WO2022249589A1 - 電極材料、電極材料の製造方法および電池 - Google Patents
電極材料、電極材料の製造方法および電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022249589A1 WO2022249589A1 PCT/JP2022/006554 JP2022006554W WO2022249589A1 WO 2022249589 A1 WO2022249589 A1 WO 2022249589A1 JP 2022006554 W JP2022006554 W JP 2022006554W WO 2022249589 A1 WO2022249589 A1 WO 2022249589A1
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- electrode material
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- solid electrolyte
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- conductive fibers
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to electrode materials, methods for producing electrode materials, and batteries.
- a conductive aid is usually added to the active material layer of the electrode for the purpose of improving the electronic conductivity within the active material layer and improving the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- the active material layer is formed, for example, from an electrode material containing an active material and a conductive aid.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose an electrode material containing a carbon material as a conductive aid.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide an electrode material suitable for producing an electrode with improved electronic conductivity.
- the electrode material in one aspect of the present disclosure is an active material; a conductive fiber containing a carbon material; a binder comprising an elastomer; including
- the elastomer is a hydrogenated product and contains a repeating unit having an aromatic ring, A content of the repeating unit in the elastomer is 15% by mass or more.
- the present disclosure provides electrode materials suitable for producing electrodes with improved electronic conductivity.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an electrode material according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of an elastomer.
- FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing an example of a method for producing an electrode material.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for producing the electrode material.
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for producing an electrode material.
- FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for producing the electrode material.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for producing an electrode material.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a battery according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing a method for producing an electrode material of Comparative Example 4. As shown in FIG.
- the electrodes tend to expand or contract as the battery is charged and discharged.
- the electrode when the electrode is a negative electrode, there is a tendency for the electrode to expand or contract significantly.
- conductive fibers such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) can easily maintain percolation in the electrode even when the electrode expands or contracts. Therefore, it can be said that the conductive fiber is suitable as a conductive aid that improves the conductivity of the electrode.
- conductive fibers such as CNT tend to aggregate easily. Therefore, in order to ensure the desired conductivity of the electrode, it is necessary to increase the amount of conductive fiber added to the electrode material or to add a dispersant to the electrode material. However, increasing the amount of conductive fiber added tends to lower the energy density of the battery, lower the ionic conductivity in the electrode, and lower the performance of the battery.
- a dispersant is added to the electrode material, the polar groups contained in the dispersant may react with the solid electrolyte, resulting in deterioration of battery performance. Furthermore, the dispersant tends to lower the adhesion between the active material layer and the current collector in the electrode, and tends to lower the strength of the active material layer.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that an electrode material is produced by adding a solid electrolyte and an active material to a slurry containing a conductive aid. However, in this method, it is difficult to uniformly disperse the conductive agent in the electrode material when conductive fibers are used as the conductive agent. Patent Document 2 does not describe or suggest a method for improving the dispersibility of the conductive fibers.
- the present inventor newly found that the dispersibility of the conductive fibers in the electrode material changes by using a specific binder instead of the dispersant.
- the present inventors proceeded with studies based on the newly discovered knowledge, and found that a combination of a specific elastomer and conductive fibers improves the dispersibility of the conductive fibers in the electrode material, and that this The inventors have found that the electron conductivity is improved in an electrode formed from the electrode material, and have completed the electrode material of the present disclosure.
- the electrode material according to the first aspect of the present disclosure is an active material; a conductive fiber containing a carbon material; a binder comprising an elastomer; including
- the elastomer is a hydrogenated product and contains a repeating unit having an aromatic ring, A content of the repeating unit in the elastomer is 15% by mass or more.
- the binder tends to adsorb to the conductive fibers due to the interaction between the aromatic ring contained in the elastomer and the carbon material contained in the conductive fibers.
- This interaction is, for example, a ⁇ - ⁇ interaction.
- the binder can facilitate dispersion of the conductive fibers in the electrode material. This improves the dispersibility of the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- Such electrode materials are suitable for producing electrodes with improved electronic conductivity. Specifically, even when the amount of the conductive fiber added is small, the desired electronic conductivity can be obtained for the electrode.
- the conductive fibers may contain carbon nanotubes.
- the electrode material is suitable for producing electrodes with improved electronic conductivity.
- the conductive fibers may have an average fiber diameter of 300 nm or less.
- the conductive fibers have a small average fiber diameter, it is possible to increase the number of conductive fibers while maintaining the amount of conductive fibers added.
- Such conductive fibers are highly effective in improving the conductivity within the electrode.
- the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers is small, the cohesive force of the conductive fibers tends to increase and the dispersibility of the conductive fibers tends to decrease.
- the binder contained in the electrode material the effect of improving the dispersibility of the conductive fibers remarkably occurs when the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers is small.
- the elastomer may be a thermoplastic elastomer.
- the binder can efficiently disperse the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- the elastomer is derived from a first block containing the repeating unit having the aromatic ring and a conjugated diene and a second block containing repeating units that
- the binder can efficiently disperse the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- the repeating unit having the aromatic ring may contain a repeating unit derived from styrene.
- the binder can efficiently disperse the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- the elastomer comprises styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) and styrene-ethylene /ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer (SEEPS).
- SEBS styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer
- SEEPS styrene-ethylene /ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer
- the binder can efficiently disperse the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- the hydrogenation rate of the elastomer may be 90% or more.
- the degree of freedom of rotation of the molecular chains of the elastomer is improved. Binders containing this elastomer tend to adsorb more to the conductive fibers. Therefore, according to this binder, the effect of improving the dispersibility of the conductive fibers is remarkably produced.
- the content of the repeating unit having the aromatic ring in the elastomer is 20% by mass or more.
- the elastomer has a large amount of aromatic rings capable of interacting with the carbon material. Therefore, the binder containing this elastomer tends to be more easily adsorbed by the conductive fibers. This binder improves the effect of dispersing the conductive fibers.
- the electrode material according to any one of the first to ninth aspects may further contain a solid electrolyte.
- the electrode material is suitable for making electrodes of solid-state batteries.
- the solid electrolyte may have lithium ion conductivity.
- the electrode formed from the electrode material can increase the energy density of the lithium ion battery containing the solid electrolyte and improve the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- the electrode material according to any one of the first to eleventh aspects may further contain a solvent.
- the binder can efficiently disperse the conductive fibers in the electrode material.
- a method for producing an electrode material according to a thirteenth aspect of the present disclosure includes: A method for producing an electrode material according to any one of the first to twelfth aspects, The manufacturing method is creating a slurry comprising the conductive fibers and the binder.
- the conductive fibers are dispersed in the slurry.
- the dispersibility of the conductive fibers tends to be improved. Electrodes formed from this electrode material also tend to form electron conduction paths between active materials. According to this electrode material, even when the amount of the conductive fiber added is small, the desired electronic conductivity can be obtained for the electrode.
- the manufacturing method according to the thirteenth aspect includes the slurry containing the conductive fibers and the binder, and at least one selected from the group consisting of an active material and a solid electrolyte. and mixing.
- the active material or the solid electrolyte is dispersed in the slurry containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the active material and the solid electrolyte.
- An electrode material obtained by mixing this slurry with a slurry containing conductive fibers and a binder tends to further improve the dispersibility of the conductive fibers.
- the battery according to the fifteenth aspect of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; an electrolyte layer positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; with At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes an active material, a conductive fiber containing a carbon material, and a binder containing an elastomer,
- the elastomer is a hydrogenated product and contains a repeating unit having an aromatic ring, A content of the repeating unit in the elastomer is 15% by mass or more.
- the electron conductivity is improved in the positive electrode or the negative electrode. Therefore, the battery tends to have not only high energy density but also excellent cycle characteristics.
- the electrolyte layer may contain a solid electrolyte.
- the battery tends to have not only high energy density but also excellent cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an electrode material 100 according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. Electrode material 100 in Embodiment 1 includes active material 10 , conductive fibers 11 and binder 12 .
- Conductive fibers 11 contain a carbon material.
- Binder 12 contains elastomer E.
- Elastomer E is a hydrogenated product and contains repeating units having aromatic rings. The content of repeating units having an aromatic ring in Elastomer E is 15% by mass or more.
- the binder 12 tends to be adsorbed to the conductive fibers 11 in the electrode material 100 according to Embodiment 1.
- the binder 12 can promote dispersion of the conductive fibers 11 in the electrode material 100 . This improves the dispersibility of the conductive fibers 11 in the electrode material 100 .
- Such an electrode material 100 is suitable for producing an electrode with improved electronic conductivity.
- the electrode material 100 includes the active material 10, the conductive fibers 11 and the binder 12.
- the electrode material 100 may further contain a solid electrolyte 13, a solvent 14, and the like. These materials are described in detail below.
- active material 10 is a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- the active material 10 may be a negative electrode active material.
- a positive electrode can be made from the electrode material 100 .
- a negative electrode can be made from the electrode material 100 .
- a positive electrode active material is, for example, a material that has the property of absorbing and releasing metal ions (eg, lithium ions).
- Positive electrode active materials include lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanion materials, fluorinated polyanion materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxysulfides, transition metal oxynitrides, and the like.
