WO2022181445A1 - 金属材、接続端子、および金属材の製造方法 - Google Patents
金属材、接続端子、および金属材の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022181445A1 WO2022181445A1 PCT/JP2022/006428 JP2022006428W WO2022181445A1 WO 2022181445 A1 WO2022181445 A1 WO 2022181445A1 JP 2022006428 W JP2022006428 W JP 2022006428W WO 2022181445 A1 WO2022181445 A1 WO 2022181445A1
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- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 149
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 270
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 200
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910000846 In alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 93
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 272
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 38
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 32
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 14
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910006119 NiIn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015335 Ni2In Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 other than Ni3In7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/02—Contact members
- H01R13/03—Contact members characterised by the material, e.g. plating, or coating materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
- C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/10—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals
- C25D5/12—Electroplating with more than one layer of the same or of different metals at least one layer being of nickel or chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/16—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for manufacturing contact members, e.g. by punching and by bending
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to metal materials, connection terminals, and methods of manufacturing metal materials.
- an In or In alloy layer may be provided on the surface of a base material made of Cu or Cu alloy or the like.
- In is a metal that is very soft and exhibits solid lubricity. Therefore, by providing the metal layer containing In on the surface of the connection terminal, the friction coefficient of the surface is reduced, and the force (insertion force) required for inserting or fitting the connection terminal can be reduced.
- Patent Document 1 a male connector terminal and a female connector terminal each having an indium layer on the outermost surface of the contact portion electrically contacting each other are provided, and the load applied to the contact portion reaches a predetermined value.
- a configured terminal pair is disclosed.
- an intermediate layer made of nickel is provided between the indium layer and the surface of the base material of copper or copper alloy to suppress the diffusion of copper atoms from the base material to the indium layer.
- the thickness of the indium layer is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the Ni layer is preferably in the range of 2 ⁇ m or more.
- a surface plating layer made of In or an alloy mainly composed of In is provided on the surface of a base material made of Cu or a Cu alloy, and a hard plated layer that is harder than the surface plating layer is provided on the base of the surface plating layer.
- a connection terminal having a plated layer is disclosed.
- the hard plating layer is composed of an intermetallic compound of Cu and In, or an intermetallic compound containing Cu and In, and an element such as Ni.
- an underlying plating layer made of Ni or a Ni alloy is provided as an underlying layer of the hard plating layer.
- the thickness of the surface plating layer is in the range of 0.45 to 10 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the hard plating layer is in the range of 0.05 to 10 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the underlying plating layer is in the range of 0.05 to 10 ⁇ m. are listed as preferred.
- connection terminals In recent years, there has been an increasing demand for connection terminals to reduce the insertion force. For example, in the field of connection terminals for automobiles, along with the electrification and sophistication of automobiles, connectors are becoming multipolar, that is, the number of connection terminals included in one connector is increasing. From the viewpoint of reducing the insertion force of the connector as a whole by reducing the insertion force of the terminals, a lower insertion force for each connection terminal is required at a higher level than before. On the other hand, there is a growing demand for connection terminals that can withstand use even under severe operating conditions such as high-temperature environments.
- connection terminal As disclosed in Patent Documents 1 and 2, if a connection terminal is configured using a metal material having an In layer on its surface, it is possible to reduce the insertion force due to the solid lubricity of In. In addition, since In exhibits low contact resistance on the surface, a connection terminal having an In layer on the surface is also excellent in connection reliability. However, even when a connection terminal having an In layer on its surface is used in a high-temperature environment, it is unlikely that the original characteristics of In, such as low insertion force and high connection reliability, will be stably maintained. Not exclusively. For example, if alloying occurs between In contained in the In layer and the base material or the underlying metal, the inherent properties of In may be impaired.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 which disclose a connection terminal having an In layer on its surface, there is no mention of placing the connection terminal in a high-temperature environment, and even after going through a high-temperature environment, the characteristics of the In layer are sufficient. It is unclear from the descriptions in those documents whether or not it is exhibited in
- the metal material of the present disclosure comprises a base material, an intermediate layer that contains at least Ni and covers the surface of the base material, and In or an In alloy that does not contain Ni other than inevitable impurities, and the surface of the intermediate layer and an In coating layer exposed on the outermost surface, and the intermediate layer and the In coating layer together contain more than 7/3 times more In than Ni in terms of atomic ratio. .
- connection terminal of the present disclosure includes the metal material, and the intermediate layer and the In coating layer are formed on the surface of the base material at least at the contact portion that electrically contacts the counterpart conductive member. .
- a Ni raw material layer made of a Ni alloy that does not contain Ni or In other than inevitable impurities is formed on the surface of the base material, and the surface of the Ni coating layer is coated.
- an In material layer made of an In alloy containing no In or Ni except for inevitable impurities is formed to be 5.6 times or more as thick as the Ni material layer, exposed on the outermost surface.
- the metal material and connection terminal according to the present disclosure are a metal material and connection terminal that can exhibit the properties of In on the surface even after being exposed to a high-temperature environment. Moreover, according to the method for manufacturing a metal material according to the present disclosure, such a metal material can be manufactured.
- FIG. 1A, 1B, and 1C are schematic diagrams showing cross sections of metal materials according to a first embodiment, a second embodiment, and a third embodiment of the present disclosure, respectively.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a connection terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the heating time at 150° C. and the thickness of the In coating layer that forms an alloy by heating, with respect to the metal material in which the Ni source layer and the In source layer are laminated.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of X-ray diffraction measurement of a metal material in which a Ni raw material layer and an In raw material layer are laminated.
- the upper part shows the state after heating of the sample 1 having a thick In source layer
- the middle part shows the state after heating of the sample 2 having a thin In source layer.
- the lower row shows the unheated state of the reference sample.
