WO2022112894A1 - 蓄電システム、車両、および電子機器 - Google Patents
蓄電システム、車両、および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022112894A1 WO2022112894A1 PCT/IB2021/060484 IB2021060484W WO2022112894A1 WO 2022112894 A1 WO2022112894 A1 WO 2022112894A1 IB 2021060484 W IB2021060484 W IB 2021060484W WO 2022112894 A1 WO2022112894 A1 WO 2022112894A1
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- Prior art keywords
- secondary battery
- terminal
- positive electrode
- battery
- power storage
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
- H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/389—Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
- H01M10/4264—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing with capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
- H01M10/486—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte for measuring temperature
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
- H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
- H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
- H02J7/06—Regulation of charging current or voltage using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a measurement circuit, a control system, and a power storage system. Further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a battery control circuit, a battery protection circuit, a power storage device, and an electric device. Further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a secondary battery. Further, one aspect of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of operating the semiconductor device.
- one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the above technical fields.
- the technical field of the invention disclosed in the present specification and the like relates to a product or a method.
- one aspect of the invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition (composition of matter). Therefore, more specifically, the technical field of one aspect of the present invention disclosed in the present specification includes a display device, a light emitting device, a power storage device, an image pickup device, a storage device, a driving method thereof, or a manufacturing method thereof. Can be given as an example.
- Power storage devices also called batteries or secondary batteries
- batteries are being used in a wide range of fields, from small electronic devices to automobiles.
- applications using multi-cell battery stacks in which multiple battery cells are connected in series are increasing.
- the power storage device is equipped with a circuit for grasping abnormalities during charging / discharging such as over-discharging, over-charging, over-current, or short circuit.
- a circuit for grasping abnormalities during charging / discharging such as over-discharging, over-charging, over-current, or short circuit.
- data such as voltage and current are acquired in order to detect an abnormality during charging / discharging.
- control such as charge / discharge stop and cell balancing is performed based on the observed data.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a protection IC that functions as a battery protection circuit.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a protection IC in which a plurality of comparators are provided internally and a reference voltage is compared with the voltage of a terminal to which a battery is connected to detect an abnormality during charging / discharging. ..
- Patent Document 2 discloses a battery state detecting device for detecting a minute short circuit of a secondary battery and a battery pack containing the same.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a protective semiconductor device that protects an assembled battery in which cells of a secondary battery are connected in series.
- Patent Document 4 discloses an apparatus for detecting the internal resistance value of a secondary battery.
- Patent Document 5 describes a power MOSFET used in a semiconductor device that controls a battery.
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a new power storage system, a control system for a secondary battery, a measurement circuit for a secondary battery, and the like.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a power storage system, a control system for a secondary battery, a measurement circuit for a secondary battery, and the like, which have low power consumption.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a highly integrated power storage system, a secondary battery control system, a secondary battery measurement circuit, and the like.
- one aspect of the present invention is to provide a new system, a measurement circuit, a battery control circuit, a battery protection circuit, a power storage device, a semiconductor device, a vehicle, an electronic device, and the like.
- the problem of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the problems listed above.
- the issues listed above do not preclude the existence of other issues.
- Other issues are issues not mentioned in this item, which are described below. Issues not mentioned in this item can be derived from the description in the specification, drawings, etc. by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these issues.
- one aspect of the present invention solves at least one of the above-listed problems and other problems.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery and a measuring circuit, the measuring circuit has a resistance element, a capacitive element, and an inductor, and one terminal of the resistance element is a capacitive element. Electrically connected to one electrode, the other terminal of the resistance element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor, and one terminal of the inductor is electrically connected to one of the positive and negative sides of the secondary battery.
- the connected and measuring circuit is a power storage system having a function of measuring the impedance of the secondary battery by measuring the current of the resistance element.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery and a measuring circuit
- the measuring circuit has a resistance element, a capacitance element, and an inductor, and one terminal of the resistance element has a capacitance. Electrically connected to one electrode of the element, the other terminal of the resistance element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor, and one terminal of the inductor is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the measurement circuit is a power storage system having a function of measuring the impedance of a secondary battery by measuring the current of a resistance element.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery and a measuring circuit
- the measuring circuit has a resistance element, a capacitance element, and an inductor, and one terminal of the resistance element has a capacitance. Electrically connected to one electrode of the element, the other electrode of the capacitive element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor, and one terminal of the inductor is electrically connected to one of the positive and negative electrodes of the secondary battery.
- the measuring circuit is a power storage system having a function of measuring the impedance of the secondary battery by measuring the current of the resistance element.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery and a measuring circuit
- the measuring circuit has a resistance element, a capacitance element, and an inductor, and one terminal of the resistance element has a capacitance. Electrically connected to one electrode of the element, the other electrode of the capacitive element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor, and one terminal of the inductor is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the measurement circuit is a power storage system having a function of measuring the impedance of a secondary battery by measuring the current of a resistance element.
- the other terminal of the inductor is electrically connected to the first circuit, and the first circuit has a function of controlling the charging of the secondary battery.
- the charging current of the secondary battery is supplied from the first circuit to the secondary battery via the inductor.
- the measuring circuit has a function of applying a voltage having an AC component to the secondary battery, and the measuring circuit has a function of sweeping the frequency of the AC component, the frequency and the current value of the resistance element. It is preferable to have a function of estimating the state of the secondary battery based on the correlation with.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery, a measuring circuit, and the measuring circuit includes a resistance element, a capacitive element, an inductor, and an AC signal source, and one of the resistance elements.
- Terminal is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element
- the other terminal of the resistance element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor
- one terminal of the inductor is the positive electrode of the secondary battery and
- An AC signal source that is electrically connected to one of the negative electrodes is a power storage system that is electrically connected to the other electrode of the capacitive element and the other of the positive and negative electrodes of the secondary battery.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery, a measuring circuit, and the measuring circuit includes a resistance element, a capacitive element, an inductor, and an AC signal source, and one of the resistance elements.
- Terminal is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element
- the other terminal of the resistance element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor
- one terminal of the inductor is connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the AC signal source which is electrically connected, is a power storage system that is electrically connected to the other electrode of the capacitive element and the negative electrode of the secondary battery.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery, a measuring circuit, and the measuring circuit includes a resistance element, a capacitive element, an inductor, and an AC signal source, and one of the resistance elements.
- Terminal is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element
- the other electrode of the capacitive element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor
- one terminal of the inductor is the positive electrode of the secondary battery and
- An AC signal source that is electrically connected to one of the negative electrodes is a power storage system that is electrically connected to the other terminal of the resistance element and the other of the positive and negative electrodes of the secondary battery.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a secondary battery, a measuring circuit, and the measuring circuit includes a resistance element, a capacitive element, an inductor, and an AC signal source, and one of the resistance elements.
- Terminal is electrically connected to one electrode of the capacitive element
- the other electrode of the capacitive element is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor
- one terminal of the inductor is connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the AC signal source which is electrically connected, is a power storage system that is electrically connected to the other terminal of the resistance element and the negative electrode of the secondary battery.
- the above configuration it has a function of estimating the state of the secondary battery based on the correlation between the current value of the resistance element and the frequency, and a function of determining the charging condition of the secondary battery based on the estimated state. It is preferable to have.
- the measurement of the current value of the resistance element is performed in a state where the charging current or the discharging current to the secondary battery is supplied.
- the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention has a temperature sensor.
- one aspect of the present invention is a vehicle having a power storage system mounted on any one of the above.
- one aspect of the present invention is an electronic device having a power storage system mounted on any one of the above.
- a new power storage system a secondary battery control system, a secondary battery measurement circuit, and the like.
- a power storage system a control system for a secondary battery, a measurement circuit for a secondary battery, and the like, which consume low power.
- a new system a measurement circuit, a battery control circuit, a battery protection circuit, a power storage device, a semiconductor device, a vehicle, an electronic device, and the like.
- the effect of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the effects listed above.
- the effects listed above do not preclude the existence of other effects.
- the other effects are the effects not mentioned in this item, which are described below. Effects not mentioned in this item can be derived from the description in the specification, drawings, etc. by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these descriptions.
- one aspect of the present invention has at least one of the above-listed effects and other effects. Therefore, one aspect of the present invention may not have the effects listed above in some cases.
- FIG. 1A to 1D are circuit diagrams showing a power storage system according to an aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 1E is a circuit diagram showing an example of a secondary battery.
- 2A and 2B are circuit diagrams showing a power storage system according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 3A to 3C are circuit diagrams showing a power storage system according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 4A and 4B are circuit diagrams showing a power storage system according to an aspect of the present invention.
- 5A and 5B are diagrams showing a configuration example of a neural network.
- FIG. 5C is a diagram showing an example of a configuration in which the control system has a switch unit.
- FIG. 5D is a diagram showing a configuration example of the switch unit.
- FIG. 5A and 5B are diagrams showing a configuration example of a neural network.
- FIG. 5C is a diagram showing an example of a configuration in which the control system has a switch unit.
- FIG. 5D is a diagram
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material.
- 8A and 8B are examples of cross-sectional views of the secondary battery.
- 9A and 9B are views showing an example of the appearance of the secondary battery.
- 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 11A and 11B are diagrams illustrating a method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 12A and 12B are diagrams showing an example of a secondary battery.
- 12C and 12D are diagrams showing an example of a power storage system.
- 13A to 13C are views showing an example of a battery pack.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a secondary battery.
- 15A is a diagram showing an example of a secondary battery.
- 15B and 15C are diagrams showing an example of a method for producing a laminated body.
- 16A to 16C are views showing an example of a method for manufacturing a secondary battery.
- 17A and 17B are cross-sectional views showing an example of the laminated body.
- FIG. 17C is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a secondary battery.
- 18A and 18B are diagrams showing an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 18C is a diagram showing an example of a wound body.
- FIG. 19A is a diagram showing an example of a winding body of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 19B is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 19C is a diagram showing an example of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 20A is a perspective view showing an example of a battery pack.
- FIG. 20B is a block diagram showing an example of a battery pack.
- FIG. 20C is a block diagram showing an example of a vehicle having a motor.
- 21A to 21E are views showing an example of a transportation vehicle.
- 22A is a diagram showing an electric bicycle
- FIG. 22B is a diagram showing a secondary battery of the electric bicycle
- FIG. 22C is a diagram illustrating an electric motorcycle.
- 23A and 23B are diagrams showing an example of a power storage device.
- 24A to 24E are views showing an example of an electronic device.
- 25A to 25H are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 26A to 26C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 28A to 28C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 29A to 29C are diagrams showing an example of an electronic device.
- the ordinal numbers "1st”, “2nd”, and “3rd” are added to avoid confusion of the components. Therefore, the number of components is not limited. Moreover, the order of the components is not limited. Further, for example, the component referred to in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like is regarded as another embodiment or the component referred to in “second” in the scope of claims. It is possible. Further, for example, the component referred to in “first” in one of the embodiments of the present specification and the like may be omitted in another embodiment or in the scope of claims.
- the position, size, range, etc. of each configuration shown in the drawings may not represent the actual position, size, range, etc. in order to facilitate the understanding of the invention. Therefore, the disclosed invention is not necessarily limited to the position, size, range, etc. disclosed in the drawings and the like.
