WO2022163422A1 - 蓄電素子及び蓄電素子用の負極 - Google Patents
蓄電素子及び蓄電素子用の負極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022163422A1 WO2022163422A1 PCT/JP2022/001504 JP2022001504W WO2022163422A1 WO 2022163422 A1 WO2022163422 A1 WO 2022163422A1 JP 2022001504 W JP2022001504 W JP 2022001504W WO 2022163422 A1 WO2022163422 A1 WO 2022163422A1
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- negative electrode
- graphite particles
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/40—Fibres
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/42—Powders or particles, e.g. composition thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a storage element and a negative electrode for the storage element.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries typified by lithium-ion non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally includes an electrode body having a pair of electrodes electrically isolated by a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte interposed between the electrodes, and exchanges ions between the electrodes. It is configured to charge and discharge by performing.
- Capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors and electric double layer capacitors are also widely used as storage elements other than non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Carbon materials such as graphite are used as the negative electrode active material of the storage element for the purpose of increasing the energy density of the storage element and improving the charge/discharge efficiency (see Patent Document 1).
- solid graphite does not have voids in the particles, so input/output performance tends to be lower than that of hollow graphite.
- solid graphite has relatively few reaction active sites and is excellent in durability.
- the present inventors are investigating the use of a mixture of small-particle solid graphite and hollow graphite as a negative electrode active material.
- an electrode plate using a negative electrode active material in which solid graphite having a small particle size and hollow graphite are mixed is press-worked, there have been cases where the charge-discharge cycle performance is lowered.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its main purpose is to provide an electricity storage device that is excellent in charge/discharge cycle performance and output performance.
- a power storage element includes a negative electrode having a negative electrode substrate and a negative electrode active material layer directly or indirectly laminated on at least one surface of the negative electrode substrate, wherein the negative electrode active material layer is It contains solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than that of the solid graphite particles, and a conductive agent, and the conductive agent is fibrous carbon.
- the charge/discharge cycle performance is excellent, and the output performance is excellent.
- FIG. 1 is a see-through perspective view showing one embodiment of a power storage device.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a power storage device configured by assembling a plurality of power storage elements.
- a power storage element includes a negative electrode having a negative electrode substrate and a negative electrode active material layer directly or indirectly laminated on at least one surface of the negative electrode substrate, wherein the negative electrode active material layer is It contains solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than that of the solid graphite particles, and a conductive agent, and the conductive agent is fibrous carbon.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than that of the solid graphite particles, and fibrous carbon as a conductive agent.
- the negative electrode included in the power storage element contains solid graphite particles with a small median diameter and hollow graphite particles with a larger median diameter than the solid graphite particles, so that the difference in resistance between the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is reduced. is reduced.
- the current distribution during charging and discharging in the electric storage element becomes smaller, and the difference in progress of deterioration between the hollow graphite particles with a large median diameter and the solid graphite particles with a small median diameter becomes smaller.
- the negative electrode included in the electric storage element contains fibrous carbon as a conductive agent, good electronic conduction is achieved by connecting solid graphite particles with a small median diameter, hollow graphite particles with a large median diameter, and fibrous carbon. and the good electronic conductivity is maintained for a long period of time even after charge-discharge cycles. These are considered to contribute to the improvement of charge/discharge cycle performance and output performance.
- the relationship between the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles and the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles satisfies 1 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 10.
- the solid graphite particles have a median diameter D1 of 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 5 ⁇ m. Further, the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles is 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles and the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles are within the above ranges, respectively, it is possible to suitably obtain an electricity storage device with excellent charge/discharge cycle performance and excellent output performance. .
- the fibrous carbon has an average aspect ratio of 50 or more and 100 or less. By using fibrous carbon having an average aspect ratio within the above range, the application effect of this aspect can be exhibited more favorably.
- a negative electrode for a storage element includes a negative electrode substrate and a negative electrode active material layer directly or indirectly laminated on at least one surface of the negative electrode substrate, wherein the negative electrode active material
- the layer contains solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than the solid graphite particles, and a conductive agent, and the conductive agent is fibrous carbon. Since the negative electrode contains solid graphite particles with a small median diameter and hollow graphite particles with a larger median diameter than the solid graphite particles, the resistance difference between the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is reduced.
- the current distribution during charging and discharging in the electric storage element becomes smaller, and the difference in progress of deterioration between the hollow graphite particles with a large median diameter and the solid graphite particles with a small median diameter becomes smaller.
- the negative electrode contains fibrous carbon as a conductive agent, solid graphite particles with a small median diameter, hollow graphite particles with a large median diameter, and fibrous carbon are connected to each other, thereby exhibiting good electronic conductivity. And the good electronic conductivity is maintained for a long period of time even after charge-discharge cycles. It is believed that these factors contribute to the improvement of charge/discharge cycle performance and output performance of the storage element using the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode for a power storage element and a power storage element according to one embodiment of the present invention and other embodiments will be described in detail below. Note that the name of each component (each component) used in each embodiment may be different from the name of each component (each component) used in the background art.
- a negative electrode for a power storage device has a negative electrode substrate and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on at least one surface of the negative electrode substrate directly or via an intermediate layer.
- a negative electrode base material has electroconductivity. Whether or not a material has "conductivity" is determined using a volume resistivity of 10 7 ⁇ cm as a threshold measured according to JIS-H-0505 (1975).
- materials for the negative electrode substrate metals such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, alloys thereof, carbonaceous materials, and the like are used. Among these, copper or a copper alloy is preferred.
- the negative electrode substrate include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, copper foil or copper alloy foil is preferable as the negative electrode substrate.
- Examples of copper foil include rolled copper foil and electrolytic copper foil.
- the average thickness of the negative electrode substrate is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the intermediate layer is a layer arranged between the negative electrode substrate and the negative electrode active material layer.
- the intermediate layer reduces the contact resistance between the negative electrode substrate and the negative electrode active material layer by containing a conductive agent such as carbon particles.
- the composition of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a binder and a conductive agent.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than the solid graphite particles, and a conductive agent.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains optional components such as binders, thickeners, and fillers, if necessary.
- graphite is a carbon material having an average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane measured by X-ray diffraction before charging/discharging or in a discharged state is less than 0.34 nm. .
- the discharged state means a state in which the carbon material, which is the negative electrode active material, is discharged such that lithium ions that can be inserted and released are sufficiently released during charging and discharging.
- the open circuit voltage is 0.7 V or higher.
- Solid in this specification means that the inside of the particles is packed and there are substantially no voids. More specifically, as used herein, the term “solid” refers to the area of the entire particle in the cross section of the particle observed in an SEM image obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It means that the area ratio excluding the inner void is 95% or more. In a preferred embodiment, the solid graphite particles may have an area ratio of 97% or more (eg, 99% or more). The term “hollow” means that the cross section of the particle observed in the SEM image obtained using the SEM has an area ratio of less than 95% with respect to the area of the entire particle, excluding voids within the particle. In a preferred embodiment, the hollow graphite particles may have an area ratio of 92% or less (eg, 90% or less).
- the area ratio R excluding voids in the particles relative to the area of the entire graphite particles can be determined by the following procedure.
- a powder of graphite particles to be measured is fixed with a thermosetting resin. Using a cross-section polisher, a cross-section of the resin-fixed graphite particles is exposed to prepare a sample for measurement.
- Graphite particles to be measured are prepared by the following procedure. If the graphite particles before assembling the electric storage element can be prepared, they are used as they are. When preparing from the assembled electric storage element, the electric storage element is discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C to the discharge end voltage in normal use to be in a discharged state.
- the discharged electric storage element is disassembled, the negative electrode is taken out, and the negative electrode is thoroughly washed with dimethyl carbonate, and then dried under reduced pressure at room temperature to collect graphite particles from the negative electrode.
- the operations from dismantling the electric storage device to preparing the graphite particles to be measured are performed in a dry air atmosphere with a dew point of -40°C or lower.
- the term "during normal use” refers to the case where the storage element is used under the charging/discharging conditions recommended or specified for the storage element, and a charger for the storage element is provided. case, it refers to the case of using the storage device by applying the charger.
- JSM-7001F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- the SEM image shall be a secondary electron image.
- the acceleration voltage is 15 kV.
- the observation magnification is set to such a magnification that the number of graphite particles appearing in one field of view is 3 or more and 15 or less.
- the obtained SEM image is saved as an image file.
- various conditions such as spot diameter, working distance, irradiation current, brightness, and focus are appropriately set so that the outline of the graphite particles becomes clear.