- the metal material according to the present disclosure comprises a base material, an intermediate layer that contains at least Ni and covers the surface of the base material, and In or an In alloy that does not contain Ni other than inevitable impurities, and the intermediate layer is and an In coating layer covering a surface and exposed to the outermost surface, wherein the total atomic ratio of In to the intermediate layer and the In coating layer is more than 7/3 times that of Ni.
- the intermediate layer contains Ni, which is a metal that easily forms an alloy with In at high temperatures. It contains more than /3 times. In and Ni tend to form an intermetallic compound having a composition of Ni 3 In 7 , but the ratio of In to Ni is greater than the composition ratio of this intermetallic compound, and the intermediate layer and the In coating layer are combined. By being contained in a region where the become. Even if the metal material passes through a high-temperature environment, the In coating layer remains on the surface, so that the surface exhibits the properties of In, and the metal material has high heat resistance.
- the Ni coating layer is a layer made of a Ni alloy that does not contain Ni or In other than unavoidable impurities, and the layer made of an alloy containing Ni and In is an alloy layer. structure, a second structure, or a third structure.
- the intermediate layer comprises the Ni coating layer
- the intermediate layer comprises the Ni coating layer
- the alloy layer coating the surface of the Ni coating layer.
- the intermediate layer is made of the alloy layer.
- the combined atomic ratio of In to the intermediate layer and the In coating layer is more than 7/3 times that of Ni.
- an In coating layer containing In not forming an alloy with Ni remains on the surface of the metal material.
- the coating layer may have the first structure or the second structure, and the thickness of the In coating layer may be 5.6 times or more the thickness of the Ni coating layer. .
- This thickness ratio of the In coating layer to the Ni coating layer corresponds to a condition in which the atomic ratio of In to Ni is greater than 7/3 times that of Ni. Therefore, even if the metal material is placed in a high-temperature environment and alloy formation progresses between In forming the In coating layer and Ni forming the Ni coating layer, and Ni 3 In 7 is formed, the metal material An In coating layer containing In not forming an alloy with Ni can be left on the outermost surface of the .
- the coating layer preferably has the first structure or the second structure, and the thickness of the Ni coating layer is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less. If the Ni coating layer has a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m, the diffusion of metal atoms from the substrate can be sufficiently suppressed.
- the thickness of the Ni coating layer is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more if possible. When the thickness of the Ni coating layer is 1 ⁇ m, if the thickness of the In coating layer is set to 6 ⁇ m or more, the atomic ratio of In to Ni is such that In is more than 7/3 times Ni. a state of many.
- an In coating layer containing In that does not form an alloy with Ni is formed on the outermost surface of the metal material. It can be left with a thickness that can fully exhibit its properties.
- the intermediate layer preferably has the first structure.
- the intermediate layer is composed of only the Ni coating layer, and the In coating layer is formed by directly coating the surface of the Ni coating layer. Therefore, In constituting the In coating layer is particularly likely to form an alloy with Ni constituting the Ni coating layer, but the In coating layer has a sufficiently large thickness with respect to the Ni coating layer. Thus, even if the metal material is placed in a high-temperature environment, the In coating layer containing In that is not alloyed with Ni can be left on the outermost surface.
- the intermediate layer may have the second structure or the third structure, and the alloy layer may contain an intermetallic compound of Ni3In7 .
- Ni 3 In 7 is an intermetallic compound that is easily formed as an alloy of Ni and In, and has a high In content ratio. is contained in a sufficient number of atoms relative to Ni, even after the formation of an alloy layer containing Ni 3 In 7 , an In coating layer containing In that is not alloyed with Ni is formed on the outermost surface of the metal material. The exposed state is maintained.
- the Ni content is 0.89 mg/cm 2 or less, and the In content is 4.3 mg/cm 2 or more, as the content per unit area of the intermediate layer and the In coating layer combined. .
- This content of In and Ni corresponds to a state in which In is greater than 7/3 times that of Ni in terms of atomic number ratio.
- the base material is preferably made of Cu or a Cu alloy.
- Cu and Cu alloys are widely used as base materials for electrical connection members such as connection terminals due to their high workability and mechanical properties. By providing it, it can be suitably used as a constituent material of the electrical connection member.
- an Ni coating layer and/or an alloy layer containing Ni and In is provided to suppress the diffusion of Cu atoms of the base material into the In coating layer. be able to.
- connection terminal includes the metal material, and includes the intermediate layer and the In coating layer formed on the surface of the base material at least at the contact portion electrically contacting the counterpart conductive member.
- the intermediate layer and the In coating layer are formed on the surface of the contact portion, and the total atomic ratio of the intermediate layer and the In coating layer is 7/3 times that of Ni. are also contained in large amounts. Therefore, the properties of In, such as a low coefficient of friction and a low contact resistance, can be utilized on the surface of the contact portion, and a connection terminal excellent in low insertion force and high connection reliability can be obtained. Furthermore, even after a high-temperature environment, the In coating layer containing In that is not alloyed with Ni remains on the surface of the contact portion, so that the characteristics exhibited by In can be stably maintained, and the heat resistance is improved. It becomes a connection terminal with excellent performance.
- a Ni raw material layer made of a Ni alloy that does not contain Ni or In other than inevitable impurities is formed on the surface of the base material, and the surface of the Ni coating layer is coated. Then, exposed on the outermost surface, an In source layer made of an In alloy containing no In or Ni except for inevitable impurities is formed with a thickness of 5.6 times or more that of the Ni source layer.
- the thickness of the In raw material layer formed on the surface of the Ni raw material layer is 5.6 times or more the thickness of the Ni raw material layer.
- This thickness ratio means that the amount of In contained in the In material layer is more than 7/3 times the amount of Ni contained in the Ni material layer in atomic number ratio.
- Ni and In are metals that easily form an alloy when heated, and constitute an intermetallic compound of Ni3In7 .
- the thickness of the Ni raw material layer is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less. If the Ni source material layer has a thickness of about 1 ⁇ m, the diffusion of metal atoms from the substrate can be sufficiently suppressed.
