WO2022210512A1 - 二次電池用負極活物質およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
二次電池用負極活物質およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022210512A1 WO2022210512A1 PCT/JP2022/014922 JP2022014922W WO2022210512A1 WO 2022210512 A1 WO2022210512 A1 WO 2022210512A1 JP 2022014922 W JP2022014922 W JP 2022014922W WO 2022210512 A1 WO2022210512 A1 WO 2022210512A1
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- negative electrode
- phase
- electrode active
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- secondary battery
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Images
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for secondary batteries and a method for producing the same.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries especially lithium-ion secondary batteries, have high voltage and high energy density, so they are expected to be used as power sources for small consumer applications, power storage devices, and electric vehicles.
- batteries are required to have higher energy densities, the use of silicon (Si)-containing materials that alloy with lithium is expected as a negative electrode active material with a high theoretical capacity density.
- Patent Document 1 includes a carbon-based active material including a first ceramic coating layer and a metal-based active material, or a metal-based active material including a first ceramic coating layer and a carbon-based active material.
- a negative active material for a lithium secondary battery in the form of a carbon-metal composite or mixture is proposed.
- the metal-based active material is selected from the group consisting of metals selected from silicon, tin, aluminum, vanadium, magnesium, antimony, or alloys of combinations of one or more thereof, oxides, nitrates, or carbides of the metals. compounds, or combinations thereof.
- a porous resin is impregnated with one or more organic silicon compounds selected from crosslinkable silanes and siloxanes, and after forming a crosslinked product of the organic silicon compound in the porous resin,
- a porous amorphous material obtained by heating and reacting at a temperature of 650 to 1350° C. in a non-oxidizing gas to obtain an amorphous material containing silicon, carbon and oxygen as constituent elements and having oxidation resistance.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a lithium secondary battery having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a separator, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive electrode mixture layer containing a lithium-containing composite oxide as a positive electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the negative electrode includes a material containing Si and O as constituent elements (where the atomic ratio x of O to Si is 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5) and carbon A composite with a material and a negative electrode mixture layer containing a graphite carbon material as a negative electrode active material are provided on one or both sides of a current collector, and the mass P of the positive electrode active material and the mass of the negative electrode active material
- the ratio P/N to N is 1.0 to 3.6
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains 1 to 10% by mass of halogen-substituted cyclic carbonate and 1 to 10% by mass of vinylene carbonate. It proposes a lithium secondary battery characterized by using a material that
- the metal-based active material containing the first ceramic coating layer of Patent Document 1 expands and contracts significantly during charging and discharging, and is considered difficult to put into practical use.
- the porous amorphous material obtained by the production method of Patent Document 2 has a low capacity, and it is difficult to achieve a sufficiently high capacity.
- the material containing Si and O as constituent elements of Patent Document 3 has a large irreversible capacity, and it is difficult to control the capacity.
- one aspect of the present invention comprises a composite material including an active phase that reacts with Li and an amorphous material phase, wherein the active phase is dispersed in the amorphous material phase, and
- the fixed material phase relates to a negative electrode active material for secondary batteries containing Si, O and C.
- Another aspect of the present invention is the steps of obtaining a mixture comprising a first polymer, which is an organosilicon polymer containing Si, O and C, and a material constituting an active phase that reacts with Li; and forming a composite material comprising said active phase and an amorphous material phase comprising Si, O and C, wherein said active phase is dispersed in said amorphous material phase.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a negative electrode active material for batteries.
- Still another aspect of the present invention comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the negative electrode contains the negative electrode active material for a secondary battery. It relates to a secondary battery, including.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway plan view schematically showing the structure of a secondary battery according to an embodiment
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1A taken along the line X-X'
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional TEM image of a composite material according to one embodiment of the present disclosure
- 3 is a TEM-EELS spectrum of the composite material shown in FIG. 2
- FIG. FIG. 3 shows a C1s spectrum in XPS analysis of the composite material shown in FIG. 2;
- a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a composite material including an active phase and an amorphous material phase.
- the form of the composite material is not particularly limited, but it may be supplied as a bulk state, a powder containing a plurality of particles, or the like.
- the active phase is formed of a material that develops capacity through a Faradaic reaction with lithium (Li).
- the active phase is dispersed in the amorphous material phase.
- the active phase repeats expansion and contraction with considerable volume change due to charging and discharging.
- the active phase is a material that expands more than the amorphous material phase when the negative electrode active material absorbs lithium.
- the active phase may contain a metallic element that alloys with lithium.
- the amorphous material phase is formed of a material with a smaller capacity per unit mass (mAh/g) than the active phase.
- the amorphous material phase undergoes little or no volume change due to charging and discharging.