- the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles is not particularly limited as long as it is larger than the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles (that is, D2>D1).
- D2 is, for example, 5 ⁇ m or more, typically 6 ⁇ m or more.
- D2 is preferably 7 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 7.5 ⁇ m or more.
- D2 may be 8 ⁇ m or greater, or 10 ⁇ m or greater (eg, 12 ⁇ m or greater).
- the hollow graphite particles those having a D2 of 20 ⁇ m or less can be preferably used from the viewpoint of enhancing the output performance.
- D2 is preferably 18 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 16 ⁇ m or less.
- D2 may be 14 ⁇ m or less, or 12 ⁇ m or less (eg, 10 ⁇ m or less).
- the technique disclosed herein can be preferably practiced in a mode in which the hollow graphite particles have a median diameter D2 of 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less (further 6 ⁇ m or more and 16 ⁇ m or less, particularly 8 ⁇ m or more and 14 ⁇ m or less).
- the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles is not particularly limited as long as it is smaller than D2.
- solid graphite particles having a D1 of less than 5 ⁇ m can be preferably used.
- D1 is preferably 4.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less.
- D1 may be 3.6 ⁇ m or less, or 3.4 ⁇ m or less (eg, 3.2 ⁇ m or less).
- D1 is usually 0.5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1.5 ⁇ m or more, and still more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more.
- solid graphite particles having D1 of 2.5 ⁇ m or more may be used.
- solid graphite particles having a D1 of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and less than 8 ⁇ m are preferable, solid graphite particles of 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less are more preferable, and 2 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m. The following are particularly preferred.
- the relationship between D1 and D2 satisfies 1 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 10.
- the relationship between D1 and D2 is 1.5 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 8, more preferably 1.8 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 6, and still more preferably 2 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 5.2, particularly preferably 2.5 ⁇ (D2/D1) ⁇ 4.8.
- (D2/D1) ⁇ 4 typically (D2/D1) ⁇ 3.5 (eg (D2/D1) ⁇ 3).
- the value obtained by subtracting D1 from D2 is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more. Also, D2-D1 is preferably 18 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 12 ⁇ m or less. For example, D2-D1 may be 10 ⁇ m or less, or 6 ⁇ m or less.
- Median diameter means a value (D50) at which the volume-based cumulative distribution calculated in accordance with JIS-Z8819-2 (2001) is 50%. Specifically, it can be a measured value by the following method.
- a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (“SALD-2200” by Shimadzu Corporation) is used as the measurement device, and Wing SALD-2200 is used as the measurement control software.
- a scattering type measurement mode is adopted, and a laser beam is irradiated to a wet cell in which a dispersion liquid in which a measurement sample is dispersed in a dispersion solvent circulates, and a scattered light distribution is obtained from the measurement sample.
- the scattered light distribution is approximated by a logarithmic normal distribution, and the particle diameter corresponding to a cumulative degree of 50% is taken as the median diameter (D50). It has been confirmed that the median diameter based on the above measurement substantially matches the median diameter measured by extracting 100 particles from the SEM image while avoiding extremely large particles and extremely small particles.
- the diameter of each particle in the measurement from this SEM image is defined as the Feret diameter, and the volume of each particle is calculated as a sphere whose diameter is the Feret diameter.
- Type of graphite particles For each of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles, those having an appropriate median size and shape can be appropriately selected and used from various known graphite particles. Examples of such known graphite particles include natural graphite particles and artificial graphite particles.
- natural graphite is a generic term for graphite obtained from natural minerals
- artificial graphite is a generic term for artificially produced graphite.
- graphite particles that can be preferably used as hollow graphite particles include natural graphite particles.
- natural graphite particles have high crystallinity and can effectively contribute to the improvement of the discharge capacity per volume of the negative electrode active material layer of the power storage element.
- natural graphite particles include massive graphite (flake-like graphite) and earthy graphite.
- solid graphite particles natural graphite particles having a median diameter smaller than that of the hollow graphite particles may be used, or artificial graphite particles may be used.
- Such solid graphite particles have no voids inside and can contribute to increasing the bulk density of the negative electrode active material layer by filling the gaps between the hollow graphite particles.
- the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles may be composite particles in which the graphite particles and particles made of another material (for example, another carbon material or Si compound) are combined to form a composite.
- Non-composite particles that are not complexed may also be used.
- the hollow graphite particles and solid graphite particles disclosed herein can preferably be used in the form of non-composite particles in which the graphite particles and particles made of other materials are not combined.
- the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles may be graphite particles whose surfaces are coated (for example, amorphous carbon coating).
- the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles are selected so that the R value (R1) of the hollow graphite particles is smaller than the R value (R2) of the solid graphite particles (that is, R1 ⁇ R2). can do.
- the "R value” is the ratio (I D1 /I G1 ) of the peak intensity (I D1 ) of the D band to the peak intensity (I G1 ) of the G band in the Raman spectrum.
- the relationship between the R value (R2) of the solid graphite particles and the R value (R1) of the hollow graphite particles is 1 ⁇ (R2/R1) ⁇ 4, more preferably 1.2 ⁇ (R2/R1) ⁇ 3, more preferably 1.3 ⁇ (R2/R1) ⁇ 2.5, for example 1.4 ⁇ (R2/R1) ⁇ 2.2.
- R1, R2 the R value of the solid graphite particles
- the effect of application of the present embodiment can be exhibited more preferably.
- various artificial graphite particles can be preferably used as the solid graphite particles.
- the R value (R1) of the hollow graphite particles is generally less than 0.25 (for example, 0.05 or more and less than 0.25), preferably 0.23 or less (for example, 0.10 or more and 0.10 or more). 23 or less), more preferably 0.22 or less (for example, 0.12 or more and 0.22 or less), and still more preferably 0.21 or less.
- the R1 of the hollow graphite particles may be 0.20 or less, or 0.18 or less.
- the R value (R2) of the solid graphite particles can be generally 0.25 or more (for example, 0.25 or more and 0.80 or less), for example, 0.28 or more (for example, 0.28 or more and 0.70 or less). ), typically 0.30 or more (for example, 0.30 or more and 0.60 or less).
- the solid graphite particles may have an R2 of 0.50 or less, or 0.40 or less.
- the "Raman spectrum” is obtained by performing Raman spectroscopic measurement using Horiba Ltd.'s "HR Revolution” under the conditions of a laser wavelength of 532 nm (YAG laser), a grating of 600 g/mm, and a measurement magnification of 100 times. .
- Raman spectroscopic measurement is performed in the range of 200 cm ⁇ 1 to 4000 cm ⁇ 1
- the obtained Raman spectral data is obtained by using the Raman intensity at 4000 cm ⁇ 1 as the base intensity and the maximum Raman intensity in the above measurement range. (for example, intensity of G band).
- the hollow graphite particles and solid graphite particles may be spherical or non-spherical, for example.
- specific examples of non-spherical shapes include spindle shapes (eg, elliptical shapes, oval shapes), scaly shapes, plate shapes, and the like.
- As the solid graphite particles those having a spindle shape can be particularly preferably employed.
- the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles may have uneven surfaces.
- the hollow graphite particles and solid graphite particles may contain particles in which a plurality of graphite particles are aggregated.
- the content ratio of the hollow graphite particles to the total content of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is not particularly limited.
- the upper limit of the content ratio is preferably 90% by mass, more preferably 80% by mass, and more preferably 75% by mass.
- the lower limit of the content of the hollow graphite particles is preferably 10% by mass, preferably 20% by mass, and more preferably 30% by mass (eg, 40% by mass).
- the content ratio of the hollow graphite particles to the total content of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is 10% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less (further, 25% by mass or more and 65% by mass). 50% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less).
- the discharge capacity per volume of the negative electrode active material layer can be further increased.
- the content ratio of the hollow graphite particles with respect to the total content of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles can be determined by, for example, the area ratio of each graphite particle in an SEM image or a predetermined atmosphere using a thermogravimetric (TG) device ( For example, it can be grasped from the mass change of the sample in a water vapor atmosphere.
- TG thermogravimetric
- the negative electrode active material layer disclosed herein contains graphite particles other than the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles (hereinafter referred to as third graphite particles) within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention. You can stay.
- third graphite particles it is possible to appropriately select and use various known graphite particles.
- shape of the third graphite particles is not particularly limited, it is preferably spherical or spindle-like with an aspect ratio of 2 or more and 5 or less.
- the total mass of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is 70% by mass or more of the total mass of the graphite particles contained in the negative electrode active material layer. , preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- an electric storage element in which 100% by mass of the graphite particles contained in the negative electrode active material layer is the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is preferable.
