outermost electrode is the positive electrode 201. It is more preferable to match the polarity between the can 100 and the outermost electrode. If the polarities of the outer can 100 and the electrode are the same, it is possible to perform physical pressure welding, but if the inner surface of the outer can 100 is coated with an insulating material, the risk of internal short circuit can be further reduced. , more preferred.
- Lithium primary battery 10 normally includes sealing member 300 that seals opening 501 A of outer can 100 .
- Sealing body 300 is made of stainless steel, iron, aluminum, or an aluminum alloy. From the viewpoint of easily ensuring durability and strength, it is preferable that the sealing member 300 is made of stainless steel.
- the sealant 300 may be annealed or plated as required.
- the outer can 100 and the sealing member 300 may be electrically connected to either the positive electrode 201 or the negative electrode 202 of the electrode assembly 200, respectively.
- the opening 501A of the outer can 100 may be sealed by crimping the opening end 101A of the outer can 100 to the peripheral edge of the sealing body 300, and the sealing body 300 and the peripheral edge of the opening 501A of the outer can 100 may be sealed. It may be sealed by laser welding.
- an insulating gasket 310 is arranged between the open end 101A of the outer can 100 and the peripheral edge of the sealing body 300 .
- the sealing member 300 and the external terminal 330 are configured as separate members, and an insulating gasket 310 is arranged between the external terminal 330 and the sealing member 300 .
- the influence of air intrusion or volatilization of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution 204 is a multiplier of the number of years of use, so it is considered that the longer the number of years of use, the greater the influence.
- the lithium primary battery 10 has a high capacity and can stably discharge even when the discharge progresses. In addition, a high output can be obtained, and a relatively high discharge voltage can be secured even when the discharge progresses. As a result, a long life can be obtained, and the discharge performance of a large current such as a pulse current can be ensured over a long period of time. Therefore, the lithium primary battery 10 is suitable for installation in equipment controlled to discharge a pulse current over a long period of time. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, ICT devices having communication functions (for example, meters having communication functions). Meters include various meters such as electric meters, gas meters, and water meters.
- a cathode current collector made of expanded metal made of stainless steel (SUS316) was filled with the wet cathode mixture to prepare a cathode precursor.
- the positive electrode precursor was dried, rolled by a roll press, and cut into a predetermined size to obtain a sheet-like positive electrode 201 having a thickness Tp shown in the table.
- the filling amount of the positive electrode mixture was adjusted so that the design capacity was the value shown in the table.
- the dimensions of the positive electrode 201 are such that when the negative electrode 202 is such that the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B is the value shown in the table, the outermost electrode of the electrode body 200 is the positive electrode 201. adjusted to be However, in Comparative Example 1, the dimensions of the positive electrode 201 were adjusted so that the outermost electrode was the negative electrode 202 .
- Negative Electrode Sheet-like Li and Li—Al alloy (Al content with respect to lithium contained in the negative electrode 202: 0.3% by mass) were coated on the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202A of the negative electrode 202.
- a sheet-shaped negative electrode 202 was obtained by cutting into a predetermined size so that the total area S of the surface 202B was the value shown in the table. The dimensions (width, height, and/or thickness) of the sheet were adjusted so that the amount of Li contained in the negative electrode 202 was the same in each example and comparative example.
- the ratio of the capacity Cn of the negative electrode 202 to the capacity Cp of the positive electrode 201: Cn/Cp was about 1.1.
- the positive electrode mixture was peeled off from a part of the positive electrode 201 to expose the positive electrode current collector, and a stainless steel positive electrode tab lead was resistance-welded to the exposed portion.
- a negative electrode tab lead made of nickel was connected to a predetermined portion of the negative electrode 202 by pressure welding.
- a positive electrode 201 and a negative electrode 202 were spirally wound around a central axis 200C with a separator 203 interposed therebetween to produce a wound body.
- a cylindrical wound electrode body 200 was constructed by fixing with an insulating tape.
- the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202 are stacked so that the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B of the negative electrode 202 becomes the value shown in the table, and the outermost electrode is completely covered.