- the thickness of the Ni coating layer is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more if possible.
- the thickness of the Ni raw material layer is 1 ⁇ m, if the thickness of the In raw material layer is set to 6 ⁇ m or more, the atomic ratio of In to Ni is 7/3 times that of Ni. Suitable for many situations. Therefore, when the metal material is placed in a high-temperature environment without forming an excessively thick coating layer, an In coating layer containing In that does not form an alloy with Ni is formed on the outermost surface of the metal material. It can be left with a thickness that can fully exhibit its properties.
- a connection terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure which will be described later, can be configured using a metal material according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the metal material according to the embodiment of the present disclosure can be manufactured by the method for manufacturing the metal material according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure has an intermediate layer 3 and an In coating layer 4 on the surface of the base material 2, as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C showing structural examples to be described later. .
- An intermediate layer 3 is provided to cover the surface of the substrate 2, and an In coating layer 4 is provided to cover the intermediate layer 3 and be exposed on the outermost surface.
- the In coating layer 4 is composed of In or composed of an In alloy that does not contain Ni other than inevitable impurities.
- an In alloy that does not contain Ni other than inevitable impurities refers to an alloy that contains other metals in addition to In, but does not contain Ni in an amount that can be regarded as an unavoidable impurity.
- the In coating layer 4 is made of In from the viewpoint of making the In coating layer 4 exhibit the characteristics of In strongly. Even when the In layer is made of an In alloy, it is preferable that the In layer is an alloy composed mainly of In.
- the intermediate layer 3 is a metal layer containing at least Ni.
- the specific configuration and component composition of the intermediate layer 3 are not particularly limited, the total atomic ratio of the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 is such that In is more than 7/3 times that of Ni. are also contained in large amounts. ([In]/[Ni]>7/3).
- the intermediate layer 3 may be substantially free of In as in the first mode described below, or may contain In in addition to Ni as in the second and third modes. It may be something to do. Further, the intermediate layer 3 may contain metal elements other than Ni and In, but preferably contains 50 atomic % or more of Ni and In in total. In particular, the intermediate layer 3 preferably does not contain any metal element capable of forming an alloy with In other than Ni, and more preferably does not contain any metal element other than Ni and In except for inevitable impurities. .
- the intermediate layer 3 may be composed of only one layer, or may have a laminated structure composed of two or more layers. Further, a plurality of phases may be mixed spatially non-uniformly within the intermediate layer 3 . As preferable forms of the intermediate layer 3, three types of structures shown below as a first form, a second form, and a third form can be exemplified.
- the coating layers 4 are provided in direct contact with each other.
- a thin film such as an organic layer may be provided on the surface of the In coating layer 4 as long as the characteristics of the In coating layer 4 are not significantly affected.
- the material that constitutes the base material 2 is not particularly limited.
- the base material 2 Cu or Cu alloy, Al or Al alloy, Fe or Fe alloy, etc., which are frequently used as constituent materials of electrical connection members, can be suitably used. Among them, Cu or a Cu alloy, which is excellent in workability and mechanical properties, can be preferably used.
- the metal forming the substrate 2 and the metal forming the intermediate layer 3 may form an alloy.
- FIG. 1A shows the layer structure of a metal material 1A according to the first embodiment.
- the intermediate layer 3 has a single-layer structure composed of a Ni coating layer 3a. That is, the Ni coating layer 3a is formed by directly coating the surface of the substrate 2, and the In coating layer 4 is formed by directly coating the surface of the Ni coating layer 3a.
- the Ni coating layer 3a is composed of Ni or an In alloy that does not contain In other than unavoidable impurities.
- a Ni alloy that does not contain In other than inevitable impurities refers to an alloy that contains other metals in addition to Ni, but does not contain In in an amount that can be regarded as an unavoidable impurity.
- the Ni coating layer 3a is made of Ni.
- FIG. 1B shows the layer structure of the metal material 1B according to the second embodiment.
- the intermediate layer 3 has a two-layer structure composed of a Ni coating layer 3a and an alloy layer 3b. That is, the Ni coating layer 3a is formed by coating the surface of the substrate 2, and the alloy layer 3b is formed by coating the surface of the Ni coating layer 3a. Furthermore, an In coating layer 4 is formed to cover the surface of the alloy layer 3b.
- the Ni coating layer 3a has the same composition as the Ni coating layer 3a included in the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment described above.
- the alloy layer 3b is made of an alloy containing Ni and In.
- the alloy layer 3b is formed as a layer containing Ni--In alloy as a main component, or as a layer consisting only of Ni--In alloy excluding unavoidable impurities.
- the composition of the Ni—In alloy contained in the alloy layer 3b is not particularly limited.
- an alloy of Ni and In an intermetallic compound having a composition of Ni 3 In 7 is likely to be formed, and the alloy layer 3b in this embodiment also preferably contains Ni 3 In 7 .
- the Ni--In alloy contained in the intermediate layer 3 is preferably composed mainly of Ni 3 In 7 , and the entire Ni--In alloy contained in the alloy layer 3b except for inevitable components is more preferably composed of Ni 3 In 7 .
- Ni and In are metals that easily form alloys, and are particularly prone to alloying when subjected to heating. Therefore, when the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment in which the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4 are laminated as described above is left in a high temperature environment, the interface between the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4 , the alloying progresses, and the metal material 1B according to the second form is likely to be formed.
- FIG. 1C shows the layer structure of a metal material 1C according to the third embodiment.
- the intermediate layer 3 has a single-layer structure composed of the alloy layer 3b. That is, the alloy layer 3b is formed by directly covering the surface of the substrate 2, and the In coating layer 4 is formed by directly covering the surface of the alloy layer 3b.
- This alloy layer 3b has the same composition as the alloy layer 3b contained in the metal material 1B according to the second embodiment described above.
- the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment in which the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4 are laminated as described above is left in a high temperature environment, part of each of Ni and In is alloyed, and Ni
- the metal material 1B according to the second embodiment, in which the alloy layer 3b is formed between the coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4, is obtained.
