WO2022137732A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子および非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子および非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022137732A1 WO2022137732A1 PCT/JP2021/037376 JP2021037376W WO2022137732A1 WO 2022137732 A1 WO2022137732 A1 WO 2022137732A1 JP 2021037376 W JP2021037376 W JP 2021037376W WO 2022137732 A1 WO2022137732 A1 WO 2022137732A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- phase
- lithium
- aqueous electrolyte
- composite particles
- particles
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 74
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 61
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 40
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 27
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 15
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 12
- PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium metasilicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O PAZHGORSDKKUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052912 lithium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 9
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 4
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000682 scanning probe acoustic microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001642 boronic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011300 coal pitch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000550 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- FTQOCZCGLMBLBG-IOBHVTPZSA-N (Z)-18-[3-[(Z)-17-carboxyheptadec-9-enyl]naphthalen-2-yl]octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)O)CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)O FTQOCZCGLMBLBG-IOBHVTPZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PFDSNPVUXAFCRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,4-nonafluorobutane-1-sulfonic acid trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F PFDSNPVUXAFCRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-sulfanylethyl)isoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CCS)C(=O)C2=C1 UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M Butyrate Chemical compound CCCC([O-])=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018871 CoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100025837 JNK1/MAPK8-associated membrane protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 101710176060 JNK1/MAPK8-associated membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910010238 LiAlCl 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004962 Polyamide-imide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010280 constant potential charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004993 emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940093499 ethyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920006242 ethylene acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012621 laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013507 mapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010295 mobile communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003901 oxalic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006122 polyamide resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002312 polyamide-imide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000009719 polyimide resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000279 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium dihydride Chemical compound [ZrH2] QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000568 zirconium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XJUNLJFOHNHSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);dicarbonate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O XJUNLJFOHNHSAR-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
- H01M4/382—Lithium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/48—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates
- C04B35/486—Fine ceramics
- C04B35/488—Composites
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/6261—Milling
- C04B35/6262—Milling of calcined, sintered clinker or ceramics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
- C04B35/62685—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures characterised by the order of addition of constituents or additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/62802—Powder coating materials
- C04B35/62828—Non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/62839—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
- C04B35/62897—Coatings characterised by their thickness
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
- C04B35/645—Pressure sintering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3201—Alkali metal oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
- C04B2235/3203—Lithium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/44—Metal salt constituents or additives chosen for the nature of the anions, e.g. hydrides or acetylacetonate
- C04B2235/442—Carbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/549—Particle size related information the particle size being expressed by crystallite size or primary particle size
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/76—Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/80—Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phase
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure mainly relates to composite particles that can be used as an electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are expected as power sources for small consumer applications, power storage devices and electric vehicles because they have high voltage and high energy density.
- Patent Document 1 a negative electrode active material (hereinafter, also referred to as LSX) comprising a lithium silicate phase represented by Li 2z SiO 2 + z (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2) and silicon particles dispersed in the lithium silicate phase. ) has been proposed.
- LSX negative electrode active material
- the LSX has a smaller irreversible capacity and an increased initial charge / discharge efficiency as compared with the SiO x in which silicon particles are dispersed in the SiO 2 phase.
- the lithium silicate phase in LSX may cause a side reaction with a non-aqueous electrolyte, and it is required to reduce the amount of gas generated during storage of the battery.
- one aspect of the present disclosure relates to composite particles for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, which comprises a lithium zirconate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, wherein the negative electrode relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing the composite particles.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of an XRD pattern of composite particles according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the composite particles according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view in which a part of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present disclosure is cut out.
- the composite particles for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery include a lithium zirconate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase.
- Composite particles (hereinafter, also referred to as LZX particles) can be used, for example, as a high-capacity negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the lithium zirconate phase in the LZX particles is superior in acid resistance and alkali resistance to the lithium silicate phase in the LSX particles in which the silicon phase is dispersed in the lithium silicate phase. Therefore, the LZX particles are generated by a side reaction, and the side reaction with the acid component or the alkaline component contained in the non-aqueous electrolyte is suppressed as compared with the LSX particles. As a result, gas generation due to side reactions during storage of the battery is suppressed.
- the LZX particles may be substantially free of lithium silicate and SiO 2 .
- the total content of lithium silicate and SiO 2 in the LZX particles may be, for example, 3% by mass or less.
- the zirconium content ratio MZr with respect to all elements other than oxygen is 14.6% by mass or more and 54.6% by mass or less, and the lithium content ratio MLi with respect to all elements other than oxygen is 0. It may be 9% by mass or more and 10.4% by mass or less.
- the zirconium content ratio MZr and the lithium content ratio MLi are within the above ranges, a zirconate phase having excellent stability and ionic conductivity can be easily obtained.
- the above-mentioned stability includes both chemical stability (acid resistance and alkali resistance) and thermal stability.
- the zirconium content ratio MZr is more preferably 29.0% by mass or more and 54.6% by mass or less.
- the ratio of lithium content ratio MLi to zirconium content ratio MZr (that is, MLi / MZr) is 100 zirconium content ratio MZr. Then, it may be 4.7 or more and 23.2 or less.
- the lithium content ratio MLi is more preferably 1.8% by mass or more and 9.7% by mass or less after MLi / MZr satisfies the above numerical range.
- the silicon content ratio MSi to all elements other than oxygen is preferably 40% by mass or more, 90% by mass or less, and 42% by mass or more, 82. More preferably, it is by mass or less.
- the silicon content ratio MSi is the amount of Si constituting the silicon phase in the LZX particles.
- x ° is at least one selected from the group consisting of 18.6 °, 26.5 ° and 36.5 °.
- Cu K ⁇ rays are used as X-rays for XRD measurement.
- the vicinity of x ° means, for example, within the range of x ⁇ 1 °.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of an XRD pattern of composite particles of one embodiment of the present disclosure (Example 4 (LZX4) described later).
- the composite particle has a sea-island structure in which a fine silicon phase, which is an island, is dispersed in a lithium zirconate phase, which is a sea part.
- the lithium zirconate phase has good ionic conductivity, and the lithium ion is smoothly stored and released by the silicon phase via the lithium zirconate phase.