- Lithium-containing transition metal oxides include Li(Ni, Co, Al) O 2 , Li(Ni, Co, Mn) O 2 and LiCoO 2 .
- a negative electrode active material is, for example, a material that has the property of absorbing and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- negative electrode active materials include metal materials, carbon materials, oxides, nitrides, tin compounds, and silicon compounds.
- the metal material may be a single metal or an alloy.
- metal materials include lithium metal and lithium alloys.
- Examples of carbon materials include natural graphite, coke, ungraphitized carbon, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, and amorphous carbon.
- the median diameter of the active material 10 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter of the active material is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the active material 10 and the solid electrolyte 13 can be well dispersed in the electrode formed from the electrode material 100 . Therefore, the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery using this electrode are improved.
- the median diameter of the active material 10 is 100 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion rate of lithium in the active material is improved. Therefore, a battery using electrodes formed from the electrode material 100 can operate at high output.
- the median diameter means the particle size whose cumulative volume is equal to 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution.
- a volume-based particle size distribution is determined by a laser diffraction scattering method. The same applies to the following other materials.
- the volume ratio "v1:100-v1" between the active material 10 and the solid electrolyte 13 may satisfy 30 ⁇ v1 ⁇ 95.
- v1 indicates the volume ratio of the active material 10 when the total volume of the active material 10 and the solid electrolyte 13 contained in the electrode material 100 is taken as 100; When 30 ⁇ v1 is satisfied, it is easy to secure a sufficient energy density for the battery. When v1 ⁇ 95 is satisfied, the battery can more easily operate at high output.
- the active material 10 may be coated with a coating material in order to reduce interfacial resistance with the solid electrolyte 13 .
- a material with low electronic conductivity can be used as the coating material.
- an oxide material, an oxide solid electrolyte, or the like can be used as the coating material.
- SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , Nb 2 O 5 , WO 3 , ZrO 2 and the like can be used as the oxide material used for the coating material.
- oxide solid electrolyte used for the coating material examples include Li—Nb—O compounds such as LiNbO 3 , Li—B—O compounds such as LiBO 2 and Li 3 BO 3 , Li—Al—O compounds such as LiAlO 2 . compounds, Li—Si—O compounds such as Li 4 SiO 4 , Li—S—O compounds such as Li 2 SO 4 , Li—Ti—O compounds such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li such as Li 2 ZrO 3 -Zr-O compounds, Li-Mo-O compounds such as Li 2 MoO 3 , Li-VO compounds such as LiV 2 O 5 , Li-WO compounds such as Li 2 WO 4 and the like can be used. Oxide solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity and high high potential stability. Therefore, by using the oxide solid electrolyte as the coating material, the charge/discharge efficiency of the battery can be further improved.
- the conductive fibers 11 containing a carbon material include carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon fibers, vapor-grown carbon fibers, and the like. These conductive fibers 11 may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the conductive fiber 11 contains CNT, for example.
- CNTs are cylindrical hollow fibers made up of graphene sheets.
- the CNT may be a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composed of one graphene sheet, or a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composed of multiple graphene sheets.
- SWCNTs include TUBALL (registered trademark).
- MWCNT a plurality of graphene sheets are arranged concentrically, for example.
- MWCNTs include VGCF (registered trademark)-H.
- the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers 11 is, for example, 500 nm or less, may be 300 nm or less, may be 200 nm or less, may be 150 nm or less, may be 100 nm or less, or may be 50 nm. It may be less than or equal to 10 nm, or less than or equal to 5 nm. As the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers 11 is smaller, the number of the conductive fibers 11 can be increased while maintaining the added amount of the conductive fibers 11 . The conductive fibers 11 having a small average fiber diameter can easily improve the conductivity within the electrode.
- the lower limit of the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers 11 is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 0.1 nm.
- the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers 11 can be specified by the following method. First, a conductive fiber 11 used as a raw material for producing the electrode material 100 is prepared as a measurement sample. The measurement sample may be the electrode material 100 . Next, the measurement sample is observed with a transmission electron microscope. In the obtained electron microscope image, the outer diameter of a specific conductive fiber 11 is measured at arbitrary multiple points (for example, 10 points). The average value of the obtained measured values is regarded as the fiber diameter of the conductive fiber 11 . The fiber diameters of an arbitrary number (for example, 10) of the conductive fibers 11 can be calculated, and the average value of the calculated values can be regarded as the average fiber diameter of the conductive fibers 11 .
- the average length of the conductive fibers 11 is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 1 ⁇ m or longer, and may be 5 ⁇ m or longer.
- the average length of the conductive fibers 11 may be 500 ⁇ m or less, 250 ⁇ m or less, 100 ⁇ m or less, 50 ⁇ m or less, or 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the average length of the conductive fibers 11 can be specified by the following method. First, the measurement sample described above for the average fiber diameter is prepared. Next, the measurement sample is observed with a transmission electron microscope. The length of the specific conductive fiber 11 is measured in the obtained electron microscope image. An arbitrary number (for example, ten) of the lengths of the conductive fibers 11 can be calculated, and the average value of the calculated values can be regarded as the average length of the conductive fibers 11 .
- the aspect ratio calculated as the ratio of the average length to the average fiber diameter is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 2 or more and 50000 or less, may be 5 or more and 20000 or less, or 10 or more and 10000 or less. may be The aspect ratio of the conductive fibers 11 may be greater than 1000, or may be 3000 or more depending on the case.
- the conductive fiber 11 contains, for example, a carbon material as a main component.
- a “main component” means a component contained in the conductive fibers 11 in the largest amount in terms of mass ratio.
- the conductive fibers 11 are substantially made of carbon material, for example. "Consisting essentially of” means excluding other ingredients that modify the essential characteristics of the referenced material.
- Binder 12 includes elastomer E, as described above.
- elastomer means a polymer having elasticity.
- Elastomer E is a hydrogenated product.
- the carbon-carbon double bonds are hydrogenated and changed to single bonds.
- elastomer E contains repeating units having aromatic rings.
- a repeating unit means a molecular structure derived from a monomer, and is sometimes called a structural unit. The content of repeating units having an aromatic ring in Elastomer E is 15% by mass or more.
- an aromatic ring means a cyclic structure having aromaticity.
- Aromatic rings contained in the elastomer E include benzene aromatic rings such as benzene ring and naphthalene ring, non-benzene aromatic rings such as tropylium ring, and heteroaromatic rings such as pyridine ring and pyrrole ring.
- the aromatic ring may contain a benzene ring.
- Examples of monomers that form repeating units having aromatic rings include styrene, phenyl methacrylate, and benzyl methacrylate.
- Repeating units having an aromatic ring include, for example, repeating units derived from styrene.
- the elastomer E may further contain a repeating unit derived from a conjugated diene in addition to the repeating unit having an aromatic ring.
- Conjugated dienes include butadiene and isoprene.
- repeat units derived from conjugated dienes are hydrogenated. That is, in Elastomer E, repeating units derived from conjugated dienes do not have unsaturated bonds such as carbon-carbon double bonds. However, in Elastomer E, not all repeating units derived from conjugated dienes may be hydrogenated.
- Elastomer E may contain repeating units having unsaturated bonds.
- the elastomer E may further contain modifying groups.
- a modifying group means a functional group that chemically modifies all repeating units contained in a polymer chain, some repeating units contained in a polymer chain, or terminal portions of a polymer chain.
- a modifying group can be introduced into a polymer chain by a substitution reaction, an addition reaction, or the like.
- Modifying groups include, for example, elements such as O and N that have relatively high electronegativities. A modifying group containing such an element can impart polarity to the elastomer E.
- modifying groups include carboxylic acid groups, acid anhydride groups, acyl groups, hydroxyl groups, sulfo groups, sulfanyl groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups, isocyanate groups, epoxy groups, silyl groups, amino groups, nitrile groups, nitro and the like.
- a specific example of an acid anhydride group is a maleic anhydride group.
- Elastomer E is, for example, a copolymer containing repeating units having an aromatic ring and repeating units derived from a conjugated diene. This copolymer may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer. Elastomer E, which is a random copolymer, includes a hydrogenated styrene-butadiene random copolymer (hydrogenated SBR).
- SBR hydrogenated styrene-butadiene random copolymer
- the block copolymer elastomer E may have a first block functioning as a hard segment and a second block functioning as a soft segment. At this time, the elastomer E functions as a thermoplastic elastomer. Elastomer E that functions as a thermoplastic elastomer is sometimes referred to as thermoplastic elastomer T in this disclosure.
- the number of first blocks in the thermoplastic elastomer T may be one or more, or two or more.
- the thermoplastic elastomer T may have a second block between two first blocks.
- the thermoplastic elastomer T may be an ABA-type triblock copolymer. At this time, the compositions of the two first blocks contained in the thermoplastic elastomer T may be the same or different. Furthermore, the degree of polymerization of the two first blocks may be the same or different.
- the first block contains a repeating unit having an aromatic ring.
- the first block may be composed of repeating units having an aromatic ring.
- Polymers constituting the first block include polystyrene, polyphenyl methacrylate, polybenzyl methacrylate, polyphenylene, polyaryletherketone, polyarylethersulfone, polyphenylene oxide, and the like.