- the amorphous material phase relieves stress due to expansion and contraction of the active phase and suppresses side reactions between the active phase and the electrolyte.
- the composite material may have an islands-in-the-sea structure.
- the active phase constitutes the island portions and the amorphous material phase constitutes the continuous sea portion or matrix.
- the composite material is powder, a plurality of island portions are dispersed in a sea portion in one particle of the composite material. In some island portions, at least part of the surface of the island portion may be exposed without being covered by the sea portion. From the viewpoint of relaxing the stress and enhancing the effect of suppressing the side reaction with the electrolytic solution, it is desirable that, on a number basis, 80% or more of the island portions are buried in the sea portion.
- the number-based ratio of island portions buried in the sea portion can be obtained from a cross-sectional TEM photograph of the composite material having a field of view of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more.
- the amorphous material phase contains Si (silicon), O (oxygen) and C (carbon).
- the amorphous material phase forms a compound in which Si, O and C are randomly linked by covalent bonds.
- the amorphous material phase has, for example, Si--O--C bonds (covalent bonds). That is, the amorphous material phase is not a simple mixture or a simple composite of multiple compounds (SiO, SiC, etc.).
- An amorphous material phase is a phase in which the crystal structure is not specified.
- the amorphous material phase may form a single phase with no interfaces between different materials, such as composites of two or more materials have.
- the amorphous material phase contains Si, O and C as essential components and is a phase in which the crystal structure is not specified, the hardness of the composite material increases and the elasticity of the composite material relaxes the stress caused by the expansion and contraction of the active phase. Or you can have flexibility.
- the amorphous material phase has substantial grain boundaries in the amorphous material phase in the cross-section of the composite. Since the amorphous material phase has a continuous structure that does not substantially have grain boundaries, the hardness of the composite material is further increased, and the phenomenon that the electrolyte solution permeates into the grain boundaries is reduced, which is accompanied by the decomposition of the electrolyte solution. Side reactions are suppressed, making the material less likely to deteriorate. In this case, the composite material can be formed as primary particles. However, the amorphous material phase may have few grain boundaries. A cross-sectional TEM image of the composite material confirms that the amorphous material phase has substantially no grain boundaries.
- the amorphous material phase is considered to have substantially no grain boundaries. I can say. It is desirable to perform similar measurements on arbitrary 10 composite particles and average the measured values to obtain the grain boundary length.
- the amorphous material phase is represented by the general formula (1): Li a SiO x N y C z , the general formula (1) is, for example, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 2, 0.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5, 0 ⁇ It satisfies y ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ 1-0.5x-0.75y ⁇ z ⁇ 6.
- Such a composition is empirically determined from the composition of the amorphous material phase produced by the below-described production method.
- Li can be trapped as irreversible capacity.
- the range of z indicating the atomic ratio of C to Si may be 0.1 ⁇ z ⁇ 6, 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 4, 0.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 3 may be satisfied.
- the composition of the amorphous material phase (quantitation of each element in the composite material) is possible by transmission electron microscope (TEM)-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- the observation magnification is desirably 2000 to 20000 times.
- the mapping analysis is desirably performed on a region 1 ⁇ m or more inward from the peripheral edge of the cross section of the particle of the composite material.
- the content ratio (that is, composition) of elements can be calculated using image analysis software.
- the composition may be determined by performing similar measurements on any 10 particles and averaging the measured values.
- the maximum diameter of the particles to be measured is desirably 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the cross section of the particles of the composite material may be formed, for example, by filling the composite material into a thermosetting resin, curing it, and using a cross section polisher (CP), or by disassembling the battery, taking out the negative electrode, may be immersed in a thermosetting resin and cured to form a cross section of the negative electrode.
- CP cross section polisher
- Desirable measurement conditions for cross-sectional TEM-EDX analysis are shown below.
- Processing equipment SM-09010 (Cross Section Polisher) manufactured by JEOL Processing conditions: acceleration voltage 6 kV Current value: 140 ⁇ A Degree of vacuum: 1 ⁇ 10 -3 to 2 ⁇ 10 -3 Pa
- Measuring device JEOL JEM-F200 Acceleration voltage during analysis: 200 kV
- C1s peaks contained in the amorphous material phase are observed in the C1s spectrum obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the composite material.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- C1s peaks attributed to Si--C bonds, Si--O--C bonds, C--O bonds, C--C bonds, etc. are observed.
- the presence of such peaks indicates that the amorphous material phase contains substantial amounts of non-oxide regions.
- the C1s peak attributed to the C—C bond is a peak characteristic of the composite material according to the present disclosure, and indicates that the amorphous material phase contains a region composed of carbon.
- a peak derived from the C—C bond is observed around 284.8 eV, for example.