- the capacity can be increased by controlling the amount of the silicon phase dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase.
- the lithium zirconate phase relaxes the expansion and contraction of the silicon phase. Therefore, it is possible to easily achieve both high battery capacity and improved cycle characteristics. From the viewpoint of mitigating the expansion and contraction of the silicon phase, the lithium zirconate phase may be amorphous.
- a plurality of primary particles including a lithium zirconate phase and a silicon phase are bonded to form secondary particles.
- the average particle size of the composite particles (secondary particles) is, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, and may be 4 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less. In the above particle size range, it is easy to relax the stress due to the volume change of the composite particle due to charging and discharging, and it is easy to obtain good cycle characteristics.
- the surface area of the composite particles also becomes an appropriate size, and the volume decrease due to side reactions with non-aqueous electrolytes is further suppressed.
- the average particle size of the composite particle means the particle size (volume average particle size) at which the volume integrated value is 50% in the particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction scattering method.
- the measuring device for example, "LA-750" manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd. can be used.
- the average particle size of the composite particle having the conductive layer is set to the composite particle. Can be regarded as the average particle size of.
- Composite particles can be taken out of the battery by the following method.
- the electrode comprises a current collector and an electrode mixture layer supported on the surface thereof. Therefore, the electrode mixture layer is peeled off from the current collector and pulverized in a mortar to obtain sample powder.
- the sample powder is dried in a dry atmosphere for 1 hour and immersed in weakly boiled 6M hydrochloric acid for 10 minutes to remove elements derived from other than the composite particles.
- the completely discharged state is a state in which the depth of discharge (DOD) is 90% or more (the state of charge (SOC) is 10% or less).
- Lithium zirconate phase Lithium zirconate contains lithium (Li), zirconium (Zr), and oxygen (O).
- the atomic ratio of O to Zr (that is, O / Zr) in lithium zirconate is, for example, 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less. When the atomic ratio of O / Zr is within the above range, it is advantageous in terms of stability and ionic conductivity of the lithium zirconate phase.
- the lithium zirconate phase preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 6 Zr 2 O 7 , Li 2 Zr O 3 and Li 5.52 Zr 2.62 O 8 as a main component.
- the "main component” refers to a component that occupies 50% by mass or more of the total mass of the lithium zirconate phase, and may occupy 70% by mass or more of the component.
- the lithium zirconate phase may contain another element M in addition to Li, Zr and O.
- the element M is at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), phosphorus (P) and lanthanum (La). May be.
- the inclusion of the element M in the lithium zirconate phase further improves the stability and ionic conductivity of the lithium zirconate phase. In addition, side reactions due to contact between the lithium zirconate phase and the non-aqueous electrolyte are suppressed.
- the element M preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of P and B.
- the element M may form a compound.
- the compound may be, for example, an oxide of the element M or a zirconate of the element M, depending on the type of the element M.
- the content of the element M is, for example, 0.3 mol% or more and 3 mol% or less with respect to all the elements other than oxygen.
- the lithium zirconate phase may further contain a trace amount of elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo).
- the content of Li, Zr, and element M in the lithium zirconate phase can be measured, for example, by analyzing the cross section of the electrode mixture layer.
- the fully discharged battery is disassembled, the electrode is taken out, the electrode is washed with anhydrous ethylmethyl carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, the non-aqueous electrolyte component is removed, dried, and then the electrode is used with a cross section polisher (CP). Obtain a cross section of the mixture layer. Next, the cross section of the electrode mixture layer is observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the content of each element can be determined by any of the following methods.
- the composition of the lithium zirconate phase is calculated from the content of each element.
- ⁇ EDX> From the cross-sectional image of the backscattered electron image of the electrode mixture layer, 10 composite particles having a maximum particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or more are randomly selected, and element mapping analysis is performed for each of them by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Calculate the content area of the target element using image analysis software. The observation magnification is preferably 2000 to 20000 times. The measured values of the content area of a predetermined element contained in 10 particles are averaged. The content of the target element is calculated from the obtained average value.
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- the measurement conditions may be, for example, an acceleration voltage of 10 kV, a beam current of 10 nA, and an analysis region of 20 ⁇ m ⁇ .
- the content is calculated by averaging the contents of a predetermined element contained in 10 particles.
- EDX analysis and AES analysis are performed on a range 1 ⁇ m or more inside the peripheral edge of the cross section of the composite particle.
- ⁇ ICP> The composite particle sample is completely dissolved in a heated acid solution (mixed acid of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid) and the carbon in the solution residue is filtered off. Then, the obtained filtrate is analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) to measure the spectral intensity of each element. Subsequently, a calibration curve is prepared using a standard solution of commercially available elements, and the content of each element contained in the composite particles is calculated.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
- the quantification of each element can also be performed using an electron microanalyzer (EPMA), laser ablation ICP mass analysis (LA-ICP-MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or the like.
- EPMA electron microanalyzer
- LA-ICP-MS laser ablation ICP mass analysis
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the content of B, Na, K and Al contained in the composite particles may be quantitatively analyzed in accordance with JIS R3105 (1995) (analysis method for bromelic acid glass).
- the Ca content in the composite particles may be quantitatively analyzed in accordance with JIS R3101 (1995) (analysis method for soda-lime glass).
- the carbon content contained in the composite particles may be measured using a carbon / sulfur analyzer (for example, EMIA-520 type manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd.).
- a sample is measured on a magnetic board, a combustion improver is added, and the sample is inserted into a combustion furnace (carrier gas: oxygen) heated to 1350 ° C., and the amount of carbon dioxide gas generated during combustion is detected by infrared absorption.
- the calibration curve is, for example, Bureau of Analyzed Samples. It is prepared using carbon steel manufactured by Ltd. (carbon content 0.49%), and the carbon content of the sample is calculated (high frequency induction heating furnace combustion-infrared absorption method).
- the oxygen content contained in the composite particles may be measured using an oxygen / nitrogen / hydrogen analyzer (for example, EGMA-830 manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd.).
- EGMA-830 manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd.