- the separator 203 was arranged as shown in FIG. In the examples other than Comparative Example 1, the outermost electrode of the electrode body 200 was the positive electrode 201 , and in the comparative example 1, the outermost electrode of the electrode body 200 was the negative electrode 202 .
- the separator 203 has a three-layered structure consisting of a polyethylene microporous layer (intermediate layer, thickness 20 ⁇ m) and two polypropylene microporous layers (outer layer, thickness 10 ⁇ m) sandwiching the intermediate layer.
- a porous film 40 ⁇ m thick was used.
- non-aqueous electrolyte A non-aqueous solvent obtained by mixing propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) at a volume ratio of 1:1:2, Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate was dissolved as a lithium salt at a concentration of 0.5 mol/L to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- the sealing member 300 was inserted in the vicinity of the opening 501A of the outer can 100, and the opening end portion 101A of the outer can 100 and the fitting portion of the sealing member 300 were laser-welded.
- five sealed cylindrical lithium primary batteries 10 having the structure shown in FIG. 1 were produced for each example.
- the table shows the distance C between the outer can 100 and the wound electrode body 200 in the assembled battery 10 . Spacing C was adjusted by adjusting the thickness and length of each electrode. After that, each battery 10 was pre-discharged so that the voltage of the battery 10 was 3.2V.
- the minimum voltage when the pre-discharged lithium primary battery 10 was set to 0% DOD and discharged at -40°C at 500 mA for 5 seconds was measured. An average value of the minimum voltages of five lithium primary batteries 10 was obtained. This average value was taken as the discharge voltage when the DOD was 0%.
- the lithium primary battery 10 for which the discharge voltage at 0% DOD was obtained was discharged at 23°C at 30 mA to DOD 50%, DOD 75%, and DOD 85%. In each state, the minimum voltage was measured when the battery was discharged at -40°C at 500mA for 5 seconds, and the average value was obtained.
- Figures 2 to 4 show the evaluation results of Examples and Comparative Examples.
- Examples 1-16 are samples A1-A16
- comparative examples 1-8 are samples B1-B8.
- sample B6 is an example in which the total area S of the first main surface 202A and the second main surface 202B is small. .
- the discharge voltage decreases as the discharge progresses. It was noticeable (Sample B1). This is because, since the positive electrode 201 is not located on the outermost periphery, a buffering effect during discharge cannot be obtained, resulting in uneven reaction, the lithium metal of the negative electrode 202 is partially fractured, and the resistance of the battery 10 is increased. Conceivable. Also when the outer diameter D of the outer can 100 exceeded 37 mm or the total area S exceeded 700 cm 2 , the discharge voltage decreased significantly as the discharge progressed (B7).
- the lithium primary battery according to the above aspect of the present disclosure has a high capacity, is capable of stable discharge, and is suitable for use in ICT equipment that is controlled to discharge pulse current.
- Examples of such devices include various devices (electronic devices, electric devices, etc.) having communication functions such as meters (smart meters, etc.) having communication functions.
- the applications of lithium primary batteries are not limited to these.