- the ratio of the peak area Sx derived from the CC bond to the total area St of all C1s peaks is, for example, 2% or more, 3% or more, or 5% or more.
- the ratio of Sx to St is, for example, 90% or less, may be 70% or less, or may be 20% or less.
- the ratio of Sx to St may be 2% or more and 90% or less, or 2% or more and 20% or less.
- the total ratio of the peak area Sy derived from the C-Si bond and the peak area Sz derived from the C-O-Si bond to the total area St may be 50% or more, 60% or more, or 70 % or more.
- composite material powder is used as a sample, and analysis is performed along the depth direction of the composite material (10 to 100 nm) from the sample surface to analyze the state inside the composite material.
- Measuring device PHI5000 manufactured by ULVAC-PHI X-ray used: monochrome Al-K ⁇ , 25W, 15kV Degree of vacuum: 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pa
- a peak derived from the CC bond characteristic of the composite material according to the present disclosure is observed.
- the peak area Sv of 9 ppm or more and 30 ppm or less of the spectrum obtained by 13C-NMR measurement of the composite material can be, for example, 10% or more and 90% or less of the entire spectrum area.
- the present disclosure provides a composite material with high hardness and resistance to deterioration in which the amorphous material phase does not have substantial grain boundaries.
- the hardness of the particles of the composite material can be evaluated by the fracture hardness of the particles of the composite material.
- the breaking hardness of the particles can be, for example, 600 MPa or less when the particle diameter (maximum diameter) is 6 um, and can be, for example, 500 MPa or less when the particle diameter (maximum diameter) is 12 um. In this case, it is less likely to be pulverized during the manufacturing process of the electrode plate and during charge/discharge cycles, which is advantageous in suppressing deterioration in cycle characteristics.
- the breaking strength is, for example, 100 MPa or more when the particle diameter (maximum diameter) is 6 ⁇ m, and is, for example, 50 MPa or more when the particle diameter (maximum diameter) is 12 ⁇ m.
- the breaking strength may be obtained as an average value of 5 particles.
- the particles for measuring the breaking strength prepare particles whose particle diameter (maximum diameter) obtained in the photographed image is a predetermined particle diameter (6 ⁇ m or 12 ⁇ m) and whose circularity is 75% or more.
- the particles are compressed with an indenter while gradually increasing the load.
- the load at which the particle breaks is defined as the breaking strength of the particle.
- the breaking strength can be measured using a micro-compression tester MCT-211 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation. For example, using a flat indenter with a tip diameter of 50 ⁇ m, the breaking strength of five particles is measured at a displacement speed of 5 ⁇ m/sec, and the average value is obtained. If a clear breaking point cannot be determined, the breaking strength is calculated from the test force at a compression ratio of 20%.
- the active phase should be composed of a material that can electrochemically reversibly react with Li. Such materials may include, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of metals and intermetallic compounds. Moreover, the material constituting the active phase may be a silicon compound such as silicon carbide, or a composite oxide such as a lithium-titanium composite oxide. The active phase may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Al and Mg. Among them, Si and Sn have a high capacity, and Si is particularly preferable because it is inexpensive.
- the intermetallic compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of CrSi 2 , MnSi 2 , FeSi 2 , CoSi 2 , NiSi 2 and LiNiSn. .
- the mass ratio of the active phase in the composite material can be controlled as appropriate. From the viewpoint of obtaining a high-capacity active material, the mass ratio of the active phase in the composite material is desirably as high as possible. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of alleviating the stress due to the expansion and contraction of the active phase and suppressing the side reaction between the active phase and the electrolyte, the composite material must contain a certain amount of amorphous material phase.
- the mass ratio of the active phase in the composite material is, for example, 20% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, and may be 35% by mass or more and 75% by mass or less.
- the content of the Si phase contained in the composite material can be measured by Si-NMR.
- the average particle size of the active phase may be 1 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- Particulate means that the active phase (or island portions) has the form of particles.
- the shape of the particles is not particularly limited, but the ratio of the maximum diameter A of the particles to the maximum width B in the direction perpendicular to the maximum diameter: A/B may be, for example, 1 or more and 20 or less, or 1 or more and 10 or less. , 1 or more and 5 or less, or 1 or more and 3 or less.
- A/B may be obtained as the average value of the active phase (or island portion) having the form of arbitrary 10 particles.
- the average particle size of the active phase may be 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, or 50 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the active phase is measured using a cross-sectional image of the composite material obtained by TEM or SEM.
- the average particle size of the active phase is obtained by averaging the maximum sizes of arbitrary 100 active phases.
- the negative electrode active material may contain, in addition to the composite material, at least one carbon material selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon and soft carbon. Also, the carbon material may be composited with an amorphous material phase. For example, the active phase may be dispersed in a composite of carbon material and amorphous material phase.