- the repeating unit having an aromatic ring includes, for example, repeating units derived from styrene.
- a thermoplastic elastomer containing repeating units derived from styrene may be referred to as a styrene thermoplastic elastomer (TPS).
- the second block contains repeating units derived from a conjugated diene.
- the second block may be composed of repeating units derived from a conjugated diene.
- repeating units derived from the conjugated diene of the second block are hydrogenated. That is, in the second block, repeating units derived from conjugated dienes do not have unsaturated bonds such as carbon-carbon double bonds. However, in the second block, not all repeating units derived from a conjugated diene may be hydrogenated.
- the second block may contain repeating units having unsaturated bonds.
- hydrogenated styrenic thermoplastic elastomers having unsaturated bonds such as carbon-carbon double bonds are sometimes referred to as hydrogenated styrenic thermoplastic elastomers.
- thermoplastic elastomer T examples include styrene-butadiene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SBBS), styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer (SEPS), and styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer.
- SBBS styrene-butadiene/butylene-styrene block copolymer
- SEPS styrene-ethylene/propylene-styrene block copolymer
- Elastomer E may contain, as thermoplastic elastomer T, at least one selected from the group consisting of SEBS and SEEPS.
- SBBS is a polymer obtained by hydrogenating 1,2-vinyl bonds ( --CH.sub.2 CH( CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 )--) contained in styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS).
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of an elastomer.
- FIG. 2 shows a specific example of an elastomer before being hydrogenated (unsaturated) and an elastomer after being hydrogenated (hydrogenated).
- the hydrogenated product in FIG. 2 is a specific example of the elastomer E contained in the binder 12 . As shown in FIG.
- SBR styrene-butadiene random copolymer
- SIS styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer
- SBS styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers
- the hydrogenated SBR represented by formula (iv) is a hydrogenated product of SBR.
- SEPS represented by formula (v) is a hydrogenated product of SIS.
- SEBS represented by formula (vi) is a hydrogenated product of SBS.
- SEEPS represented by formula (vii) is a hydrogenated styrene-isoprene/butadiene-styrene block copolymer.
- the hydrogenation rate of the elastomer E is, for example, 30% or more, may be 50% or more, may be 70% or more, may be 90% or more, or may be 95% or more. It may be 99% or more.
- the hydrogenation rate of Elastomer E means the ratio of the number of carbon-carbon double bonds changed to single bonds by hydrogenation to the number of carbon-carbon double bonds contained in the elastomer before hydrogenation. do.
- the content of repeating units having an aromatic ring in Elastomer E is 15% by mass or more. This content may be 16% by mass or more, 20% by mass or more, 30% by mass or more, or 40% by mass or more.
- the binder 12 tends to improve the dispersibility of the conductive fibers 11 as the content of repeating units having aromatic rings increases.
- the upper limit of the content of repeating units having an aromatic ring is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 70% by mass, 67% by mass, or 60% by mass.
- the repeating unit having an aromatic ring is a repeating unit derived from styrene
- the content of the repeating unit derived from styrene in Elastomer E may be referred to as the styrene ratio.
- the content of repeating units having an aromatic ring in Elastomer E can be determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) measurement.
- the weight average molecular weight (M w ) of the elastomer E is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 1,000,000 or less, may be 500,000 or less, may be 400,000 or less, or may be 300,000 or less. , 200,000 or less, or 100,000 or less.
- the lower limit of the weight average molecular weight of Elastomer E is not particularly limited, and is 1,000, for example.
- the weight average molecular weight of Elastomer E can be determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements using polystyrene as a standard. In other words, the weight average molecular weight is a value converted by polystyrene. Chloroform may be used as an eluent in GPC measurements. When two or more peak tops are observed in the GPC chart, the weight average molecular weight calculated from the entire peak range including each peak top can be regarded as the weight average molecular weight of Elastomer E.
- the binder 12 may contain the elastomer E as a main component.
- the binder 12 consists essentially of elastomer E, for example.
- the electrode material 100 may contain a non-polar solvent as the solvent 14 from the viewpoint of suppressing the reaction with the solid electrolyte 13 .
- Elastomer E tends to be highly soluble in non-polar solvents, so it dissolves readily in electrode material 100 containing non-polar solvents. By dissolving the elastomer E in the electrode material 100 , the binder 12 tends to be easily adsorbed to the conductive fibers 11 .
- the binder 12 may further contain a polymer other than the elastomer E.
- Other polymers that can function as binders include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, Polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, polyacrylic acid hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone , polyetherketone, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, carb
- polymers include tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, butadiene, styrene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid.
- Copolymers synthesized using two or more monomers selected from the group consisting of esters, acrylic acid, and hexadiene can also be used. These binders may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the binder 12 may further contain an elastomer other than the elastomer E as another polymer.
- elastomers that can be included in binder 12 include butylene rubber (BR), isoprene rubber (IR), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), styrene-butylene rubber (SBR), styrene-butadiene-styrene block. copolymer (SBS), styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer (SIS), hydrogenated isoprene rubber (HIR), hydrogenated butyl rubber (HIIR), hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) and the like.
- the elastomer two or more selected from these may be mixed and used.
- the solid electrolyte 13 has lithium ion conductivity, for example.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a halide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, a complex hydride solid electrolyte, or the like can be used as the solid electrolyte 13 .
- the solid electrolyte 13 may contain a halide solid electrolyte.
- oxide solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte containing oxygen.
- the oxide solid electrolyte may further contain anions other than sulfur and halogen elements as anions other than oxygen.
- halide solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte that contains a halogen element and does not contain sulfur.
- a sulfur-free solid electrolyte means a solid electrolyte represented by a composition formula that does not contain elemental sulfur. Therefore, solid electrolytes containing a very small amount of sulfur, such as 0.1% by mass or less of sulfur, are included in solid electrolytes that do not contain sulfur.
- the halide solid electrolyte may further contain oxygen as an anion other than the halogen element.
- Examples of sulfide solid electrolytes include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li10GeP2S12 and the like can be used.
- LiX, Li2O , MOq , LipMOq , etc. may be added to these.
- Element X in “LiX” is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- Element M in “MO q " and “L p MO q " is at least one selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In, Fe, and Zn.
- p and q in "MO q " and "Li p MO q " are each independently natural numbers.
- oxide solid electrolytes examples include NASICON solid electrolytes typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and element-substituted products thereof, (LaLi)TiO 3 -based perovskite solid electrolytes, Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16 , Li LISICON solid electrolytes typified by 4 SiO 4 , LiGeO 4 and elemental substitutions thereof, garnet type solid electrolytes typified by Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and elemental substitutions thereof, Li 3 PO 4 and its N substitutions LiBO 2 , Li 3 BO 3 and other Li--BO compounds as a base, Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 CO 3 and the like added glass, and glass ceramics can be used.
- a halide solid electrolyte contains Li, M, and X, for example.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and metalloid elements.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I; Since the halide solid electrolyte has high thermal stability, it can improve the safety of the battery. Furthermore, since the halide solid electrolyte does not contain sulfur, generation of hydrogen sulfide gas can be suppressed.
- metaloid elements are B, Si, Ge, As, Sb and Te.
- metal element refers to all elements contained in Groups 1 to 12 of the periodic table, except hydrogen, as well as B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, C, N, P, O, S , and all elements contained in groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table except Se.
- silica element and “metallic element” are a group of elements that can become cations when forming an inorganic compound with a halogen element.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (1).
- ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ are each independently a value greater than 0.
- ⁇ can be 4, 6, and so on.
- the ionic conductivity of the halide solid electrolyte is improved, the ionic conductivity of the electrode formed from the electrode material 100 in Embodiment 1 can be improved. This electrode can further improve the cycle characteristics of the battery when used in the battery.
- a halide solid electrolyte containing Y may be represented, for example, by the following compositional formula (2). LiaMebYcX6 ... Formula ( 2 )
- the element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of metal elements other than Li and Y and metalloid elements.
- m represents the valence of the element Me.
- mb is the total value of the product of the composition ratio of each element and the valence of the element.
- Me includes the element Me1 and the element Me2, the composition ratio of the element Me1 is b1 , the valence of the element Me1 is m1 , the composition ratio of the element Me2 is b2 , and the valence of the element Me2 is If the number is m 2 , mb is expressed as m 1 b 1 +m 2 b 2 .
- the element X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- Element Me is, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Sc, Al, Ga, Bi, Zr, Hf, Ti, Sn, Ta, Gd and Nb. good too.
- the following materials can be used as the halide solid electrolyte. Since the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte 13 is further improved by using the following materials, the ionic conductivity of the electrode formed from the electrode material 100 in Embodiment 1 can be further improved. This electrode can further improve the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A1). Li 6-3d Y d X 6 Formula (A1)
- composition formula (A1) the element X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I.
- d satisfies 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 2.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A2). Li 3 YX 6 Formula (A2)
- the element X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A3). Li 3-3 ⁇ Y 1+ ⁇ Cl 6 Formula (A3)
- composition formula (A3) ⁇ satisfies 0 ⁇ 0.15.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A4). Li 3-3 ⁇ Y 1+ ⁇ Br 6 Formula (A4)
- composition formula (A4) ⁇ satisfies 0 ⁇ 0.25.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A5). Li3-3 ⁇ + aY1 + ⁇ - aMeaCl6 - xyBrxIy Formula (A5)
- the element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Zn.