- a sample is placed in a Ni capsule, and the sample is put into a carbon crucible heated with a power of 5.75 kW together with Sn pellets and Ni pellets as flux, and the emitted carbon monoxide gas is detected.
- a calibration curve is prepared using the standard sample Y 2 O 3 and the oxygen content of the sample is calculated (inert gas melting-non-dispersive infrared absorption method).
- the amount of Si constituting the silicon phase in the composite particles can be quantified using Si-NMR.
- Measuring device Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum measuring device (INOVA-400) manufactured by Varian. Probe: Varian 7mm CPMAS-2 MAS: 4.2 kHz MAS speed: 4kHz Pulse: DD (45 ° pulse + signal capture time 1H decoupler) Repeat time: 1200sec-3000sec Observation width: 100 kHz Observation center: Around -100ppm Signal capture time: 0.05sec Total number of times: 560 Sample amount: 207.6 mg (Silicon phase) The silicon phase is a simple substance phase of silicon (Si), and repeats occlusion and release of lithium ions as the battery is charged and discharged.
- Capacity is developed by a Faraday reaction involving the silicon phase. Since the silicon phase has a large capacity, the degree of expansion and contraction due to charging and discharging is also large. However, since the silicon phase is dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase, the stress due to the expansion and contraction of the silicon phase is relaxed.
- the silicon phase may be composed of a plurality of crystallites.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is preferably 30 nm or less.
- the amount of volume change due to expansion and contraction of the silicon phase due to charge and discharge can be reduced, and the cycle characteristics can be further improved.
- the isolation of the silicon phase due to the formation of voids around the silicon phase when the silicon phase shrinks is suppressed, and the decrease in charge / discharge efficiency is suppressed.
- the lower limit of the crystallite size of the silicon phase is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 nm or more.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is more preferably 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less, and further preferably 15 nm or more and 25 nm or less.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is 10 nm or more, the surface area of the silicon phase can be kept small, so that deterioration of the silicon phase accompanied by generation of irreversible capacitance is unlikely to occur.
- the crystallite size of the silicon particles is 30 nm or less, the expansion and contraction of the silicon phase can be easily made uniform, the stress generated in the composite particles can be easily relaxed, and the cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase is calculated by Scherrer's equation from the half width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (111) plane of the silicon phase (elemental Si) of the X-ray diffraction pattern.
- the silicon phase of the composite particles contained in the battery before the first charge is, for example, particulate.
- the average particle size of the particulate silicon phase is preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less, and even more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the silicon phase is preferably 400 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or less.
- the content of the silicon phase in the composite particles is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 35% by mass or more, and further preferably 55% by mass or more. In this case, the diffusivity of lithium ions is good, and excellent load characteristics can be obtained.
- the content of the silicon phase in the composite particles is preferably 95% by mass or less, more preferably 75% by mass or less, and further preferably 70% by mass or less. .. In this case, the surface of the silicon phase exposed without being covered with the silicate phase is reduced, and the side reaction between the non-aqueous electrolyte and the silicon phase is likely to be suppressed.
- a conductive layer containing a conductive material may be formed on at least a part of the surface of the composite particles (secondary particles). This improves the conductivity of the composite particles. It is preferable that the thickness of the conductive layer is thin enough not to affect the average particle size of the composite particles.
- the thickness of the conductive layer is preferably 1 to 200 nm, more preferably 5 to 100 nm, in consideration of ensuring conductivity and diffusivity of lithium ions.
- the thickness of the conductive layer can be measured by observing the cross section of the composite particle using SEM or TEM.
- the conductive material is preferably a conductive carbon material.
- amorphous carbon amorphous carbon, graphite, easily graphitized carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitized carbon (hard carbon) and the like can be used. Of these, amorphous carbon is preferable because it is easy to form a thin conductive layer that covers the surface of the composite particles. Examples of amorphous carbon include carbon black, fired products of pitch, coke, activated carbon and the like. Examples of graphite include natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized mesophase carbon and the like.
- the composite particles are produced, for example, by a production method including the following first to fourth steps.
- First step A step of obtaining lithium zirconate as a raw material (hereinafter, also referred to as raw material zirconate).
- Second step A step of compounding a raw material zirconate and a raw material silicon and dispersing the silicon phase in the zirconate phase to obtain a composite intermediate.
- Third Step A step of heat-treating a composite intermediate to obtain a sintered body containing a zirconate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the zirconate phase.
- Fullth step A step of pulverizing the sintered body to obtain composite particles containing a zirconate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the zirconate phase.
- the first step includes, for example, a step 1a of mixing a zirconium compound, a lithium compound, and a compound containing an element M, if necessary, to obtain a mixture, and a step 1b of calcining the mixture to obtain a raw material zirconate.
- the firing of step 1b is performed, for example, in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the firing temperature in step 1b is preferably 400 ° C. or higher and 1200 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 800 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower.
- zirconium compound examples include zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), zirconium hydride, zirconium carbonate and the like.
- ZrO 2 zirconium oxide
- zirconium hydride zirconium hydride
- zirconium carbonate examples of the zirconium compound.
- One type of zirconium compound may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- lithium compound examples include lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, lithium hydride and the like.
- the lithium compound one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, halides, carbonates, oxalates, nitrates, sulfates and the like of the element M can be used.
- oxides, hydroxides, hydrides, halides, carbonates, oxalates, nitrates, sulfates and the like of the element M can be used.
- the compound containing the element M one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the zirconium compound that did not react with the lithium compound in the process of producing the raw material zirconate may remain in the raw material zirconate.
- the zirconium compound tends to remain.
- the zirconium compound remaining in the raw material zirconate is ZrO 2
- the ZrO 2 phase dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase can be formed in the finally obtained composite particles.
- the second step includes, for example, a step of pulverizing the mixture while applying a shearing force to the mixture of the raw material zirconeate and the raw material silicon to obtain a finely divided composite intermediate.
- the raw material zirconate and the raw material silicon may be mixed at a predetermined mass ratio, and the mixture may be atomized while stirring using a pulverizer such as a ball mill.
- coarse silicon particles having an average particle size of several ⁇ m to several tens of ⁇ m may be used.