- the number of types of graphite particles contained in the negative electrode active material layer can generally be roughly grasped based on the difference in the outer shape of the plurality of types of graphite particles. Differences in the appearance of graphite particles include, for example, differences in average particle diameter, differences in average aspect ratio, differences in surface shape of particles (e.g. presence or absence and degree of surface unevenness, presence or absence and degree of surface coating), particle interior It can be at least one of the difference in sparse and dense shapes of the .
- the outline of the graphite particles can be grasped, for example, from an SEM image.
- the negative electrode active material layer disclosed herein is a carbonaceous active material other than the hollow graphite particles, the solid graphite particles, and the third graphite particles (hereinafter referred to as non-graphitized called a carbonaceous active material).
- Non-graphitizable carbonaceous active materials include non-graphitizable carbon and easily graphitizable carbon.
- non-graphitizable carbon means that the average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane measured by X-ray diffraction before charging/discharging or in the discharged state is 0.36 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less.
- the total mass of the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles should be 70% by mass or more of the total mass of the carbonaceous active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer. is suitable, preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or more. Among them, an electricity storage element in which 100% by mass of the carbonaceous active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer is the hollow graphite particles and the solid graphite particles is preferable.
- the negative electrode active material layer disclosed herein may contain a negative electrode active material (hereinafter referred to as a non-carbonaceous active material) made of a material other than the carbonaceous active material within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- a non-carbonaceous active material include semimetals such as Si, metals such as Sn, oxides of these metals, and composites of these metals and carbon materials.
- the content of the non-carbonaceous active material is, for example, 30% by mass or less, preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer. It is 10% by mass or less.
- the technology disclosed herein can be preferably implemented in a mode in which the total proportion of the carbonaceous active material in the total mass of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer is greater than 90% by mass.
- the proportion of the carbonaceous active material is more preferably 95% by mass or more, still more preferably 98% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 99% by mass or more.
- a power storage element in which 100% by mass of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer is a carbonaceous active material is preferable.
- Fibrous carbon is a component that functions as a conductive agent in the negative electrode active material layer.
- the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited as long as it is a fibrous carbon material. Examples of fibrous carbon include carbon nanofiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, carbon nanotube (CNT), etc. CNT, which is graphene-based carbon, can be preferably used.
- CNTs include single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) formed of one layer of graphene, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) formed of two or more layers (for example, 2 to 20 layers, typically 2 to 60 layers) of graphene ( MWCNT) and the like.
- the CNTs may contain SWCNTs and MWCNTs at any ratio (mass ratio of SWCNTs:MWCNTs is, for example, 100:0 to 50:50, preferably 100:0 to 80:20). Those consisting essentially of SWCNTs are particularly preferred.
- the structure of graphene-based carbon is not particularly limited, and may be any type of chiral (spiral) type, zigzag type, and armchair type. It may also contain catalytic metals (eg, Fe, Co and platinum group elements (Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt)) used in the synthesis of CNTs.
- the aspect ratio (average length L to average diameter D) of fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 20 or more.
- the aspect ratio of the fibrous carbon is preferably 30 or more, more preferably 40 or more, even more preferably 50 or more, particularly preferably 70 or more, from the viewpoint of exhibiting better conductivity.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio of the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of handleability, ease of production, etc., it is suitable to be approximately 2000 or less, preferably 1000 or less, more preferably 500 or less, and even more preferably. is 200 or less, particularly preferably 100 or less.
- fibrous carbon having an average aspect ratio of 50 or more and 200 or less further 50 or more and 100 or less, particularly 70 or more and 100 or less
- the average diameter (fiber diameter) D of fibrous carbon is, for example, 1 nm or more.
- the average diameter D of fibrous carbon is preferably 3 nm or more, more preferably 5 nm or more, even more preferably 7 nm or more, and particularly preferably 9 nm or more, from the viewpoint of exhibiting better conductivity.
- the upper limit of the average diameter D of fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, it is suitable to be approximately 100 nm or less, preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less, still more preferably 30 nm or less, and particularly preferably 15 nm or less. .
- fibrous carbon having an average diameter D of 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less (for example, 5 nm or more and 80 nm or less, typically 10 nm or more and 60 nm or less) is suitable.
- D average diameter
- fibrous carbon of the above size the affinity between the solid graphite particles and hollow graphite particles and the fibrous carbon is more effectively increased. Therefore, the application effect of the technique disclosed here can be exhibited more effectively.
- the average length L of fibrous carbon is, for example, 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the average diameter L of fibrous carbon is preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of exhibiting better conductivity.
- the upper limit of the average length L of fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, it is suitable to be approximately 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or less. be.
- fibrous carbon having an average length L of 1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less (for example, 2 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, typically 2 ⁇ m or more and 6 ⁇ m or less) is suitable.
- the average length L of the fibrous carbon is larger than the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles and smaller than the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles (i.e., D1/L ⁇ 1 , and D2/L>1).
- the ratio (D1/L) of the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles to the average length L of the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but may be less than 1 (that is, D1/L ⁇ 1).
- the ratio (D1/L) is preferably 0.9 or less, more preferably 0.8 or less, and even more preferably 0.7 or less.
- the lower limit of the ratio (D1/L) of the median diameter D1 of the solid graphite particles to the average length L of the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 or more.
- the above ratio (D1/L) is preferably 0.2 or more, more preferably 0.3 or more, and still more preferably 0.4 or more.
- the ratio (D2/L) of the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles to the average length L of the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but may be greater than 1 (ie, D2/L>1).
- the ratio (D2/L) is preferably 1.2 or more, more preferably 1.3 or more, and still more preferably 1.5 or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio (D2/L) of the median diameter D2 of the hollow graphite particles to the average length L of the fibrous carbon is not particularly limited, but may be 5 or less, for example.
- the above ratio (D2/L) is preferably 4 or less, more preferably 3.5 or less, still more preferably 3 or less. In some embodiments, the above ratio (D2/L) may be 2.5 or less, or 2 or less.
- the aspect ratio of the fibrous carbon is 20 or more and 2000 or less, and the value of the above ratio is 0.1 ⁇ D1/L ⁇ 1, 1 ⁇ D2/L ⁇ 5; the aspect ratio of fibrous carbon is 30 or more and 500 or less, and the above ratio is 0.1 ⁇ D1/L ⁇ 0.9, 1.1 ⁇ D2/L ⁇ 4 fibrous carbon having an aspect ratio of 50 or more and 300 or less, and the above ratio values being 0.2 ⁇ D1/L ⁇ 0.8 and 1.2 ⁇ D2/L ⁇ 3; fibrous carbon aspect ratio is 70 or more and 100 or less, and the value of the ratio is 0.3 ⁇ D1/L ⁇ 0.7, 1.5 ⁇ D2/L ⁇ 2.5;
- the average diameter and average length are the average values of 10 arbitrary fibrous carbon particles observed with an electron microscope.
- the average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane determined by X-ray diffraction of fibrous carbon is preferably less than 0.340 nm.
- the lower limit of the average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the fibrous carbon can be set to 0.330 nm, for example.
- the half width (002) of the peak corresponding to the (002) plane measured by the X-ray diffraction method of fibrous carbon is, for example, 0.5° or more.
- the half width (002) of fibrous carbon is preferably less than 0.7°.
- Fibrous carbon can be obtained, for example, by spinning a polymer into fibrous form and heat-treating it in an inert atmosphere, or by vapor phase epitaxy in which an organic compound is reacted at high temperature in the presence of a catalyst.
- fibrous carbon fibrous carbon obtained by a vapor growth method (vapor growth method fibrous carbon) is preferable. Commercially available fibrous carbon can be used.
- the content of fibrous carbon in the negative electrode active material layer may be, for example, 0.05% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.5% by mass or more. 5% by mass or less is more preferable. In some cases, the content of fibrous carbon in the negative electrode active material layer is more preferably 3% by mass or less (for example, 2% by mass or less, typically 1% by mass or less). By making the content of fibrous carbon equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the conductivity can be further enhanced. On the other hand, by setting the content of fibrous carbon to the above upper limit or less, the content of solid graphite particles and hollow graphite particles can be relatively increased, and the energy density can be increased.
- the negative electrode active material layer may contain a conductive agent other than fibrous carbon.
- other conductive agents include carbonaceous materials other than fibrous carbon, metals, and conductive ceramics.
- Carbonaceous materials include non-graphitized carbon, graphene-based carbon, and the like.