- composition formula (A5) ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ (3 ⁇ 3 ⁇ +a), 0 ⁇ (1+ ⁇ a), 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 6, and (x+y) ⁇ 6, is filled.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A6). Li3-3 ⁇ Y1 + ⁇ - aMeaCl6 -xyBrxIy Formula (A6)
- the element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ga, and Bi.
- composition formula (A6) ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ (1+ ⁇ a), 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 6, and (x+y) ⁇ 6, is filled.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A7). Li3-3 ⁇ - aY1+ ⁇ - aMeaCl6 - xyBrxIy Formula (A7)
- the element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Zr, Hf and Ti.
- composition formula (A7) ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ (3-3 ⁇ -a), 0 ⁇ (1+ ⁇ a), 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 6, and (x+y) ⁇ 6, is filled.
- the halide solid electrolyte may be a material represented by the following compositional formula (A8). Li3-3 ⁇ -2aY1 + ⁇ - aMeaCl6 - xyBrxIy Formula (A8)
- the element Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ta and Nb.
- composition formula (A8) ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ (3-3 ⁇ -2a), 0 ⁇ (1+ ⁇ a), 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 6, and (x+y) ⁇ 6, is filled.
- halide solid electrolyte more specifically, for example, Li3YX6 , Li2.7YX6 , Li2MgX4 , Li2FeX4 , Li(Al, Ga, In) X4 , Li3 (Al, Ga,In) X6, Li3 (Ti,Al) X6 , Li2.7 (Ti,Al) X6 , etc.
- Element X in these materials is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- this notation indicates at least one element selected from the parenthesized element group. That is, "(Al, Ga, In)" is synonymous with "at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga and In". The same is true for other elements.
- a compound of a polymer compound and a lithium salt can be used as the polymer solid electrolyte.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure.
- a polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure can contain a large amount of lithium salt. Therefore, the ionic conductivity can be further improved.
- Lithium salts include LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3 , LiN( SO2F )2, LiN(SO2CF3)2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) ( SO2C4F9 ), LiC( SO2CF3 ) 3 , etc. may be used .
- Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- LiBH 4 --LiI LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 or the like
- LiBH 4 --LiI LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 or the like
- the median diameter of the solid electrolyte 13 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, or 1 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter of solid electrolyte 13 is 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in solvent 14 .
- the median diameter of the solid electrolyte 13 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the electrode produced from the electrode material 100 can have higher surface smoothness and a denser structure.
- the median diameter of the solid electrolyte 13 may be smaller than the median diameter of the active material 10 . Thereby, the solid electrolyte 13 and the active material 10 can be well dispersed.
- Solvent 14 may be an organic solvent.
- An organic solvent is a compound containing carbon, for example, a compound containing elements such as carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and halogen.
- Solvent 14 is, for example, a non-polar solvent.
- the solvent 14 can dissolve the binder 12, for example. When the binder 12 is dissolved in the solvent 14 , the binder 12 tends to easily disperse the conductive fibers 11 . However, the binder 12 does not have to be dissolved in the solvent 14 .
- the solvent 14 may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, compounds having a halogen group, and compounds having an ether bond.
- Hydrocarbons are compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
- the hydrocarbon may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon.
- the hydrocarbons may be saturated hydrocarbons or unsaturated hydrocarbons.
- the hydrocarbon may be linear or branched.
- the number of carbon atoms contained in the hydrocarbon is not particularly limited, and may be 7 or more.
- the hydrocarbon may have a ring structure.
- the ring structure may be an alicyclic hydrocarbon or an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the ring structure may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
- the solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in the solvent 14 because the hydrocarbon has a ring structure.
- the hydrocarbon may contain an aromatic hydrocarbon. That is, the solvent 14 may contain aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the hydrocarbon may be an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the portion other than the halogen group may consist only of carbon and hydrogen. That is, a compound having a halogen group means a compound in which at least one hydrogen atom contained in a hydrocarbon is substituted with a halogen group.
- Halogen groups include F, Cl, Br, and I. At least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I may be used as the halogen group.
- Compounds with halogen groups can be highly polar. By using a compound having a halogen group as the solvent 14, the solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in the solvent 14, so that the electrode material 100 with excellent dispersibility can be obtained. As a result, electrodes fabricated from the electrode material 100 may have superior ionic conductivity and a denser structure.
- the number of carbon atoms contained in the compound having a halogen group is not particularly limited, and may be 7 or more. Accordingly, the compound having a halogen group is less likely to volatilize, so that the electrode material 100 can be stably manufactured.
- Compounds with halogen groups can have high molecular weights. That is, compounds with halogen groups can have high boiling points.
- a compound having a halogen group may have a ring structure.
- the ring structure may be an alicyclic hydrocarbon or an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the ring structure may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
- Solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in solvent 14 by the compound having a halogen group having a ring structure. From the viewpoint of enhancing the dispersibility of the solid electrolyte 13 in the electrode material 100, the compound having a halogen group may contain an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- a compound having a halogen group may be an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- a compound having a halogen group may have only a halogen group as a functional group.
- the number of halogens contained in the compound having a halogen group is not particularly limited. At least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I may be used as the halogen group.
- the solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in the solvent 14, so that the electrode material 100 with excellent dispersibility can be obtained.
- electrodes fabricated from the electrode material 100 may have superior ionic conductivity and a denser structure.
- the electrode manufactured from the electrode material 100 can easily have a dense structure with few pinholes, unevenness, and the like.
- the compound having a halogen group may be a halogenated hydrocarbon.
- a halogenated hydrocarbon means a compound in which all hydrogen atoms contained in a hydrocarbon are substituted with halogen groups.
- a compound having an ether bond may be composed only of carbon and hydrogen in the portion other than the ether bond. That is, a compound having an ether bond means a compound in which at least one C--C bond contained in a hydrocarbon is replaced with a C--O--C bond. Compounds with ether linkages can be highly polar. Solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in solvent 14 by using a compound having an ether bond as solvent 14 . Therefore, the electrode material 100 with excellent dispersibility can be obtained. As a result, electrodes fabricated from the electrode material 100 may have superior ionic conductivity and a denser structure.
- a compound having an ether bond may have a ring structure.
- the ring structure may be an alicyclic hydrocarbon or an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the ring structure may be monocyclic or polycyclic.
- Solid electrolyte 13 can be easily dispersed in solvent 14 by the ring structure of the compound having an ether bond.
- the compound having an ether bond may contain an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- a compound having an ether bond may be an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- Examples of the solvent 14 include toluene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene, pseudocumene, p-xylene, cumene, tetralin, m-xylene, dibutyl ether, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 2,4-dichlorotoluene, anisole, o- chlorotoluene, m-dichlorobenzene, p-chlorotoluene, o-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobutane, 3,4-dichlorotoluene and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more types.
- the boiling point of the solvent 14 may be 100°C or higher and 250°C or lower.
- Solvent 14 may be liquid at room temperature (25° C.). Since such a solvent is difficult to volatilize at room temperature, the electrode material 100 can be stably produced. Therefore, the electrode material 100 that can be easily applied to the surface of the current collector or substrate is obtained. The solvent 14 contained in the electrode material 100 can be easily removed when fabricating the electrode.
- the water content of the solvent 14 may be 10 mass ppm or less.
- By reducing the water content it is possible to suppress the decrease in ionic conductivity due to the reaction of the solid electrolyte 13 .
- Examples of methods for reducing the water content include a dehydration method using a molecular sieve, and a dehydration method by bubbling using an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas.
- a dehydration method by bubbling using an inert gas is recommended from the viewpoint of deoxidizing simultaneously with moisture.
- the moisture content can be measured with a Karl Fischer moisture analyzer.
- the solvent 14 can be a liquid that can disperse the solid electrolyte 13 .
- Solid electrolyte 13 may not be dissolved in solvent 14 . Since the solid electrolyte 13 does not dissolve in the solvent 14, the electrode material 100 can be produced in which the ion-conducting phase formed during the production of the solid electrolyte 13 is maintained. Therefore, in an electrode manufactured using this electrode material 100, a decrease in ionic conductivity can be suppressed.
- the solvent 14 may partially or completely dissolve the solid electrolyte 13 .
- the solvent 14 may partially or completely dissolve the solid electrolyte 13 .
- the electrode material 100 may further contain materials other than those mentioned above.
- Other materials include conductive aids other than the conductive fibers 11 .
- Other conductive aids include, for example, graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black and Ketjen black, metal fibers, carbon fluoride, conductive powders such as aluminum, and zinc oxide.
- conductive whiskers such as potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, and conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene.
- the electrode material 100 may be in the form of a paste or in the form of a dispersion. In the electrode material 100, the materials mentioned above are mixed.
- the solid content concentration of the electrode material 100 is not particularly limited, and may be 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, or may be 30% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less.
- the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100 of this embodiment includes preparing a slurry containing the conductive fibers 11 and the binder 12 .
- the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100 further includes mixing a slurry containing the conductive fibers 11 and the binder 12 with a slurry containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the active material 10 and the solid electrolyte 13.
