Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F265/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00
  • C08F265/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids or derivatives thereof as defined in group C08F20/00 on to polymers of esters
  • C08F265/06—Polymerisation of acrylate or methacrylate esters on to polymers thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L51/00—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L51/08—Compositions of graft polymers in which the grafted component is obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers grafted on to macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F220/14—Methyl esters, e.g. methyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
  • C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
  • C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
  • C08F220/1807—C7-(meth)acrylate, e.g. heptyl (meth)acrylate or benzyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/26—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
  • C08F220/28—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety
  • C08F220/282—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety and containing two or more oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
  • C08F220/10—Esters
  • C08F220/40—Esters of unsaturated alcohols, e.g. allyl (meth)acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
  • C08F222/10—Esters
  • C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
  • C08F222/102—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols of dialcohols, e.g. ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate or 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F283/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G
  • C08F283/01—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G on to unsaturated polyesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/06—Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compounds; Boron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C08F4/10—Metallic compounds other than hydrides and other than metallo-organic compounds; Boron halide or aluminium halide complexes with organic compounds containing oxygen of alkaline earth metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper or silver
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/28—Oxygen or compounds releasing free oxygen
  • C08F4/32—Organic compounds
  • C08F4/34—Per-compounds with one peroxy-radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
  • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
  • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
  • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/70—Iron group metals, platinum group metals or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/7095—Cobalt, nickel or compounds thereof
  • C08F4/7096—Cobalt or compounds thereof

Definitions

• Unsaturated polyester (UP) resins are unsaturated synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Unsaturated polyester resins are widely used in different applications e.g. coatings, adhesives, relining, gel coats or composites. In composites including sheet molding compounds (SMC) and bulk molding compounds (BMC), UP resins are reinforced with solid materials such as fiberglass, resulting in fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). UP resins with a high filler content are used for putties, polymer concrete, chemical anchoring, coloring pastes or artificial marble.
• SMC sheet molding compounds
• BMC bulk molding compounds
• FRP fiber-reinforced plastic
• UP resins can be cured using reactive diluents, i.e. solvents with crosslinking/curing reactivities, such as styrene.
• reactive diluents i.e. solvents with crosslinking/curing reactivities, such as styrene.
• UP resins are cured with a high styrene content - usually up to 50 wt%.
• most UP resins consist of a solution of an unsaturated polyester in styrene.
• many companies aim at reducing the amount of the organ damaging and likely reprotoxic styrene in their resins and thus at developing styrene reduced or even styrene- free systems.
• styrene is continuously used in UP resins because it is very cheap, has a high dilution power and easily copolymerizes with the unsaturated parts of the polyester resin.
• (meth)acrylic acid and its esters are less hazardous and safer to handle compared to styrene, so it would be particularly desirable to use (meth)acrylates as reactive diluents, or in reactive diluent compositions, respectively.
• Methacrylates are described as reactive diluents for vinyl ester resins.
• Vinyl ester resins are epoxy resins functionalized with (meth)acrylate end group by the reaction with (meth)acrylic acid or hydroxy (meth) acrylate. These end groups easily crosslink in the final curing step with methacrylates as reactive diluents.
• (meth)acrylates do not simply copolymerize/crosslink with UP resins and can therefore not be used as reactive diluent in such resins.
• (meth)acrylate based and styrene-free reactive diluent composition for UP resins.
• CN 111978477 A relates to the field of composite materials, in particular to a sheet molding compound raw material, a sheet molding compound product, and a preparation method and application thereof.
• the sheet molding compound comprises an unsaturated polyester resin, a low shrinkage agent, an initiator, a diluent monomer, a compound containing sulfhydryl, a glass microsphere, a flame retardant, and a reinforcement.
• WO 2013/124273 relates to a thermosetting, radically curable resin composition containing methacrylate containing resin being suitable for (re)lining.
• the resin composition comprises:
• JP 2003-206306 relates to methyl methacrylate-containing molding materials.