- the resist mask or the like may be unintentionally reduced due to processing such as etching, but it may not be reflected in the figure for the sake of easy understanding.
- electrode and “wiring” do not functionally limit these components. For example, it may be used as part of “electrodes” and “wiring” and vice versa. Further, the terms “electrode” and “wiring” include the case where a plurality of “electrodes” and a plurality of “wiring” are integrally formed.
- terminal may refer to, for example, wiring or an electrode connected to the wiring. Further, in the present specification and the like, a part of "wiring” may be referred to as a "terminal”.
- the terms “upper” and “lower” in the present specification and the like do not limit the positional relationship of the components to be directly above or directly below and to be in direct contact with each other.
- electrode B on the insulating layer A it is not necessary that the electrode B is formed in direct contact with the insulating layer A, and another configuration is formed between the insulating layer A and the electrode B. Do not exclude those that contain elements.
- the functions of the source and drain are interchanged depending on the operating conditions, such as when transistors with different polarities are adopted or when the direction of the current changes in the circuit operation, so which is limited as to which is the source or drain. Is difficult. Therefore, in the present specification, the terms source and drain can be used interchangeably.
- electrically connected includes a case of being directly connected and a case of being connected via "something having some electrical action".
- the "thing having some kind of electrical action” is not particularly limited as long as it enables the exchange of electric signals between the connection targets. Therefore, even when it is expressed as “electrically connected", in an actual circuit, there is a case where there is no physical connection portion and only the wiring is extended.
- parallel means, for example, a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of -10 ° or more and 10 ° or less. Therefore, the case of ⁇ 5 ° or more and 5 ° or less is also included.
- vertical and orthogonal mean, for example, a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° or more and 100 ° or less. Therefore, the case of 85 ° or more and 95 ° or less is also included.
- the resist mask when the etching process is performed after the resist mask is formed, the resist mask shall be removed after the etching process is completed, unless otherwise specified.
- the voltage often indicates the potential difference between a certain potential and a reference potential (for example, ground potential or source potential). Therefore, it is often possible to paraphrase voltage and potential with each other.
- semiconductor Even when the term "semiconductor” is used, for example, if the conductivity is sufficiently low, it has the characteristics of an "insulator”. Therefore, it is also possible to replace “semiconductor” with “insulator”. In this case, the boundary between “semiconductor” and “insulator” is ambiguous, and it is difficult to make a strict distinction between the two. Therefore, the "semiconductor” and “insulator” described herein may be interchangeable.
- the "on state” of the transistor means a state in which the source and drain of the transistor can be regarded as being electrically short-circuited (also referred to as “conduction state”).
- the “off state” of the transistor means a state in which the source and drain of the transistor can be regarded as being electrically cut off (also referred to as “non-conducting state”).
- the "on current” may mean the current flowing between the source and the drain when the transistor is in the on state.
- the “off current” may mean a current flowing between the source and the drain when the transistor is in the off state.
- the high power supply potential VDD (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “VDD” or “H potential”) indicates a power supply potential having a higher potential than the low power supply potential VSS.
- the low power supply potential VSS (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “VSS” or “L potential”) indicates a power supply potential having a potential lower than that of the high power supply potential VDD.
- the ground potential can also be used as VDD or VSS. For example, when VDD is the ground potential, VSS is a potential lower than the ground potential, and when VSS is the ground potential, VDD is a potential higher than the ground potential.
- the gate means a part or all of the gate electrode and the gate wiring.
- the gate wiring refers to wiring for electrically connecting the gate electrode of at least one transistor to another electrode or another wiring.
- the source means a part or all of the source area, the source electrode, and the source wiring.
- the source region is a region of the semiconductor layer whose resistivity is equal to or less than a certain value.
- the source electrode refers to a conductive layer in a portion connected to the source region.
- the source wiring is a wiring for electrically connecting the source electrode of at least one transistor to another electrode or another wiring.
- the drain means a part or all of the drain region, the drain electrode, and the drain wiring.
- the drain region is a region of the semiconductor layer whose resistivity is equal to or less than a certain value.
- the drain electrode refers to a conductive layer in a portion connected to the drain region.
- Drain wiring refers to wiring for electrically connecting the drain electrode of at least one transistor to another electrode or another wiring.
- FIG. 1A shows an example of a power storage system using the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the power storage system 100 shown in FIG. 1A has a measurement circuit 750 and a secondary battery 120 electrically connected to the measurement circuit 750. Further, in FIG. 1A, the measurement circuit 750 is electrically connected to the terminals 771 and 772. Further, in FIG. 1A, the secondary battery 120 is electrically connected to the voltmeter 782. The voltmeter 782 is connected in parallel with the secondary battery 120 and has a function of measuring the voltage of the secondary battery 120.
- a lithium ion secondary battery can be used as the secondary battery 120.
- an assembled battery in which a plurality of battery cells 121 are connected in series can be used.
- a plurality of battery cells connected in series can be used as one assembled battery, and a measuring circuit 750 can be connected to both ends of the assembled battery for measurement by the measuring circuit 750.
- the measurement circuit 750 may be connected to both ends of each of the plurality of battery cells 121 connected in series for measurement.
- Various power storage devices can be used as the battery cell 121.
- a lithium ion secondary battery can be used as the battery cell 121.
- the measurement circuit 750 can measure parameters for estimating the state of the secondary battery 120. For example, the measurement circuit 750 can acquire the frequency characteristics of the secondary battery 120. Further, for example, the measurement circuit 750 can measure the impedance of the secondary battery 120.
- the measurement circuit 750 applies an AC signal to the secondary battery 120 to acquire the relationship between the frequency of the AC signal and the current flowing through the secondary battery 120. Further, it is preferable that the measurement circuit 750 can extract and acquire a component in a specific frequency range in the current flowing through the secondary battery 120.
- the measurement circuit 750 has an AC signal source, a capacitance element (capacitor), a resistance element, and the like.
- the measurement circuit 750 shown in FIG. 1A includes an AC signal source 751, a capacitance element 752, a resistance element 753, an inductor 754, and a voltmeter 781.
- the negative electrode of the secondary battery 120 is electrically connected to the terminal 772 and one terminal of the AC signal source 751.
- the other terminal of the AC signal source 751 is electrically connected to one terminal of the capacitive element 752.
- the other terminal of the capacitive element 752 is electrically connected to one terminal of the resistance element 753.
- the other terminal of the resistance element 753 is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120 and one terminal of the inductor 754.
- the other terminal of the inductor 754 is electrically connected to the terminal 771.
- the measurement circuit 750 has a function of changing the frequency of the AC signal output from the AC signal source 751 and analyzing the frequency dependence of the current flowing through the resistance element 753.
- the current flowing through the resistance element 753 can be obtained from, for example, the voltage of the voltmeter 781 connected in parallel with the resistance element 753.
- the measurement circuit 750 has a function of giving a signal having an AC component to the secondary battery 120.
- the measurement circuit 750 has a function of superimposing an AC voltage signal having a minute amplitude on the voltage of the secondary battery.
- the measurement circuit 750 can output a first AC voltage signal from the AC signal source 751.
- the measurement circuit 750 can superimpose the second AC voltage signal, which is an AC voltage signal having a minute amplitude whose frequency changes, on the voltage of the secondary battery. ..
- the frequency of the second AC voltage signal corresponds to, for example, the frequency of the first AC voltage signal.
- the second AC signal superimposed on the secondary battery preferably has a frequency of 0.01 Hz or more and 1 MHz or less.
- the current of the resistance element 753 can be obtained. good. Further, it is preferable that at least one of the frequencies of the AC signals to be superimposed is selected from 0.01 Hz or more and 0.5 Hz or less.
- the current flowing through the resistance element 753 changes according to the internal impedance of the secondary battery 120.
- the measuring circuit 750 has a function of evaluating the internal impedance of the secondary battery 120 by measuring the current flowing through the resistance element 753.
- the amplitude of the AC voltage signal having a minute amplitude superimposed on the voltage of the secondary battery by the measurement circuit 750 is preferably, for example, 0.00025 times or more and 0.0125 times or less the voltage across the secondary battery 120.
- the amplitude of the AC signal is preferably 1 mV or more and 50 mV or less, for example.
- an AC current of about 10 ⁇ A can be obtained. This current value is preferable because it can be measured.
- the terminal 771 is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120 via the inductor 754.
- the secondary battery 120 is composed of n battery cells 121 and is connected in series from the first battery cell 121 in order, and the negative electrode of the first battery cell 121 is connected to the positive electrode of the second battery cell 121.
- the terminal 771 is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the first battery cell 121 via the inductor 754.
- Inductors may be referred to as coils, reactors, etc.
- the terminal 771 is electrically connected to a circuit, an electronic device, a mobile body, etc. to which the output from the secondary battery is given.
- the discharge current of the secondary battery 120 is output from the terminal 771 via the inductor 754. It is preferable to provide at least one of the discharge protection circuit 703, the selection circuit 704, the output control circuit 705, and the output protection circuit 706, which will be described later, between the object to which the output of the secondary battery is given and the terminal 771.
- the charging current to the secondary battery is given to the secondary battery from the terminal 771 via the inductor 754.
- Terminal 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the secondary battery.
- the secondary battery 120 is composed of n battery cells 121 and is connected in series from the first battery cell 121 in order, and the negative electrode of the first battery cell 121 is connected to the positive electrode of the second battery cell 121.
- the terminal 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the nth battery cell 121.
- one electrode of the inductor 754 is electrically connected to the terminal 771, and the other electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120. Further, the terminal 772 is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the secondary battery 120. The other electrode of the inductor 754 and the terminal 772 may be connected to a potential in which the potential between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the secondary battery is divided by resistance, respectively.
- the capacitive element 752 has a function of cutting off the direct current supplied from the secondary battery 120 to the terminal 771 and the direct current applied from the terminal 771 to the secondary battery so as not to flow to the resistance element 753. Further, the capacitive element 752 has a function of passing an alternating current.
- the inductor 754 can function as a low-pass filter that blocks high-frequency signals and passes low-frequency signals. By having the inductor 754 or the like in the measurement circuit 750, for example, it is possible to suppress the AC signal output from the AC signal source 751 from being output from the terminal 771.
- the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention estimates the state of the secondary battery 120 without interfering with the discharge current supplied from the secondary battery 120 to the terminal 771, or assuming that the influence on the discharge current is extremely small. You can get the parameters to do.
- the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to acquire parameters for estimating the state of the secondary battery 120 while supplying the discharge current from the secondary battery 120 to the terminal 771. Further, the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention can acquire parameters for estimating the state of the secondary battery 120 while supplying a charging current from the terminal 771 to the secondary battery 120.
- Parameters for estimating the state of the secondary battery 120 include temperature, battery voltage or charge state (SOC), charge current, discharge current, and the like. In addition, it is preferable to acquire these parameters in association with the time. By acquiring these parameters in association with the time, it is possible to compare with the values before a certain time and estimate the state of the secondary battery 120.
- SOC battery voltage or charge state
- the estimation calculation method for example, each method of machine learning can be used.
- a neural network can be used for machine learning.
- the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention can obtain a value corresponding to the internal impedance of the secondary battery by acquiring the current characteristics with respect to the AC signal.