- the metal material 1B according to the second embodiment is left in a high-temperature environment for a longer period of time, the alloying progresses further, and all the Ni constituting the Ni coating layer 3a forms an alloy with In.
- the metal material 1C according to the third form is likely to be formed.
- the metal materials 1 according to the embodiments of the present disclosure include an In coating layer 4. Therefore, in the outermost surface of the metal material 1, the characteristics of In can be exhibited. In is a very soft metal and has solid lubricity. Therefore, the surface of the In coating layer 4 exhibits a low coefficient of friction. Therefore, when the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is used as a constituent material of a member such as a connection terminal that slides with another member, it is possible to reduce the force required for sliding. becomes.
- connection terminal In the case of the connection terminal, the insertion force, which is the force required for inserting and fitting the connection terminal, can be kept small.
- In is a metal with high electrical conductivity, and even if it is oxidized on the outermost surface, the oxide film is easily destroyed by the application of a load or the like. Therefore, when the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is used as a constituent material of an electrical connection member such as a connection terminal, the contact resistance is suppressed on the surface of the In coating layer 4, and high connection reliability is obtained. be able to.
- the Ni coating layer 3a made of Ni or a Ni alloy and the alloy layer 3b made of an alloy containing Ni and In are interposed between the In coating layer 4 and the base material 2 to function as diffusion suppression layers, It is possible to suppress the diffusion of the metal such as Cu that forms the base material 2 into the In coating layer 4 . Then, the metal forming the base material 2 is prevented from forming an alloy with In in the layer of the In coating layer 4, or from diffusing to the outermost surface to form an oxide and lowering the contact resistance. be able to.
- the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 together contain 7/3 times more In than Ni, that is, more than 2.33 times the atomic number ratio.
- In is a metal that easily forms an alloy with Ni, especially at high temperatures. Therefore, when the metal material 1 is placed in a high-temperature environment, In contained in the In coating layer 4 may form an alloy with Ni contained in the lower intermediate layer 3 .
- an alloy of In and Ni an intermetallic compound of Ni 3 In 7 is likely to be formed, and the amount of In alloyed with Ni is 7/3 times that of Ni in terms of atomic ratio.
- the total content of In atoms in the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 is more than 7/3 times that of Ni atoms. Assuming that all of the Ni contained in the layer 3 forms an alloy with In constituting the In coating layer 4 and/or In contained in the intermediate layer 3 (alloy layer 3b) to form Ni 3 In 7 Also, surplus In not alloyed with Ni remains as the In coating layer 4 . That is, in the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, the In coating layer 4 remains on the outermost surface even if the alloying of In and Ni progresses through a high-temperature environment.
- the metal material 1 has high heat resistance. If the In coating layer 4 does not remain on the outermost surface of the metal material and the alloy layer 3b is exposed after passing through a high-temperature environment, the alloy containing Ni and In is hard, so that In Since it does not exhibit such excellent solid lubricity and low contact resistance, the surface of the metal material is less suitable as an electrical connection member such as a connection terminal than before being placed in a high temperature environment.
- Ni3In7 As alloys of In and Ni , other than Ni3In7 , intermetallic compounds having compositions such as NiIn, Ni2In, and Ni3In are known. However, among those intermetallics, Ni 3 In 7 is the intermetallic with the highest ratio of In to Ni. Therefore, in the metal material 1, the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 together contain more In atoms than 7/3 times the Ni atoms. Even if other intermetallic compounds are formed, the In coating layer 4 can remain on the outermost surface of the metal material 1 .
- the content of In in the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 together is 2.5 times that of Ni in terms of atomic number ratio. More preferably, it is 4 times or more, or 3.0 times or more.
- the upper limit of the In content based on Ni is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of not using an excessive amount of In, for example, the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 may be It is preferable that the content of Ni is four times or less that of Ni in terms of atomic number ratio.
- the alloying of Ni and In easily progresses in a high-temperature environment.
- part of Ni constituting the Ni coating layer 3a forms a Ni—In alloy
- the Ni coating layer An alloy layer 3 b is formed between 3 a and the In coating layer 4 .
- all of the Ni constituting the Ni coating layer 3a forms a Ni--In alloy to grow the alloy layer 3b.
- the number of In atoms forming the In coating layer 4 is more than 7/3 times that of the Ni atoms forming the Ni coating layer 3a.
- the outermost surface contains In that does not form an alloy with Ni, and an In coating layer 4 remains on the outermost surface. It will be.
- the alloying of Ni and In may progress further in a high-temperature environment.
- all the Ni forming the Ni coating layer 3a forms a Ni--In alloy to form the alloy layer 3b.
- the total number of In atoms contained in the In coating layer 4 and the alloy layer 3b is more than 7/3 times that of the Ni atoms constituting the Ni coating layer 3a and the alloy layer 3b.
- the outermost surface contains In that does not form an alloy with Ni even after further alloying. The In coating layer 4 will remain.
- the intermediate layer 3 does not contain the Ni coating layer 3a
- the further alloy formation basically does not proceed, and the In coating layer formed on the outermost surface 4 is retained as it is even after passing through a high temperature environment.
- the intermetallic compound having a low ratio of In to Ni such as NiIn, Ni 2 In, and Ni 3 In
- the intermetallic compound having a high ratio of In such as Ni 3 In 7 Even if the conversion to the compound progresses, the state of having the In coating layer 4 on the outermost surface is maintained.
- the alloy layer 3b is actively formed. not something.
- the alloy layer 3b made of an alloy containing Ni and In may be positively formed as at least part of the intermediate layer 3 .
- the presence of the hard alloy layer 3b under the soft In coating layer 4 enhances the effect of reducing the coefficient of friction on the surface of the In coating layer 4. can be done.
- the atomic ratio of In to Ni is more than 7/3 times that of the single In layer.