• the molding material comprises a resin (A) comprising a vinyl monomer (a), a vinyl monomer (b) and a polymer (c), a filler (B) and a curing agent (C).
• the present invention provides a reactive diluent composition
• a reactive diluent composition comprising or consisting of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and a compatibilizer; wherein the compatibilizer comprises at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety.
• the invention in a second aspect, relates to a curable resin composition
• a curable resin composition comprising at least an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and the reactive diluent composition described above.
• URR unsaturated polyester resin
• the present invention pertains to a pre-accelerated formulation comprising the curable resin composition described above, and at least one accelerator.
• the invention provides a styrene-free method of curing unsaturated polyester resins, the method comprising
• the inventors have developed a (meth)acrylate-based reactive diluent composition that enables styrene-free curing of UP resins.
• UP resins copolymerize with (meth)acrylates upon addition of a compatibilizer, i.e. a multifunctional, preferably difunctional molecule comprising at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety.
• a compatibilizer i.e. a multifunctional, preferably difunctional molecule comprising at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety.
• Said at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety may be, e.g. vinyl, allyl or alkenyl.
• the present invention provides a reactive diluent composition
• a reactive diluent composition comprising or consisting of a (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and a compatibilizer; wherein the compatibilizer comprises at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety.
• the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and the compatibilizer are different chemical compounds.
• (meth)acrylate refers to esters of methacrylic acid or of acrylic acid.
• the at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety may be connected by a linker moiety comprising a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl or (alkyl)aryl group having a chain length of Ci to C20, said linker moiety optionally comprising one or more heteroatom(s), such as O, N or S.
• the compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of vinylether (meth)acrylates, allylether (meth) acrylates and alkenyl (meth)acrylates.
• Vinylether (meth)acrylates include e.g. monovinylether mono(meth)acrylates, monovinylether di(meth)acrylates, monovinylether tri(meth)acrylates, monovinylethertetra(meth)acrylates; divinylether mono(meth)acrylates, divinyletherdi(meth)acrylates, divinylether tri(meth)acrylates; and trivinylether mono(meth)acrylates, trivinylether di(meth)acrylates. Allylether (meth)acrylates include e.g.
• the compatibilizer is selected from the group consisting of 4-(vinyloxy)butyl methacrylate, 2-(allyloxy)ethyl methacrylate, isoprenol methacrylate, 2,2-bis((allyloxy)methyl)butyl methacrylate, 2-((allyloxy)methyl)-2-ethylpropane-1 ,3-diyl bis(2-methylacrylate), and eugenol methacrylate; 4-(vinyloxy)butyl methacrylate, 2-(allyloxy)ethyl methacrylate and isoprenol methacrylate are particularly preferred, as they show good resin compatibility and curing properties.
• the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer may be selected from alkyl (meth)acrylates with linear or branched alkyl C1-20, (alkyl) aryl (meth)acrylates, hydroxy alkyl (meth)acrylate, (poly) ether methacrylates, di, tri, tetra-methacrylates, and mixtures thereof.
• suitable (meth)acrylic acid ester monomers are methyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylat, norbornyl (meth)acrylate, tert-butyl (meth)acrylat, ethyl (meth)acrylat, propyl (meth)acrylate, /-propyl (meth)acrylate), n-butyl (meth)acrylat, /-butyl (meth)acrylat, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylat, iso-hexyl (meth)acrylat, n-hexyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (metha)crylate, 2- propylheptyl (meth)acrylate), iso-decyl (meth)acrylate, iso-tridecyl (meth)acrylate, benzyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, 3,3,5-trimethyl methyl
• (meth)acrylat ethyltriglycol (meth)acrylate, butyldiglycol (meth)acrylate, glycidyl (meth)acrylate, glycerol formal (meth)acrylate, isopropylidenglycerine (meth)acrylate, isosorbide mono- (meth)acrylate, isosorbide di(meth)acrylate, 3(4),8(9)-dimethacryloyloxymethyl- tricyclo[5.2.1 0 (26) ]decan (dimethacrylate of 3,8-dihydroxymethyl-tricyclo[5.2.1.0 26 ]decane), allyl (meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol 200 di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,3-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,4-butanediol di(meth)acrylate, 2,3- butan
• the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer is selected from methyl methacrylate, glycerol formal methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, 1 ,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, polyethyleneglycol 200 dimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butyl diglycol methacrylate and ethyltriglycol methacrylate.