- the carbon material expands and contracts less during charging and discharging, so it is easier to improve the cycle characteristics of the battery by using it together with the composite material.
- the content of the carbon material in the negative electrode active material may be, for example, 70% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, may be 85% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, or may be 90% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less. good. This makes it easier to achieve both high capacity and better cycle characteristics.
- the composite material contained in the negative electrode active material for secondary batteries can be produced, for example, by the following production method (hereinafter also referred to as "production method A").
- production method A includes a first step and a second step.
- the first step is a step of obtaining a mixture containing a first polymer and a material constituting an active phase that reacts with Li.
- the first polymer is a source of an amorphous material phase containing Si, O and C, and contains Si, O and C.
- the first polymer may be an organosilicon polymer.
- Organosilicon polymers are also called ceramic precursor polymers, and can produce ceramics by controlling the firing conditions. Organosilicon polymers are generally soluble in organic solvents and easy to handle. Most organosilicon polymers are thermoplastic and exhibit a liquid state when heated in the subsequent second step. The organosilicon polymer may be a liquid polymer at room temperature (25° C.-35° C.). By using a first polymer that is liquid at room temperature or when heated, an amorphous material phase that is substantially free of grain boundaries can be generated, and a composite material with high grain breaking strength can be obtained.
- polysiloxane, polycarbosilane, polysilazane, silicone resin, silicone oil, polyorganoborosilazane, polymetalloxane, polyborosiloxane, polycarbosilazane, etc. can be used. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- at least one selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane, polycarbosilane, polysilazane, silicone resin and silicone oil may be used.
- Structural examples of some repeating units of the first polymer are shown in formulas (2) to (4) below.
- polysilazane polysilazane
- These first polymers can produce an amorphous material phase represented by general formula (1).
- R1 and R2 are each independently, for example, a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the organic group includes a hydrocarbon group having a substituent (or functional group) and a hydrocarbon group having no substituent (or functional group).
- the functional group may be a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, etc., but is not particularly limited.
- Hydrocarbon groups may be, for example, alkyl groups, vinyl groups, alkoxy groups, aryl groups, aryloxy groups, ketone groups, carboxyl groups, ester groups, and the like.
- Multiple repeating units of the first polymer may have the same structure or different structures. That is, in a plurality of repeating units of the first polymer, R1 and R2 may be the same or different.
- alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, and hexyl groups.
- Aryl groups include a phenyl group, a benzyl group, a toluyl group, and the like.
- the aryloxy group includes a phenoxy group and the like.
- the alkoxy group includes an oxyalkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- Ester groups include condensed groups of alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and carboxylic acids having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- R1 and R2 can each independently be a phenyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group, and the like.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the first polymer may be, for example, 1000 or more and 100000 or less, 1000 or more and 10000 or less, or 2000 or more and 10000 or less.
- the active particles may be nanoparticles.
- the average particle size of the active particles may be 1 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, or 50 nm or less.
- Silicon nanoparticles for example, may be used as active particles.
- the average particle size of the active particles is measured using a cross-sectional image of the composite material obtained by TEM or SEM.
- the average particle diameter of the active particles is obtained by averaging the maximum diameters of arbitrary 100 active particles.
- the amount of the material constituting the active phase with respect to 100 parts by mass of the first polymer may be appropriately set according to the desired ratio of the active phase of the composite material. and may be 50 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less.
- the second step is to calcine the mixture to contain an active phase and an amorphous material phase comprising Si, O and C, wherein the active phase is dispersed in a matrix of the amorphous material phase. It is a process of producing a composite material with The mixture containing the first polymer and the material constituting the active phase is in the form of slurry having fluidity at room temperature, or at least goes through a fluidity state during heating for firing. That is, most of the surface of the material constituting the active phase is covered with the fluid first polymer. Using a mixture in such a state is desirable for obtaining a dense composite material.
- Firing of the mixture can be performed, for example, at 600°C or higher and 1000°C or lower in an inert atmosphere.
- the inert atmosphere may be a reduced pressure atmosphere, or may be under circulation of an inert gas.
- Argon, nitrogen, helium, and the like can be used as inert gases.
- the baking time should be sufficient for the carbon atoms contained in the first polymer to be sufficiently carbonized.
- the composite material obtained after firing is a non-fluid solid. By pulverizing the composite material, a composite material in a powder state is produced.
- the mixture may contain a second polymer that carbonizes together with the carbon atoms in the first polymer when the mixture is baked.
- the second polymer may be included in the mixture as at least one raw material selected from the group consisting of natural graphite, artificial graphite, hard carbon and soft carbon.
- the second polymer is not particularly limited, it is desirable to use a material that is highly compatible with the first polymer.