- the thickness of the In layer is greater than 5.55 times the thickness of the Ni layer. Therefore, in the metal materials 1A and 1B according to the first embodiment and the second embodiment in which the intermediate layer 3 includes the Ni coating layer 3a, the thickness of the In coating layer 4 is 5 times the thickness of the Ni coating layer 3a.
- the In coating layer 4 containing In that is not alloyed with Ni is reduced to the maximum of the metal materials 1A and 1B even after going through a high temperature environment. It becomes easy to make it remain reliably on the surface.
- the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4 are adjacent to each other, In a high-temperature environment, alloying is likely to progress, but if the above thickness ratio is adopted, the In coating layer 4 can remain on the surface of the metal material 1A even after alloying.
- the specific thicknesses of the In coating layer 4 and the Ni coating layer 3a are not particularly limited, but the thickness of the Ni coating layer 3a
- the thickness is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, for example, from the viewpoint of enhancing the effect of forming the Ni coating layer 3a on the surface of the substrate 2, such as suppressing the diffusion of the substrate metal. Even when the thickness of the Ni coating layer 3a is 1 ⁇ m or less, a high effect of suppressing the diffusion of the base metal is exhibited.
- a configuration in which the thickness of the Ni coating layer 3a is 1 ⁇ m or less and the thickness of the In coating layer 4 is 6 ⁇ m or more can be exemplified.
- the In coating layer 4 has a thickness of 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the In coating layer 4 is not specified, it is preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, for example, from the viewpoint of avoiding excessive thickness.
- the thickness of the Ni coating layer 3a exemplified above is 1 ⁇ m or less and the In coating layer 4 is 6 ⁇ m or more.
- the content of Ni is 0.89 mg/cm 2 or less, and the content of In is 4.3 mg/cm 2 or more.
- the In coating layer 4 containing In not forming an alloy with Ni is likely to remain reliably on the outermost surfaces of the metal materials 1A, 1B, and 1C.
- a manufacturing method of the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and a manufacturing method according to the specific configuration of the intermediate layer 3 may be applied.
- the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment can be manufactured by forming a Ni raw material layer and an In raw material layer on the surface of the substrate 2 in this order.
- the Ni raw material layer is a layer composed of Ni or a Ni alloy that does not contain In except for inevitable impurities, and it becomes the Ni coating layer 3a as it is in the manufactured metal material 1A.
- the In raw material layer is composed of In or composed of an In alloy containing no Ni except for inevitable impurities, and becomes the In coating layer 4 as it is in the metal material 1A to be manufactured.
- a plating method can be preferably used.
- the thickness of the In raw material layer is set to 5.6 times or more the thickness of the Ni raw material layer. Then, the atomic ratio of In used as a raw material is more than 7/3 times that of Ni. Even if the alloying progresses between, the In coating layer 4 containing In that does not alloy with Ni remains on the outermost surface.
- the thickness of the Ni raw material layer should be 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, and the thickness of the In raw material layer should be 6 ⁇ m or less.
- the metal material 1B according to the second form is manufactured using the metal material 1A according to the first form as a raw material. That is, when the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment is placed in a high-temperature environment such as 150° C. or higher during storage or use, Ni constituting the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4 are formed. An alloy layer 3 b containing a Ni—In alloy is formed between the Ni coating layer 3 a and the In coating layer 4 . By forming the alloy layer 3b, the metal material 1B according to the second form is produced.
- the metal material 1C according to the third form is manufactured using the metal material 1A according to the first form or the metal material 1B according to the second form as raw materials.
- a high-temperature environment such as 150° C. or higher during storage or use
- the alloying of Ni and In progresses, and the alloy layer 3b between the Ni coating layer 3a and the In coating layer 4, and if the metal material 1B according to the second mode is left for a longer period of time or at a higher temperature
- the alloying of Ni and In further progresses, and all of the Ni constituting the Ni coating layer 3a is consumed by the alloying with In.
- the alloy layer 3b grows, the Ni coating layer 3a disappears, and the intermediate layer 3 becomes the metal material 1C according to the third embodiment in which the alloy layer 3b alone is formed.
- the alloy layers 3b contained in the metal materials 1B and 1C according to the second and third embodiments are not formed intentionally, and the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment includes Ni It is formed by the spontaneous progression of alloying from the interface between the coating layer 3 a and the In coating layer 4 .
- the metal material 1A according to the first embodiment includes Ni It is formed by the spontaneous progression of alloying from the interface between the coating layer 3 a and the In coating layer 4 .
- the alloy layer 3b may be intentionally formed from the viewpoint of avoiding the state of the metal material 1 from changing with time due to progress.
- the metal material 1A according to the first mode as a raw material
- the formation of the alloy layer 3b is promoted, and the metal material 1B according to the second mode or the third metal material A metal material 1C according to the form can be manufactured.
- the alloy layer 3b may be separately formed on the surface of the Ni coating layer 3a by alloy plating or the like, and the In coating layer 4 may be formed thereon.
- connection terminal includes the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure described above, for example, any one of the metal materials 1A, 1B, and 1C according to the first, second, and third forms. It is configured. At least, a region including a contact portion that makes electrical contact with a counterpart conductive member should be made of the metal material 1 according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- An intermediate layer 3 and an In coating layer 4 are formed on the surface of the substrate 2 at least at the contact portion. On the surface of the connection terminal, if the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 are formed in this order at least on the contact portion, the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 respectively cover the entire surface of the connection terminal. It may cover only a part of the region.
- FIG. 2 shows a female connector terminal 20 as an example of a connection terminal according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the female connector terminal 20 has the same shape as a known mating female connector terminal. That is, the pinching portion 23 is formed in a cylindrical shape with an open front, and the elastic contact piece 21 is formed inside the bottom surface of the pinching portion 23 and is folded back inward.
- a tab-shaped male connector terminal 30 as a counterpart conductive member is inserted into the clamping portion 23 of the female connector terminal 20 , the elastic contact piece 21 of the female connector terminal 20 is pushed into the clamping portion 23 .