- the voltmeter 781 is electrically connected to both ends of the resistance element 753 and has a function of measuring the voltage of the resistance element 753. By measuring the voltage of the resistance element 753, the current flowing through the resistance element 753 can be detected.
- Both ends of the secondary battery 120 are determined by an AC signal output from the AC signal source 751, a voltage corresponding to the potential difference between both ends of the capacitive element 752, and a voltage corresponding to the potential difference between both ends of the resistance element 753. Voltage is applied. Further, the amount of current flowing through the secondary battery 120 corresponds to the amount of current flowing through the resistance element 753 and the amount of current flowing through the inductor 754.
- the AC component of the signal can be limited by the inductor 754.
- the AC signal or the like output from the AC signal source 751 can be limited by the inductor 754. Therefore, by providing the inductor 754, it is possible to suppress the flow of an AC signal or an AC component of the signal to a circuit or the like connected to the terminal 771.
- the circuit connected to the terminal 771 include a charging circuit and a load.
- the load include an electronic device, a mobile body, and the like driven by the electric power of the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention. Therefore, the measuring instrument of one aspect of the present invention can diagnose the secondary battery while driving the electric power from the electricity storage system and charging the electricity storage system.
- the measuring instrument of one aspect of the present invention can reduce the influence of the direct current output from the secondary battery 120 and the direct current input from the charging circuit. Therefore, the measuring instrument of one aspect of the present invention can diagnose the secondary battery while driving the electric power from the electricity storage system and charging the electricity storage system.
- the measuring instrument of one aspect of the present invention can perform measurement in real time while the power storage system is operating.
- the power storage system 100 shown in FIG. 1B includes two secondary batteries 120 (hereinafter referred to as secondary batteries 120 (1) and secondary batteries 120 (2)), two measurement circuits 750, and two voltmeters 782. And have.
- the measurement circuit 750 provided between the secondary battery 120 (1) and the secondary battery 120 (2) is referred to as a measurement circuit 750 (1), and the other is referred to as a measurement circuit 750 (2).
- One terminal of the inductor 754 of the measurement circuit 750 (1) is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120 (1), and the other terminal is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120 (2).
- the inductor 754 included in the measuring circuit 750 (1) can suppress the AC signal output from the AC signal source 751 included in the measuring circuit 750 (1) from flowing to the secondary battery 120 (2). Therefore, the measurement circuit 750 (1) can make a diagnosis of the secondary battery 120 (1) in a state where the influence from the secondary battery 120 (2) is reduced. Further, the measurement circuit 750 (2) can make a diagnosis of the secondary battery 120 (2) in a state where the influence from the secondary battery 120 (1) is reduced.
- each of the two secondary batteries 120 connected in parallel via the inductor of the measurement circuit 750 can be diagnosed using the measurement circuit 750.
- the number of secondary batteries 120 connected in parallel is not limited to two, and as shown in FIG. 1C, n secondary batteries 120 are connected in parallel via the measurement circuit 750 to perform diagnosis of each. You may.
- the number of voltmeters 782 having a function of measuring the voltage of the secondary battery 120 may be one, and the number of voltmeters 782 may not be provided for the number of secondary batteries 120.
- the voltage of the secondary battery 120 measured by the voltmeter 782 may be measured via the capacitance element 786.
- a capacitive element 786 and a voltmeter 782 are connected in series between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the secondary battery 120.
- One terminal of the capacitive element 786 is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120, and the other is electrically connected to the voltmeter 782.
- a resistance element 753 may be provided between the AC signal source 751 and the capacitive element 752 to detect the current between the AC signal source and the capacitive element.
- FIG. 2A shows an example in which the resistance element 753 is provided between the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120 and the capacitance element 752, as shown in FIG. 3A, one terminal of the resistance element 753 is provided.
- the configuration may be such that the positive electrode of the next battery 120 is electrically connected and the other terminal is electrically connected to one terminal of the inductor 754. With such a configuration, it is also possible to measure the charge current and the discharge current of the secondary battery 120 by using the resistance element 753.
- the configurations shown in FIGS. 1A, 2A and 2B each have higher accuracy in diagnosing the state of the secondary battery as compared with the configuration shown in FIG. 3A.
- FIG. 3B shows an example in which a transistor is provided as an example of a switch.
- a portion composed of an AC signal source 751, a capacitance element 752, a resistance element 753, and a voltmeter 781 is referred to as a circuit 750a.
- the measurement circuit 750 shown in FIG. 3B includes a circuit 750a and a switch 755.
- the power storage system 100 shown in FIG. 3C has n measurement circuits 750 shown in FIG. 3B, and has a configuration in which each of them is connected to n secondary batteries 120. If the switch 755 is turned off at the same time in all the measurement circuits 750, the power supply from the power storage system 100 is stopped. Therefore, it is preferable to turn on the switch 755 in at least one measurement circuit 750. Further, as shown in FIG. 3C, by providing a bypass wiring, not from the secondary battery 120 connected to the measurement circuit 750 that turns off the switch 755, but to another measurement circuit 750 via the bypass. By supplying power from the connected secondary battery 120, it is possible to avoid disconnection of the current path between the terminal 771 and the positive electrode of the secondary battery 120.
- the power storage system 100 may not be provided with the AC signal source 751.
- a switch or a circuit including the switch is used instead of the AC signal source, and a step function such as a square wave is generated by turning the switch on and off to change the current over time.
- the step response characteristics can be evaluated.
- a switch or a circuit including the switch is used instead of the AC signal source, the voltage drop due to the internal resistance of the secondary battery occurs by turning off the switch when charging the secondary battery. Analysis using this voltage drop as a step function signal can be performed.
- a signal source may be used to generate a step function signal.
- Triangle wave, sawtooth wave, etc. can be used as the step function.
- the transfer function can be obtained using the waveform of the input voltage and the waveform of the output current.
- the transfer function is obtained as a function of the complex number s. By substituting j ⁇ as the complex number s, the frequency characteristics of alternating current can be obtained.
- the signal used to charge the secondary battery may be an intermittent signal instead of a continuous signal.
- a pulse signal may be used for charging.
- the pulse signal may be matched to a continuous constant current.
- the inductor 754 may not be provided.
- the internal impedance of the secondary battery can be measured by analyzing the current flowing through the secondary battery using the pulse signal.
- FIG. 4A shows a power storage system according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the power storage system 100 shown in FIG. 4A has a control system 700 and a secondary battery 120.
- the control system 700 has a measurement circuit 750.
- the control system 700 is electrically connected to the secondary battery 120.
- the control system 700 may have a plurality of measurement circuits 750.
- Each of the plurality of measurement circuits 750 included in the control system 700 has a function of estimating each state of the plurality of secondary batteries 120, for example.
- FIG. 4B shows an example in which each of the plurality of measurement circuits 750 is electrically connected to each of the plurality of secondary batteries 120 in the power storage system 100.
- the control system 700 includes an input terminal 731, an output terminal 732, an input protection circuit 701, a charge protection circuit 702, a discharge protection circuit 703, a selection circuit 704, an output control circuit 705, an output protection circuit 706, a potential adjustment circuit 711, and a power supply generation circuit. It has a 712 and a control circuit 713. Further, the control system 700 preferably has a charge control circuit 721.
- the power storage system 100 has a temperature sensor.
- each terminal 771 included in the measurement circuit 750 is connected to the charge protection circuit 702, the discharge protection circuit 703, and the power supply generation circuit 712. Further, in FIG. 4B, each terminal 771 of the plurality of measurement circuits 750 is connected to the charge protection circuit 702, the discharge protection circuit 703, and the power supply generation circuit 712.
- the control system 700 may have a plurality of input terminals.
- a DC signal and an AC signal are given to the input terminal 731.
- the control system 700 is provided with a circuit having a function of converting the given AC signal into a DC signal.
- the input protection circuit 701 has a function of suppressing the internal circuit of the control system 700 from being destroyed when static electricity, overvoltage, overcurrent, or the like is applied to the input terminal 731.
- the output protection circuit 706 has a function of suppressing output of overvoltage, overcurrent, etc. from the output terminal 732 to an external circuit or device of the control system 700.
- the input protection circuit 701 and the output protection circuit 706 are configured by using a non-linear element.
- the charge protection circuit 702 has a function of detecting overcharging of the secondary battery 120. Further, the charge protection circuit 702 has a function of detecting the charge overcurrent of the secondary battery 120.
- the discharge protection circuit 703 has a function of detecting an overdischarge of the secondary battery 120. Further, the discharge protection circuit 703 has a function of detecting the discharge overcurrent of the secondary battery 120.
- Overcharge, overdischarge, charge overcurrent, and discharge overcurrent can be detected using a comparator. Further, a hysteresis comparator may be used as the comparator.
- the comparison result of the comparator is given to the control circuit 713, for example.
- the control circuit 713 cuts off the charging current to the secondary battery 120, cuts off the discharge current from the secondary battery 120, or changes the charging conditions of the secondary battery 120, for example, based on the comparison result of the comparator. Generate a signal of.
- the control circuit 713 can give a signal for changing the charging conditions to the charging control circuit 721 based on the comparison result of the comparator.
- the charge control circuit 721 has a function of changing charging conditions based on the values measured in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention. Further, the charge control circuit 721 may have a function of stopping charging.
- the charge control circuit 721 has, for example, a function of changing the charge termination voltage according to the internal resistance of the secondary battery 120 diagnosed in the measurement circuit 750.
- the charge control circuit 721 raises the charge termination voltage.
- the charge termination voltage By increasing the charge termination voltage, the electric power supplied by the power storage system 100 can be increased. As the charge termination voltage is increased, the overcharge detection voltage is changed as necessary.
- the discharge end voltage can be lowered according to the result of the diagnosis using the internal impedance. As the discharge cutoff voltage is lowered, the overdischarge detection voltage is changed as necessary.
- the charge control circuit 721 lowers the charge termination voltage.
- the life of the power storage system 100 can be extended.
- safety can be enhanced. It is preferable to lower the overcharge detection voltage as the charge termination voltage is lowered.
- the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention can be realized by a simple circuit configuration, the state of the secondary battery can be easily acquired. Further, the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention can acquire the state of the secondary battery while using the secondary battery, for example, while charging or discharging. By using the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery can be used while monitoring the secondary battery, so that it is possible to quickly detect signs of deterioration or abnormality of the secondary battery. When the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention detects deterioration of the secondary battery or a sign of abnormality, the deterioration of the secondary battery is suppressed by changing the charging condition or the discharging condition of the secondary battery. The safety of the next battery can be improved.
- the control system 700 preferably has a current cutoff element.
- a transistor can be used as the current cutoff element, and in particular, a power MOSFET can be preferably used. It is preferable that the control system 700 uses a current cutoff element to cut off the charge current to the secondary battery 120 and cut off the discharge current from the secondary battery 120.
- FIG. 5C shows an example of a configuration in which the control system 700 has a switch unit 714.
- a current cutoff element can be used as the switch unit 714.
- the switch unit 714 can be configured by combining a plurality of current cutoff elements.
- a transistor can be used as the current cutoff element.
- the transistor an n-channel type transistor and a p-channel type transistor can be used, respectively.