- the second polymer may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl resin, polyimide resin, polyacrylonitrile, acrylic resin and polyolefin resin.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a sheet-like negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material is included, for example, in the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the negative electrode mixture layer is a layered or coated negative electrode mixture.
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive aid, a thickener, and the like as optional components.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a negative electrode slurry in which a negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of the negative electrode current collector and drying it.
- the dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- a non-porous conductive substrate metal foil, etc.
- a porous conductive substrate meh body, net body, punching sheet, etc.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, copper alloys, and the like.
- Resin materials such as polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene; polyamide resins such as aramid resin; polyimide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide.
- acrylic resins such as polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer; vinyl resins such as polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl acetate; polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyether sulfone; styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR) rubber-like materials such as These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- conductive aids include carbon black such as acetylene black, carbon nanotubes (hereinafter also referred to as CNTs), metal fibers, carbon fluoride, metal powder, conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate, and titanium oxide. and organic conductive materials such as phenylene derivatives and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- a secondary battery includes, for example, the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material capable of electrochemically intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed by applying a positive electrode slurry in which a positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, and the like as optional components.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- M is Na, Mg, Sc , Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B).
- a 0-1.2
- b 0-0.9
- c 2.0-2.3. Note that the value a, which indicates the molar ratio of lithium, increases or decreases due to charging and discharging.
- the binder and conductive agent the same ones as exemplified for the negative electrode can be used.
- the conductive agent graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite may be used.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be selected from the shape and range according to the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of materials for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloys, and titanium.
- the electrolyte contains a solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- a solvent a non-aqueous solvent can be used, and water may be used.
- the electrolyte salt contains at least a lithium salt.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolytic solution is preferably, for example, 0.5 mol/L or more and 2 mol/L or less. By controlling the lithium salt concentration within the above range, it is possible to obtain an electrolytic solution having excellent ionic conductivity and moderate viscosity. However, the lithium salt concentration is not limited to the above.
- cyclic carbonate for example, cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic carboxylate, chain carboxylate, and the like are used.
- Cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and the like.
- Chain carbonates include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- Cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- Chain carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, and propyl propionate.
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- lithium salts examples include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lithium lower aliphatic carboxylate, LiCl , LiBr, LiI, borates, imide salts and the like.
- Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- Separatator Generally, it is desirable to interpose a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has ion permeability and insulating properties.
- a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, or the like can be used as the separator.
- Polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are preferable as the material of the separator.
- An example of the structure of a secondary battery is a structure in which an electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a separator interposed therebetween and an electrolytic solution are housed in an exterior body.
- a laminated electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator may be applied.
- the secondary battery may have, for example, a cylindrical shape, a rectangular shape, a coin shape, a button shape, a sheet shape, or the like.
- FIG. 1A is a partially cutaway plan view schematically showing an example of the structure of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along line X-X' of FIG. 1A.
- the secondary battery 100 is a sheet-type battery, and includes an electrode plate group 4 and an exterior case 5 that houses the electrode plate group 4 .
- the electrode plate group 4 has a structure in which a positive electrode 10, a separator 30 and a negative electrode 20 are laminated in this order, and the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 face each other with the separator 30 interposed therebetween. Thus, the electrode plate group 4 is formed.
- the electrode plate group 4 is impregnated with an electrolytic solution (not shown).
- the positive electrode 10 includes a positive electrode mixture layer 1a and a positive electrode current collector 1b.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 1a is formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 1b.
- the negative electrode 20 includes a negative electrode mixture layer 2a and a negative electrode current collector 2b.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 2a is formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 2b.
- a positive electrode tab lead 1c is connected to the positive electrode current collector 1b, and a negative electrode tab lead 2c is connected to the negative electrode current collector 2b.
- the positive electrode tab lead 1c and the negative electrode tab lead 2c extend to the outside of the exterior case 5, respectively.
- the insulating tab film 6 insulates between the positive electrode tab lead 1c and the outer case 5 and between the negative electrode tab lead 2c and the outer case 5, respectively.
- ⁇ Comparative example 1>> An organosilicon polymer, polycarbosilane (R1 and R2 in formula (2) are —H and —CH 2 —CH CH 2 groups, respectively, and is liquid at room temperature) was treated with polycarbosilane in a nitrogen atmosphere at 850°C. Firing was performed for 3 hours until the carbon atoms contained in the silane were carbonized to obtain an amorphous material B1.
- Example 1 Silicon nanoparticles having an average particle size of 40 nm were prepared as a material constituting the active phase. 100 parts by mass of nanoparticles were mixed with 200 parts by mass of polycarbosilane used in Comparative Example 1 until a uniform slurry was obtained to obtain a mixture. The resulting mixture was fired under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1 to obtain composite material A1. The content of nanoparticles (active phase) in composite material A1 was approximately 45% by mass.