- the surface of the ceiling portion of the clamping portion 23 facing the elastic contact piece 21 serves as an inner facing contact surface 22, and the male connector terminal 30 is pressed against the inner facing contact surface 22 by the elastic contact piece 21, thereby forming a male connector.
- the terminal 30 is clamped and held in the clamping portion 23 .
- the female connector terminal 20 is entirely composed of the metal material 1 having the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 according to the above embodiment.
- the surface of the metal material 1 on which the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4 are formed faces the inner side of the clamping portion 23 and constitutes the surfaces of the elastic contact piece 21 and the inner facing contact surface 22 facing each other. , and the In coating layer 4 is exposed on the outermost surfaces of those surfaces.
- the female connector terminal 20 is entirely composed of the metal material 1 having the intermediate layer 3 and the In coating layer 4. , that is, the surface of the embossed portion 21a of the elastic contact piece 21 and the surface of the inner facing contact surface 22, it may be formed in any range.
- the connection terminals according to the embodiments of the present disclosure include, in addition to the fitting type female connector terminals and male connector terminals described above, press-fit terminals that are press-fitted and connected to through holes formed in a printed circuit board. , can be in various forms.
- Various connection terminals according to embodiments of the present disclosure can be housed in a connector housing made of an insulating material, for example, and used in the form of a connector.
- a common connector housing may be in the form of a multipolar connector in which a plurality of connection terminals according to embodiments of the present disclosure are accommodated.
- connection terminal according to the embodiment of the present disclosure can be suitably used in environments that can reach high temperatures, such as in automobiles. 2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, in the field of automobiles, connectors have become multipolar, and from the viewpoint of suppressing the insertion force of the connector as a whole, there is a demand for low insertion force in each of the numerous connection terminals included in the connector. In addition, since there are many places where the temperature is high in the automobile, the connection terminals are required to have high heat resistance. Therefore, due to the contribution of the In coating layer 4, the connection terminal according to the embodiment of the present disclosure, which can obtain low insertion force and high connection reliability and can maintain the characteristics of In even at high temperatures, is preferably used in automobiles. can do.
- a metal material according to the first embodiment which has a Ni coating layer and an In coating layer on the surface of the base material, is manufactured, and changes when placed in a high-temperature environment are verified.
- samples were prepared and evaluated at room temperature in air.
- ⁇ Preparation of sample> A Ni layer and an In layer were formed in this order on the surface of the copper alloy substrate by electroplating. As samples, the thickness of the Ni layer was set to 1 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the In layer was set to 1.5 ⁇ m. Separately, the following three samples were prepared by varying the thickness of the Ni layer and the In layer for use in identifying the crystal layer after heating below.
- Reference sample-Ni layer thickness: 1.0 ⁇ m, In layer thickness: 0.5 ⁇ m (atomic number ratio [In] / [Ni] 0.21)
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the heating time at 150° C. (horizontal axis) and the thickness of the alloyed In layer (vertical axis). According to the figure, the thickness of the alloyed In layer increases linearly as the heating time increases. The approximate straight line is also displayed in the figure, and the approximate straight line approximates the data points well. From this, it can be seen that the alloying of Ni and In proceeds at a rate that can be regarded as constant in the laminated structure of the Ni layer and the In layer. In the initial state where no heating is performed (zero heating time), the thickness of the alloyed In layer is almost zero, and almost no alloying of Ni and In occurs.
- samples 1 and 2 were heated at 150° C. for 210 hours, and if this heating time of 210 hours is applied to t in the approximate expression above, an alloy is formed.
- the thickness L of the In layer is 10.33 ⁇ m. This is greater than the thickness of the In layers of samples 1 and 2, and the heating time of 210 hours is sufficiently long as the time for the alloying of all Ni to proceed in samples 1 and 2. is confirmed.
- FIG. 4 shows XRD measurement results.
- the horizontal axis indicates 2 ⁇ (unit: degree), and the vertical axis indicates diffraction X-ray intensity (arbitrary unit). be.
- the reference sample since the In layer was formed thinner than that of the samples 1 and 2, the peak derived from Ni is stronger, so the scale of the vertical axis is set to 0.5 times.
- the peak positions corresponding to the crystals of various metals are indicated by symbols based on the information in the database.
- An open circle ( ⁇ ) represents In
- a black circle ( ⁇ ) represents Ni 3 In 7
- a triangle ( ⁇ ) represents Ni
- a square ( ⁇ ) represents Cu.
- FIG. 4 first, the measurement results (bottom row) of the reference sample that has not undergone heating are seen.
- the reference sample in addition to the Cu peak of the base material, In and Ni peaks appear with great intensity. Although the peak of Ni 3 In 7 appears, the intensity is generally lower than the peaks of In and Ni. From this, in the laminated structure of the Ni layer and the In layer that has not undergone heating, as shown by the data point of the test (1) above at zero heating time, only a small amount of alloy formation occurs between Ni and In. not It is also confirmed that most of the Ni layered as the Ni layer is in the state of single Ni, and most of the In layered as the In layer is in the state of single In.
- the In layer is formed thinner than the Ni layer, and the atomic ratio [ In ]/[Ni] is that of Ni3In7 .
- the sample 1 in which the In layer is formed thicker than the Ni layer and the atomic ratio [In]/[Ni] is greater than 7/3 even after alloying between In and Ni, , an unalloyed simple In layer remains on the sample surface.
- the contact resistance of the surface of Sample 1 was measured before and after heating. It was 8 m ⁇ , and about 1 m ⁇ in the state after heating. That is, even after heating, the contact resistance increased only slightly, and the absolute value was kept small. This corresponds to the formation of a non-alloyed In layer on the surface of the sample 1 after heating. It is considered that the effect of reducing the contact resistance of In is maintained even after heating because the non-alloyed In layer remains.