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Abstract
Description
(正極)
正極活物質は、二酸化マンガンを単独で用いてもよく、マンガン酸化物またはフッ化黒鉛などと混合して用いてもよい。二酸化マンガンとしては、アンモニア、ナトリウム、リチウムなどで中和処理された電解二酸化マンガンを使用することが好ましい。更に焼成した焼成電解二酸化マンガンを使用することが好ましい。具体的には、電解二酸化マンガンを空気中または酸素中で300~450℃で6~12時間程度焼成することが好ましい。二酸化マンガンに含まれるマンガンの酸化数は、代表的に4価であるが、4価に限定されず、多少の減少が許容される。使用可能な二酸化マンガンとして、MnO、Mn3O4、Mn2O3、MnO2などが挙げられ、一般には、二酸化マンガンを主成分として用いられる。二酸化マンガンは、複数種の結晶状態を含む混晶状態であってもよい。また、未焼成の電解二酸化マンガンを使用する際は、電解合成時の条件により結晶化度を挙げて、比表面積を小さくした二酸化マンガンが好ましい。また、少量であれば化学二酸化マンガンなどを添加することは可能である。
負極202は、リチウム合金を含む金属リチウムと金属リチウムとからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の金属材料を含む。リチウム合金としては、例えば、Li-Al、Li-Sn、Li-Ni-Si、Li-Pbが挙げられる。リチウム合金に含まれるリチウム以外の金属元素の含有量は、リチウム合金に対して、例えば、0.05質量%以上1.0質量%以下である。
セパレータ203には、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートとしては、例えば、微多孔フィルム、織布、不織布が挙げられる。セパレータ203は、単層構造でも多層構造であってもよい。多層構造のセパレータ203としては、例えば、材質および構造の少なくともいずれかが異なる複数の層を含むセパレータ203が挙げられる。3層以上の多層構造を有するセパレータ203では、一部の層(例えば、2層)の材質および構造が同じであってもよく、全ての層で材質および構造の少なくともいずれかが異なっていてもよい。
巻回式電極体200は、負極202と正極201とこれらの電極の間に介在するセパレータ203とをスパイラル状に巻回することにより形成される。このとき、負極202の第2主面202Bの全体と第1主面202Aとが正極201と対向するように負極202と正極201とをセパレータ203を介して配置する。
リチウム一次電池10に利用される非水電解液204は、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する。このような非水電解液204は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解したリチウム塩とを含む。
外装缶100は、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、またはアルミニウム合金製である。正極201が膨張しても外装缶100の変形を抑制でき、放電反応のばらつきが軽減され、放電が進行しても放電電圧を安定化させることができる程度の強度を各素材において満たすようにしている。外装缶100は、必要に応じて、アニール処理、またはメッキ処理されていてもよい。また、ステンレス鋼製の外装缶100を用いることで、長期間の使用にも耐え得る高い耐久性が得られ易い。
リチウム一次電池10は、通常、外装缶100の開口501Aを封口する封口体300を含む。封口体300は、ステンレス鋼、鉄、アルミニウム、またはアルミニウム合金製である。耐久性と強度とを確保しやすい観点から、封口体300は、ステンレス鋼製であることが好ましい。封口体300は、必要に応じて、アニール処理またはメッキ処理されていてもよい。
本開示の上記側面に係るリチウム一次電池10は、高容量であるとともに、放電が進行しても安定して放電を行うことができる。また、高い出力が得られるとともに、放電が進行しても比較的高い放電電圧を確保することができる。よって、長寿命が得られるとともに、長期間に亘って、パルス電流などの大電流の放電性能を確保できる。そのため、リチウム一次電池10は、長期間に渡ってパルス電流を放電するように制御された機器に搭載するのに適している。このような機器としては、特に制限されないが、例えば、通信機能を備えるICT用の機器(例えば、通信機能を備えるメータ)などが挙げられる。メータとしては、電気メータ、ガスメータ、水道メータなど様々なメータが挙げられる。
以下、本開示を実施例および比較例に基づいて具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されない。図2から図4はリチウム一次電池10の実施例と比較例の仕様を示す表である。
(1)正極の作製
正極201として、400℃で7時間焼成した92質量部の電解二酸化マンガンに、導電剤である3質量部のケッチェンブラックと、結着剤である5質量部のポリテトラフルオロエチレンと、適量の純水と、を加えて混錬し、湿潤状態の正極合剤を調製した。
シート状のLiとLi-Al合金(負極202に含まれるリチウムに対してのAl含有量:0.3質量%)を、負極202の第1主面202Aおよび第2主面202Bの合計面積Sが表に示す値となるように所定寸法に裁断し、シート状の負極202を得た。負極202に含まれるLi量が、各実施例および比較例で同じになるようにシートの寸法(幅、高さ、および/または厚さ)を調節した。