- slurry containing conductive fibers 11 and binder 12 may be referred to as first slurry.
- a slurry containing at least one selected from the group consisting of the active material 10 and the solid electrolyte 13 is sometimes called a second slurry.
- FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing an example of a method for manufacturing the electrode material 100.
- the conductive fibers 11, the binder 12 and the solvent 14 are mixed.
- these materials may be mixed by adding the conductive fibers 11 to a solution obtained by dissolving the binder 12 in the solvent 14 .
- other dispersants may be mixed or not mixed.
- the dispersant may improve the dispersion stability of the conductive fibers 11 .
- the dispersing agent may have a function of dispersing the active material 10 or the solid electrolyte 13 mixed in the steps described later.
- step S02 the obtained mixture is subjected to dispersion processing.
- the distributed processing method is not particularly limited. In the dispersion treatment, for example, a stirring type, shaking type, ultrasonic type, or rotary type dispersing device may be used. A dispersing and kneading device such as In distributed processing, one type of these devices may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- a first slurry can be produced by the dispersion process in step S02 (step S03).
- step S04 the active material 10 and the solvent 14 are mixed.
- step S04 in addition to these materials, the binder 12, other dispersant, etc. may be further mixed.
- step S05 the obtained mixture is subjected to dispersion processing. In distributed processing, the device described above for step S02 can be used. A second slurry can be obtained by the dispersion processing in step S05 (step S06).
- step S07 the first slurry, the second slurry and the solid electrolyte 13 are mixed.
- step S08 the mixture obtained in step S07 is subjected to dispersion processing.
- the device described above for step S02 can be used.
- the electrode material 100 can be obtained by the dispersion process of step S08 (step S09).
- the solid electrolyte 13 may be used instead of the active material 10 in step S04.
- active material 10 is mixed with the first slurry and the second slurry.
- FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100.
- the first slurry and the second slurry are mixed in step S07.
- the obtained mixture is subjected to dispersion processing (step S10).
- step S11 the dispersion-treated mixture and the solid electrolyte 13 are mixed.
- step S12 dispersion processing is performed on the obtained mixture.
- the electrode material 100 can be obtained by the dispersion process of step S12 (step S09).
- the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 4 is the same as the manufacturing method shown in FIG. Therefore, steps common to the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 4 and the manufacturing method shown in FIG. That is, the following descriptions of each manufacturing method can be applied to each other as long as there is no technical contradiction. Furthermore, each manufacturing method may be combined with each other unless it is technically inconsistent.
- steps S10 and S12 distributed processing can use the device described above for step S02.
- the solid electrolyte 13 may be used in place of the active material 10 in step S04.
- the active material 10 is used instead of the solid electrolyte 13 in step S11.
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100.
- FIG. 5 In the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 5, after step S03, the first slurry and the solid electrolyte 13 are mixed (step S21).
- step S22 dispersion processing is performed on the obtained mixture.
- step S23 the mixture subjected to the dispersion treatment is mixed with the second slurry.
- step S24 dispersion processing is performed on the obtained mixture.
- the electrode material 100 can be obtained by the dispersion process of step S24 (step S09).
- the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 5 is the same as the manufacturing method shown in FIG.
- steps S22 and S24 distributed processing can utilize the apparatus described above for step S02. In the manufacturing method shown in FIG.
- the mixture subjected to the dispersion treatment in step S22 can also be regarded as the first slurry containing the conductive fibers 11 and the binder 12.
- the solid electrolyte 13 may be used in place of the active material 10 in step S04. In this case, in step S21, instead of the solid electrolyte 13, the active material 10 is mixed with the first slurry.
- FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100.
- FIG. In the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 6, after step S06, the second slurry and the solid electrolyte 13 are mixed (step S31).
- step S32 the obtained mixture is subjected to dispersion processing.
- step S33 the mixture subjected to the dispersion treatment is mixed with the first slurry.
- step S34 dispersion processing is performed on the obtained mixture.
- the electrode material 100 can be obtained by the dispersion process of step S34 (step S09).
- the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 6 is the same as the manufacturing method shown in FIG.
- steps S32 and S34 distributed processing can utilize the apparatus described above for step S02. In the manufacturing method shown in FIG.
- the mixture subjected to the dispersion treatment in step S32 can also be regarded as the second slurry.
- the solid electrolyte 13 may be used in place of the active material 10 in step S04. In this case, in step S31, instead of the solid electrolyte 13, the active material 10 is mixed with the second slurry.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing another example of the method for manufacturing the electrode material 100.
- solid electrolyte 13 and solvent 14 are mixed in step S41.
- step S41 in addition to these materials, a binder 12, a dispersant, etc. may be further mixed.
- step S42 the obtained mixture is subjected to dispersion processing.
- a third slurry can be obtained by the dispersion processing in step S42 (step S43).
- step S44 the first slurry, the second slurry and the third slurry are mixed.
- step S45 dispersion processing is performed on the obtained mixture.
- the electrode material 100 can be obtained by the dispersion process of step S45 (step S09). Except for the above, the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 7 is the same as the manufacturing method shown in FIG. In steps S42 and S45, distributed processing can utilize the apparatus described above for step S02.
- All of the manufacturing methods shown in FIGS. 3 to 7 include a first slurry containing conductive fibers 11 and binder 12, and a second slurry containing at least one selected from the group consisting of active material 10 and solid electrolyte 13. to mix.
- the dispersibility of the conductive fibers 11 tends to be improved.
- Embodiment 2 (Embodiment 2) Embodiment 2 will be described below. Descriptions that duplicate those of the above-described first embodiment are omitted as appropriate.
- FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of a battery 200 according to Embodiment 2.
- a battery 200 in Embodiment 2 includes a positive electrode 20 , a negative electrode 40 and an electrolyte layer 30 .
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 40 is formed from the electrode material 100 in Embodiment 1 described above. That is, at least one selected from the group consisting of positive electrode 20 and negative electrode 40 includes active material 10, conductive fiber 11 and binder 12 described in the first embodiment. At least one selected from the group consisting of positive electrode 20 and negative electrode 40 may further include solid electrolyte 13 described in the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte layer 30 is located between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 40 .
- the battery 200 of Embodiment 2 tends to have not only high energy density but also excellent cycle characteristics.
- the negative electrode 40 may be formed from the electrode material 100 of Embodiment 1 described above. That is, negative electrode 40 may include active material 10, conductive fiber 11, and binder 12 described in the first embodiment.
- a battery 200 having a negative electrode 40 formed from the electrode material 100 will be described below.
- the electrolyte layer 30 is a layer containing an electrolyte material.
- electrolyte materials include solid electrolytes. That is, electrolyte layer 30 may be a solid electrolyte layer containing a solid electrolyte. As the solid electrolyte contained in electrolyte layer 30, the solid electrolyte exemplified as solid electrolyte 13 in Embodiment 1 may be used. Molecular solid electrolytes, complex hydride solid electrolytes, and the like can be used.
- the solid electrolyte may be a halide solid electrolyte. Since the halide solid electrolyte has high thermal stability, the safety of battery 200 can be improved.
- the electrolyte layer 30 may contain a solid electrolyte as a main component.
- the electrolyte layer 30 may contain a solid electrolyte at a mass ratio of 70% or more (70% by mass or more) with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 30 .
- the charging/discharging characteristics of the battery 200 can be improved.
- the electrolyte layer 30 contains a solid electrolyte as a main component, and may further contain unavoidable impurities, or starting materials, by-products and decomposition products used when synthesizing the solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte layer 30 may contain 100% (100% by mass) of the solid electrolyte with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 30, excluding impurities that are unavoidably mixed.
- the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery 200 can be further improved.
- the electrolyte layer 30 may contain two or more of the materials listed as solid electrolytes.
- the electrolyte layer 30 may contain a halide solid electrolyte and a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 30 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 30 is 1 ⁇ m or more, the possibility of short-circuiting between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 40 decreases.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 30 is 300 ⁇ m or less, the battery 200 can easily operate at high output. That is, when the thickness of the electrolyte layer 30 is appropriately adjusted, the safety of the battery 200 can be sufficiently ensured, and the battery 200 can be operated at high output.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte contained in the battery 200 is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte may be acicular, spherical, oval, or the like.
- the shape of the solid electrolyte may be particulate.
- the positive electrode 20 may contain an electrolyte material, for example, a solid electrolyte.
- an electrolyte material for example, a solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte the solid electrolyte exemplified as the material forming the electrolyte layer 30 can be used. According to the above configuration, the ion conductivity (for example, lithium ion conductivity) inside the positive electrode 20 is improved, and the battery 200 can be operated at high output.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte may be used as the solid electrolyte, and the above-described halide solid electrolyte may be used as the coating material for coating the active material.
- the positive electrode 20 includes, for example, a material that has the property of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions (eg, lithium ions) as a positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material the materials exemplified in the first embodiment may be used.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte can be dispersed satisfactorily in the positive electrode 20 . Thereby, the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery 200 are improved.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material is 100 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion rate of lithium in the positive electrode active material is improved. Therefore, battery 200 can operate at high output.
- the median diameter of the positive electrode active material may be larger than the median diameter of the solid electrolyte. Thereby, the solid electrolyte and the positive electrode active material can be dispersed satisfactorily.