- the finally obtained silicon particles should be controlled so that the crystallite size calculated by Scherrer's equation from the half width of the diffraction peak attributed to the Si (111) plane of the X-ray diffraction pattern is 10 nm or more. Is preferable.
- the second step is not limited to the above.
- silicon nanoparticles and nanoparticles of raw material zirconate may be synthesized and mixed without using a pulverizer.
- the third step includes, for example, a step of firing the composite intermediate while applying pressure to the finely divided composite intermediate by hot pressing or the like to obtain a sintered body. Firing of the composite intermediate is carried out, for example, in an inert atmosphere (eg, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.).
- the firing temperature is preferably 450 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower. In the above temperature range, fine silicon particles are easily dispersed in the zirconate phase having low crystallinity.
- the raw material zirconate is stable in the above temperature range and hardly reacts with silicon.
- the firing temperature is preferably 550 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 650 ° C. or higher and 850 ° C. or lower.
- the firing time is, for example, 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less.
- the fourth step is a step of pulverizing the sintered body so as to have a desired particle size distribution to obtain composite particles containing a zirconate phase and a silicon phase dispersed in the zirconate phase.
- the composite particles are pulverized so as to have an average particle size of 1 to 25 ⁇ m, for example.
- the method for producing composite particles may include a fifth step of covering at least a part of the surface of the composite particles with a conductive material to form a conductive layer.
- the conductive material is preferably electrochemically stable, and a conductive carbon material is preferable.
- a CVD method using a hydrocarbon gas such as acetylene or methane as a raw material, coal pitch, petroleum pitch, phenol resin or the like is mixed with the composite particles and heated.
- An example is a method of carbonizing.
- carbon black may be attached to the surface of the composite particles.
- a mixture of composite particles and a conductive carbon material is heated at 700 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in an inert atmosphere (for example, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.) to form a composite.
- an inert atmosphere for example, an atmosphere of argon, nitrogen, etc.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the negative electrode active material (composite particles) according to the embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the composite particle 20 includes a mother particle 23 composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles 24 are aggregated.
- the mother particle 23 (primary particle 24) includes a lithium zirconate phase 21 and a silicon phase 22 dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase 21.
- the mother particle 23 has a sea-island structure in which a fine silicon phase is dispersed in the matrix of the lithium zirconate phase 21.
- fine ZrO 2 phase 28 may be dispersed in the lithium zirconate phase 21. At least a part of the surface of the mother particle 23 may be covered with the conductive layer 26.
- the lithium zirconate phase 21 may contain the element M. With repeated charging and discharging, the particulate silicon phases 22 adjacent to each other can be connected to each other to form a network-shaped silicon phase.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the negative electrode contains the above-mentioned composite particles.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery will be described in detail below.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer supported on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer can be formed by applying a negative electrode slurry in which a negative electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of a negative electrode current collector and drying the negative electrode mixture layer. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the negative electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the negative electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the negative electrode mixture contains a negative electrode active material as an essential component, and can include a binder, a conductive agent, a thickener and the like as optional components.
- the negative electrode active material contains at least the above-mentioned composite particles.
- the negative electrode active material preferably further contains a carbon material that electrochemically stores and releases lithium ions. Since the volume of the composite particle expands and contracts with charge and discharge, if the ratio of the composite particle to the negative electrode active material becomes large, poor contact between the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector tends to occur with charge and discharge. On the other hand, by using the composite particle and the carbon material in combination, it becomes possible to achieve excellent cycle characteristics while imparting a high capacity of the silicon particle to the negative electrode. From the viewpoint of increasing the capacity and improving the cycle characteristics, the ratio of the carbon material to the total of the composite particles and the carbon material is preferably 98% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 75% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
- the carbon material examples include graphite, easily graphitized carbon (soft carbon), and non-graphitized carbon (hard carbon). Of these, graphite, which has excellent charge / discharge stability and has a small irreversible capacity, is preferable.
- the graphite means a material having a graphite-type crystal structure, and includes, for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphitized mesophase carbon particles, and the like. As the carbon material, one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the negative electrode current collector a non-perforated conductive substrate (metal foil, etc.) and a porous conductive substrate (mesh body, net body, punching sheet, etc.) are used.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloy, copper, and copper alloy.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of the balance between the strength and weight reduction of the negative electrode.
- the binder may be a resin material, for example, a fluororesin such as polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene; a polyamide resin such as an aramid resin; a polyimide resin such as polyimide or polyamideimide.
- PVDF polytetrafluoroethylene or polyvinylidene fluoride
- a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene or polypropylene
- a polyamide resin such as an aramid resin
- a polyimide resin such as polyimide or polyamideimide.
- Acrylic resin such as polyacrylic acid, methyl polyacrylic acid, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer; vinyl resin such as polyacrylonitrile and vinyl acetate; polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyether sulfone; styrene-butadiene copolymer rubber (SBR)
- SBR s
- the conductive agent examples include carbons such as acetylene black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; carbon fluoride; metal powders such as aluminum; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Examples thereof include conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; and organic conductive materials such as phenylene derivatives.
- the conductive agent one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the thickener examples include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and its modified product (including salts such as Na salt), cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose (cellulose ether and the like); and Ken, a polymer having a vinyl acetate unit such as polyvinyl alcohol.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- cellulose ether and the like examples include cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose (cellulose ether and the like); and Ken, a polymer having a vinyl acetate unit such as polyvinyl alcohol.
- the thickener may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the dispersion medium is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, alcohols such as ethanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, amides such as dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), and a mixed solvent thereof. ..
- the positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer supported on the surface of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed by applying a positive electrode slurry in which a positive electrode mixture is dispersed in a dispersion medium to the surface of a positive electrode current collector and drying it. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface of the positive electrode current collector, or may be formed on both surfaces.
- the positive electrode mixture contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may contain a binder, a conductive agent, and the like as optional components.
- As the dispersion medium of the positive electrode slurry NMP or the like is used.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium-containing composite oxide can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- Me is Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al. , Cr, Pb, Sb, and B.
- a 0 to 1.2
- b 0 to 0.9
- c 2.0 to 2.3.