- the switch unit 714 may be configured by combining a plurality of transistors, for example. For example, it can be configured by combining a plurality of n-channel type transistors. Further, it can be configured by combining a plurality of p-channel type transistors. Further, the n-channel type transistor and the p-channel type transistor can be combined and configured.
- a Si transistor using single crystal silicon can be used as the current cutoff element.
- Ge germanium
- SiGe silicon germanium
- GaAs gallium arsenide
- GaAlAs gallium arsenide
- InP indium phosphide
- SiC silicon carbide
- ZnSe zinc selenium
- GaN gallium arsenide
- GaOx gallium oxide; x is a real number greater than 0
- FIG. 5D shows a configuration example of the switch unit 714.
- the switch unit 714 shown in FIG. 5D has a transistor 140 and a transistor 150.
- the transistor 140 and the transistor 150 are connected in series. Power transistors can be used as the transistor 140 and the transistor 150, respectively.
- the transistor 140 and the transistor 150 each have a parasitic diode.
- a signal from the control circuit 713 is given to the gate of the transistor 140 and the gate of the transistor 150, respectively.
- the orientations of the parasitic diodes are different from each other.
- the potential adjustment circuit 711 has a function of converting the voltage, amplification, frequency, etc. of the signal. For example, the power supply potential given from the input terminal 731 can be stepped down or stepped up. A signal is given to the potential adjustment circuit 711 from the input terminal 731 via the input protection circuit 701, for example.
- the potential adjustment circuit 711 sets the voltage of the given power supply to be higher than the voltage given to the selection circuit 704 from the discharge protection circuit 703. Adjust to a high voltage.
- the selection circuit 704 selects and outputs the signal having the higher voltage from the signal from the potential adjustment circuit 711 and the signal from the discharge protection circuit 703.
- the signal output from the potential adjustment circuit 711 is adjusted to be lower than the signal from the discharge protection circuit 703.
- the selection circuit 704 has a function of selecting either a signal from the input terminal 731 via the potential adjustment circuit 711 or a signal from the secondary battery 120 via the discharge protection circuit 703.
- the output control circuit 705 can monitor the signal given from the selection circuit 704 to the output control circuit 705 and cut off the output from the control system 700.
- a signal can be monitored by providing an upper limit voltage, a lower limit voltage, an upper limit current, a lower limit current, and the like of the signal.
- the output control circuit 705 may have, for example, a function of converting the voltage, amplification, frequency, etc. of the signal.
- Power is supplied from the output terminal 732 to the external circuit of the power storage system 100, the external electronic device, and the like.
- the power storage system 100 may have a plurality of output terminals.
- the control circuit 713 has a function of giving a signal to each circuit of the power storage system 100. Further, the control circuit 713 has a function of receiving the measurement data of the measurement circuit 750, a function of analyzing the received data, and a function of giving a signal to each circuit of the power storage system 100 based on the received data. Is preferable.
- control circuit 713 has a function of receiving measurement data such as voltage, current, etc. of the battery cell of the secondary battery 120, a function of analyzing the received data, and a function of the power storage system 100 based on the received data. It is preferable to have a function of giving a signal to the circuit.
- the control circuit 713 preferably has a CPU (Central Processing Unit), an MPU (Micro-processing Unit), and the like. Further, the control circuit 713 may have a PLD (Programmable Logic Device) such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array).
- a CPU Central Processing Unit
- MPU Micro-processing Unit
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- the power supply generation circuit 712 has a function of generating a high potential signal, a constant potential signal, a ground signal, etc. given to the control circuit 713. Further, the power supply generation circuit 712 has a function of generating a clock signal. Further, the power supply generation circuit 712 has a function of generating an AC signal.
- the power supply generation circuit 712 has a function of giving the generated AC signal to the measurement circuit 750.
- the AC signal given to the measurement circuit 750 may be given to the measurement circuit 750 from an external circuit of the control system 700 via the input terminal 731.
- control system 700 has a storage unit.
- the storage unit may have a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and the like.
- the storage unit preferably has a non-volatile memory.
- the storage unit of the control system 700 may have a memory circuit including a transistor (OS transistor) using an oxide semiconductor.
- a metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor is preferable to use.
- a metal oxide In-M-Zn oxide (element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lantern, cerium, neodym). , Hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, etc., one or more) and the like may be used.
- the In-M-Zn oxide that can be applied as a metal oxide is preferably CAAC-OS (C-Axis Aligned Crystal Oxide Semiconductor) or CAC-OS (Cloud-Aligned Compound Semiconductor).
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor having a plurality of crystal regions, the plurality of crystal regions having the c-axis oriented in a specific direction.
- the specific direction is the thickness direction of the CAAC-OS film, the normal direction of the surface to be formed of the CAAC-OS film, or the normal direction of the surface of the CAAC-OS film.
- the crystal region is a region having periodicity in the atomic arrangement. When the atomic arrangement is regarded as a lattice arrangement, the crystal region is also a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned.
- CAC-OS has a mosaic shape due to the separation of the material into the first region and the second region, and the first region is distributed in the film (hereinafter, cloud shape). Also called.). That is, the CAC-OS is a composite metal oxide having a structure in which the first region and the second region are mixed. However, it may be difficult to observe a clear boundary between the first region and the second region.
- a region containing In as a main component (No. 1) by EDX mapping acquired by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX: Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). It can be confirmed that the region (1 region) and the region containing Ga as a main component (second region) are unevenly distributed and have a mixed structure.
- the conductivity caused by the first region and the insulating property caused by the second region act in a complementary manner to switch the switching function (On / Off function).
- the CAC-OS has a conductive function in a part of the material and an insulating function in a part of the material, and has a function as a semiconductor in the whole material. By separating the conductive function and the insulating function, both functions can be maximized. Therefore, by using CAC-OS for the transistor, high on -current (Ion), high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ), and good switching operation can be realized.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one aspect of the present invention has two or more of amorphous oxide semiconductor, polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a-like OS, CAC-OS, nc-OS, and CAAC-OS. You may.
- the control system 700 may be formed using unipolar transistors.
- a transistor using an oxide semiconductor as a semiconductor layer has an operating ambient temperature wider than that of single crystal Si and is -40 ° C or higher and 150 ° C or lower, and its characteristic change is smaller than that of single crystal even when a secondary battery is heated.
- the off-current of a transistor using an oxide semiconductor is below the lower limit of measurement regardless of the temperature even at 150 ° C., but the off-current characteristics of a single crystal Si transistor are highly temperature-dependent. For example, at 150 ° C., the off-current of the single crystal Si transistor increases, and the current on / off ratio does not become sufficiently large.
- the control system 700 can improve safety.
- the storage element using the OS transistor can be freely arranged by stacking it on a circuit using a Si transistor or the like, integration can be easily performed.
- the OS transistor can be manufactured by using the same manufacturing apparatus as the Si transistor, it can be manufactured at low cost. That is, in the control system 700, for example, when the control circuit 713 or the like has a circuit using a Si transistor, a storage unit using an OS transistor can be stacked on the circuit. Further, a storage unit using an OS transistor can be stacked on the switch unit 714 and integrated into one chip. Since the occupied volume of the control system 700 can be reduced, the size can be reduced.
- the storage unit has a function of storing parameters for estimating the secondary battery.
- the power storage system 100 has a function of estimating the state of the secondary battery 120 by using the parameters stored in the storage unit.
- the power storage system 100 has a function of comparing the parameters stored in the storage unit with the data measured in the measurement circuit 750 and determining the charging condition or the discharging condition of the secondary battery.
- Parameters stored in the storage unit include the environmental temperature of the secondary battery, the charge voltage of the secondary battery, the discharge voltage of the secondary battery, the frequency dependence of the current of the secondary battery, and the like.
- control system 700 may have a neural network.
- the neural network can estimate the state of the secondary battery by using the parameters stored in the storage unit. Further, the weighting coefficient of the neural network may be stored in the storage unit.
- FIG. 5A shows an example of a neural network according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the neural network NN shown in FIG. 5A has an input layer IL, an output layer OL, and a hidden layer (intermediate layer) HL.
- the neural network NN can be configured by a neural network having a plurality of hidden layers HL, that is, a deep neural network.
- learning in a deep neural network may be called deep learning.
- the output layer OL, the input layer IL, and the hidden layer HL each have a plurality of neuron circuits, and the neuron circuits provided in different layers are connected to each other via a synaptic circuit.
- the neural network NN has a function to analyze the operation of the storage battery by learning. Then, when the measured parameters of the storage battery are input to the neural network NN, arithmetic processing is performed in each layer. The arithmetic processing in each layer is executed by the product-sum operation of the output of the neuron circuit of the previous layer and the weighting coefficient.
- connection between layers may be a full connection in which all neuron circuits are connected to each other, or a partial connection in which some neuron circuits are connected to each other.
- a convolutional neural network CNN
- CNN is used, for example, in image processing.
- the convolution layer for example, a product-sum operation of image data and a filter is performed.
- the pooling layer is preferably placed immediately after the convolutional layer.
- FIG. 5B shows an example of an operation by a neuron.
- two neurons in the presheaf layer that output a signal to the neuron N are shown.
- the output x 1 of the presheaf neuron and the output x 2 of the presheaf neuron are input to the neuron N.
- the sum of the multiplication result of the output x 1 and the weight w 1 (x 1 w 1 ) and the multiplication result of the output x 2 and the weight w 2 (x 2 w 2 ) is x 1 w 1 + x 2 w 2 .
- the operation by the neuron includes the operation of adding the product of the output of the neuron in the previous layer and the weight, that is, the product-sum operation (x 1 w 1 + x 2 w 2 above).
- This product-sum operation may be performed by software using a program or by hardware.
- a product-sum calculation circuit can be used.
- the product-sum calculation circuit a digital circuit or an analog circuit may be used.
- an analog circuit is used for the product-sum calculation circuit, it is possible to improve the processing speed and reduce the power consumption by reducing the circuit scale of the product-sum calculation circuit or reducing the number of times the memory is accessed.
- the product-sum calculation circuit may be configured by a transistor (hereinafter, also referred to as a Si transistor) containing silicon (single crystal silicon or the like) in the channel forming region, or a transistor containing an oxide semiconductor in the channel forming region (hereinafter, OS). It may be configured by a transistor). In particular, since the OS transistor has an extremely small off current, it is suitable as a transistor constituting the memory of the product-sum calculation circuit.
- a product-sum calculation circuit may be configured by using both a Si transistor and an OS transistor.
- the current value of the resistance element 753 measured in the measurement circuit 750 and the voltage of the secondary battery are given to the input layer of the neural network.
- the input layer may be given a temperature acquired by the temperature sensor.
- the frequency of an AC signal source is input to the input layer.
- the input layer of the neural network may be given a state of charge (SOC), a charge current, a discharge current, and the like.
- the neural network may use the data given to the input layer to estimate the charge state (SOC) and output the data corresponding to the SOC from the output layer.
- the neural network learns data on the deterioration of the secondary battery in advance, for example.
- the neural network estimates the secondary battery and outputs, for example, information on the deterioration of the secondary battery from the output layer.
- the SOH State Of Health
- the parameters of the secondary battery acquired by the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention before a certain time and the current parameters may be input to the input layer of the neural network.