- non-graphitized carbon include carbon black.
- carbon black include furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black.
- graphene-based carbon include graphene and fullerene.
- the content of the other conductive agent in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably less than 1% by mass, more preferably less than 0.1% by mass, and even more preferably substantially 0% by mass.
- Binders include, for example, fluorine resins (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.), thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide; ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), sulfone Elastomers such as modified EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and fluororubber; polysaccharide polymers and the like.
- fluorine resins polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.
- thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacryl, and polyimide
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- fluororubber polysaccharide polymers and the like.
- the content of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
- thickeners examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- methylcellulose examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- the functional group may be previously deactivated by methylation or the like.
- the filler is not particularly limited.
- Fillers include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, inorganic oxides such as silicon dioxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminosilicate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, hydroxide Hydroxides such as aluminum, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, sparingly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and barium sulfate, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, talc, montmorillonite, boehmite, zeolite, Mineral resource-derived substances such as apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof may be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, Typical metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Ta, Hf, Nb, W, etc. are used as negative electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, You may contain as a component other than a thickener and a filler.
- Q2/Q1 which is the ratio of the surface roughness Q2 of the region of the negative electrode substrate where the negative electrode active material layer is not laminated to the surface roughness Q1 of the region of the negative electrode substrate where the negative electrode active material layer is laminated is preferably 0.94, more preferably 0.92.
- the surface roughness of the region where the negative electrode active material layer is formed increases as the pressure is applied, so the above Q2/Q1 decreases.
- the surface roughness becomes almost the same value. That is, Q2/Q1 approaches one.
- the lower limit of the surface roughness ratio Q2/Q1 is preferably 0.70, more preferably 0.75.
- the above-mentioned "surface roughness” means the center line roughness Ra of the surface of the substrate (the surface after removing the active material layer for the region where the active material layer is laminated), JIS-B0601 (2013) Means a value measured with a laser microscope in accordance with.
- the surface roughness Q2 of the portion of the negative electrode where the negative electrode base material is exposed is measured using a commercially available laser microscope (equipment name “VK-8510” manufactured by Keyence Corporation), JIS-B0601 ( 2013).
- the measurement area (area) is 149 ⁇ m ⁇ 112 ⁇ m (16688 ⁇ m 2 ) and the measurement pitch is 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer is removed by ultrasonically cleaning the negative electrode, and the surface roughness Q1 of the region where the negative electrode active material layer was laminated is compared with the surface roughness of the portion where the negative electrode substrate is exposed. Measure similarly.
- the lower limit of the density of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 1.40 g/cm 3 , more preferably 1.5 g/cm 3 and even more preferably 1.51 g/cm 3 .
- the density of the negative electrode active material layer may be 1.53 g/cm 3 or higher, or 1.55 g/cm 3 or higher.
- the energy storage element can have a high energy density.
- a negative electrode pressed to have the density of the negative electrode active material layer is used, good electronic conductivity is achieved by connecting small-sized solid graphite particles, large-sized hollow graphite particles, and a conductive agent by pressing.
- the upper limit of the density of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 1.7 g/cm 3 , more preferably 1.65 g/cm 3 and even more preferably 1.6 g/cm 3 . When the density of the negative electrode active material layer is within such a range, it is possible to achieve both high energy density and good charge-discharge cycle performance at a higher level.
- a power storage device has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “secondary battery”) will be described below as an example of a storage element.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode generally form an electrode body alternately stacked by lamination or winding with a separator interposed therebetween.
- This electrode assembly is housed in a container, and the container is filled with a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- known metal containers, resin containers, and the like which are usually used as containers for secondary batteries, can be used.
- the negative electrode provided in the secondary battery is the negative electrode according to one embodiment of the present invention described above. Since the power storage element includes the negative electrode, it is possible to achieve a higher level of compatibility between charge/discharge cycle performance and output performance.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode base material and a positive electrode active material layer arranged directly on the positive electrode base material or via an intermediate layer.
- the structure of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and can be selected from, for example, the structures exemplified for the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode base material has conductivity.
- metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum and stainless steel, or alloys thereof are used.
- aluminum or an aluminum alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of potential resistance, high conductivity, and cost.
- the positive electrode substrate include foil, deposited film, mesh, porous material, and the like, and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil is preferable as the positive electrode substrate.
- aluminum or aluminum alloys include A1085, A3003, A1N30, etc. defined in JIS-H-4000 (2014) or JIS-H4160 (2006).
- the average thickness of the positive electrode substrate is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains optional components such as a conductive agent, a binder, a thickener, a filler, etc., as required.
- Optional components such as a conductive agent, a binder, a thickener, and a filler can be selected from the materials exemplified for the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode active material can be appropriately selected from known positive electrode active materials.
- a positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries a material capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions is usually used.
- positive electrode active materials include lithium-transition metal composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 -type crystal structure, lithium-transition metal composite oxides having a spinel-type crystal structure, polyanion compounds, chalcogen compounds, and sulfur.
- lithium transition metal composite oxides having a spinel crystal structure examples include Li x Mn 2 O 4 and Li x Ni ⁇ Mn (2- ⁇ ) O 4 .
- polyanion compounds include LiFePO4 , LiMnPO4 , LiNiPO4 , LiCoPO4, Li3V2(PO4)3 , Li2MnSiO4 , Li2CoPO4F and the like.
- chalcogen compounds include titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, and molybdenum dioxide.
- the atoms or polyanions in these materials may be partially substituted with atoms or anionic species of other elements. These materials may be coated with other materials on their surfaces. In the positive electrode active material layer, one kind of these materials may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be mixed and used.
- the positive electrode active material is usually particles (powder).
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material is preferably, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. By making the average particle size of the positive electrode active material equal to or more than the above lower limit, manufacturing or handling of the positive electrode active material becomes easy. By setting the average particle size of the positive electrode active material to the above upper limit or less, the electron conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer is improved. Note that when a composite of a positive electrode active material and another material is used, the average particle size of the composite is taken as the average particle size of the positive electrode active material.
- Average particle size is based on JIS-Z-8825 (2013), based on the particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction / scattering method for a diluted solution in which particles are diluted with a solvent, JIS-Z-8819 -2 (2001) means a value at which the volume-based integrated distribution calculated according to 50%.
- Pulverizers, classifiers, etc. are used to obtain powder with a predetermined particle size.
- Pulverization methods include, for example, methods using a mortar, ball mill, sand mill, vibrating ball mill, planetary ball mill, jet mill, counter jet mill, whirling jet mill, or sieve.
- wet pulverization in which water or an organic solvent such as hexane is allowed to coexist can also be used.
- a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as necessary, both dry and wet.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 50% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, and even more preferably 80% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a conductive material.
- conductive agents include carbonaceous materials, metals, and conductive ceramics.
- Carbonaceous materials include graphitized carbon, non-graphitized carbon, graphene-based carbon, and the like.
- non-graphitized carbon include carbon nanofibers, pitch-based carbon fibers, and carbon black.
- carbon black include furnace black, acetylene black, and ketjen black.
- Graphene-based carbon includes graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), fullerene, and the like.
- the shape of the conductive agent may be powdery, fibrous, or the like.
- the conductive agent one type of these materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed and used. Also, these materials may be combined for use.
- a composite material of carbon black and CNT may be used.
- carbon black is preferable from the viewpoint of electron conductivity and coatability, and acetylene black is particularly preferable.
- the content of the conductive agent in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
- Optional components such as binders, thickeners, and fillers can be selected from the materials exemplified for the negative electrode above.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, and I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, and the like.
- typical metal elements, transition metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Nb, W are used as positive electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, thickeners, fillers It may be contained as a component other than
- the separator can be appropriately selected from known separators.
- a separator made of only a substrate a separator having a heat-resistant layer containing heat-resistant particles and a binder formed on one or both surfaces of a substrate, or the like can be used.
- materials for the base material of the separator include woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, and porous resin films. Among these materials, a porous resin film is preferred from the viewpoint of strength, and a non-woven fabric is preferred from the viewpoint of retention of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferable from the standpoint of shutdown function, and polyimide, aramid, and the like are preferable from the standpoint of resistance to oxidative decomposition.
- a material obtained by combining these resins may be used as the base material of the separator.
- the heat-resistant particles contained in the heat-resistant layer preferably have a mass loss of 5% or less when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 500 ° C. in an air atmosphere of 1 atm, and the mass loss when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 800 ° C. is more preferably 5% or less.