- the volume ratio "v2:100-v2" between the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte may satisfy 30 ⁇ v2 ⁇ 95.
- v2 indicates the volume ratio of the positive electrode active material when the total volume of the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 20 is 100; When 30 ⁇ v2 is satisfied, it is easy to ensure sufficient energy density for the battery 200 . When v2 ⁇ 95 is satisfied, battery 200 can more easily operate at high output.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 20 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the positive electrode 20 is 10 ⁇ m or more, a sufficient energy density can be easily secured for the battery 200 . When the thickness of the positive electrode 20 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the battery 200 can more easily operate at high output.
- the positive electrode active material may be coated with a coating material in order to reduce interfacial resistance with the solid electrolyte.
- a material with low electronic conductivity can be used as the coating material.
- an oxide material, an oxide solid electrolyte, or the like can be used as the coating material.
- the materials exemplified in the first embodiment may be used.
- the positive electrode 20 may contain a conductive aid for the purpose of improving electronic conductivity.
- the material exemplified in the above-described first embodiment may be used as the conductive aid. Cost reduction can be achieved by using a carbon material as the conductive aid.
- the negative electrode 40 includes, for example, an active material 10, conductive fibers 11, a binder 12 and a solid electrolyte 13.
- the thickness of the negative electrode 40 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode 40 is 10 ⁇ m or more, the battery 200 can easily ensure a sufficient energy density. When the thickness of the negative electrode 40 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the battery 200 can more easily operate at high output.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 20 and the electrolyte layer 30 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- the materials exemplified in the first embodiment may be used.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 20, the electrolyte layer 30, and the negative electrode 40 is a non-aqueous electrolyte, a gel electrolyte, or an ion electrolyte for the purpose of facilitating the transfer of lithium ions and improving the output characteristics of the battery 200. May contain liquids.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- a nonaqueous solvent a cyclic carbonate solvent, a chain carbonate solvent, a cyclic ether solvent, a chain ether solvent, a cyclic ester solvent, a chain ester solvent, a fluorine solvent, or the like can be used.
- Cyclic carbonate solvents include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and the like.
- Examples of chain carbonate solvents include dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate and the like.
- Cyclic ether solvents include tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane and the like. Chain ether solvents include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane and the like. Cyclic ester solvents include ⁇ -butyrolactone and the like. Chain ester solvents include methyl acetate and the like. Fluorinated solvents include fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethylmethyl carbonate, fluorodimethylene carbonate and the like. As the non-aqueous solvent, one non-aqueous solvent selected from these may be used alone, or a mixture of two or more non-aqueous solvents selected from these may be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain at least one fluorine solvent selected from the group consisting of fluoroethylene carbonate, methyl fluoropropionate, fluorobenzene, fluoroethylmethyl carbonate, and fluorodimethylene carbonate.
- Lithium salts include LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6, LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3 , LiN ( SO2F )2, LiN(SO2CF3)2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) ( SO2C4F9 ), LiC( SO2CF3 ) 3 etc. are mentioned .
- the lithium salt one lithium salt selected from these may be used alone, or a mixture of two or more lithium salts selected from these may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte may be 0.5 mol/liter or more and 2 mol/liter or less.
- polymer materials include polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, polymers having ethylene oxide linkages, and the like.
- Cations constituting the ionic liquid include aliphatic chain quaternary cations such as tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium; Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aromatic cations such as group cyclic ammoniums, pyridiniums, and imidazoliums may also be used.
- Anions constituting the ionic liquid are PF 6 ⁇ , BF 4 ⁇ , SbF 6 ⁇ , AsF 6 ⁇ , SO 3 CF 3 ⁇ , N(SO 2 F) 2 ⁇ , N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ , N ( SO2C2F5 ) 2- , N ( SO2CF3 )( SO2C4F9 )- , C ( SO2CF3 ) 3- , and the like.
- the ionic liquid may contain lithium salts.
- the shape of the battery 200 includes coin type, cylindrical type, square type, sheet type, button type, flat type, laminated type, and the like.
- the battery 200 in Embodiment 2 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method. First, a current collector for the positive electrode 20, a material for forming the positive electrode 20, a material for forming the electrolyte layer 30, a material for forming the negative electrode 40, and a current collector for the negative electrode 40 are prepared. A material for forming the negative electrode 40 is, for example, the electrode material 100 of the first embodiment. Using these, a laminate in which the positive electrode 20, the electrolyte layer 30 and the negative electrode 40 are arranged in this order is produced by a known method. Thereby, the battery 200 can be manufactured.
- CNT carbon nanotubes
- VGCF-H carbon nanotubes having an average fiber diameter of 150 nm
- a styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) (Tafden (registered trademark) 2100R manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation) was prepared as a binder.
- Tetralin was prepared as a solvent.
- CNTs, a binder and a solvent were mixed at the following mass ratio under the condition of 25°C. Specifically, these materials were mixed by adding the conductive fibers to a solution obtained by dissolving a binder in a solvent. Thus, a slurry of Comparative Example 1 was obtained. In the resulting slurry, the ratio of the binder mass to the CNT mass was 5% by mass.
- Comparative Examples 2 to 3 and Examples 1 to 9 Slurries for Comparative Examples 2 to 3 and Examples 1 to 9 were obtained in the same manner as Comparative Example 1, except that the binders listed in Table 1 were used.
- the styrene ratio of the elastomer constituting the binder was measured by 1 H NMR measurement. As a measurement sample, an elastomer dissolved in CDCl 3 was used. CDCl3 contained 0.05% TMS. 1 H NMR measurement was performed under the condition of a resonance frequency of 500 MHz. From the obtained NMR spectrum, the integrated value of the peak derived from the styrene skeleton and the integrated value of the peak derived from the skeleton other than the styrene skeleton were identified. The identified integral value was used to identify the styrene ratio of the elastomer.
- a circle (o) means that the Sa average value ⁇ 1.5 ⁇ m is satisfied.
- a triangle mark ( ⁇ ) means that 1.5 ⁇ m ⁇ average value of Sa ⁇ 2.2 ⁇ m is satisfied.
- a cross (x) means that the average value of 2.2 ⁇ m ⁇ Sa is satisfied.
- binder types A to L are as follows.
- A Styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) (Tafden (registered trademark) 2100R manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation)
- B Styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) (Asaprene (registered trademark) T-411 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation)
- C Styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SEBS) (Tuftec (registered trademark) H1221 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation)
- D Hydrogenated styrene-butadiene random copolymer (SBR) (Dynalon (registered trademark) 2324P manufactured by JSR)
- E Styrene-butadiene/butylene-styrene block copolymer (SBBS) (Tuftec (registered trademark) P1
- the dry films formed from the slurries of Examples had a smaller arithmetic mean surface height Sa than those of Comparative Examples. From this, it can be seen that in the slurry of the example, the aggregation of the conductive fibers was suppressed and the dispersibility was improved as compared with the comparative example. In other words, the results of Examples show that the dispersibility of the conductive fibers is improved when the elastomer of the present embodiment is used as a binder. In particular, in the slurries of Examples 3 to 9 containing SEBS or SEEPS in which the content of repeating units derived from styrene was 15% by mass or more, the dispersibility of the conductive fibers was further improved.
- FIG. 9 is a flow chart showing a method for producing an electrode material of Comparative Example 4.
- the active material and the solvent were mixed.
- Si was used as an active material.
- Tetralin was used as the solvent.
- step S52 the obtained mixture was subjected to dispersion processing. Dispersion processing was performed for 30 minutes using a high-speed homogenizer. A slurry was obtained by the dispersion process in step S52 (step S53).
- step S54 the slurry and the conductive fibers were mixed.
- CNT VGCF-H
- step S55 the obtained mixture and the solid electrolyte were further mixed.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte Li 2 SP 2 S 5 was used as the solid electrolyte.
- step S56 the mixture obtained in step S55 was subjected to dispersion processing. Dispersion processing was performed for 30 minutes using a high-speed homogenizer. Thus, an electrode material of Comparative Example 4 was obtained (Step S57).
- Example 10 An electrode material of Example 10 was produced by the method shown in FIG. First, in step S01, conductive fibers, a binder and a solvent were mixed. Specifically, these materials were mixed by adding the conductive fibers to a solution obtained by dissolving a binder in a solvent. The same conductive fibers and solvent as in Comparative Example 4 were used. SEBS (Tuftec N504 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation) was used as the binder. The mixture obtained in step S02 was subjected to dispersion treatment to prepare a first slurry (step S03). Dispersion treatment was performed for 2 minutes using an ultrasonic homogenizer.
- step S01 conductive fibers, a binder and a solvent were mixed. Specifically, these materials were mixed by adding the conductive fibers to a solution obtained by dissolving a binder in a solvent. The same conductive fibers and solvent as in Comparative Example 4 were used. SEBS (Tuftec N504 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation
- step S04 the active material and solvent were mixed.
- the same active material and solvent as in Comparative Example 4 were used.
- the mixture obtained in step S05 was subjected to dispersion treatment to prepare a second slurry (step S06). Dispersion processing was performed for 30 minutes using a high-speed homogenizer.