- the neural network may learn the parameters of the secondary battery with the passage of time in advance. By learning such parameters, it is possible to simply give data at a certain time or at a certain time and its vicinity to the neural network without inputting complicated data with the passage of time, and beyond that. It may be possible to infer changes in the storage battery parameters over time at time.
- the charging condition or the discharging condition of the secondary battery may be determined by using the neural network.
- the neural network can output suitable charging or discharging conditions that increase the energy density of the secondary battery and ensure the safety of the secondary battery, based on the condition and environment of the secondary battery.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the secondary battery has an exterior body (not shown), a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, and an electrolyte 508 in which a lithium salt or the like is dissolved.
- the separator 507 is provided between the positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506.
- the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode active material. Further, the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode active material layer 502 provided on the positive electrode current collector 501.
- the positive electrode active material layer 502 has, for example, a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode active material. Further, the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode active material layer 505 provided on the negative electrode current collector 504.
- the negative electrode active material layer 505 has, for example, a negative electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- the positive electrode collector 501 or the negative electrode current collector 504 metals such as stainless steel, gold, platinum, zinc, iron, copper, aluminum, and titanium, and alloys thereof and the like, which have high conductivity and are alloyed with carrier ions such as lithium. It is possible to use a material that does not change. Further, an aluminum alloy to which an element for improving heat resistance such as silicon, titanium, neodymium, scandium, and molybdenum is added can be used. Further, it may be formed of a metal element that reacts with silicon to form silicide.
- Metallic elements that react with silicon to form silicide include zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel and the like.
- a sheet-like shape, a net-like shape, a punching metal-like shape, an expanded metal-like shape, or the like can be appropriately used.
- those having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less may be used.
- carbon-based materials such as graphene, carbon black, graphite, carbon fiber, and fullerene can be used.
- acetylene black (AB) or the like can be used as the carbon black.
- graphite for example, natural graphite, artificial graphite such as mesocarbon microbeads, or the like can be used.
- These carbon-based materials have high conductivity and can function as a conductive agent in the active material layer. In addition, these carbon-based materials may function as an active material.
- graphene means, for example, graphene, multi-layer graphene, multi-graphene, graphene oxide, multi-layer graphene oxide, multi-graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, reduced multi-layer graphene oxide, reduced multi-graphene oxide, graphene. It may contain quantum dots and the like.
- Graphene has carbon, has a flat plate shape, a sheet shape, or the like, and has a two-dimensional structure formed by a carbon 6-membered ring. The two-dimensional structure formed by the carbon 6-membered ring may be called a carbon sheet.
- Graphene may have a functional group. Further, graphene preferably has a bent shape. Graphene may also be curled up to look like carbon nanofibers.
- carbon fiber such as mesophase pitch type carbon fiber and isotropic pitch type carbon fiber can be used.
- carbon fiber carbon nanofiber, carbon nanotube, or the like can be used.
- the carbon nanotubes can be produced, for example, by a vapor phase growth method.
- the active material layer may have one or more selected from metal powders such as copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, and gold, metal fibers, and conductive ceramic materials as the conductive agent.
- binders polystyrene, methyl polyacrylate, methyl polymethacrylate (polymethylmethacrylate, PMMA), sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide, polyimide, polyvinyl chloride, polytetra It is preferable to use materials such as fluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylenepropylene diene polymer, polyvinyl acetate, and nitrocellulose.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- Polyimide has excellent stable properties thermally, mechanically and chemically.
- a dehydration reaction and a cyclization (imidization) reaction are carried out. These reactions can be carried out, for example, by heat treatment.
- graphene having a functional group containing oxygen is used as graphene and polyimide is used as a binder in the electrode of one aspect of the present invention
- graphene can be reduced by the heat treatment, and the process can be simplified.
- heat treatment can be performed at a heating temperature of, for example, 200 ° C. or higher. By performing the heat treatment at a heating temperature of 200 ° C. or higher, the reduction reaction of graphene can be sufficiently performed, and the conductivity of the electrode can be further enhanced.
- Fluoropolymer which is a polymer material having fluorine, specifically polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or the like can be used.
- PVDF is a resin having a melting point in the range of 134 ° C. or higher and 169 ° C. or lower, and is a material having excellent thermal stability.
- a rubber material such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, or ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer as the binder.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- fluororubber can be used as the binder.
- a water-soluble polymer for example, a polysaccharide or the like can be used.
- a polysaccharide one or more selected from cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, and regenerated cellulose, and starch and the like can be used. Further, it is more preferable to use these water-soluble polymers in combination with the above-mentioned rubber material.
- the binder may be used in combination of a plurality of the above.
- Negative negative active materials include materials that can react with carrier ions of secondary batteries, materials that can insert and remove carrier ions, materials that can react with metal that becomes carrier ions, and carrier ions. It is preferable to use a material capable of dissolving and precipitating the metal.
- Silicon can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- a metal or compound having one or more elements selected from tin, gallium, aluminum, germanium, lead, antimony, bismuth, silver, zinc, cadmium, and indium can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- alloy-based compounds using such elements include Mg 2 Si, Mg 2 Ge, Mg 2 Sn, SnS 2 , V2 Sn 3 , FeSn 2 , CoSn 2 , Ni 3 Sn 2 , and Cu 6 Sn 5 .
- a material having a low resistance may be used by adding phosphorus, arsenic, boron, aluminum, gallium or the like as impurity elements to silicon.
- a silicon material predoped with lithium may be used.
- a predoping method there are methods such as mixing and annealing lithium fluoride, lithium carbonate and the like with silicon, and a mechanical alloy of lithium metal and silicon.
- lithium is doped by a charge / discharge reaction in combination with an electrode such as lithium metal, and then an electrode that becomes a counter electrode using the doped electrode (for example, a positive electrode with respect to a pre-doped negative electrode). May be combined to produce a secondary battery.
- silicon nanoparticles can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the average diameter of the silicon nanoparticles is, for example, preferably 5 nm or more and less than 1 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less, and further preferably 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- Silicon nanoparticles may have crystallinity. Further, the silicon nanoparticles may have a crystalline region and an amorphous region.
- the material having silicon for example, a material represented by SiO x (x is preferably smaller than 2, more preferably 0.5 or more and 1.6 or less) can be used.
- a form having a plurality of crystal grains in one particle can be used.
- a form having one or a plurality of silicon crystal grains in one particle can be used.
- the one particle may have silicon oxide around the crystal grain of silicon.
- the silicon oxide may be amorphous. It may be a particle in which graphene is clinging to a secondary particle of silicon.
- Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 can be used as the compound having silicon.
- Li 2 SiO 3 and Li 4 SiO 4 may be crystalline or amorphous, respectively.
- the analysis of the compound having silicon can be performed using NMR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX and the like.
- the negative electrode active material for example, carbon-based materials such as graphite, graphitizable carbon, non-graphitizable carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon black and graphene can be used.
- the negative electrode active material for example, an oxide having one or more elements selected from titanium, niobium, tungsten and molybdenum can be used.
- the negative electrode active material a plurality of metals, materials, compounds, etc. shown above can be used in combination.
- Examples of the negative electrode active material include SnO, SnO 2 , titanium dioxide (TIO 2 ), lithium titanium oxide (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), lithium-graphite interlayer compound (Li x C 6 ), and niobium pentoxide (Nb 2 O). 5 ) Oxides such as tungsten oxide (WO 2 ) and molybdenum oxide (MoO 2 ) can be used.
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 shows a large charge / discharge capacity (900 mAh / g) and is preferable.
- a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal as a negative electrode material because it can be combined with a material such as V2 O 5 and Cr 3 O 8 which does not contain lithium ions as a positive electrode material. Even when a material containing lithium ions is used as the positive electrode material, a double nitride of lithium and a transition metal can be used as the negative electrode material by desorbing the lithium ions contained in the positive electrode material in advance.
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as a negative electrode active material.
- a transition metal oxide that does not undergo an alloying reaction with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), and iron oxide (FeO)
- CoO cobalt oxide
- NiO nickel oxide
- FeO iron oxide
- Materials that cause a conversion reaction include oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, RuO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , sulfides such as CoS 0.89 , NiS, and CuS, and Zn 3 N 2 .
- the volume of active material particles may change due to charge / discharge, but by arranging an electrolyte having fluorine between a plurality of active material particles in the electrode, slippage occurs even if the volume changes during charge / discharge. Since it is easy to suppress cracks, it has the effect of dramatically improving cycle characteristics. It is important that an organic compound having fluorine is present between the plurality of active substances constituting the electrode.
- the positive electrode active material examples include an olivine-type crystal structure, a layered rock salt-type crystal structure, and a composite oxide having a spinel-type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material examples include compounds such as LiFePO 4 , LiFeO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 5 , and MnO 2 .
- a lithium manganese composite oxide that can be represented by the composition formula Li a Mn b M c Od can be used.
- the element M a metal element selected from other than lithium and manganese, silicon, and phosphorus are preferably used, and nickel is more preferable.
- the lithium-manganese composite oxide refers to an oxide containing at least lithium and manganese, and includes chromium, cobalt, aluminum, nickel, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, zinc, indium, gallium, copper, titanium, niobium, and silicon. And at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and the like may be contained.
- the positive electrode active material particles having a plurality of the positive electrode active materials listed above may be used.
- one of the positive electrode active materials listed above is used as the first material
- another one of the positive electrode active materials listed above is used as the second material
- at least a part of the first material is used as the second material. It may be a particle having a structure covered with the material of.
- Such particles having a structure in which at least a part of the first material is covered with the second material may be referred to as a positive electrode active material complex.
- the compounding treatment includes, for example, a compounding process using mechanical energy such as a mechanochemical method, a mechanofusion method, and a ball mill method, and a compounding process by a liquid phase reaction such as a co-precipitation method, a hydrothermal method, and a sol-gel method. It is possible to perform one or more of the treatment and the composite treatment by a gas phase reaction such as a barrel sputtering method, an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, a vapor deposition method, and a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method. can. Further, it is preferable to perform a heat treatment after the compounding treatment.
- the compounding treatment may be referred to as a surface coating treatment or a coating treatment.
- a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) has a high discharge capacity and is excellent as a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- the material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure include a composite oxide represented by LiMO 2 .
- the metal M contains the metal Me1.
- the metal Me1 is one or more metals containing cobalt.
- the metal M can further contain the metal X in addition to the metal Me1.
- Metal X is one or more metals selected from magnesium, calcium, zirconium, lanthanum, barium, copper, potassium, sodium and zinc.
- Examples of the lithium composite oxide represented by LiMO 2 include lithium cobalt oxide, nickel-cobalt-lithium manganate, nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide, and nickel-cobalt-manganese-lithium aluminum oxide.
- cobalt When cobalt is used as the element M in an amount of 75 atomic% or more, preferably 90 atomic% or more, more preferably 95 atomic% or more, there are many advantages such as relatively easy synthesis, easy handling, and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the raw material when nickel is used as the element M in an amount of 33 atomic% or more, preferably 60 atomic% or more, more preferably 80 atomic% or more, the raw material may be cheaper than the case where the amount of cobalt is large, and the weight per weight is increased. It is preferable because the charge / discharge capacity may increase.