- An inorganic compound can be mentioned as a material whose mass reduction is less than or equal to a predetermined value. Examples of inorganic compounds include oxides such as iron oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminosilicate; nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride.
- carbonates such as calcium carbonate
- sulfates such as barium sulfate
- sparingly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and barium titanate
- covalent crystals such as silicon and diamond
- Mineral resource-derived substances such as zeolite, apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof.
- the inorganic compound a single substance or a composite of these substances may be used alone, or two or more of them may be mixed and used.
- silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or aluminosilicate is preferable from the viewpoint of the safety of the electric storage device.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 80% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength, and preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of discharge performance.
- the "porosity” is a volume-based value and means a value measured with a mercury porosimeter.
- a polymer gel composed of a polymer and a non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the separator.
- examples of polymers include polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and the like.
- the use of polymer gel has the effect of suppressing liquid leakage.
- a polymer gel may be used in combination with the porous resin film or non-woven fabric as described above.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte The non-aqueous electrolyte can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous electrolytes. A non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in this non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous solvents.
- Non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, carboxylic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, sulfonic acid esters, ethers, amides, nitriles and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent those in which some of the hydrogen atoms contained in these compounds are substituted with halogens may be used.
- Cyclic carbonates include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), chloroethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and difluoroethylene carbonate. (DFEC), styrene carbonate, 1-phenylvinylene carbonate, 1,2-diphenylvinylene carbonate and the like. Among these, EC is preferred.
- chain carbonates examples include diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diphenyl carbonate, trifluoroethylmethyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, and the like. Among these, EMC is preferred.
- the non-aqueous solvent it is preferable to use a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate, and it is more preferable to use a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate.
- a cyclic carbonate it is possible to promote the dissociation of the electrolyte salt and improve the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a chain carbonate By using a chain carbonate, the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be kept low.
- the volume ratio of the cyclic carbonate to the chain carbonate is preferably in the range of, for example, 5:95 to 50:50.
- the electrolyte salt can be appropriately selected from known electrolyte salts.
- electrolyte salts include lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, onium salts and the like. Among these, lithium salts are preferred.
- Lithium salts include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 and LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalate borate (LiFOB).
- lithium oxalate salts such as lithium bis(oxalate) difluorophosphate ( LiFOP ), LiSO3CF3 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ), LiC(SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiC(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 3 and other lithium salts having a halogenated hydrocarbon group.
- inorganic lithium salts are preferred, and LiPF 6 is more preferred.
- the content of the electrolyte salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.1 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.5 mol/dm 3 or less, more preferably 0.3 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.0 mol/dm at 20° C. and 1 atm. 3 or less, more preferably 0.5 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.7 mol/dm 3 or less, and particularly preferably 0.7 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.5 mol/dm 3 or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives in addition to the non-aqueous solvent and electrolyte salt.
- additives include halogenated carbonates such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and difluoroethylene carbonate (DFEC); lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalateborate (LiFOB), lithium bis(oxalate ) oxalates such as difluorophosphate (LiFOP); imide salts such as lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene , t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, dibenzofuran and other aromatic compounds; 2-fluorobiphenyl, o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene
- the content of the additive contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.1% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte. More preferably, it is 0.2% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
- a solid electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, or a non-aqueous electrolyte and a solid electrolyte may be used together.
- the solid electrolyte can be selected from any material that has ion conductivity, such as lithium, sodium, and calcium, and is solid at room temperature (for example, 15°C to 25°C).
- Examples of solid electrolytes include sulfide solid electrolytes, oxide solid electrolytes, oxynitride solid electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes.
- Examples of sulfide solid electrolytes for lithium ion secondary batteries include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , LiI-Li 2 SP 2 S 5 and Li 10 Ge-P 2 S 12 .
- the shape of the electric storage element of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include cylindrical batteries, rectangular batteries, flat batteries, coin batteries, button batteries, and the like.
- Fig. 1 shows a power storage element 1 as an example of a square battery.
- An electrode body 2 having a positive electrode and a negative electrode wound with a separator sandwiched therebetween is housed in a rectangular container 3 .
- the positive electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 4 via a positive electrode lead 41 .
- the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative terminal 5 via a negative lead 51 .
- the power storage device of the present embodiment is a power source for automobiles such as electric vehicles (EV), hybrid vehicles (HEV), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals, or power sources for power storage.
- EV electric vehicles
- HEV hybrid vehicles
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicles
- power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals
- power sources for power storage
- it can be mounted as a power storage unit (battery module) configured by assembling a plurality of power storage elements 1 .
- the technology of the present invention may be applied to at least one power storage element included in the power storage unit.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a power storage device 30 in which power storage units 20 each including two or more electrically connected power storage elements 1 are assembled.
- the power storage device 30 may include a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more power storage elements 1, a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more power storage units 20, and the like.
- the power storage unit 20 or the power storage device 30 may include a state monitoring device (not shown) that monitors the state of one or more power storage elements 1 .
- a method for manufacturing the electric storage device of the present embodiment can be appropriately selected from known methods.
- the manufacturing method includes, for example, preparing an electrode body, preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte, and housing the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container.
- Preparing the electrode body includes preparing a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and forming the electrode body by laminating or winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween.
- a negative electrode active material containing hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 and solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1 smaller than the hollow graphite particles is used.
- a substance and fibrous carbon as a conductive agent are used.
- a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material containing hollow graphite particles and solid graphite particles is formed on at least one of the negative electrode substrates, for example, by applying a negative electrode mixture paste to the negative electrode substrate. Laminate along the surface. Specifically, for example, a negative electrode mixture paste is applied to a negative electrode substrate and dried to laminate a negative electrode active material layer. After drying, it is pressed in the average thickness direction of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the negative electrode active material layer has a density of 1.40 g/cm 3 or more and 1.70 g/cm 3 or less (preferably 1.50 g/cm 3 or more and 1.65 g/cm 3 or less). Press the material layer.
- the pressure (linear pressure) during the pressing is not particularly limited, it is preferably approximately 10 kgf/mm or more and 100 kgf/mm or less, more preferably 20 kgf/mm or more and 80 kgf/mm or less.
- a suitable method for containing the non-aqueous electrolyte in the container can be selected from known methods. For example, when a non-aqueous electrolyte is used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, the non-aqueous electrolyte may be injected through an inlet formed in the container, and then the inlet may be sealed.
- the power storage device thus obtained may have excellent battery performance.
- the power storage device may satisfy at least one (preferably all) of excellent charge-discharge cycle performance, good output performance, and high energy density.
- the electric storage device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment, and part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment or a known technique.
- some of the configurations of certain embodiments can be deleted.
- well-known techniques can be added to the configuration of a certain embodiment.
- the storage element is used as a chargeable/dischargeable non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery), but the type, shape, size, capacity, etc. of the storage element are arbitrary. .
- the present invention can also be applied to capacitors such as various secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, and lithium ion capacitors.
- the electrode body in which the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated with a separator interposed therebetween has been described, but the electrode body does not have to have a separator.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode may be in direct contact with each other in a state in which a layer having no conductivity is formed on the active material layer of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode mixture paste containing carbon nanotubes and using water as a dispersion medium was prepared.
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material, the binder, the thickener, and the conductive agent was 96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0 in terms of solid content.
- the negative electrode mixture paste was applied to both sides of a negative electrode substrate (surface roughness: 0.74 ⁇ m) made of copper foil with a thickness of 8 ⁇ m, and dried to form a negative electrode active material layer.
- the coating amount of the negative electrode mixture (a dispersion medium evaporated from the negative electrode mixture paste) per unit area on one side after drying was set to 0.98 g/100 cm 2 .
- pressing was performed using a roll press machine so that the pressure (linear pressure) was 20 kgf/mm or more.
- carbon nanotubes those having an aspect ratio of 83, an average length of 5 ⁇ m, and an average diameter of 60 nm were used. Thus, the negative electrode of Example 1 was obtained.
- Negative electrodes of Example 2 Comparative Example 10, Comparative Example 12 and Comparative Example 14 were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the negative electrode active material having the composition shown in Table 1 was used.
- Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 7, Comparative Example 11 and Comparative Example 1 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative electrode active material having the composition shown in Table 1 was used and the conductive agent was not used. 13 negative electrodes were produced.
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material, the binder, and the thickening agent in each example was 97.8:1.0:1.2 in solid content.