- the breaking hardness was 375 MPa when the particle size was 6 ⁇ m, and the breaking hardness was 226 MPa when the particle size was 12 ⁇ m. At least part of the surface of the composite material A1 was covered with a carbonaceous conductive film.
- the breaking hardness was 335 MPa when the particle size was 6 ⁇ m, and the breaking hardness was 210 MPa when the particle size was 12 ⁇ m.
- At least part of the surface of the composite material A2 was covered with a carbonaceous conductive film in the same manner as in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional TEM image of the vicinity of the interface between the composite material A1 and the conductive film.
- a sea portion of the amorphous material phase and island portions of the active phase (nano-Si) dispersed in the sea portion can be observed.
- Composite material A1 has a distinct sea-island structure. No grain boundaries or voids were observed in the amorphous material phase, indicating a dense structure.
- FIG. 3 shows the EELS spectrum. It can be seen from FIG. 3 that oxidation of the nanoparticles did not progress and that there were no voids at the interfaces.
- FIG. 4 shows the C1s spectrum.
- C1s spectrum multiple types of C1s peaks attributed to Si--C bonds, Si--O--C bonds, C--O bonds, C--C bonds and the like are observed.
- the ratio of the peak area Sx derived from the CC bond to the total area St of all C1s peaks was 6.8%. Further, the ratio of the peak area Sy derived from the C--Si bond to the total area St was 80.5%, and the ratio of the peak area Sz derived from the C--O--Si bond was 8.4%.
- the ratio of peak area Sx to total area St was 9.7%. Further, the ratio of the peak area Sy derived from the C--Si bond to the total area St was 12.6%, and the ratio of the peak area Sz derived from the C--O--Si bond was 66.8%.
- Working electrode (negative electrode) Active material composed of amorphous materials B1-B3 or composite materials A1-A2, carbon nanotube (CNT) as conductive agent, polyacrylic acid (PAA) as binder and styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber ( SBR) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener were mixed to prepare a negative electrode mixture.
- the negative electrode mixture was formed into a disk shape with a diameter of 12 mm to prepare a coin-shaped negative electrode.
- An electrolyte solution was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol/L in a mixed solvent of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at a volume ratio of 1:4.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- An electrode body was constructed by arranging a negative electrode and a counter electrode so as to face each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and the electrode body was accommodated in a coin-shaped outer can. After injecting the electrolytic solution into the outer can, the outer can was sealed to complete a coin-shaped cell with a design capacity of 5 mAh.
- Table 1 shows that each composite material is useful as a negative electrode active material that exhibits high capacity.
- the negative electrode active material for secondary batteries according to the present invention is useful as a negative electrode for secondary batteries (particularly non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries) used as main power sources for mobile communication devices, portable electronic devices, and the like. While the invention has been described in terms of presently preferred embodiments, such disclosure is not to be construed in a limiting sense. Various alterations and modifications will no doubt become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains after reading the above disclosure. Therefore, the appended claims are to be interpreted as covering all variations and modifications without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の新規な特徴を添付の請求の範囲に記述するが、本発明は、構成および内容の両方に関し、本願の他の目的および特徴と併せ、図面を照合した以下の詳細な説明によりさらによく理解されるであろう。