- step S07 the first slurry, the second slurry and the solid electrolyte were mixed.
- the same solid electrolyte as in Comparative Example 4 was used.
- step S08 the mixture obtained in step S07 was subjected to dispersion processing. Dispersion processing was performed for 30 minutes using a high-speed homogenizer. Thus, an electrode material of Example 10 was obtained (Step S09).
- Example 11 An electrode material of Example 11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10, except that SEBS (Tuftec H1051 manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation) was used as a binder.
- Electron conductivity of the electrode materials of Comparative Example 4 and Examples 10 and 11 was measured by the following method. First, the electrode material was applied onto the current collector. By drying the obtained coating film, an active material layer was formed and an electrode was obtained. Next, the electrodes were press-constrained by applying a pressure of 2 N ⁇ m to the opposing major surfaces of the electrodes. Next, a voltage was applied to the electrodes, and the current value at this time was measured. Specifically, the applied voltage was set to 0.5 V, 1.0 V and 2.0 V, and the current value was measured at each voltage value. The obtained three points of data were plotted on a graph to create an approximate straight line. The resistance value of the electrode was calculated based on the slope of the approximate straight line. From this calculated value, the electronic conductivity of the electrode was obtained. Table 2 shows the results. The electronic conductivity in Table 2 corresponds to the value when the electronic conductivity measured in Comparative Example 4 is set to 100.
- Comparative Example 5 An electrode material of Comparative Example 5 was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 4, except that CNTs (TUBALL manufactured by OCSiAl) having an average fiber diameter of 1.5 nm were used as the conductive fibers.
- CNTs TABALL manufactured by OCSiAl
- Example 12 An electrode material of Example 12 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 10, except that CNTs having an average fiber diameter of 1.5 nm were used as the conductive fibers.
- Example 13 An electrode material of Example 13 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that CNTs having an average fiber diameter of 1.5 nm were used as the conductive fibers.
- Electron conductivity of the electrode materials of Comparative Example 5 and Examples 12 and 13 was measured by the method described above. Table 3 shows the results. The electronic conductivity in Table 3 corresponds to the value when the electronic conductivity measured in Comparative Example 5 is set to 100.
- Tables 2 and 3 show that the electrode material of the present embodiment is suitable for producing electrodes with improved electronic conductivity.
- an elastomer having a high content of repeating units derived from styrene is suitable for improving the electronic conductivity of the electrode.
- the electrode material of the present disclosure can be used, for example, in all-solid lithium ion secondary batteries. Batteries with electrodes formed from electrode materials tend to have high energy densities as well as excellent cycle characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
活物質と、
炭素材料を含む導電性繊維と、
エラストマーを含むバインダーと、
を含み、
前記エラストマーは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含み、
前記エラストマーにおける前記繰り返し単位の含有率が15質量%以上である。
従来の二次電池の分野では、有機溶媒に電解質塩を溶解させることによって得られた有機電解液が主に用いられている。有機電解液を用いる二次電池では、液漏れの懸念がある。短絡等が生じた場合の発熱量が大きい点も指摘されている。
本開示の第1態様に係る電極材料は、
活物質と、
炭素材料を含む導電性繊維と、
エラストマーを含むバインダーと、
を含み、
前記エラストマーは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含み、
前記エラストマーにおける前記繰り返し単位の含有率が15質量%以上である。
第1から第12態様のいずれか1つに係る電極材料の製造方法であって、
前記製造方法は、
前記導電性繊維および前記バインダーを含むスラリーを作製すること、を含む。
正極と、
負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に位置する電解質層と、
を備え、
前記正極および前記負極からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つは、活物質と、炭素材料を含む導電性繊維と、エラストマーを含むバインダーと、を含み、
前記エラストマーは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含み、
前記エラストマーにおける前記繰り返し単位の含有率が15質量%以上である。
図1は、実施の形態1に係る電極材料100の模式図を示す。実施の形態1における電極材料100は、活物質10、導電性繊維11およびバインダー12を含む。導電性繊維11は、炭素材料を含む。バインダー12は、エラストマーEを含む。エラストマーEは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含む。エラストマーEにおける芳香環を有する繰り返し単位の含有率は、15質量%以上である。
実施の形態1において、活物質10は、正極活物質または負極活物質である。活物質10は、負極活物質であってもよい。活物質10が正極活物質である場合、電極材料100から正極を作製することができる。活物質10が負極活物質である場合、電極材料100から負極を作製することができる。
実施の形態1において、炭素材料を含む導電性繊維11としては、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)、カーボンファイバー、気相法炭素繊維などが挙げられる。これらの導電性繊維11は、1種単独で用いられてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いられてもよい。導電性繊維11は、例えば、CNTを含む。
上述のとおり、バインダー12は、エラストマーEを含む。本開示において、エラストマーとは、弾性を有するポリマーを意味する。エラストマーEは、水素添加物である。例えば、エラストマーEにおいて、炭素-炭素二重結合が水素添加され、単結合に変化している。さらに、エラストマーEは、芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含む。繰り返し単位は、モノマーに由来する分子構造を意味し、構成単位と呼ばれることもある。エラストマーEにおける芳香環を有する繰り返し単位の含有率は、15質量%以上である。
実施の形態1において、固体電解質13は、例えば、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する。固体電解質13としては、硫化物固体電解質、酸化物固体電解質、ハロゲン化物固体電解質、高分子固体電解質、錯体水素化物固体電解質などが用いられうる。固体電解質13は、ハロゲン化物固体電解質を含んでいてもよい。
LiαMβXγ ・・・式(1)
LiaMebYcX6 ・・・式(2)
Li6-3dYdX6 ・・・式(A1)
Li3YX6 ・・・式(A2)
Li3-3δY1+δCl6 ・・・式(A3)
Li3-3δY1+δBr6 ・・・式(A4)
Li3-3δ+aY1+δ-aMeaCl6-x-yBrxIy ・・・式(A5)
-1<δ<2、
0<a<3、
0<(3-3δ+a)、
0<(1+δ-a)、
0≦x≦6、
0≦y≦6、および
(x+y)≦6、
が満たされている。
Li3-3δY1+δ-aMeaCl6-x-yBrxIy ・・・式(A6)
-1<δ<1、
0<a<2、
0<(1+δ-a)、
0≦x≦6、
0≦y≦6、および
(x+y)≦6、
が満たされている。
Li3-3δ-aY1+δ-aMeaCl6-x-yBrxIy ・・・式(A7)
-1<δ<1、
0<a<1.5、
0<(3-3δ-a)、
0<(1+δ-a)、
0≦x≦6、
0≦y≦6、および
(x+y)≦6、
が満たされている。
Li3-3δ-2aY1+δ-aMeaCl6-x-yBrxIy ・・・式(A8)
-1<δ<1、
0<a<1.2、
0<(3-3δ-2a)、
0<(1+δ-a)、
0≦x≦6、
0≦y≦6、および
(x+y)≦6、
が満たされている。
溶媒14は、有機溶媒であってもよい。有機溶媒とは、炭素を含む化合物であり、例えば、炭素、水素、窒素、酸素、硫黄、ハロゲンなどの元素を含む化合物である。溶媒14は、例えば、非極性溶媒である。溶媒14は、例えば、バインダー12を溶解することができる。バインダー12が溶媒14に溶解している場合、バインダー12によって導電性繊維11を容易に分散できる傾向がある。ただし、バインダー12は、溶媒14に溶解していなくてもよい。
電極材料100は、上述した材料以外の他の材料をさらに含んでいてもよい。他の材料としては、導電性繊維11以外の他の導電助剤などが挙げられる。他の導電助剤としては、例えば、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛などの黒鉛類、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラックなどのカーボンブラック類、金属繊維類、フッ化カーボン、アルミニウムなどの導電性粉末類、酸化亜鉛、チタン酸カリウムなどの導電性ウィスカー類、酸化チタンなどの導電性金属酸化物、ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェンなどの導電性高分子などが挙げられる。
電極材料100は、ペースト状であってもよく、分散液の状態であってもよい。電極材料100において、上述した材料が混ぜ合わされている。電極材料100の固形分濃度は、特に限定されず、20質量%以上70質量%以下であってもよく、30質量%以上60質量%以下であってもよい。
以下、電極材料100の製造方法を説明する。本実施形態の電極材料100の製造方法は、導電性繊維11およびバインダー12を含むスラリーを作製すること、を含む。電極材料100の製造方法は、導電性繊維11およびバインダー12を含むスラリーと、活物質10および固体電解質13からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含むスラリーとを混合すること、をさらに含んでいてもよい。本開示では、導電性繊維11およびバインダー12を含むスラリーを第1スラリーと呼ぶことがある。活物質10および固体電解質13からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含むスラリーを第2スラリーと呼ぶことがある。