- Comparative Examples 2, 5 and 8 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the negative electrode active material having the composition shown in Table 1 was used, and flake graphite was used instead of carbon nanotubes as the conductive agent. A negative electrode of Comparative Example 8 was produced. The mass ratio of the negative electrode active material, the binder, the thickener, and the conductive agent in each example was 96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0 in terms of solid content.
- Comparative Example 3 Comparative Example 6 and Comparative Example 3 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the negative electrode active material having the composition shown in Table 1 was used and acetylene black was used instead of carbon nanotubes as the conductive agent.
- a negative electrode of Example 9 was prepared.
- the mass ratio of the negative electrode active material, the binder, the thickener, and the conductive agent in each example was 96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0 in terms of solid content.
- Table 1 shows the negative electrode materials (negative electrode active material, conductive agent) and physical properties of each example.
- the positive electrode contains LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, acetylene black as a conductive agent, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). was prepared as a dispersion medium.
- the ratio of the positive electrode active material, the binder, and the conductive agent was set to 94.5:4.0:1.5 in mass ratio of solid content.
- the positive electrode material mixture paste was applied on both sides of a positive electrode base material made of aluminum foil with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, pressed, and dried to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- the coating amount of the positive electrode mixture (a product obtained by evaporating the dispersion medium from the positive electrode mixture paste) per unit area on one side after drying was set to 1.7 g/100 cm 2 .
- 1.2 mol/dm 3 of A non-aqueous electrolyte was obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 .
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were laminated via a separator made of a polyethylene microporous film to prepare an electrode assembly.
- This electrode body was housed in an aluminum rectangular container can, and a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal were attached. After injecting the non-aqueous electrolyte into the container (rectangular container can), the container was sealed to obtain power storage devices of Examples and Comparative Examples.
- the discharge capacity was measured under the same conditions as the "initial discharge capacity” measurement test, and the discharge capacity at this time was defined as the “discharge capacity after 300 cycles".
- the “discharge capacity after 300 cycles” relative to the “initial discharge capacity” was defined as the capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles. Judgment was carried out according to the following three stages. If the evaluation is A, the effect is good. A: The capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles is over 89%. B: The capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles is 85% or more and 89% or less. C: The capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles is less than 85%.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results of the negative electrodes of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 14.
- the negative electrode active material layer comprises solid graphite particles having a median diameter D1, hollow graphite particles having a median diameter D2 larger than the solid graphite particles, and fibrous carbon as a conductive agent.
- the initial resistance was kept low and the capacity retention rate after charge-discharge cycles was good.
- the power storage device has excellent charge/discharge cycle performance and excellent output performance.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一実施形態に係る蓄電素子用の負極は、負極基材、及びこの負極基材の少なくとも一方の面に直接又は中間層を介して配される負極活物質層を有する。
負極基材は、導電性を有する。「導電性」を有するか否かは、JIS-H-0505(1975年)に準拠して測定される体積抵抗率が107Ω・cmを閾値として判定する。負極基材の材質としては、銅、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、ニッケルメッキ鋼等の金属又はこれらの合金、炭素質材料等が用いられる。これらの中でも銅又は銅合金が好ましい。負極基材としては、箔、蒸着膜、メッシュ、多孔質材料等が挙げられ、コストの観点から箔が好ましい。したがって、負極基材としては銅箔又は銅合金箔が好ましい。銅箔の例としては、圧延銅箔、電解銅箔等が挙げられる。
負極活物質層は、メジアン径D1を有する中実黒鉛粒子と、上記中実黒鉛粒子よりも大きいメジアン径D2を有する中空黒鉛粒子と、導電剤とを含有する。また、負極活物質層は、必要に応じてバインダ、増粘剤、フィラー等の任意成分を含む。
(1)測定用試料の準備
測定対象とする黒鉛粒子の粉末を熱硬化性の樹脂で固定する。樹脂で固定された黒鉛粒子について、クロスセクション・ポリッシャを用いることで、断面を露出させ、測定用試料を作製する。なお、測定対象とする黒鉛粒子は、下記の手順により準備する。蓄電素子を組み立て前の黒鉛粒子が準備できる場合には、そのまま用いる。組み立て後の蓄電素子から準備する場合には、蓄電素子を、0.1Cの電流で、通常使用時の放電終止電圧まで定電流放電し、放電された状態とする。この放電された状態の蓄電素子を解体し、負極を取り出して、ジメチルカーボネートにより十分に洗浄した後、室温にて減圧乾燥を行った状態とした負極から黒鉛粒子を採取する。蓄電素子の解体から測定対象とする黒鉛粒子の準備までの作業は、露点-40℃以下の乾燥空気雰囲気中で行う。ここで、通常使用時とは、当該蓄電素子について推奨され、又は指定される充放電条件を採用して当該蓄電素子を使用する場合であり、当該蓄電素子のための充電器が用意されている場合は、その充電器を適用して当該蓄電素子を使用する場合をいう。
(2)SEM像の取得
SEM像の取得には、走査型電子顕微鏡としてJSM-7001F(日本電子株式会社製)を用いる。SEM像は、二次電子像を観察するものとする。加速電圧は、15kVとする。観察倍率は、一視野に現れる黒鉛粒子が3個以上15個以内となる倍率に設定する。得られたSEM像は、画像ファイルとして保存する。その他、スポット径、ワーキングディスタンス、照射電流、輝度、フォーカス等の諸条件は、黒鉛粒子の輪郭が明瞭になるように適宜設定する。
(3)黒鉛粒子の輪郭の切り抜き