- the particle size may become smaller. Therefore, for example, the above-mentioned third particle preferably contains nickel as the element M in an amount of 33 atomic% or more, preferably 60 atomic% or more, and more preferably 80 atomic% or more.
- the element M has a part of nickel together with cobalt, the displacement of the layered structure composed of the octahedron of cobalt and oxygen may be suppressed. Therefore, the crystal structure may become more stable especially in a charged state at a high temperature, which is preferable.
- nickel easily diffuses into the inside of lithium cobalt oxide, and it is considered that nickel may be present at the cobalt site during discharge but may be cation-mixed and located at the lithium site during charging.
- Nickel present in the lithium site during charging functions as a pillar supporting the layered structure consisting of cobalt and oxygen octahedrons, and is thought to contribute to the stabilization of the crystal structure.
- the element M does not necessarily have to contain manganese. Also, it does not necessarily have to contain nickel. Further, it does not necessarily have to contain cobalt.
- the particles of one aspect of the invention have lithium, element M, and oxygen. Further, the particles of one aspect of the present invention include a lithium composite oxide represented by LiMO 2 (M is one or more metals containing cobalt). Further, the particles of one aspect of the present invention have one or more selected from magnesium, fluorine, aluminum and nickel on the surface layer portion.
- the concentration of these elements in the surface layer portion is preferably higher than the concentration of these elements in the entire particle.
- the particles of one aspect of the present invention may have a structure in which a part of atoms is substituted with one or more selected from magnesium, fluorine, aluminum and nickel in the surface layer portion, for example, in the lithium composite oxide. ..
- the positive electrode active material will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 can reduce the deviation of the CoO 2 layer in repeated charging and discharging of a high voltage. Furthermore, the change in volume can be reduced. Therefore, the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 can realize excellent cycle characteristics. In addition, a stable crystal structure can be obtained in a high voltage charge state. Therefore, when the high voltage charge state is maintained, it may be difficult for a short circuit to occur. In such a case, safety is further improved, which is preferable.
- the difference in volume between the fully discharged state and the charged state with a high voltage is small when compared with the change in crystal structure and the same number of transition metal atoms.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 can be represented by a layered rock salt type structure.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of the crystal structure before and after charging / discharging in one aspect of the positive electrode active material.
- the surface layer portion has titanium, magnesium and oxygen in addition to or in place of the region represented by the layered rock salt type structure described in FIG. 6 and the like below, and is layered. It may have crystals represented by a structure different from that of the rock salt type structure. For example, it may have titanium, magnesium and oxygen, and may have crystals represented by a spinel structure.
- the crystal structure at a charge depth of 0 (discharged state) in FIG. 6 is R-3 m (O3), which is the same as in FIG. 7.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 has a crystal having a structure different from that of the H1-3 type crystal structure when the charge depth is sufficiently charged.
- This structure has a crystal structure attributed to the space group R-3m, and the symmetry of the CoO2 layer is the same as that of the O3 type. Therefore, this structure is referred to as an O3'type crystal structure in the present specification and the like.
- the figure of the O3'type crystal structure shown in FIG. 6 it is stated that lithium may be present at any lithium site with a probability of about 20%, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- magnesium is dilutely present between the CoO 2 layers, that is, in the lithium site.
- halogens such as fluorine may be randomly and dilutely present at the oxygen sites.
- ions such as cobalt and magnesium occupy 6 coordination positions.
- Light elements such as lithium may occupy the oxygen 4-coordination position.
- the O3'type crystal structure has Li randomly between layers but is similar to the CdCl 2 type crystal structure.
- This crystal structure similar to CdCl type 2 is similar to the crystal structure when lithium nickel oxide is charged to a charging depth of 0.94 (Li 0.06 NiO 2 ), but contains a large amount of pure lithium cobalt oxide or cobalt.
- the layered rock salt type positive electrode active material usually does not have a CdCl 2 type crystal structure.
- Layered rock salt crystals and anions of rock salt crystals have a cubic close-packed structure (face-centered cubic lattice structure). It is presumed that the O3'type crystal also has a cubic close-packed structure for anions. When they come into contact, there is a crystal plane in which the cubic close-packed structure composed of anions is oriented in the same direction.
- the space group of layered rock salt type crystals and O3'type crystals is R-3m, which is different from the space group Fm-3m of rock salt type crystals (space group of general rock salt type crystals).
- the mirror index of the crystal plane to be filled is different between the layered rock salt type crystal and the O3'type crystal and the rock salt type crystal.
- the orientations of the crystals are substantially the same when the orientations of the cubic close-packed structures composed of anions are aligned.
- the change in crystal structure between the discharged R-3m (O3) and the O3'type crystal structure is more suppressed as compared with the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 7.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 7 There is.
- the dotted line in FIG. 6 there is almost no deviation between the CoO2 layer between the discharged state R-3m (O3) and the O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 has high structural stability even when the charging voltage is high.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 7 even at a charging voltage having an H1-3 type crystal structure, for example, a voltage of about 4.6 V based on the potential of lithium metal, the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 is R. It can retain a crystal structure of -3 m (O3). There is a region where an O3'type crystal structure can be obtained even at a higher charging voltage, for example, a voltage of about 4.65 V to 4.7 V with reference to the potential of lithium metal. Further, when the charging voltage is raised above 4.7 V, H1-3 type crystals may be observed only.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 may maintain the crystal structure of R-3m (O3), and further, the charging voltage.
- the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention may have an O3'type crystal structure.
- the crystal structure does not easily collapse even if charging and discharging are repeated at a high voltage.
- the difference in volume per cobalt atom of the same number of R-3m (O3) in the discharged state and the O3'type crystal structure is 2.5% or less, more specifically 2.2. % Or less, typically 1.8%.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are within the range of Co (0,0,0.5), O (0,0,x), 0.20 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25. Can be indicated by.
- Magnesium which is randomly and dilutely present between the two CoO layers, that is, at the lithium site, has an effect of suppressing the displacement of the two CoO layers when charged at a high voltage. Therefore, if magnesium is present between the CoO 2 layers, it tends to have an O3'type crystal structure.
- a halogen compound such as a fluorine compound
- lithium cobalt oxide before the heat treatment for distributing magnesium throughout the particles.
- a halogen compound causes a melting point depression of lithium cobalt oxide. By lowering the melting point, it becomes easy to distribute magnesium throughout the particles at a temperature at which cationic mixing is unlikely to occur. Further, if a fluorine compound is present, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance to hydrofluoric acid generated by the decomposition of the electrolyte is improved.
- the magnesium concentration is higher than the desired value, the effect on stabilizing the crystal structure may be reduced. It is thought that magnesium enters cobalt sites in addition to lithium sites.
- the number of atoms of magnesium contained in the positive electrode active material produced by one aspect of the present invention is preferably 0.001 times or more and 0.1 times or less, and more than 0.01 times and less than 0.04 times the number of atoms of cobalt. More preferably, about 0.02 times is further preferable.
- the magnesium concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. May be based.
- the number of nickel atoms contained in the positive electrode active material is preferably 7.5% or less, preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and more preferably 0.1% or more and 2% or less of the atomic number of cobalt.
- the nickel concentration shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire particles of the positive electrode active material using ICP-MS or the like, or a value of the blending of raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. It may be based.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 6 can suppress the collapse of the crystal structure even at an extremely high charging voltage, it can be repeatedly charged at an extremely high end-of-charging voltage. By increasing the charge termination voltage, the energy density of the secondary battery can be increased, and the energy of the secondary battery can be effectively extracted. Even when the secondary battery is used with such a high end-of-charge voltage, the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention can easily estimate the state of the secondary battery, and the state of the secondary battery can be easily estimated according to the estimated state. Since the next battery can be controlled, the power storage system can be operated safely. By mounting the positive electrode active material of one aspect of the present invention in the power storage system of one aspect of the present invention, the secondary battery can be stably operated in a wide charge / discharge voltage range.
- the average particle diameter is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- a positive electrode active material exhibits an O3'type crystal structure when charged at a high voltage is determined by XRD, electron beam diffraction, neutron beam diffraction, electron spin resonance (ESR), and electron spin resonance (ESR). It can be determined by analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or the like.
- XRD can analyze the symmetry of transition metals such as cobalt possessed by the positive electrode active material with high resolution, compare the height of crystallinity and the orientation of crystals, and analyze the periodic strain and crystallite size of the lattice. It is preferable in that sufficient accuracy can be obtained even if the positive electrode obtained by disassembling the secondary battery is measured as it is.
- the positive electrode active material is characterized in that the crystal structure does not change much between the state of being charged with a high voltage and the state of being discharged.
- a material in which a crystal structure having a large change from the discharged state occupies 50 wt% or more in a state of being charged at a high voltage is not preferable because it cannot withstand the charging / discharging of a high voltage.
- the desired crystal structure may not be obtained simply by adding an impurity element. For example, even if lithium cobalt oxide having magnesium and fluorine is common, the O3'type crystal structure becomes 60 wt% or more when charged at a high voltage, and the H1-3 type crystal structure becomes 50 wt% or more. There are cases where it occupies.
- the O3'type crystal structure becomes approximately 100 wt%, and when the predetermined voltage is further increased, an H1-3 type crystal structure may occur. Therefore, it is preferable that the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is analyzed by XRD or the like. By using it in combination with measurement such as XRD, more detailed analysis can be performed.
- the positive electrode active material charged or discharged at a high voltage may change its crystal structure when exposed to the atmosphere.
- the O3'type crystal structure may change to the H1-3 type crystal structure. Therefore, it is preferable to handle all the samples in an inert atmosphere such as an atmosphere containing argon.
- the positive electrode active material shown in FIG. 7 is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) to which the metal X is not added.
- the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide shown in FIG. 7 changes depending on the charging depth.
- the lithium cobalt oxide having a charge depth of 0 (discharged state) has a region having a crystal structure of the space group R-3 m, and three CoO layers are present in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O3 type crystal structure.
- the CoO 2 layer is a structure in which an octahedral structure in which oxygen is coordinated to cobalt is continuous with a plane in a shared ridge state.
- the space group P-3m1 has a crystal structure, and one CoO layer is present in the unit cell. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an O1 type crystal structure.
- lithium cobalt oxide when the charging depth is about 0.8 has a crystal structure of the space group R-3m.
- This structure can be said to be a structure in which CoO 2 structures such as P-3m1 (O1) and LiCoO 2 structures such as R-3m (O3) are alternately laminated. Therefore, this crystal structure may be referred to as an H1-3 type crystal structure.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure has twice the number of cobalt atoms per unit cell as the other structures.
- the c-axis of the H1-3 type crystal structure is shown in a diagram in which the c-axis is halved of the unit cell.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are set to Co (0, 0, 0.42150 ⁇ 0.00016), O 1 (0, 0, 0.267671 ⁇ 0.00045). , O 2 (0, 0, 0.11535 ⁇ 0.00045).
- O 1 and O 2 are oxygen atoms, respectively.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure is represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and two oxygens.
- the O3'type crystal structure of one aspect of the present invention is preferably represented by a unit cell using one cobalt and one oxygen.
- the difference in volume is also large.
- the difference in volume between the H1-3 type crystal structure and the discharged state O3 type crystal structure is 3.0% or more.