以下、実施の形態2が説明される。上述の実施の形態1と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
まず、導電性繊維として、平均繊維直径が150nmであるカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)(VGCF-H)を準備した。バインダーとして、スチレン-ブタジエンランダム共重合体(SBR)(旭化成社製のタフデン(登録商標)2100R)を準備した。溶媒として、テトラリンを準備した。25℃の条件下で、CNT、バインダーおよび溶媒を以下の質量比率で混合した。詳細には、バインダーを溶媒に溶解させて得られた溶液に導電性繊維を添加することによって、これらの材料を混合した。これにより、比較例1のスラリーを得た。得られたスラリーにおいて、CNTの質量に対するバインダーの質量の比率は5質量%であった。
CNT:10質量%
バインダー:0.50質量%
溶媒:89.50質量%
表1に記載されたバインダーを用いたことを除き、比較例1と同じ方法によって比較例2から3および実施例1から9のスラリーを得た。
バインダーを構成するエラストマーについては、1H NMR測定によってスチレン比を測定した。測定試料としては、エラストマーをCDCl3に溶解させたものを用いた。CDCl3は、0.05%のTMSを含んでいた。1H NMR測定は、共鳴周波数500MHzの条件で行った。得られたNMRスペクトルから、スチレン骨格に由来するピークの積分値と、スチレン骨格以外の他の骨格に由来するピークの積分値を特定した。特定した積分値を用いて、エラストマーのスチレン比を特定した。
比較例1から3および実施例1から9のスラリーについて、次の方法によってCNTの分散性を評価した。まず、アプリケーターを用いて、作製したスラリーをガラス基板上に塗布した。このとき、ギャップを100μmに設定した。次に、得られた塗布膜について、100℃に加熱したホットプレート上で10分間加熱することによって乾燥させた。得られた乾燥膜の表面については、レーザ顕微鏡を用いて、50倍の拡大倍率によって3視野で観察した。各視野での乾燥膜の表面粗さ(算術平均高さSa)を測定し、その平均値を算出した。このSaの平均値によって、スラリーにおけるCNTの分散性を評価した。結果を表1に示す。表1において、丸印(〇)は、Saの平均値≦1.5μmが満たされていることを意味する。三角印(△)は、1.5μm<Saの平均値≦2.2μmが満たされていることを意味する。バツ印(×)は、2.2μm<Saの平均値が満たされていることを意味する。
A:スチレン-ブタジエンランダム共重合体(SBR)(旭化成社製のタフデン(登録商標)2100R)
B:スチレン-ブタジエン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SBS)(旭化成社製のアサプレン(登録商標)T-411)
C:スチレン-エチレン/ブチレン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SEBS)(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)H1221)
D:スチレン-ブタジエンランダム共重合体(SBR)の水素添加物(JSR社製のダイナロン(登録商標)2324P)
E:スチレン-ブタジエン/ブチレン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SBBS)(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)P1500)
F:SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)H1052)
G:SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)H1053)
H:SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)H1051)
I:SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)N504)
J:変性SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック(登録商標)M1913)
K:スチレン-エチレン/エチレン/プロピレン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SEEPS)(クラレ社製のセプトン(登録商標)4055)
L:SEEPS(クラレ社製のセプトン(登録商標)4099)
図9に示す方法によって比較例4の電極材料を作製した。図9は、比較例4の電極材料の製造方法を示すフローチャートである。詳細には、まず、ステップS51において、活物質および溶媒を混合した。活物質としては、Siを用いた。溶媒としては、テトラリンを用いた。次に、ステップS52において、得られた混合物について分散処理を行った。分散処理は、高速ホモジナイザーを用いて30分間行った。ステップS52の分散処理によってスラリーを得た(ステップS53)。
図3に示す方法によって実施例10の電極材料を作製した。まず、ステップS01において、導電性繊維、バインダーおよび溶媒を混合した。詳細には、バインダーを溶媒に溶解させて得られた溶液に導電性繊維を添加することによって、これらの材料を混合した。導電性繊維および溶媒としては、比較例4と同じものを用いた。バインダーとしては、SEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック N504)を用いた。ステップS02において、得られた混合物について分散処理を行うことによって第1スラリーを作製した(ステップS03)。分散処理は、超音波ホモジナイザーを用いて2分間行った。
バインダーとしてSEBS(旭化成社製のタフテック H1051)を用いたことを除き、実施例10と同じ方法によって実施例11の電極材料を得た。
比較例4および実施例10から11の電極材料について、次の方法によって電子伝導度の測定を行った。まず、電極材料を集電体の上に塗工した。得られた塗布膜を乾燥させることによって活物質層が形成され、電極が得られた。次に、電極の互いに対向する主面に対して2N・mの圧力を加えることによって、電極を加圧拘束した。次に、電極に電圧を印加し、このときの電流値を測定した。詳細には、印加する電圧の値を0.5V、1.0Vおよび2.0Vに設定し、それぞれの電圧の値での電流値を測定した。得られた3点のデータをグラフにプロットし、近似直線を作成した。近似直線の傾きに基づいて、電極の抵抗値を算出した。この算出値から、電極の電子伝導度を得た。結果を表2に示す。表2の電子伝導度は、比較例4で測定された電子伝導度を100としたときの値に相当する。
導電性繊維として、平均繊維直径が1.5nmであるCNT(OCSiAl社製のTUBALL)を用いたことを除き、比較例4と同じ方法によって、比較例5の電極材料を得た。
導電性繊維として、平均繊維直径が1.5nmであるCNTを用いたことを除き、実施例10と同じ方法によって、実施例12の電極材料を得た。
導電性繊維として、平均繊維直径が1.5nmであるCNTを用いたことを除き、実施例11と同じ方法によって実施例13の電極材料を得た。
比較例5および実施例12から13の電極材料について、上述した方法によって電子伝導度の測定を行った。結果を表3に示す。表3の電子伝導度は、比較例5で測定された電子伝導度を100としたときの値に相当する。
11 導電性繊維
12 バインダー
13 固体電解質
14 溶媒
20 正極
30 電解質層
40 負極
100 電極材料
200 電池
Claims (16)
- 活物質と、
炭素材料を含む導電性繊維と、
エラストマーを含むバインダーと、
を含み、
前記エラストマーは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含み、
前記エラストマーにおける前記繰り返し単位の含有率が15質量%以上である、
電極材料。 - 前記導電性繊維は、カーボンナノチューブを含む、
請求項1に記載の電極材料。 - 前記導電性繊維の平均繊維直径は、300nm以下である、
請求項1または2に記載の電極材料。 - 前記エラストマーが熱可塑性エラストマーである、
請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記エラストマーは、前記芳香環を有する前記繰り返し単位を含む第1ブロックと、共役ジエンに由来する繰り返し単位を含む第2ブロックとを有する、
請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記芳香環を有する前記繰り返し単位は、スチレンに由来する繰り返し単位を含む、
請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記エラストマーは、スチレン-エチレン/ブチレン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SEBS)、およびスチレン-エチレン/エチレン/プロピレン-スチレンブロック共重合体(SEEPS)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含む、
請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記エラストマーの水添率は、90%以上である、
請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記エラストマーにおける前記芳香環を有する前記繰り返し単位の前記含有率は、20質量%以上である、
請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 固体電解質をさらに含む、
請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 前記固体電解質は、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する、
請求項10に記載の電極材料。 - 溶媒をさらに含む、
請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料。 - 請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の電極材料の製造方法であって、
前記製造方法は、
前記導電性繊維および前記バインダーを含むスラリーを作製すること、を含む、
電極材料の製造方法。 - 前記導電性繊維および前記バインダーを含む前記スラリーと、活物質および固体電解質からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含むスラリーとを混合すること、をさらに含む、
請求項13に記載の製造方法。 - 正極と、
負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に位置する電解質層と、
を備え、
前記正極および前記負極からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つは、活物質と、炭素材料を含む導電性繊維と、エラストマーを含むバインダーと、を含み、
前記エラストマーは、水素添加物であり、かつ芳香環を有する繰り返し単位を含み、
前記エラストマーにおける前記繰り返し単位の含有率が15質量%以上である、
電池。 - 前記電解質層が固体電解質を含む、
請求項15に記載の電池。
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WO2019181869A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-23 | 2019-09-26 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ分散液、二次電池電極用スラリー、二次電池電極用スラリーの製造方法、二次電池用電極および二次電池 |
JP2020145034A (ja) | 2019-03-05 | 2020-09-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 正極スラリーの製造方法、正極の製造方法及び全固体電池の製造方法、並びに、正極及び全固体電池 |
JP2021007109A (ja) * | 2015-12-10 | 2021-01-21 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極およびこれを含む二次電池 |
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JP2009001830A (ja) * | 2008-10-06 | 2009-01-08 | Nissin Kogyo Co Ltd | 炭素繊維複合材料の製造方法 |
JP2010262764A (ja) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-18 | Toyota Motor Corp | 正極合剤層形成用スラリーおよび正極合剤層 |
JP2011134675A (ja) | 2009-12-25 | 2011-07-07 | Toyota Motor Corp | 電極層、固体電解質層および全固体二次電池 |
JP2021007109A (ja) * | 2015-12-10 | 2021-01-21 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池用正極およびこれを含む二次電池 |
WO2019181869A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-23 | 2019-09-26 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ分散液、二次電池電極用スラリー、二次電池電極用スラリーの製造方法、二次電池用電極および二次電池 |
JP2020145034A (ja) | 2019-03-05 | 2020-09-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 正極スラリーの製造方法、正極の製造方法及び全固体電池の製造方法、並びに、正極及び全固体電池 |
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