画像編集ソフトAdobe Photoshop Elements 11の画像切り抜き機能を用いて、取得したSEM像から黒鉛粒子の輪郭を切り抜く。この輪郭の切り抜きは、クイック選択ツールを用いて活物質粒子の輪郭より外側を選択し、黒鉛粒子以外を黒背景へと編集して行う。このとき、輪郭を切り抜くことができた黒鉛粒子が3個未満であった場合は、再度、SEM像を取得し、輪郭を切り抜くことができた黒鉛粒子が3個以上になるまで行う。
(4)二値化処理
切り抜いた黒鉛粒子のうち1つ目の黒鉛粒子の画像について、画像解析ソフトPopImaging 6.00を用い、強度が最大となる濃度から20%分小さい濃度を閾値に設定して二値化処理を行う。二値化処理により、濃度の低い側の面積を算出することで「粒子内の空隙を除いた面積S1」とする。
ついで、先ほどと同じ1つ目の黒鉛粒子の画像について、濃度10を閾値として二値化処理を行う。二値化処理により、黒鉛粒子の外縁を決定し、当該外縁の内側の面積を算出することで、「粒子全体の面積S0」とする。
上記算出したS1及びS0を用いて、S0に対するS1(S1/S0)を算出することにより、一つ目の黒鉛粒子における「粒子全体の面積に対して粒子内の空隙を除いた面積率R1」を算出する。
切り抜いた黒鉛粒子のうち2つ目以降の黒鉛粒子の画像についても、それぞれ、上記の二値化処理を行い、面積S1、面積S0を算出する。この算出した面積S1、S0に基づいて、それぞれの黒鉛粒子の面積率R2、R3、・・・を算出する。
(5)面積率Rの決定
二値化処理により算出した全ての面積率R1、R2、R3、・・・の平均値を算出することにより、「粒子全体の面積に対して粒子内の空隙を除いた黒鉛粒子の面積率R」を決定する。
中空黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D2は、上記中実黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D1よりも大きければよく(すなわちD2>D1であればよく)、特に限定されない。D2は、例えば5μm以上、典型的には6μm以上である。D2は、好ましくは7μm以上、より好ましくは7.5μm以上である。いくつかの態様において、D2は、8μm以上であってもよく、10μm以上(例えば12μm以上)であってもよい。また、中空黒鉛粒子としては、出力性能を高める等の観点から、D2が20μm以下のものを好ましく採用することができる。例えば、D2は、好ましくは18μm以下、より好ましくは16μm以下である。いくつかの態様において、D2は、14μm以下であってもよく、12μm以下(例えば10μm以下)であってもよい。ここに開示される技術は、中空黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D2が、5μm以上20μm以下(さらには6μm以上16μm以下、特には8μm以上14μm以下)である態様で好ましく実施され得る。
中空黒鉛粒子及び中実黒鉛粒子の各々は、公知の各種黒鉛粒子のなかから、適切なメジアン径及び形状を有するものを適宜選択して使用することができる。そのような公知の黒鉛粒子の例には、天然黒鉛粒子及び人造黒鉛粒子が含まれる。ここで、天然黒鉛とは、天然の鉱物から採れる黒鉛の総称であり、人造黒鉛とは、人工的に製造された黒鉛の総称である。
ここに開示される負極活物質層は、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、上記中空黒鉛粒子及び上記中実黒鉛粒子以外の他の黒鉛粒子(以下、第3の黒鉛粒子という。)を含んでいてもよい。第3の黒鉛粒子としては、公知の各種黒鉛粒子のなかから、適宜選択して使用することができる。第3の黒鉛粒子の形状は特に限定されないが、アスペクト比2以上5以下の球形または紡錘形に近い形状であることが好ましい。第3の黒鉛粒子を含有する場合、負極活物質層に含まれる黒鉛粒子の全質量のうち上記中空黒鉛粒子及び上記中実黒鉛粒子との合計質量が70質量%以上とすることが適当であり、好ましくは80質量%以上、より好ましくは90質量%以上である。なかでも、負極活物質層に含まれる黒鉛粒子の100質量%が上記中空黒鉛粒子及び上記中実黒鉛粒子である蓄電素子が好ましい。このように上記中空黒鉛粒子及び上記中実黒鉛粒子の2種のみから実質的に構成された黒鉛粒子を用いることにより、上記中空黒鉛粒子及び上記中実黒鉛粒子をそれぞれ用いることによる利点を活かしつつ、前述した効果がより良く発揮され得る。
負極活物質層に含まれる黒鉛粒子の種類数は、通常、それらの複数種類の黒鉛粒子の外形の相違をもとに概ね把握することができる。黒鉛粒子の外形の相違は、例えば、平均粒子径の相違、平均アスペクト比の相違、粒子の表面形状の相違(例えば表面の凹凸の有無やその程度、表面コーティングの有無やその程度)、粒子内部の疎密形状の相違等のうちの少なくとも一つであり得る。黒鉛粒子の外形は、例えばSEM像から把握することができる。
上記中実黒鉛粒子及び中空黒鉛粒子も導電性を有するが、導電剤として繊維状炭素を含有する。繊維状炭素は、負極活物質層において導電剤として機能する成分である。繊維状炭素は、繊維状の炭素材料である限り特に限定されない。繊維状炭素としては、カーボンナノファイバー、ピッチ系炭素繊維、気相成長炭素繊維、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)等が挙げられるが、グラフェン系炭素であるCNTを好適に用いることができる。CNTとしては、1層のグラフェンにより形成されるシングルウォールカーボンナノチューブ(SWCNT)、2層以上(例えば2から20層、典型的には2から60層)のグラフェンにより形成されるマルチウォールカーボンナノチューブ(MWCNT)等が挙げられる。SWCNTとMWCNTとを任意の割合(SWCNT:MWCNTの質量比が例えば100:0から50:50、好ましくは100:0から80:20)で含むCNTであってもよい。実質的にSWCNTのみからなるものが特に好ましい。グラフェン系炭素の構造は特に限定されず、カイラル(らせん)型、ジグザグ型、アームチェア型の何れのタイプであってもよい。また、CNTの合成に用いられた触媒金属(例えば、Fe、Co及び白金族元素(Ru、Rh、Pd、Os、Ir、Pt))等を含むものであってもよい。
バインダとしては、例えば、フッ素樹脂(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)等)、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリアクリル、ポリイミド等の熱可塑性樹脂;エチレン-プロピレン-ジエンゴム(EPDM)、スルホン化EPDM、スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、フッ素ゴム等のエラストマー;多糖類高分子等が挙げられる。
具体的には、負極のうち負極基材が露出している部分の表面粗さQ2を、市販されているレーザ顕微鏡(キーエンス社製 機器名「VK-8510」)を用いて、JIS-B0601(2013)に準じて測定する。このとき、測定条件として、測定領域(面積)を149μm×112μm(16688μm2)、測定ピッチを0.1μmとする。次に、上記負極を超音波洗浄することにより負極活物質層を除去し、負極活物質層が積層されていた領域の表面粗さQ1を、負極基材が露出している部分の表面粗さと同様に測定する。
本発明の一実施形態に係る蓄電素子は、正極、負極及び非水電解質を有する。以下、蓄電素子の一例として、非水電解質二次電池(以下、単に「二次電池」ともいう。)について説明する。上記正極及び負極は、通常、セパレータを介して積層又は巻回により交互に重畳された電極体を形成する。この電極体は容器に収納され、この容器内に非水電解質が充填される。上記非水電解質は、正極と負極との間に介在する。また、上記容器としては、二次電池の容器として通常用いられる公知の金属容器、樹脂容器等を用いることができる。
当該二次電池に備わる負極は、上述した本発明の一実施形態に係る負極である。当該蓄電素子は、当該負極を備えるため、充放電サイクル性能と出力性能との両立がより高いレベルで実現され得る。
正極は、正極基材と、上記正極基材に直接又は中間層を介して配される正極活物質層とを有する。中間層の構成は特に限定されず、例えば上記負極で例示した構成から選択することができる。
セパレータは、公知のセパレータの中から適宜選択できる。セパレータとして、例えば、基材のみからなるセパレータ、基材の一方の面又は双方の面に耐熱粒子とバインダとを含む耐熱層が形成されたセパレータ等を使用することができる。セパレータの基材の材質としては、例えば、織布、不織布、多孔質樹脂フィルム等が挙げられる。これらの材質の中でも、強度の観点から多孔質樹脂フィルムが好ましく、非水電解質の保液性の観点から不織布が好ましい。セパレータの基材の材料としては、シャットダウン機能の観点から例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましく、耐酸化分解性の観点から例えばポリイミドやアラミド等が好ましい。セパレータの基材として、これらの樹脂を複合した材料を用いてもよい。
非水電解質としては、公知の非水電解質の中から適宜選択できる。非水電解質には、非水電解液を用いてもよい。非水電解液は、非水溶媒と、この非水溶媒に溶解されている電解質塩とを含む。
本実施形態の蓄電素子の形状については特に限定されるものではなく、例えば、円筒型電池、角型電池、扁平型電池、コイン型電池、ボタン型電池等が挙げられる。
図2に、電気的に接続された二以上の蓄電素子1が集合した蓄電ユニット20をさらに集合した蓄電装置30の一例を示す。蓄電装置30は、二以上の蓄電素子1を電気的に接続するバスバ(図示せず)、二以上の蓄電ユニット20を電気的に接続するバスバ(図示せず)等を備えていてもよい。蓄電ユニット20又は蓄電装置30は、一以上の蓄電素子1の状態を監視する状態監視装置(図示せず)を備えていてもよい。
本実施形態の蓄電素子の製造方法は、公知の方法から適宜選択できる。当該製造方法は、例えば、電極体を準備することと、非水電解質を準備することと、電極体及び非水電解質を容器に収容することと、を備える。電極体を準備することは、正極及び負極を準備することと、セパレータを介して正極及び負極を積層又は巻回することにより電極体を形成することとを備える。本実施形態の蓄電素子の製造方法では、負極を準備する工程で、メジアン径D2を有する中空黒鉛粒子と、上記中空黒鉛粒子よりも小さいメジアン径D1を有する中実黒鉛粒子とを含有する負極活物質と、導電剤としての繊維状炭素とを用いる。
このようにして得られた蓄電素子は、電池性能に優れたものであり得る。例えば、当該蓄電素子は、優れた充放電サイクル性能、良好な出力性能および高いエネルギー密度のうちの少なくとも一つ(好ましくは全部)を満たすものであり得る。
尚、本発明の蓄電素子は、上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲内において種々変更を加えてもよい。例えば、ある実施形態の構成に他の実施形態の構成を追加することができ、また、ある実施形態の構成の一部を他の実施形態の構成又は周知技術に置き換えることができる。さらに、ある実施形態の構成の一部を削除することができる。また、ある実施形態の構成に対して周知技術を付加することができる。
表1に示す組成(中実黒鉛粒子及び中空黒鉛粒子の合計含有量に対する含有割合)の負極活物質と、バインダとしてのスチレン-ブタジエンゴムと、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロースと、導電剤としてのカーボンナノチューブとを含有し、水を分散媒とする負極合剤ペーストを調製した。負極活物質、バインダ、増粘剤、導電剤の比率は、固形分の質量比で、96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0とした。負極合剤ペーストを厚さ8μmの銅箔からなる負極基材(表面粗さ0.74μm)の両面に塗工し、乾燥して、負極活物質層を形成した。乾燥後の片面の単位面積当たりの負極合剤(負極合剤ペーストから分散媒を蒸発させたもの)の塗布量は、0.98g/100cm2となるようにした。そして、20kgf/mm以上の圧力(線圧)となるように、ロールプレス機を用いてプレスを行った。カーボンナノチューブとしては、アスペクト比83、平均長さ5μm、平均直径60nmのものを用いた。このようにして、実施例1の負極を得た。