活性相は、リチウム(Li)とのファラデー反応による容量を発現する材料で形成されている。活性相は、無定形材料相に分散している。活性相は、充放電により、相当の体積変化を伴って膨張と収縮を繰り返す。換言すれば、活性相は、負極活物質がリチウムを吸蔵したときに、無定形材料相よりも大きく膨張する材料である。活性相は、リチウムと合金化する金属元素を含んでもよい。
加工装置:JEOL製、SM-09010(Cross Section Polisher)
加工条件:加速電圧6kV
電流値:140μA
真空度:1×10-3~2×10-3Pa
測定装置:JEOL JEM-F200
分析時加速電圧:200kV
測定装置:アルバック・ファイ社製PHI5000
使用X線:モノクロAl-Kα、25W、15kV
真空度:5×10-7Pa
測定装置:JNM-ECZ-600
磁場強度:14.1T
MAS-回転数:15kHz
負極活物質は、複合材料の他に、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、ハードカーボンおよびソフトカーボンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の炭素材料を含んでもよい。また、炭素材料は、無定形材料相と複合化されていてもよい。例えば、炭素材料と無定形材料相との複合材料中に活性相が分散していてもよい。
二次電池用負極活物質が含む複合材料は、例えば、以下の製造方法(以下、「製造方法A」とも称する。)で製造することができる。製造方法Aは、第1工程と第2工程とを含む。
第1工程は、第1ポリマーと、Liと反応する活性相を構成する材料と、を含む混合物を得る工程である。第1ポリマーは、Si、OおよびCを含む無定形材料相の原料であり、Si、OおよびCを含む。第1ポリマーは、有機ケイ素ポリマーであってもよい。
第2工程は、混合物を焼成して、活性相と、Si、OおよびCを含む無定形材料相と、を含み、活性相が無定形材料相のマトリックスに分散している複合材料を生成させる工程である。第1ポリマーと活性相を構成する材料とを含む混合物は、室温で流動性を有するスラリー状であるか、少なくとも焼成のための加熱時に流動性を有する状態を経由する。すなわち、活性相を構成する材料の表面の大半が流動性を有する第1ポリマーで覆われる。このような状態の混合物を用いることは、緻密な複合材料を得る上で望ましい。
以下、負極について更に説明する。負極は、例えば、シート状の負極集電体と、負極集電体上に形成された負極合剤層とを具備する。負極活物質は、例えば負極合剤層に含まれる。負極合剤層とは、層状もしくは塗膜状に形成された負極合剤である。負極合剤は、必須成分として、負極活物質を含み、任意成分として、結着剤、導電助剤、増粘剤等を含むことができる。
正極は、電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出可能な正極活物質を含む。正極は、例えば、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成された正極合剤層とを具備する。正極合剤層は、正極合剤を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリーを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤は、必須成分として、正極活物質を含み、任意成分として、結着剤、導電剤等を含むことができる。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質塩とを含む。溶媒としては、非水溶媒を用いることができ、水を用いてもよい。リチウムイオン二次電池の場合、電解質塩は、少なくともリチウム塩を含む。
通常、正極と負極との間には、セパレータを介在させることが望ましい。セパレータは、イオン透過度と絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等を用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましい。
有機ケイ素ポリマーであるポリカルボシラン(式(2)におけるR1およびR2はそれぞれ-H、-CH2-CH=CH2基であり、室温で液状)を、850℃の窒素雰囲気中で、ポリカルボシランに含まれる炭素原子が炭化するまで3時間焼成し、無定形材料B1を得た。無定形材料B1の組成をTEM-EDXで測定したところ、SiOxNyCz(x=0.32、y=0、z=1.62)であった。
有機ケイ素ポリマーであるポリシロキサン(式(3)におけるR1およびR2はそれぞれ-H、-CH=CH2基であり、室温で液状)を、850℃の窒素雰囲気中で、ポリシロキサンに含まれる炭素原子が炭化するまで3時間焼成し、無定形材料B2を得た。無定形材料B2の組成をTEM-EDXで測定したところ、SiOxNyCz(x=0.82、y=0、z=1.21)であった。
有機ケイ素ポリマーであるポリシシラザン(式(4)におけるR1およびR2はそれぞれ-CH3、-CH=CH2基であり、室温で液状)を、850℃の窒素雰囲気中で、ポリシシラザンに含まれる炭素原子が炭化するまで3時間焼成し、無定形材料B3を得た。無定形材料B3の組成をTEM-EDXで測定したところ、SiOxNyCz(x=1.4、y=0.2、z=2.6)であった。
活性相を構成する材料として、平均粒子径40nmのケイ素のナノ粒子を準備した。比較例1で用いたポリカルボシラン200質量部に対して、ナノ粒子100質量部を均一なスラリーになるまで混合し、混合物を得た。得られた混合物を比較例1と同じ条件で焼成し、複合材料A1を得た。複合材料A1中のナノ粒子(活性相)の含有率は、概ね45質量%であった。
実施例1におけるケイ素のナノ粒子と同じナノ粒子を準備し、比較例2で用いたポリシロキサン220質量部に対して、ナノ粒子100質量部を均一なスラリーになるまで混合し、混合物を得た。得られた混合物を比較例2と同じ条件で焼成し、複合材料A2を得た。複合材料A2中のナノ粒子(活性相)の含有率は、概ね45質量%であった。
<TEM-EDX>
複合材料A1の導電膜との界面付近の断面TEM像を図2に示す。断面TEM像には、無定形材料相の海部分と海部分に分散している活性相(ナノSi)の島部分とが観測できる。複合材料A1は明確な海島構造を有している。無定形材料相に粒界は全く観測されず、空孔も観測されず、緻密な構造であることが理解できる。
次に、複合材料A1のXPS分析を行った。図4にC1sスペクトルを示す。C1sスペクトルには、Si-C結合、Si-O-C結合、C-O結合、C-C結合などに帰属される複数種のC1sピークが観測される。
比較例1~3の無定形材料B1~B3および実施例1~2の複合材料A1~A2を活物質として含むセルを組み立てた。