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Abstract
Description
最初に本開示の実施形態を列記して説明する。
以下に、本開示の実施形態について、図面を用いて詳細に説明する。本明細書において、各元素の含有量(濃度)は、特記しない限り、原子%等、原子数を基準として示すものとする。また、単体金属には、不可避的不純物を含有する場合も含むものとする。合金には、特記しないかぎり、固溶体である場合も、金属間化合物を構成する場合も、含むものとする。ある金属を主成分とする合金とは、その金属元素が、組成中に50原子%以上含まれる合金を指すものとする。
以下、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材について、説明する。本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材を用いて、後に説明する本開示の実施形態にかかる接続端子を構成することができる。また、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材を、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材の製造方法によって製造することができる。
まず、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材の概略について、説明する。本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1は、後に説明する構造例を示した図1A~1Cにあるように、基材2の表面に、中間層3と、In被覆層4を有している。基材2の表面を被覆して中間層3が設けられ、その中間層3を被覆し、最表面に露出して、In被覆層4が設けられている。
図1Aに、第一の形態にかかる金属材1Aの層構成を示す。この金属材1Aにおいては、中間層3が、Ni被覆層3aより構成された単層構造を有している。つまり、基材2の表面を直接被覆して、Ni被覆層3aが形成され、そのNi被覆層3aの表面を直接被覆して、In被覆層4が形成されている。
図1Bに、第二の形態にかかる金属材1Bの層構成を示す。この金属材1Bにおいては、中間層3が、Ni被覆層3aと合金層3bより構成された2層構造を有している。つまり、基材2の表面を被覆して、Ni被覆層3aが形成され、そのNi被覆層3aの表面を被覆して、合金層3bが形成されている。さらに、合金層3bの表面を被覆して、In被覆層4が形成されている。
図1Cに、第三の形態にかかる金属材1Cの層構成を示す。この金属材1Cにおいては、中間層3が、合金層3bより構成された単層構造を有している。つまり、基材2の表面を直接被覆して、合金層3bが形成され、その合金層3bの表面を直接被覆して、In被覆層4が形成されている。この合金層3bは、上記で説明した第二の形態にかかる金属材1Bに含まれる合金層3bと、同様の組成を有している。
上記で説明した第一の形態、第二の形態、第三の形態にかかる金属材1A,1B,1Cをはじめとして、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1は、最表面に、In被覆層4を有している。そのため、金属材1の最表面において、Inが有する特性を発揮させることができる。Inは、非常に軟らかい金属であり、固体潤滑性を有する。よって、In被覆層4の表面は、低い摩擦係数を示す。そのため、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1を、接続端子等、他の部材との間の摺動を伴う部材の構成材料として用いた際に、摺動に要する力を小さく抑えることが可能となる。接続端子の場合には、接続端子の挿入や嵌合に要する力である挿入力を、小さく抑えることができる。また、Inは、電気伝導性の高い金属であるうえ、最表面で酸化を受けても、荷重の印加等によって、酸化膜が容易に破壊される。よって、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1を、接続端子等、電気接続部材の構成材料として用いた際に、In被覆層4の表面において、接触抵抗を小さく抑え、高い接続信頼性を得ることができる。
本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1の製造方法は、特に限定されるものではなく、中間層3の具体的な構成に応じた製造方法を適用すればよい。
次に、本開示の実施形態にかかる接続端子について説明する。本実施形態にかかる接続端子は、上記で説明した本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1、例えば第一、第二、第三の形態にかかる金属材1A,1B,1Cのいずれかを含んで構成されるものである。少なくとも、相手方導電部材と電気的に接触する接点部を含む領域が、本開示の実施形態にかかる金属材1より構成されていればよい。そして、少なくとも接点部において、基材2の表面に、中間層3とIn被覆層4が形成されている。接続端子の表面において、少なくとも接点部に、中間層3とIn被覆層4が、この積層順で形成されていれば、中間層3およびIn被覆層4は、それぞれ、接続端子の表面全体を被覆していても、一部の領域のみを被覆していてもよい。
銅合金基材の表面に、電解めっき法により、Ni層とIn層をこの順に作製した。試料としては、Ni層の厚さを1μm、In層の厚さを1.5μmとして、下記で合金化の速度を検証するための検証用試料を作製した。また、別途、下記で加熱後の結晶層の同定に用いるために、Ni層およびIn層の厚さを異ならせて、以下の3とおりの試料を作製した。
・試料1-Ni層の厚さ:1.16μm、In層の厚さ:9.20μm(原子数比[In]/[Ni]=3.30)
・試料2-Ni層の厚さ:1.01μm、In層の厚さ:1.25μm(原子数比[In]/[Ni]=0.519)
・参照試料-Ni層の厚さ:1.0μm、In層の厚さ:0.5μm(原子数比[In]/[Ni]=0.21)
(1)合金化の速度
上記で作製した検証用試料を、150℃の恒温槽に投入した。所定時間経過後に、恒温槽から取り出し、In層のみを剥離後、合金中のInの含有量を蛍光X線膜厚計によって計測することで、Niと合金を形成したIn層の厚さ(合金形成に費やされたIn層の厚さ)を見積もった。恒温槽にて加熱する時間を変化させて、加熱時間と、合金を形成したIn層の厚さとの関係を評価した。
上記で作製した試料1および試料2を、150℃の恒温槽にて210時間加熱した。加熱後の試料1,2、および加熱を経ていない参照試料に対して、X線回折(XRD)測定を行った。測定は、線源としてCu Kα線を用い、θ-2θ法によって行った。入射角は1°、測定範囲は5~80°とした。
(1)合金化の速度
図3に、150℃での加熱時間(横軸)と、合金を形成したIn層の厚さ(縦軸)の関係を示す。図によると、加熱時間の増大に伴って、合金を形成したIn層の厚さが、直線的に大きくなっている。図中に近似直線も表示しているが、近似直線は、データ点をよく近似するものとなっている。このことから、Ni層とIn層の積層構造において、NiとInの合金化は、一定とみなすことができる速度で進行することが分かる。加熱を行っていない初期状態(加熱時間ゼロ)においては、合金を形成したIn層の厚さはほぼゼロであり、NiとInの合金化は、ほぼ起こっていない。