- the a value indicating the molar ratio of lithium increases or decreases depending on charging and discharging.
- Li a Ni b Me 1-b O 2 (Me is at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Co and Al, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0.3 ⁇ b ⁇ ".
- the binder and the conductive agent the same ones as those exemplified for the negative electrode can be used.
- the conductive agent graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite may be used.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be selected from the shape and range according to the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the material of the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, titanium and the like.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte contains a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably, for example, 0.5 mol / L or more and 2 mol / L or less. By setting the lithium salt concentration in the above range, a non-aqueous electrolyte having excellent ionic conductivity and appropriate viscosity can be obtained.
- the lithium salt concentration is not limited to the above.
- cyclic carbonate ester for example, cyclic carbonate ester, chain carbonate ester, cyclic carboxylic acid ester, chain carboxylic acid ester and the like are used.
- cyclic carbonic acid ester examples include propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC).
- chain carbonate ester examples include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and the like.
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- cyclic carboxylic acid ester include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- chain carboxylic acid ester examples include methyl formate, ethyl formate, propyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate and the like.
- the non-aqueous solvent one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- lithium salt examples include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiB 10 Cl 10, and LiCl. , LiBr, LiI, borates, imide salts and the like.
- borates include bis (1,2-benzenediolate (2-) -O, O') lithium borate and bis (2,3-naphthalenedioleate (2-) -O, O') borate.
- imide salts include bisfluorosulfonylimide lithium (LiN (FSO 2 ) 2 ), bistrifluoromethanesulfonate imide lithium (LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ), and trifluoromethanesulfonate nonafluorobutane sulfonate imide lithium (LiN).
- LiPF 6 is preferable.
- the lithium salt one kind may be used alone, or two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- Separator usually, it is desirable to interpose a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability and has moderate mechanical strength and insulation.
- a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, a non-woven fabric or the like can be used.
- polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are preferable.
- An example of the structure of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a structure in which an electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound via a separator is housed in an exterior body together with a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and other forms of electrodes may be applied.
- a laminated electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator may be used.
- the form of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is not limited, and may be, for example, a cylindrical type, a square type, a coin type, a button type, a laminated type, or the like.
- the battery includes a bottomed square battery case 4, an electrode group 1 housed in the battery case 4, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode group 1 has a long strip-shaped negative electrode, a long strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator interposed between them.
- the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 6 provided on the sealing plate 5 via the negative electrode lead 3.
- the negative electrode terminal 6 is insulated from the sealing plate 5 by a resin gasket 7.
- the positive electrode current collector of the positive electrode is electrically connected to the back surface of the sealing plate 5 via the positive electrode lead 2. That is, the positive electrode is electrically connected to the battery case 4 that also serves as the positive electrode terminal.
- the peripheral edge of the sealing plate 5 is fitted to the open end portion of the battery case 4, and the fitting portion is laser welded.
- the sealing plate 5 has an injection hole for a non-aqueous electrolyte, and is closed by the sealing 8 after injection.
- FIG. 1 is an XRD pattern of LZX4.
- LZX1 to 6 LZX particles 1 to 6 (hereinafter, also referred to as LZX1 to 6) of Examples 1 to 6, peaks derived from the silicon phase, the lithium zirconate phase and the ZrO2 phase are confirmed, respectively.
- LZX1 to 6 LZX particles 1 to 6
- peaks derived from the silicon phase, the lithium zirconate phase and the ZrO2 phase are confirmed, respectively.
- the crystallite size of the silicon phase in the LZX particles determined by the method described above was 15 nm.
- Li content ratio MLi, Si content ratio MSi and Zr content ratio MZr in the LZX particles were determined by the method described above. The values of each content ratio are shown in Table 1.
- Composite particles having a conductive layer and graphite were mixed at a mass ratio of 5:95 and used as a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode slurry was prepared by adding water to a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, a Na salt of CMC, and SBR at a mass ratio of 97.5: 1: 1.5 and stirring the mixture.
- a negative electrode slurry was applied to the surface of the copper foil, the coating film was dried, and then rolled to prepare a negative electrode having a negative electrode mixture layer having a density of 1.5 g / cm 3 formed on both sides of the copper foil.
- NMP was added to a positive electrode mixture containing lithium cobalt oxide, acetylene black, and PVDF in a mass ratio of 95: 2.5: 2.5 and stirred to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to the surface of the aluminum foil, the coating film was dried, and then rolled to prepare a positive electrode having a positive electrode mixture layer having a density of 3.6 g / cm 3 formed on both sides of the aluminum foil.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1.0 mol / L in a mixed solvent containing EC and DEC in a volume ratio of 3: 7.
- lithium silicate was used instead of the raw material lithium zirconate, and lithium silicate (average particle size 10 ⁇ m) and raw material silicon (3N, average particle size 10 ⁇ m) were mixed in a mass ratio of 50:50.
- the raw material silicate was pulverized so as to have an average particle size of 10 ⁇ m.
- composite particles having a conductive layer were obtained by the same method as in Example 1.
- Battery B1 was produced by the same method as in Example 1 except that LSX particles having a conductive layer were used instead of LZX particles having a conductive layer.
- the batteries A1 to A6 and B1 obtained above were charged and discharged for the first time by the following method, and then charged.
- Each charged battery was stored at 80 ° C. for 3 days, and the amount of gas generated in the battery was measured by the Archimedes method. Specifically, the amount of increase in battery volume increased by gas generation was measured.
- the value of the gas generation amount obtained by the battery B1 of Comparative Example 1 was taken as 100, and the value of the gas generation amount of each battery was shown as a relative value.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 1.
- the amount of gas generated in the batteries A1 to A6 using the LZX particles was smaller than that in the battery B1 using the LZX particles. In particular, in the batteries A1 to A4, the amount of gas generated was small.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present disclosure is useful as a main power source for mobile communication devices, portable electronic devices, and the like.