• methacrylate monomers as reactive diluents with a low vapor pressure are of advantage to formulate low or even no VOC resin compositions.
• the use of styrene in composite resins results in the emission of styrene vapor into the working atmosphere. This exposes the workers and the environment to hazardous vapor.
• Methyl methacrylate compared to styrene is a less hazardous compound, but it is also classified as VOC due to its high vapor pressure.
• methacrylate monomers like benzyl methacrylate, glycerol formal methacrylate or 1 ,4-butanediol dimethacrylate with a higher molecular weight and therefore also a lower vapor pressure is preferred to reduce the VOC content.
• the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer is benzyl methacrylate and the compatibilizer is 4-(vinyloxy)butyl methacrylate, 2- (allyloxy)ethyl methacrylate or isoprenol methacrylate.
• the present invention is further directed to a reactive diluent composition comprising:
• compatibilizer comprises at least one (meth)acrylate moiety and at least one additional ethylenically unsaturated moiety; and (c) 0 wt.% to 0.5 wt.% of a polymerization inhibitor.
• each component (a), (b) and (c) is based on the total amount of the reactive diluent composition. In a particular embodiment, the proportions of (a), (b) and (c) add up to 100 wt.%.
• the (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer and the compatibilizer have the meanings as defined further above.
• the ratio of the amount of (meth)acrylic acid ester monomer to the amount of compatibilizer is between 1 :1 and 70:1 or between 3:1 and 40:1 or between 10:1 and 25:1 and preferably is 20:1.
• polymerization inhibitors can be used in the reactive diluent composition according to the present invention.
• the terms “(polymerization) inhibitor” and “stabilizer” are used synonymously.
• the polymerization inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of hydroquinones, hydroquinone ethers such as hydroquinone monomethyl ether or di -tert- butylcatechol, phenothiazine, N,N’-(diphenyl)-p-phenylenediamine, 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, p-phenylenediamine, methylene blue orsterically hindered phenols.
• the polymerization inhibitor is selected from hydroquinone monomethyl ether, phenothiazine, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol, octadecyl-3-(3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate (such as IRGANOX 1076) and 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl, and mixtures thereof.
• hydroquinone monomethyl ether phenothiazine
• 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol
• octadecyl-3-(3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate such as IRGANOX 1076
• 4-hydroxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl and mixtures thereof
• the present invention pertains to a curable resin composition
• a curable resin composition comprising at least an unsaturated polyester resin and the reactive diluent composition described above.
• the curable resin composition comprises:
• each component (a), (b) and (c) is based on the total amount of the curable resin composition.
• the proportions of (a), (b) and (c) add up to 100 wt.%.
• Suitable UP resins to be cured by the process of the present invention are so- called ortho-resins, iso-resins, iso-NPG resins, and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) resins.
• UP resins as defined above are commonly known and commercially available.
• ortho-resins are based on phthtalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, or fumaric acid and glycols, such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1 ,2-propylene glycol, 1 ,3- propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol or hydrogenated bis- phenol A.
• glycols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1 ,2-propylene glycol, 1 ,3- propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol or hydrogenated bis- phenol A.
• the ones derived from 1 ,2-propylene glycol are used in combination with a reactive diluent.
• Iso-resins are usually prepared from isophthalic acid, maleic anhydride or fumaric acid, and the glycols.
• Bisphenol-A-fumarates are based on ethoxylated bisphenol-A and fumaric acid.
• Chlorendics are resins prepared from chlorine/bromine containing anhydrides or phenols in the preparation of UP-resins.