表1に示す組成の負極活物質を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で実施例2、比較例10、比較例12及び比較例14の負極を作製した。
表1に示す組成の負極活物質を用い、かつ、導電剤を用いなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で比較例1、比較例4、比較例7、比較例11及び比較例13の負極を作製した。各例の負極活物質、バインダ、増粘剤の比率は、固形分の質量比で、97.8:1.0:1.2とした。
表1に示す組成の負極活物質を用い、かつ、導電剤として、カーボンナノチューブに代えて、鱗片状黒鉛を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で比較例2、比較例5及び比較例8の負極を作製した。各例の負極活物質、バインダ、増粘剤、導電剤の比率は、固形分の質量比で、96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0とした。
表1に示す組成の負極活物質を用い、かつ、導電剤として、カーボンナノチューブに代えて、アセチレンブラックを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様の手順で比較例3、比較例6及び比較例9の負極を作製した。各例の負極活物質、バインダ、増粘剤、導電剤の比率は、固形分の質量比で、96.8:1.0:1.2:1.0とした。
表1に示す負極と、後述する正極と、厚さ14μmのポリエチレン製セパレータとを積層した状態で巻回することで、実施例1、実施例2及び比較例1から比較例14の蓄電素子を作製した。正極は、正極活物質としてのLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2と、バインダとしてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)と、導電剤としてのアセチレンブラックとを含有し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を分散媒とする正極合剤ペーストを調製した。正極活物質、バインダ、導電剤の比率は、固形分の質量比で、94.5:4.0:1.5とした。正極合剤ペーストを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる正極基材の両面に塗工し、プレスし、乾燥して、正極活物質層を形成した。乾燥後の片面の単位面積当たりの正極合剤(正極合剤ペーストから分散媒を蒸発させたもの)の塗布量は、1.7g/100cm2となるようにした。
次に、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)をEC:DMC:EMC=30:35:35の体積比で混合した非水溶媒に1.2mol/dm3のLiPF6を溶解させて非水電解質を得た。そして、ポリエチレン製微多孔膜からなるセパレータを介して、上記正極と上記負極とを積層し、電極体を作製した。この電極体をアルミニウム製の角形電槽缶に収納し、正極端子及び負極端子を取り付けた。この容器(角形電槽缶)内部に上記非水電解質を注入した後、封口し、実施例及び比較例の蓄電素子を得た。
(負極基材の表面粗さの比)
負極活物質層が積層されていた領域の表面粗さQ1及び負極のうち負極基材が露出している部分の表面粗さQ2を、上述の通り、レーザ顕微鏡を用いて測定した。その後、測定したQ1及びQ2を用いて、負極基材の表面粗さの比(Q2/Q1)を算出した。ここで、負極活物質層が積層されていた領域の表面粗さQ1を測定する際、ブランソン社製卓上超音波洗浄機2510J-DTHを用いて水中で3分間、エタノール中で1分間、それぞれ超音波洗浄を行うことにより、負極活物質層を除去した。
負極活物質層の密度は、負極合剤の塗布量をW(g/100cm2)、後述する充放電前の負極活物質層の厚さをT(cm)とし、つぎの式により算出した。
負極活物質層の密度(g/cm3)=W/(T×100)
(1)初期放電容量
25℃の恒温槽内において充電電流15.0A、充電終止電圧4.25Vの条件で、充電電流が0.5A以下になるまで定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電を行い、その後、20分間の休止期間を設けた。その後、放電電流45.0A、放電終止電圧2.75Vで定電流(CC)放電を行った。このときの放電容量を「初期放電容量」とした。
(2)初期放電容量測定後のDCR
上記初期放電容量測定後の蓄電素子のDCR(直流抵抗)を評価した。初期放電容量測定後の蓄電素子を、25℃の恒温槽内で、上記放電容量測定方法と同条件で測定した放電容量の50%SOC分の充電電気量を15.0Aの電流値で定電流充電した。上記条件で電池のSOCを50%にした後、各々45.0A、90.0A、135.0A、300.0Aの電流値で10秒間放電させ、放電開始10秒後の電圧を縦軸に、放電電流値を横軸にプロットして得た電流-電圧性能のグラフから、その勾配に相当する値であるDCR値を求めた。このDCR値について、表1に比較例1のDCR値に対する各試験例のDCR値の割合[%](比較例1との相対比率[%])を示す。
判定は、以下の3段階の通りとした。評価がAの場合、効果が良好である。
A:比較例1との相対比率が107%未満である。
B:比較例1との相対比率が107%以上109%以下である。
C:比較例1との相対比率が109%超である。
(3)充放電サイクル後の容量維持率
「初期放電容量」測定後の各蓄電素子について、45℃の恒温槽内において充電電流15.0A、充電終止電圧4.25Vの条件で、充電電流が0.5A以下になるまで定電流定電圧(CCCV)充電を行い、その後、10分間の休止期間を設けた。その後、放電電流45.0A、放電終止電圧2.75Vで定電流(CC)放電を行い、その後、10分間の休止期間を設けた。この充放電サイクルを300サイクル実施した。300サイクル実施後に、「初期放電容量」の測定試験と同様の条件で放電容量を測定し、このときの放電容量を「300サイクル後の放電容量」とした。「初期放電容量」に対する「300サイクル後の放電容量」を充放電サイクル後の容量維持率とした。
判定は、以下の3段階の通りとした。評価がAの場合、効果が良好である。
A:充放電サイクル後の容量維持率が89%超である。
B:充放電サイクル後の容量維持率が85%以上89%以下である。
C:充放電サイクル後の容量維持率が85%未満である。
2 電極体
3 容器
4 正極端子
41 正極リード
5 負極端子
51 負極リード
20 蓄電ユニット
30 蓄電装置
Claims (5)
- 負極基材と、上記負極基材の少なくとも一方の面に直接又は間接に積層される負極活物質層とを有する負極を備え、
上記負極活物質層がメジアン径D1を有する中実黒鉛粒子と、上記中実黒鉛粒子よりも大きいメジアン径D2を有する中空黒鉛粒子と、導電剤とを含有し、
上記導電剤が繊維状炭素である蓄電素子。 - 上記中実黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D1と上記中空黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D2との関係が1<(D2/D1)≦10を満たす請求項1に記載の蓄電素子。
- 上記中実黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D1が1μm以上5μm未満であり、
上記中空黒鉛粒子のメジアン径D2が5μm以上20μm以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の蓄電素子。 - 上記繊維状炭素の平均アスペクト比が50以上100以下である請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の蓄電素子。
- 負極基材と、上記負極基材の少なくとも一方の面に直接又は間接に積層される負極活物質層とを備え、
上記負極活物質層がメジアン径D1を有する中実黒鉛粒子と、上記中実黒鉛粒子よりも大きいメジアン径D2を有する中空黒鉛粒子と、導電剤とを含有し、
上記導電剤が繊維状炭素である蓄電素子用の負極。
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JP2004146292A (ja) * | 2002-10-28 | 2004-05-20 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2012067102A1 (ja) * | 2010-11-16 | 2012-05-24 | 日立マクセルエナジー株式会社 | 非水二次電池 |
WO2015152113A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2015-10-08 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | 黒鉛系負極活物質材料、負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2017221895A1 (ja) | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-28 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 黒鉛材およびそれを用いた二次電池用電極 |
JP2018014319A (ja) * | 2016-07-06 | 2018-01-25 | セントラル硝子株式会社 | 非水系電解液及びそれを用いた非水系電解液二次電池 |
WO2020213628A1 (ja) * | 2019-04-18 | 2020-10-22 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 複合炭素粒子、その製造方法及びその用途 |
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JP2004146292A (ja) * | 2002-10-28 | 2004-05-20 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2012067102A1 (ja) * | 2010-11-16 | 2012-05-24 | 日立マクセルエナジー株式会社 | 非水二次電池 |
WO2015152113A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-31 | 2015-10-08 | Necエナジーデバイス株式会社 | 黒鉛系負極活物質材料、負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
WO2017221895A1 (ja) | 2016-06-23 | 2017-12-28 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 黒鉛材およびそれを用いた二次電池用電極 |
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WO2020213628A1 (ja) * | 2019-04-18 | 2020-10-22 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 複合炭素粒子、その製造方法及びその用途 |
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