- Electrode group 2 Positive electrode lead 3 Negative electrode lead 4 Battery case 5 Seal plate 6 Negative terminal 7 Gasket 8 Seal 20 Composite particles 21 Lithium zirconate phase 22 Silicon phase 23 Mother particles 24 Primary particles 26 Conductive layer 28 ZrO 2 phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本開示の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子は、リチウムジルコネート相と、リチウムジルコネート相内に分散しているシリコン相と、を含む。複合粒子(以下、LZX粒子とも称する。)は、例えば、非水電解質二次電池の負極に含ませる高容量の負極活物質として用い得る。
リチウムジルコネートは、リチウム(Li)と、ジルコニウム(Zr)と、酸素(O)とを含む。リチウムジルコネートにおけるZrに対するOの原子比(すなわちO/Zr)は、例えば2.0以上、6.0以下である。O/Zrの原子比が上記範囲内の場合、リチウムジルコネート相の安定性およびイオン伝導性の面で有利である。
電極合剤層の反射電子像の断面画像から、粒子の最大径が5μm以上の複合粒子を無作為に10個選び出して、それぞれについてエネルギー分散型X線(EDX)による元素のマッピング分析を行う。画像解析ソフトを用いて対象となる元素の含有面積を算出する。観察倍率は2000~20000倍が望ましい。粒子10個に含まれる所定の元素の含有面積の測定値を平均する。得られた平均値から対象となる元素の含有量が算出される。
加工装置:JEOL製、SM-09010(Cross Section Polisher)
加工条件:加速電圧6kV
電流値:140μA
真空度:1×10-3~2×10-3Pa
測定装置:電子顕微鏡HITACHI製SU-70
分析時加速電圧:10kV
フィールド:フリーモード
プローブ電流モード:Medium
プローブ電流範囲:High
アノード Ap.:3
OBJ Ap.:2
分析エリア:1μm四方
分析ソフト:EDAX Genesis
CPS:20500
Lsec:50
時定数:3.2
<AES>
電極合剤層の反射電子像の断面画像から、粒子の最大径が5μm以上の複合粒子を無作為に10個選び出して、それぞれについてオージェ電子分光(AES)分析装置(例えば日本電子社製、JAMP-9510F)を用いて元素の定性定量分析を行う。測定条件は、例えば、加速電圧10kV、ビーム電流10nA、分析領域20μmφとすればよい。粒子10個に含まれる所定の元素の含有量を平均して含有量が算出される。
複合粒子の試料を、加熱した酸溶液(フッ化水素酸、硝酸および硫酸の混酸)中で全溶解し、溶液残渣の炭素を濾過して除去する。その後、得られた濾液を誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析法(ICP)で分析して、各元素のスペクトル強度を測定する。続いて、市販されている元素の標準溶液を用いて検量線を作成し、複合粒子に含まれる各元素の含有量を算出する。
測定装置:バリアン社製、固体核磁気共鳴スペクトル測定装置(INOVA‐400)
プローブ:Varian 7mm CPMAS-2
MAS:4.2kHz
MAS速度:4kHz
パルス:DD(45°パルス+シグナル取込時間1Hデカップル)
繰り返し時間:1200sec~3000sec
観測幅:100kHz
観測中心:-100ppm付近
シグナル取込時間:0.05sec
積算回数:560
試料量:207.6mg
(シリコン相)
シリコン相は、ケイ素(Si)単体の相であり、電池の充放電に伴ってリチウムイオンの吸蔵と放出を繰り返す。シリコン相が関与するファラデー反応によって容量が発現する。シリコン相は、容量が大きいため、充放電に伴う膨張と収縮の程度も大きい。ただし、シリコン相はリチウムジルコネート相内に分散しているため、シリコン相の膨張と収縮による応力は緩和される。
複合粒子(二次粒子)の表面の少なくとも一部に導電性材料を含む導電層が形成されていてもよい。これにより、複合粒子の導電性が向上する。導電層の厚さは、実質上、複合粒子の平均粒径に影響しない程度に薄いことが好ましい。導電層の厚さは、導電性の確保とリチウムイオンの拡散性を考慮すると、1~200nmが好ましく、5~100nmがより好ましい。導電層の厚さは、SEMまたはTEMを用いた複合粒子の断面観察により計測できる。
複合粒子は、例えば、以下の第1工程から第4工程を含む製造方法により製造される。
(第1工程)原料であるリチウムジルコネート(以下、原料ジルコネートとも称する。)を得る工程。
(第2工程)原料ジルコネートと原料シリコンとを複合化してジルコネート相内にシリコン相を分散させて複合中間体を得る工程。
(第3工程)複合中間体に熱処理を施してジルコネート相とジルコネート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む焼結体を得る工程。
(第4工程)焼結体を粉砕してジルコネート相とジルコネート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む複合粒子を得る工程。
第1工程は、例えば、ジルコニウム化合物と、リチウム化合物と、必要に応じて、元素Mを含む化合物とを混合し、混合物を得る工程1aと、混合物を焼成し、原料ジルコネートを得る工程1bとを含む。工程1bの焼成は、例えば、酸化雰囲気中で行われる。工程1bの焼成温度は、好ましくは400℃以上、1200℃以下であり、より好ましくは800℃以上、1100℃以下である。
第2工程は、例えば、原料ジルコネートと原料シリコンとの混合物にせん断力を付与しながら混合物を粉砕して微粒子化された複合中間体を得る工程を有する。ここでは、例えば、原料ジルコネートと原料シリコンとを所定の質量比で混合し、ボールミルのような粉砕装置を用いて、混合物を攪拌しながら微粒子化すればよい。
第3工程は、例えば、微粒子化された複合中間体にホットプレス等で圧力を印加しながら複合中間体を焼成して焼結体を得る工程を有する。複合中間体の焼成は、例えば、不活性雰囲気(例えば、アルゴン、窒素等の雰囲気)中で行われる。焼成温度は、450℃以上、1000℃以下であることが好ましい。上記温度範囲である場合、結晶性が低いジルコネート相内に微小なシリコン粒子を分散させやすい。原料ジルコネートは、上記温度範囲では安定であり、シリコンとほとんど反応しない。焼成温度は、好ましくは550℃以上、900℃以下であり、より好ましくは650℃以上、850℃以下である。焼成時間は、例えば、1時間以上、10時間以下である。
第4工程は、焼結体を所望の粒度分布を有するように粉砕して、ジルコネート相とジルコネート相内に分散しているシリコン相とを含む複合粒子を得る工程である。複合粒子は、例えば、平均粒径1~25μmとなるように粉砕される。
さらに、複合粒子の製造方法は、複合粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を導電性材料で被覆して導電層を形成する第5工程を含んでもよい。導電性材料は、電気化学的に安定であることが好ましく、導電性炭素材料が好ましい。導電性炭素材料で複合粒子の表面を被覆する方法としては、アセチレン、メタン等の炭化水素ガスを原料に用いるCVD法、石炭ピッチ、石油ピッチ、フェノール樹脂等を複合粒子と混合し、加熱して炭化させる方法等が例示できる。また、カーボンブラックを複合粒子の表面に付着させてもよい。第5工程では、例えば、複合粒子と導電性炭素材料との混合物を、例えば不活性雰囲気(例えば、アルゴン、窒素等の雰囲気)中で、700℃以上、950℃以下で加熱することで、複合粒子の表面に導電層を形成してもよい。
本開示の実施形態に係る非水電解質二次電池は、正極と、負極と、非水電解質と、を備え、負極は、上記複合粒子を含む。
負極は、負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面に担持された負極合剤層とを備えてもよい。負極合剤層は、負極合剤を分散媒に分散させた負極スラリーを、負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。負極合剤層は、負極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に担持された正極合剤層とを備えてもよい。正極合剤層は、正極合剤を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリーを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤層は、正極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。正極合剤は、必須成分として、正極活物質を含み、任意成分として、結着剤、導電剤等を含むことができる。正極スラリーの分散媒としては、NMP等が用いられる。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解したリチウム塩と、を含む。非水電解質中のリチウム塩の濃度は、例えば、0.5mol/L以上、2mol/L以下が好ましい。リチウム塩濃度を上記範囲とすることで、イオン伝導性に優れ、適度の粘性を有する非水電解質を得ることができる。ただし、リチウム塩濃度は上記に限定されない。
通常、正極と負極との間には、セパレータを介在させることが望ましい。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高く、適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等を用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましい。