正極201の一部から正極合剤を剥がして正極集電体を露出させ、その露出部にステンレス鋼製の正極タブリードを抵抗溶接した。負極202の所定箇所にニッケル製の負極タブリードを圧接により接続した。正極201と負極202とを、これらの間にセパレータ203を介在させて、中心軸200Cを中心にスパイラル状に巻回して巻回体を作製した。巻回体の状態を保持するために、絶縁性のテープで固定することによって、円柱状の巻回式電極体200を構成した。このとき、負極202の第1主面202Aおよび第2主面202Bの合計面積Sが表に示す値となるように正極201と負極202とを積層するとともに、最外周の電極が完全に被覆されるようにセパレータ203を配置した。比較例1以外の例では、電極体200の最外周の電極は正極201であり、比較例1では、電極体200の最外周の電極は負極202であった。
プロピレンカーボネート(PC)と、エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、1,2-ジメトキシエタン(DME)とを、体積比1:1:2で混合した非水溶媒に、リチウム塩としてトリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウムを0.5mol/Lの濃度で溶解させ、非水電解液を調製した。
電極体200を、その底部にリング状の下部絶縁板を配置した状態で、表に示す外径Dおよび厚さTcを有する有底円筒形ステンレス鋼(SUS316)製の外装缶100の内部に挿入した。正極タブリードを外装缶100の内底面に抵抗溶接し、上部絶縁板を電極体200の上部に配置した後、負極タブリードを封口体300に固定された外部端子330に抵抗溶接した。次に、非水電解液を外装缶100内に注液し、電極体200に浸透させた。その後、外装缶100の開口501Aの近傍に封口体300を挿入して、外装缶100の開口端部101Aと封口体300の嵌め合わせ部とをレーザ溶接した。このようにして、図1に示す構造を有する密閉型の円筒形リチウム一次電池10を各例につき5個作製した。組み立てた電池10における外装缶100と巻回式電極体200との間隔Cを表に示す。間隔Cは、各電極の厚さおよび長さを調節することによって調節した。その後、電池10の電圧が3.2Vとなるように各電池10に予備放電を実施した。
作製したリチウム一次電池10を用いて、下記の手順で、異なる放電深度(DOD:Depth of Discharge)における放電電圧を評価した。
100 外装缶
200 巻回式電極体
201 正極
202 負極
203 セパレータ
204 非水電解液
210 内部リード線
230A 上部絶縁板
230B 下部絶縁板
300 封口体
310 ガスケット
330 外部端子
Claims (7)
- 外装缶と、
前記外装缶に収容された巻回式電極体と、
前記外装缶に収容された非水電解液と、
を備え、
前記巻回式電極体は、
シート状の正極と、
互いに反対側の反対側の第1主面と第2主面とを有するシート状の負極と、
前記正極および前記負極の間に介在するセパレータと、
を有して、前記正極と前記負極と前記セパレータとが積層されて巻回されており、
前記正極は、二酸化マンガンを含む正極合剤を含み、
前記負極は、リチウム合金を含む金属リチウムと金属リチウムとからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含み、
前記負極の前記第2主面の全体と前記第1主面とは、前記正極と対向しており、
前記負極の前記第1主面と前記第2主面との合計面積Sは、250cm2≦S≦700cm2を充足し、
前記正極の厚さTpは、0.8mm≦Tp≦1.4mmを充足し、
前記外装缶の外径Dは、25mm≦D≦37mmを充足し、
前記外装缶と前記巻回式電極体との間隔Cは、0.3mm≦C≦1.0mmを充足する、リチウム一次電池。 - 前記外装缶の厚さTcは、0.3mm≦Tc≦0.45mmを充足する、請求項1に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記正極の容量Cpおよび前記負極の容量Cnは、Cp≦Cnを充足する、請求項1または2に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記正極合剤の密度dpは、2.6g/cm3≦dp≦3.3g/cm3を充足する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記セパレータは、30μm以上50μm以下の厚さを有する微多孔フィルムである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
- 前記外装缶の開口を封口する封口体をさらに備え、
前記封口体は前記外装缶とレーザ溶接されている、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。 - 前記外装缶は、ステンレス鋼製である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム一次電池。
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JP2002042742A (ja) * | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-08 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 密閉型電池の製造方法 |
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JP2002042742A (ja) * | 2000-07-31 | 2002-02-08 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 密閉型電池の製造方法 |
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