- the continuous structure of two CoO layers such as P-3m1 (O1) of the H1-3 type crystal structure is likely to be unstable.
- the crystal structure of lithium cobalt oxide collapses when high voltage charging and discharging are repeated.
- the collapse of the crystal structure causes deterioration of the cycle characteristics. It is considered that this is because the crystal structure collapses, the number of sites where lithium can stably exist decreases, and it becomes difficult to insert and remove lithium.
- the electrolyte preferably contains a solvent and a salt of a metal that becomes a carrier ion.
- an aprotonic organic solvent is preferable, and for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, dimethyl carbonate ( DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4- Use one of dioxane, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl ether, methyl diglyme, acetonitrile, benzon
- DME dimethoxyethane
- DME
- Ionic liquids consist of cations and anions, including organic cations and anions.
- Examples of the organic cation used for the electrolyte include aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations, and quaternary phosphonium cations, imidazolium cations, and aromatic cations such as pyridinium cations.
- anions used for the electrolyte monovalent amide anions, monovalent methide anions, fluorosulfonic acid anions, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid anions, tetrafluoroborate anions, perfluoroalkyl borate anions, hexafluorophosphate anions, etc.
- perfluoroalkyl phosphate anion and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of the salt to be dissolved in the above solvent include LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSCN, LiBr, LiI, Li 2 SO 4 , Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 , Li 2 B 12 .
- LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 4 F 9 ) Lithium salts such as SO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ) and LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 can be used alone, or two or more of them can be used in any combination and ratio.
- the electrolyte used in the secondary battery it is preferable to use a highly purified electrolyte solution containing less granular waste or elements other than the constituent elements of the electrolyte (hereinafter, also simply referred to as "impurities").
- impurities a highly purified electrolyte solution containing less granular waste or elements other than the constituent elements of the electrolyte
- the weight ratio of impurities to the electrolyte is preferably 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- the electrolytes include vinylene carbonate, propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis (oxalate) borate (LiBOB), and dinitrile compounds such as succinonitrile and adiponitrile.
- Additives may be added.
- the concentration of the material to be added may be, for example, 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the entire solvent.
- VC or LiBOB tends to form a good film and is particularly preferable.
- a solution containing a solvent and a salt as a carrier ion may be called an electrolytic solution.
- a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by swelling a polymer with an electrolytic solution may be used.
- the secondary battery can be made thinner and lighter.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluoropolymer gel and the like can be used.
- polymer for example, a polymer having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile and the like, and a copolymer containing them can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- the polymer to be formed may have a porous shape.
- a solid electrolyte having an inorganic material such as a sulfide type or an oxide type, and a solid electrolyte having a polymer material such as PEO (polyethylene oxide) type can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the separator 507 for example, one made of paper, non-woven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics or the like can be used. Alternatively, those made of nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol-based fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, polyurethane, polypropylene, polyethylene and the like can be used. It is preferable that the separator is processed into an envelope shape and arranged so as to wrap either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- a polymer film having, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide or the like can be used for the separator 507.
- Polyimide has good wettability of ionic liquids and may be more preferable as a material for the separator 507.
- the polymer film having polypropylene, polyethylene, etc. can be produced by a dry method or a wet method.
- the dry method is a manufacturing method in which a polymer film having polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide or the like is stretched while being heated to form a gap between crystals and to make fine pores.
- the wet method is a manufacturing method in which a solvent is mixed with a resin in advance to form a film, and then the solvent is extracted to make holes.
- the left figure of FIG. 8B shows an enlarged view of the region 507a as an example of the separator 507 (when manufactured by the wet method).
- a structure in which a plurality of holes 582 are formed in the polymer film 581 is shown.
- the right figure of FIG. 8B shows an enlarged view of the region 507b as another example of the separator 507 (when manufactured by the dry method).
- a structure in which a plurality of holes 585 are formed in the polymer film 584 is shown.
- the diameter of the hole of the separator may differ between the surface layer portion of the surface facing the positive electrode after charging and discharging and the surface layer portion of the surface facing the negative electrode.
- the surface layer portion of the separator is preferably, for example, a region within 5 ⁇ m, more preferably within 3 ⁇ m from the surface.
- the separator may have a multi-layer structure.
- a structure in which two types of polymer materials are laminated may be used.
- a structure in which a ceramic-based material, a fluorine-based material, a polyamide-based material, or a mixture thereof is coated on a polymer film having, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, etc. can be used.
- a structure in which a ceramic-based material, a fluorine-based material, a polyamide-based material, or a mixture thereof is coated on a non-woven fabric can be used.
- Polyimide has good wettability of ionic liquids and may be more preferable as a material for coating.
- fluorine-based material for example, PVdF, polytetrafluoroethylene, or the like can be used.
- polyamide-based material for example, nylon, aramid (meth-based aramid, para-based aramid) and the like can be used.
- ⁇ Exterior body> As the exterior body of the secondary battery, one or more selected from a metal material such as aluminum and a resin material can be used. Further, a film-like exterior body can also be used. As the film, a metal thin film having excellent flexibility such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and nickel is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, and polyamide, and an exterior is further formed on the metal thin film. A film having a three-layer structure provided with an insulating synthetic resin film such as a polyamide resin or a polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the body.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- the secondary battery 500 shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B has a positive electrode 503, a negative electrode 506, a separator 507, an exterior body 509, a positive electrode lead electrode 510, and a negative electrode lead electrode 511.
- a cross-sectional view of the laminated type secondary battery shown in FIG. 9A or the like for example, as shown in FIG. 19 described later, a structure in which a positive electrode, a separator and a negative electrode are laminated and surrounded by an exterior body can be used.
- FIG. 10A shows an example of a positive electrode 503 and a negative electrode 506.
- the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode active material layer 502 on the positive electrode current collector 501. Further, it is preferable that the positive electrode 503 has a tab region where the positive electrode current collector 501 is exposed.
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode active material layer 505 on the negative electrode current collector 504. Further, it is preferable that the negative electrode 506 has a tab region where the negative electrode current collector 504 is exposed.
- FIG. 10B shows the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 laminated.
- an example in which 5 sets of negative electrodes and 4 sets of positive electrodes are used is shown. It can also be called a laminate consisting of a negative electrode, a separator, and a positive electrode.
- the tab regions of the positive electrode 503 are joined to each other, and the positive electrode lead electrode 510 is joined to the tab region of the positive electrode on the outermost surface.
- the tab regions of the negative electrode 506 are bonded to each other, and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 is bonded to the tab region of the negative electrode on the outermost surface.
- the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 are arranged on the exterior body 509.
- the exterior body 509 is bent at the portion shown by the broken line. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. For example, thermocompression bonding may be used for joining. At this time, a region (hereinafter referred to as an introduction port 516) that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolyte 508 can be put in later.
- an introduction port 516 a region that is not joined to a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 is provided so that the electrolyte 508 can be put in later.
- the electrolyte 508 is introduced into the exterior body 509 from the introduction port 516 provided in the exterior body 509.
- the electrolyte 508 is preferably introduced under a reduced pressure atmosphere or an inert atmosphere.
- the introduction port 516 is joined. In this way, the laminated type secondary battery 500 can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode lead electrode 510 and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 were led out from the same side to the outside of the exterior body, and the secondary battery 500 shown in FIG. 9A was manufactured.
- the secondary battery 500 shown in FIG. 9B can also be manufactured by leading the positive electrode lead electrode 510 and the negative electrode lead electrode 511 to the outside of the exterior body from the opposite sides.
- the cylindrical secondary battery 400 has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 401 on the upper surface and a battery can (exterior can) 402 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- the positive electrode cap 401 and the battery can (exterior can) 402 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 410.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- the cylindrical secondary battery shown in FIG. 12B has a positive electrode cap (battery lid) 601 on the upper surface and a battery can (outer can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface.
- These positive electrode caps and the battery can (exterior can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- a battery element in which a strip-shaped positive electrode 604 and a negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 sandwiched between them is provided inside the hollow cylindrical battery can 602.
- the battery element is wound around the center pin.
- One end of the battery can 602 is closed and the other end is open.
- metals such as nickel, aluminum, and titanium, which are corrosion resistant to the electrolytic solution, alloys thereof, or alloys of these with other metals (for example, stainless steel, etc.) can be used. .. Further, in order to prevent corrosion due to the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat the battery can 602 with nickel, aluminum or the like.
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of insulating plates 608 and insulating plates 609 facing each other. Further, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution (not shown) is injected into the inside of the battery can 602 provided with the battery element. As the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, the same one as that of a coin-type secondary battery can be used.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode current collecting lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604, and a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode current collecting lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606.
- a metal material such as aluminum can be used for both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607.
- the positive electrode terminal 603 is resistance welded to the safety valve mechanism 613, and the negative electrode terminal 607 is resistance welded to the bottom of the battery can 602.
- the safety valve mechanism 613 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 611.
- the safety valve mechanism 613 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- the PTC element 611 is a heat-sensitive resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and the amount of current is limited by the increase in resistance to prevent abnormal heat generation.
- Barium titanate (BaTIO 3 ) -based semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used as the PTC element.
- FIG. 12C shows an example of the power storage system 415.
- the power storage system 415 has a plurality of secondary batteries 400.
- the positive electrode of each secondary battery is in contact with the conductor 424 separated by the insulator 425 and is electrically connected.
- the conductor 424 is electrically connected to the control system 420 via wiring 423.
- the negative electrode of each secondary battery is electrically connected to the control system 420 via the wiring 426.
- the control system 420 the control system described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the control system 420 has the measurement circuit described in the previous embodiment.
- the state of the secondary battery 400 can be estimated using the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the power storage system 415 has a function of determining the charging condition or the discharging condition of the secondary battery 400 based on the state estimated in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- a part of the configuration is provided as a circuit 420a as a chip for each secondary battery 400, and the remaining configuration is a circuit as one chip. It may be provided as 420b.
- the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention may be mounted on the circuit 420a.
- a temperature control device may be provided between the plurality of secondary batteries 400.
- the secondary battery 400 When the secondary battery 400 is overheated, it can be cooled by the temperature control device, and when the secondary battery 400 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device. Therefore, the performance of the power storage system 415 is less likely to be affected by the outside air temperature.
- FIG. 12A and the like show an example of having a wound body composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separator, which is wound according to the shape of a cylindrical can.
- the wound body is made of a square can. By matching the shape, it can be made into a square secondary battery.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram showing the appearance of the secondary battery pack 531.
- FIG. 13B is a diagram illustrating the configuration of the secondary battery pack 531.
- the secondary battery pack 531 includes a circuit board 521 and a secondary battery 513.
- the secondary battery 513 has one 551 of the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead and the other 552 of the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead, and is covered with the label 514.
- the circuit board 521 is fixed by the seal 515. Further, the secondary battery pack 531 has an antenna 517.
- the circuit board 521 has a control system 590.
- the control system 590 can use the control system included in the power storage system shown in the previous embodiment, and the control system 590 has the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment.
- the state of the secondary battery 513 can be estimated using the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the secondary battery pack 531 has a function of determining the charging condition or the discharging condition of the secondary battery 513 based on the state estimated in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- a control system 590 is provided on the circuit board 521.