[複合粒子(LZX粒子)の調製]
(第1工程)
ZrO2と、Li2CO3とを混合し、空気中、混合物を950℃で10時間焼成し、原料リチウムジルコネート(LZX粒子)A1~A6を得た。混合物において、ZrO2とLi2CO3とのモル比は、ジルコニウムの含有比率MZrを100とするときのMLiとMZrとの質量比(MLi/MZr)が表1に示す値となるようにした。原料リチウムジルコネートは平均粒径10μmになるように粉砕した。
次に、原料リチウムジルコネート(平均粒径10μm)と、原料シリコン(3N、平均粒径10μm)とを混合した。混合物において、原料リチウムジルコネートと原料シリコンとの質量比は、ZrとSiとの質量比が表1に示す値となるようにした。
次に、不活性雰囲気中で粉末状の混合物を取り出し、不活性雰囲気中、ホットプレス機を用いて圧力を印加しながら800℃で4時間焼成して、混合物の焼結体を得た。
得られた焼結体を粉砕し、40μmのメッシュに通し、複合粒子を得た。
複合粒子と、石炭ピッチ(JFEケミカル社製、MCP250)とを混合した。混合物を、不活性雰囲気中、800℃で5時間焼成し、複合粒子の表面に導電性炭素材料を含む導電層を形成した。導電層の被覆量は、複合粒子と導電層との総質量に対して5質量%とした。その後、篩を用いて、導電層を有する平均粒径5μmの複合粒子(リチウムジルコネート相内にシリコン相が分散しているLZX粒子)を得た。
導電層を有する複合粒子と黒鉛とを、5:95の質量比で混合し、負極活物質として用いた。負極活物質と、CMCのNa塩と、SBRとを、97.5:1:1.5の質量比で含む負極合剤に水を添加して攪拌し、負極スラリーを調製した。次に、銅箔の表面に負極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥後、圧延して、銅箔の両面に密度1.5g/cm3の負極合剤層が形成された負極を作製した。
コバルト酸リチウムと、アセチレンブラックと、PVDFとを、95:2.5:2.5の質量比で含む正極合剤にNMPを添加して攪拌し、正極スラリーを調製した。次に、アルミニウム箔の表面に正極スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥後、圧延して、アルミニウム箔の両面に密度3.6g/cm3の正極合剤層が形成された正極を作製した。
ECとDECとを3:7の体積比で含む混合溶媒にLiPF6を1.0mol/L濃度で溶解して非水電解質を調製した。
それぞれタブを取り付けた正極と負極とをセパレータを介して巻回し、タブが最外周部に位置する電極群を作製した。電極群をアルミニウムラミネートフィルム製の外装体内に挿入し、105℃で2時間真空乾燥後、非水電解質を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して、実施例1~6のLZX1~6に対応する電池A1~A6を得た。
第2工程で、原料リチウムジルコネートの代わりにリチウムシリケートを用い、リチウムシリケート(平均粒径10μm)と原料シリコン(3N、平均粒径10μm)とを、50:50の質量比で混合した。リチウムシリケートは、SiO2とLi2CO3とを、SiO2:Li2CO3=70:30のモル比で混合し、空気中、混合物を950℃で10時間焼成することにより得た。原料シリケートは平均粒径10μmになるように粉砕した。
第2工程で、原料ジルコネートの代わりにZrO2を用い、ZrO2(平均粒径10μm)と原料シリコン(3N、平均粒径10μm)とを、ZrとSiとの質量比が表1に示す値となるようにした。続く工程において複合粒子を得ようとしたが、ジルコニアにシリコン相を分散させることができず、複合粒子を合成することができなかった。
第1工程において、LiとZrとの質量比が表1に示す値となるようにZrO2とLi2CO3とを混合してリチウムジルコネート(LZX7)を合成しようとしたが、リチウムジルコネートの生成が不十分であり、複相混合物が生成した。続く工程においてLZX粒子7を用いて複合粒子を得ようとしたが、造粒が困難であった。
<充電>
25℃で、1It(800mA)の電流で電圧が4.2Vになるまで定電流充電を行った後、4.2Vの電圧で電流が1/20It(40mA)になるまで定電圧充電を行った。
10分間の休止後、25℃で、1It(800mA)の電流で電圧が2.75Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。
2 正極リード
3 負極リード
4 電池ケース
5 封口板
6 負極端子
7 ガスケット
8 封栓
20 複合粒子
21 リチウムジルコネート相
22 シリコン相
23 母粒子
24 一次粒子
26 導電層
28 ZrO2相
Claims (9)
- リチウムジルコネート相と、前記リチウムジルコネート相内に分散しているシリコン相と、を含む、非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子。
- 前記複合粒子において、
酸素以外の全元素に対するジルコニウムの含有比率MZrが、14.6質量%以上、54.6質量%以下であり、かつ、
酸素以外の全元素に対するリチウムの含有比率MLiが、0.9質量%以上、10.4質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の複合粒子。 - 前記ジルコニウムの含有比率MZrに対する前記リチウムの含有比率MLiの比は、前記ジルコニウムの含有比率MZrを100とするとき、4.7以上、23.2以下である、請求項2に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記リチウムジルコネート相は、Li6Zr2O7、Li2ZrO3およびLi5.52Zr2.62O8からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の複合粒子。
- X線回折測定により得られる前記複合粒子のX線回折パターンにおいて、
2θ=x°付近に、前記リチウムジルコネート相に由来するピークが現れ、
前記x°は、18.6°、26.5°および36.5°からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の複合粒子。 - 前記リチウムジルコネート相内にZrO2相が分散している、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の複合粒子。
- X線回折測定により得られる前記複合粒子のX線回折パターンにおいて、2θ=30.7°付近に、前記ZrO2相に由来するピークが現れる、請求項6に記載の複合粒子。
- 前記リチウムジルコネート相は、ナトリウム、カリウム、カルシウム、マグネシウム、ホウ素、リンおよびランタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の複合粒子。
- 正極と、負極と、非水電解質と、を備え、
前記負極は、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の複合粒子を含む、非水電解質二次電池。
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202180082133.6A CN116583483A (zh) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | 非水电解质二次电池用的复合颗粒和非水电解质二次电池 |
JP2022571076A JPWO2022137732A1 (ja) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | |
EP21909890.2A EP4269350A4 (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | COMPOSITE PARTICLES FOR SECONDARY BATTERY WITH ANHYDROUS ELECTROLYTE AND SECONDARY BATTERY WITH ANHYDROUS ELECTROLYTE |
US18/268,813 US20240038974A1 (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | Composite particles for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2020-213999 | 2020-12-23 | ||
JP2020213999 | 2020-12-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022137732A1 true WO2022137732A1 (ja) | 2022-06-30 |
Family
ID=82158965
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2021/037376 WO2022137732A1 (ja) | 2020-12-23 | 2021-10-08 | 非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子および非水電解質二次電池 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20240038974A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP4269350A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2022137732A1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN116583483A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2022137732A1 (ja) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2013239267A (ja) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-28 | Toyota Industries Corp | 二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法、二次電池用負極、二次電池、及びSi−酸化物固体電解質複合体 |