• the curable resin composition may further comprise organic or inorganic additives, such as fillers, fibers, pigments, dispersants, inhibitors, co-agents, and promoters.
• organic or inorganic additives such as fillers, fibers, pigments, dispersants, inhibitors, co-agents, and promoters.
• fibers for the production of fiber-reinforced plastics are glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, polyamide fibers, boron fibers, ceramic fibers, metal fibers, and natural fibers (e.g. jute, kenaf, industrial hemp, flax (linen), ramie, etc.) or any combination thereof.
• the fiber content depends on the fiber type, the production process used and the final application area. For example, in SMC formulations e.g.
• glass fiber contents are preferably up to 35wt% in combination with a high filler content up to 40wt%.
• the resin content in SMC applications is preferably between 10wt% to 20wt%.
• BMC formulations contain a higher filler content with preferably 60wt% and a lower fiber content with preferably 15wt%.
• a fiber content of up to 60wt% is preferred.
• a moderate glass fiber content of 30-35wt% is preferred mainly using chopped glass fibers.
• 30-80wt% glass rovings are used.
• the curable resin composition may comprise at least one filler.
• filler may be selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, quartz, talc, calcium sulfate, calcium silicate and/or kaolin.
• ATH aluminum trihydroxide
• antimony oxides are added as fillers.
• the fiber-reinforced resin may also comprise at least one further additive selected from the group consisting of inhibitors, retarders, thixotropes (such as fumed silica), and/or UV absorbers, or mixtures thereof.
• the curable resin composition may further comprise iron oxide, titanium dioxide, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide and/or organic or inorganic color pigments.
• promotors carboxylate salts of ammonium, alkali metals or alkaline earth methals and 1 ,3- diketones are suitable, e.g. acetyl acetone or diethyl acetoacetamide.
• the present invention provides a pre-accelerated formulation comprising the reactive curable resin composition described above, and at least one accelerator.
• Suitable accelerators are cobalt(ll) salts or complexes e.g. cobalt halides, nitrates, sulfates, sulfonates, phosphates, phosphonates, oxides, or carboxylates.
• Suitable carboxylates are e.g.
• lactate 2-ethyl hexanoate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, oxalate, laurate, oleate, linoleate, palmitate, stearate, acetyl acetonate, octanoate, nonanoate, heptanoate, neodecanoate, or naphthenate.
• the cobalt(ll) salt or complex is preferably a cobalt alkyl carboxylate, such as cobalt(ll) ethylhexanoate, cobalt(ll) octanoate, or cobalt acetylacetonates or cyclopentadienyl-based complexes of cobalt.
• Cobalt(2- ethylhexanoate), cobalt (neodecanoate) or cobalt (naphthenate) are particularly preferred.
• polymer-bound cobalt accelerators are suitable.
• accelerators based on a copper(l) or copper (II) salt or complex are suitable.
• Suitable copper salts or complexes are e.g. copper halides (such as chlorides), nitrates, sulfates or alkyl carboxylates.
• Suitable carboxylates are e.g. lactate, 2-ethyl hexanoate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, oxalate, laurate, oleate, linoleate, palmitate, stearate, acetyl acetonate, octanoate, nonanoate, heptanoate, neodecanoate, or naphthenate.
• the copper(l) or copper (II) salt or complex is preferably an alkyl carboxylate. Copper(ll) acetonate and Copper(ll)-(2-ethylhexanoate) is particularly preferred.
• accelerators based on iron salt or complex are suitable.
• said iron(ll) coordination compound is selected from the group consisting of iron(ll) species ligated with mono- and polydentate N and/or O-donor ligands.
• the iron salt or complex present in the accelerator system (b) may also be selected from the group consisting of iron halides, carboxylates, 1 ,3-dioxo complexes and cyclopentadienyl-based iron complexes.
• Curing is generally started by either adding an accelerator and an initiator to the curable resin composition according to the present invention, or by adding an initiator to the pre-accelerated formulation.