図4に、試料1および試料2を150℃で210時間加熱した後の状態、および加熱を経ず室温に保持したままの参照試料に対して得られたXRDの測定結果を示す。横軸が2θ(単位:度)、縦軸が回折X線強度(任意単位)を示しており、上段が加熱後の試料1、中段が加熱後の試料2、下段が非加熱の参照試料である。参照試料については、試料1,2よりもIn層を薄く形成したことに起因して、Ni由来のピークが強くなっているため、縦軸のスケールを0.5倍にして表示している。図中には、データベースの情報をもとに、各種金属の結晶に対応するピーク位置を、記号にて表示している。白抜き円(〇)がIn、黒塗り円(●)がNi3In7、三角形(△)がNi、正方形(□)がCuを表している。
1A 第一の形態にかかる金属材
1B 第二の形態にかかる金属材
1C 第三の形態にかかる金属材
2 基材
3 中間層
3a Ni被覆層
3b 合金層
4 In被覆層
20 メス型コネクタ端子
21 弾性接触片
21a エンボス部
22 内部対向接触面
23 挟圧部
30 オス型コネクタ端子
Claims (11)
- 基材と、
少なくともNiを含み、前記基材の表面を被覆する中間層と、
In、またはNiを不可避的不純物以外に含有しないIn合金よりなり、前記中間層の表面を被覆し、最表面に露出したIn被覆層と、を有し、
前記中間層と前記In被覆層を合わせて、原子数比で、InがNiの7/3倍よりも多く含有されている、金属材。 - Ni、またはInを不可避的不純物以外に含有しないNi合金よりなる層をNi被覆層とし、
NiとInを含む合金よりなる層を合金層として、
前記中間層は、下記の第一の構造、第二の構造、第三の構造のいずれかを有している、請求項1に記載の金属材。
第一の構造においては、前記中間層が、前記Ni被覆層よりなり、
第二の構造においては、前記中間層が、前記Ni被覆層と、前記Ni被覆層の表面を被覆する前記合金層と、よりなり、
第三の構造においては、前記中間層が、前記合金層よりなる。 - 前記被覆層は、前記第一の構造または前記第二の構造を有し、
前記In被覆層の厚さは、前記Ni被覆層の厚さの5.6倍以上である、請求項2に記載の金属材。 - 前記被覆層は、前記第一の構造または前記第二の構造を有し、
前記Ni被覆層の厚さは、1μm以下である、請求項2または請求項3に記載の金属材。 - 前記中間層は、前記第一の構造を有している、請求項3または請求項4に記載の金属材。
- 前記中間層は、前記第二の構造または前記第三の構造を有し、
前記合金層は、Ni3In7なる金属間化合物を含有する、請求項2から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の金属材。 - 前記中間層と前記In被覆層を合わせた単位面積あたりの含有量で、
Niの含有量は、0.89mg/cm2以下、
Inの含有量は、4.3mg/cm2以上である、請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の金属材。 - 前記基材は、CuまたはCu合金よりなる、請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の金属材。
- 請求項1から請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の金属材を含んで構成され、少なくとも、相手方導電部材と電気的に接触する接点部において、前記基材の表面に、前記中間層と前記In被覆層が形成されている、接続端子。
- 基材の表面に、
Ni、またはInを不可避的不純物以外に含有しないNi合金よりなるNi原料層を形成し、
さらに前記Ni被覆層の表面を被覆し、最表面に露出させて、In、またはNiを不可避的不純物以外に含有しないIn合金よりなるIn原料層を、前記Ni原料層の5.6倍以上の厚さで形成する、金属材の製造方法。 - 前記Ni原料層の厚さを1μm以下とする、請求項10に記載の金属材の製造方法。
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JP2003171790A (ja) * | 2001-01-19 | 2003-06-20 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | めっき材料とその製造方法、それを用いた電気・電子部品 |
JP2006219736A (ja) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-24 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | 表面処理Al板 |
JP2012028139A (ja) * | 2010-07-22 | 2012-02-09 | Shinko Leadmikk Kk | 接続用端子 |
JP2015203139A (ja) * | 2014-04-14 | 2015-11-16 | 株式会社オートネットワーク技術研究所 | コネクタ用電気接点材料、その製造方法及びコネクタ用電気接点材料よりなるコネクタ端子 |
CN105603475A (zh) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-05-25 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | 一种Ti-Ni基记忆合金表面镀铟方法 |
WO2018138928A1 (ja) * | 2017-01-30 | 2018-08-02 | Jx金属株式会社 | 表面処理めっき材、コネクタ端子、コネクタ、ffc端子、ffc、fpc及び電子部品 |
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JP2003171790A (ja) * | 2001-01-19 | 2003-06-20 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | めっき材料とその製造方法、それを用いた電気・電子部品 |
JP2006219736A (ja) * | 2005-02-14 | 2006-08-24 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | 表面処理Al板 |
JP2012028139A (ja) * | 2010-07-22 | 2012-02-09 | Shinko Leadmikk Kk | 接続用端子 |
JP2015203139A (ja) * | 2014-04-14 | 2015-11-16 | 株式会社オートネットワーク技術研究所 | コネクタ用電気接点材料、その製造方法及びコネクタ用電気接点材料よりなるコネクタ端子 |
CN105603475A (zh) * | 2014-11-21 | 2016-05-25 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | 一种Ti-Ni基记忆合金表面镀铟方法 |
WO2018138928A1 (ja) * | 2017-01-30 | 2018-08-02 | Jx金属株式会社 | 表面処理めっき材、コネクタ端子、コネクタ、ffc端子、ffc、fpc及び電子部品 |
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