WO2016035290A1 (ja) | 2014-09-03 | 2016-03-10 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
CN108365203A (zh) * | 2018-02-27 | 2018-08-03 | 山东大学 | 一种复合锆酸锂改性双相钛酸锂/二氧化钛负极材料的制备技术 |
WO2018179969A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2019065766A1 (ja) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR101939270B1 (ko) * | 2012-12-27 | 2019-01-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 이차전지용 음극활물질, 이차전지용 도전성 조성물, 이를 포함하는 음극재료, 이를 포함하는 음극구조체 및 이차전지, 및 이들의 제조방법 |
US11239459B2 (en) * | 2018-10-18 | 2022-02-01 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Low-expansion composite electrodes for all-solid-state batteries |
-
2021
- 2021-10-08 EP EP21909890.2A patent/EP4269350A4/en active Pending
- 2021-10-08 JP JP2022571076A patent/JPWO2022137732A1/ja active Pending
- 2021-10-08 CN CN202180082133.6A patent/CN116583483A/zh active Pending
- 2021-10-08 WO PCT/JP2021/037376 patent/WO2022137732A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2021-10-08 US US18/268,813 patent/US20240038974A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2013239267A (ja) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-28 | Toyota Industries Corp | 二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法、二次電池用負極、二次電池、及びSi−酸化物固体電解質複合体 |
WO2016035290A1 (ja) | 2014-09-03 | 2016-03-10 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2018179969A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-29 | 2018-10-04 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 |
WO2019065766A1 (ja) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-04 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
CN108365203A (zh) * | 2018-02-27 | 2018-08-03 | 山东大学 | 一种复合锆酸锂改性双相钛酸锂/二氧化钛负极材料的制备技术 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP4269350A4 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN116583483A (zh) | 2023-08-11 |
EP4269350A1 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
US20240038974A1 (en) | 2024-02-01 |
JPWO2022137732A1 (ja) | 2022-06-30 |
EP4269350A4 (en) | 2024-06-19 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6876946B2 (ja) | 負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 | |
JP6994690B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2023162716A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2022113500A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2020195335A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2021241618A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 | |
WO2021199587A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極活物質およびこれを用いた二次電池 | |
WO2021020226A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2024004520A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極材料、および、二次電池 | |
WO2020202843A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2022113499A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 | |
CN111357135B (zh) | 锂离子电池 | |
CN111033854B (zh) | 非水电解质二次电池 | |
WO2022044454A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材料および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2021241388A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 | |
JP7458036B2 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2022137732A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用の複合粒子および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2023008098A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 | |
WO2023171580A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極活物質および二次電池 | |
WO2024116847A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2024116814A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2023162689A1 (ja) | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質および非水電解質二次電池 | |
WO2023190239A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極材料および二次電池 | |
WO2021039217A1 (ja) | 二次電池用負極および非水電解質二次電池 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 21909890 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022571076 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202180082133.6 Country of ref document: CN |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 18268813 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2021909890 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20230724 |