無定形材料B1~B3または複合材料A1~A2からなる活物質(AM)、導電助剤であるカーボンナノチューブ(CNT)、結着剤であるポリアクリル酸(PAA)とスチレン-ブタジエン共重合ゴム(SBR)、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を混合して負極合剤を調製した。負極合剤における材料の質量割合は、AM:CNT:PAA:CMC:SBR=100:0.5:5:5:5とした。負極合剤を直径12mmの円盤状に成形し、コイン形の負極を作製した。
電解銅箔(集電体)の片面にリチウム金属箔を貼り付け、直径15mmに打ち抜いて対極を作製した。
フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)との体積比1:4の混合溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度で溶解させて電解液を調製した。
セパレータを介して負極と対極を対向配置させて電極体を構成し、コイン形の外装缶に電極体を収容した。外装缶に電解液を注入した後、外装缶を封止して、設計容量5mAhのコイン形セルを完成させた。
25℃の恒温槽中で、0.05C(1Cは設計容量を1時間で放電する電流値)の定電流で2時間かけて負極にリチウムを充電し、その後、12時間休止させた。次に、0.05Cの定電流でセル電圧0.01Vまで更に負極にリチウムを充電し、その後、20分間休止させた。次に、0.05Cの定電流でセル電圧1.5Vまで負極からリチウムを放電させ、放電容量を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
本発明を現時点での好ましい実施態様に関して説明したが、そのような開示を限定的に解釈してはならない。種々の変形および改変は、上記開示を読むことによって本発明に属する技術分野における当業者には間違いなく明らかになるであろう。したがって、添付の請求の範囲は、本発明の真の精神および範囲から逸脱することなく、すべての変形および改変を包含する、と解釈されるべきものである。
Claims (20)
- Liと反応する活性相と、無定形材料相と、を含む複合材料を備え、
前記活性相は、前記無定形材料相に分散しており、
前記無定形材料相は、Si、OおよびCを含む、二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記複合材料の断面において、前記無定形材料相に実質的な粒界を有さない、請求項1に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記無定形材料相は、一般式:LiaSiOxNyCzで表され、
0≦a≦2
0.1≦x≦1.5
0≦y≦0.5
0<1-0.5x-0.75y<z≦6を満たす、請求項1または2に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記複合材料のX線光電子分光(XPS)測定で得られるC1sスペクトルにおいて、全てのC1sピークの総面積Stに対する、C-C結合に由来するピーク面積Sxの割合が、2%以上、90%以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記総面積Stに対する、前記ピーク面積Sxの割合が、2%以上、20%以下である、請求項4に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記総面積Stに対する、C-Si結合に由来するピーク面積SyとC-O-Si結合に由来するピーク面積Szとの合計の割合が、50%以上である、請求項4または5に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記複合材料の13C-NMR測定で得られるスペクトルの9ppm以上30ppm以下のピーク面積Svが、スペクトル全体の面積の10%以上、90%以下である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記複合材料の粒子の粒子径6umのときの破壊硬度は、600MPa以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記複合材料の粒子の粒子径12umのときの破壊硬度は、500MPa以下である、請求項8に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記活性相を構成する材料は、金属および金属間化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記金属は、Si、Sn、Ti、AlおよびMgからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記金属間化合物は、CrSi2、MnSi2、FeSi2、CoSi2、NiSi2およびLiNiSnからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項10に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記複合材料中の前記活性相の質量割合は、20質量%以上、95質量%以下である、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記複合材料中の前記活性相の質量割合は、35質量%以上、75質量%以下である、請求項12に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記活性相が、粒子状であり、
前記活性相の平均粒子径が、1nm以上、1000nm以下である、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。 - さらに、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、ハードカーボンおよびソフトカーボンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~14のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用負極活物質。
- Si、OおよびCを含む有機ケイ素ポリマーである第1ポリマーと、Liと反応する活性相を構成する材料と、を含む混合物を得る工程と、
前記混合物を焼成して、前記活性相と、Si、OおよびCを含む無定形材料相と、を含み、前記活性相が前記無定形材料相に分散している複合材料を生成させる工程と、を含む、二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記第1ポリマーは、ポリシロキサン、ポリカルボシラン、ポリシラザン、シリコーンレジンおよびシリコーンオイルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項16に記載の二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記混合物を得る工程において、前記混合物を焼成するときに前記第1ポリマー中の炭素原子とともに炭化する第2ポリマーを前記混合物に含ませる、請求項16または17に記載の二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記第2ポリマーが、ポリビニル樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、ポリアクリロニトリル、アクリル樹脂およびポリオレフィン樹脂からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項18に記載の二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 正極と、負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータと、電解液と、を具備し、
前記負極が、請求項1に記載の二次電池用負極活物質を含む、二次電池。
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