• the present invention relates to a styrene-free method of curing unsaturated polyester resins, the method comprising
• Peroxides suitable for curing the UP resins include inorganic peroxides and organic peroxides, such as conventionally used ketone peroxides, peroxyesters, diaryl peroxides, dialkyl peroxides, and peroxydicarbonates, but also peroxycarbo nates, peroxyketals, hydroperoxides, diacyl peroxides, and hydrogen peroxide.
• Preferred peroxides are organic hydroperoxides, ketone peroxides, peroxyesters, and peroxycarbonates. Even more preferred are hydroperoxides and ketone peroxides.
• Preferred hydroperoxides include cumyl hydroperoxide, 1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, isopropylcumyl hydroperoxide, tert-amyl hydroperoxide,
• ketone peroxides include methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, methyl isopropyl ketone peroxide, methyl isobutyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, and acetylacetone peroxide. Mixtures of two or more peroxides can also be used; for instance, a combination of a hydroperoxide or ketone peroxide with a peroxyester.
• a particularly preferred peroxide is methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
• these peroxides can be combined with conventional additives, for instance fillers, pigments, and phlegmatizers.
• phlegmatizers are hydrophilic esters and hydrocarbon solvents.
• the amount of peroxide to be used for curing the resin is preferably at least 0.1 per hundred resin (phr), more preferably at least 0.5 phr, and most preferably at least 1 phr.
• the amount of peroxide is preferably not more than 8 phr, more preferably not more than 5 phr, most preferably not more than 2 phr.
• the initiator is an organic peroxide, preferably selected from the group consisting of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), cumene hydroperoxide (CuHP), or any combination thereof.
• MEKP methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
• BPO benzoyl peroxide
• CuHP cumene hydroperoxide
• the curing process for the product of fibre-reinforced plastics can be carried out at any temperature from -15°C up to 250 °C, depending on the initiator system, the accelerator system, the compounds to adapt the curing rate, and the resin composition to be cured.
• it is carried out at ambient temperatures commonly used in applications such as hand lay-up, spray-up, filament winding, resin transfer moulding, coating (e.g. gelcoat and standard coatings), button production, centrifugal casting, corrugated sheets or flat panels, relining systems, kitchen sinks via pouring compounds, etc.
• SMC sheet molding compounds
• BMC bulk molding compounds
• pultrusion techniques and the like, for which temperatures up to 180°C, more preferably up to 150°C, most preferably up to 100°C, are used.
• fiber-reinforced resins fiber-reinforced plastics - FRP
• advantages of high relative strength, good surface condition of products, high corrosion resistance and high chemical resistance are used essentially as parts in housing materials, industrial materials, tanks, containers, ships, cars, trains, etc.
• Eugenol methacrylate was synthesized following literature procedures, e.g.as described in
• Isoprenol methacrylate was synthesized following literature procedures, e.g. as described in Jacob M. Berlin, Katie Campbell, Tobias Ritter, Timothy W. Funk, Anatoly Chlenov, and Robert H. Grubbs, Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring-Closing Metathesis to Form Tetrasubstituted Olefins Org. Lett. 2007 9 (7), 1339-1342
• EGDMA ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
• MEKP methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
• MIPKP methyl isopropyl ketone peroxide
• TMP 1 ,1 ,1 -trimethylol propane
• the tensile testing was performed according to EN ISO 527-1. Approx. 110-115g of resin formulation was used to cast films (calculated on 4mm wet film thickness) The films were cured at RT over24h. All samples were post-cured for 8h at 80°C in the oven prior to the tensile testing.
• the reference examples show that without the addition of a compatibilizer turbid polymer resins are formed. Turbidity indicates phase separation an therefore an incompatibility of the reactive diluent with the UPR resin.
• Examples 1-6 show that the addition of a compatibilizer leads to the formation o clear polymers without any indication of phase separation.
• Example 7-12 show that also a mixture of reactive diluents can be employed.
• Example 11-1 5 show that the performance of the compatibilizer also depends on the right choice of reactive diluent. The performance of the compatibilizer is independen of the used curing system as shown using two different peroxides and two different accelerators.

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