- the circuit board 521 is electrically connected to the terminal 522.
- the circuit board 521 is electrically connected to the antenna 517, one 551 of the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead of the secondary battery 513, and the other 552 of the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead.
- circuit system 590a there may be a circuit system 590a provided on the circuit board 521 and a circuit system 590b electrically connected to the circuit board 521 via the terminal 522.
- a part of the control system of one aspect of the present invention is provided in the circuit system 590a, and the other part is provided in the circuit system 590b.
- the circuit system 590a preferably has a measurement circuit according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the antenna 517 is not limited to a coil shape, and may be, for example, a linear shape or a plate shape. Further, antennas such as a planar antenna, an open surface antenna, a traveling wave antenna, an EH antenna, a magnetic field antenna, and a dielectric antenna may be used. Alternatively, the antenna 517 may be a flat conductor. This flat plate-shaped conductor can function as one of the conductors for electric field coupling. That is, the antenna 517 may function as one of the two conductors of the capacitor. This makes it possible to exchange electric power not only with an electromagnetic field and a magnetic field but also with an electric field.
- the secondary battery pack 531 has a layer 519 between the antenna 517 and the secondary battery 513.
- the layer 519 has a function of being able to shield the electromagnetic field generated by the secondary battery 513, for example.
- a magnetic material can be used as the layer 519.
- the secondary battery 513 is, for example, a battery in which a negative electrode and a positive electrode are laminated so as to be overlapped with each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- FIG. 14 shows an example of a cross-sectional view of the laminated body of one aspect of the present invention.
- the laminated body 550 shown in FIG. 14 is manufactured by arranging one separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode while bending it.
- one separator 507 is folded back a plurality of times so as to be sandwiched between the positive electrode active material layer 502 and the negative electrode active material layer 505.
- the separator 507 is folded back at least 5 times.
- the separator 507 is not only provided so as to be sandwiched between the positive electrode active material layer 502 and the negative electrode active material layer 505, but also by further bending the extending portion, the plurality of positive electrode 503 and the negative electrode 506 are bundled together with tape or the like. You may try to do it.
- the electrolyte can be dropped onto the positive electrode 503.
- the electrolyte can be dropped onto the negative electrode 506.
- the electrolyte can be dropped onto the separator 507 before the separator is bent or after the separator 507 is bent and overlapped with the negative electrode 506 or the positive electrode 503. .. By dropping the electrolyte on at least one of the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503, the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, or the positive electrode 503 can be impregnated with the electrolyte.
- the secondary battery 970 shown in FIG. 15A has a laminated body 972 inside the housing 971.
- the terminal 973b and the terminal 974b are electrically connected to the laminated body 972. At least a part of the terminal 973b and at least a part of the terminal 974b are exposed to the outside of the housing 971.
- the laminated body 972 As the laminated body 972, a structure in which a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator are laminated can be applied. Further, as the laminated body 972, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a structure in which a separator is wound, and the like can be applied.
- the laminated body 972 a laminated body having a structure in which the separator is folded back, as shown in FIG. 14, can be used.
- a strip-shaped separator 976 is superposed on the positive electrode 975a, and the negative electrode 977a is superposed on the positive electrode 975a with the separator 976 in between. Then, the separator 976 is folded back and superposed on the negative electrode 977a.
- the positive electrode 975b is placed on the negative electrode 977a with the separator 976 in between.
- the laminated body 972 can be manufactured by folding back the separator and arranging the positive electrode and the negative electrode in order.
- the structure including the laminated body produced in this way may be referred to as a "spin turn structure".
- the positive electrode lead electrode 973a is electrically connected to the positive electrode of the laminated body 972.
- a tab region can be provided on each of the positive electrodes of the laminated body 972, and each tab region and the positive electrode lead electrode 973a can be electrically connected by welding or the like.
- the negative electrode lead electrode 974a is electrically connected to the negative electrode of the laminated body 972.
- One laminated body 972 may be arranged inside the housing 971, or a plurality of laminated bodies 972 may be arranged.
- FIG. 16B shows an example of preparing two sets of laminated bodies 972.
- the prepared laminated body 972 is housed in the housing 971, the terminals 973b and the terminals 974b are mounted, and the housing 971 is sealed. It is preferable to electrically connect the conductor 973c to each of the positive electrode lead electrodes 973a of the plurality of laminated bodies 972. Further, it is preferable to electrically connect the conductor 974c to each of the negative electrode lead electrodes 974a of the plurality of laminated bodies 972.
- the terminal 973b is electrically connected to the conductor 973c, and the terminal 974b is electrically connected to the conductor 974c.
- the conductor 973c may have a conductive region and an insulating region. Further, the conductor 974c may have a region having conductivity and a region having insulation.
- a metal material for example, aluminum
- a metal material can be used as the housing 971.
- a resin material can be used as the housing 971.
- the safety valve is a valve that releases gas when the inside of the housing 971 reaches a predetermined pressure in order to prevent the battery from exploding.
- FIG. 17C An example of a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery according to another aspect of the present invention is shown in FIG. 17C.
- the secondary battery 560 shown in FIG. 17C is manufactured by using the laminated body 130 shown in FIG. 17A and the laminated body 131 shown in FIG. 17B.
- FIG. 17C in order to clarify the figure, the laminated body 130, the laminated body 131, and the separator 507 are excerpted and shown.
- the laminate 130 has a positive electrode 503 and a separator 507 having positive electrode active material layers on both sides of a positive electrode current collector, and a negative electrode 506 and a separator 507 having negative electrode active material layers on both sides of a negative electrode current collector.
- Positive electrode 503 having positive electrode active material layers on both sides of the positive electrode current collector are laminated in this order.
- the laminate 131 has a negative electrode 506 and a separator 507 having negative electrode active material layers on both sides of the negative electrode current collector, and a positive electrode 503 and a separator 507 having positive electrode active material layers on both sides of the positive electrode current collector.
- Negative electrodes 506 having negative electrode active material layers on both sides of the negative electrode current collector are laminated in this order.
- the method for manufacturing a secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be applied when manufacturing a laminated body. Specifically, when laminating the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503 in order to produce the laminated body, the electrolyte is dropped onto at least one of the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, and the positive electrode 503. By dropping a plurality of drops of the electrolyte, the negative electrode 506, the separator 507, or the positive electrode 503 can be impregnated with the electrolyte.
- the plurality of laminated bodies 130 and the plurality of laminated bodies 131 are covered with the wound separator 507.
- the electrolyte after arranging the laminated body 130, the electrolyte can be dropped onto the laminated body 130. Similarly, after arranging the laminated body 131, the electrolyte can be dropped onto the laminated body 131. Further, the electrolyte can be dropped onto the separator 507 before the separator 507 is bent or after the separator 507 is bent and overlapped with the laminated body. By dropping a plurality of drops of the electrolyte, the laminate 130, the laminate 131, or the separator 507 can be impregnated with the electrolyte.
- a secondary battery of another aspect of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 18A to 19C.
- the secondary battery shown here can be called a winding type secondary battery or the like.
- the secondary battery 913 shown in FIG. 18A has a winding body 950 provided with terminals 951 and terminals 952 inside the housing 930.
- the winding body 950 is immersed in the electrolyte inside the housing 930.
- the terminal 952 is in contact with the housing 930, and the terminal 951 is not in contact with the housing 930 by using an insulating material or the like.
- the housing 930 is shown separately for convenience, but in reality, the winding body 950 is covered with the housing 930, and the terminals 951 and 952 extend outside the housing 930. It exists.
- a metal material for example, aluminum or the like
- a resin material can be used as the housing 930.
- the housing 930 shown in FIG. 18A may be formed of a plurality of materials.
- the housing 930a and the housing 930b are bonded to each other, and the winding body 950 is provided in the region surrounded by the housing 930a and the housing 930b.
- an insulating material such as an organic resin can be used.
- a material such as an organic resin on the surface on which the antenna is formed it is possible to suppress the shielding of the electric field by the secondary battery 913. If the electric field shielding by the housing 930a is small, an antenna may be provided inside the housing 930a.
- a metal material can be used as the housing 930b.
- the wound body 950 has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the wound body 950 is a wound body in which the negative electrode 931 and the positive electrode 932 are overlapped and laminated with the separator 933 interposed therebetween, and the laminated sheet is wound.
- a plurality of layers of the negative electrode 931, the positive electrode 932, and the separator 933 may be further laminated.
- an electrolyte is dropped onto at least one of the negative electrode 931, the separator 933, and the positive electrode 932. .. That is, it is preferable to drop the electrolyte before turning the laminated sheet. By dropping a plurality of drops of the electrolyte, the negative electrode 931, the separator 933, or the positive electrode 932 can be impregnated with the electrolyte.
- a secondary battery 913 having a winding body 950a as shown in FIG. 19 may be used.
- the winding body 950a shown in FIG. 19A has a negative electrode 931, a positive electrode 932, and a separator 933.
- the negative electrode 931 has a negative electrode active material layer 931a.
- the positive electrode 932 has a positive electrode active material layer 932a.
- the separator 933 has a wider width than the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a, and is wound so as to overlap the negative electrode active material layer 931a and the positive electrode active material layer 932a. Further, it is preferable that the width of the negative electrode active material layer 931a is wider than that of the positive electrode active material layer 932a from the viewpoint of safety. Further, the wound body 950a having such a shape is preferable in terms of safety and productivity.
- the negative electrode 931 is electrically connected to the terminal 951.
- the terminal 951 is electrically connected to the terminal 911a.
- the positive electrode 932 is electrically connected to the terminal 952.
- the terminal 952 is electrically connected to the terminal 911b.
- the winding body 950a and the electrolyte are covered with the housing 930 to form the secondary battery 913.
- the housing 930 is provided with a safety valve, an overcurrent protection element, or the like. The safety valve is temporarily opened only when the inside of the housing 930 exceeds a predetermined internal pressure in order to prevent the battery from exploding.
- the secondary battery 913 may have a plurality of winding bodies 950a. By using a plurality of winding bodies 950a, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery 913 having a larger charge / discharge capacity.
- FIG. 20C shows a block diagram of a vehicle having a motor.
- the electric vehicle is provided with a first battery 1301a and a first battery 1301b as a main drive secondary battery, and a second battery 1311 that supplies electric power to the inverter 1312 that starts the motor 1304.
- the second battery 1311 is also referred to as a cranking battery or a starter battery.
- the second battery 1311 may have a high output and does not require much large capacity, and the capacity of the second battery 1311 is smaller than that of the first battery 1301a and the first battery 1301b.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be used for one or both of the first battery 1301a and the first battery 1301b.
- first batteries 1301a and two first batteries 1301b are connected in parallel, but three or more batteries may be connected in parallel. Further, if the first battery 1301a can store sufficient electric power, the first battery 1301b may not be present.
- the plurality of secondary batteries may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be connected in parallel and then further connected in series. Multiple secondary batteries are also called assembled batteries.
- a service plug or a circuit breaker capable of cutting off a high voltage without using a tool is provided, and the first battery 1301a has. It will be provided.
- the electric power of the first battery 1301a and the first battery 1301b is mainly used to rotate the motor 1304, but the 42V system (high voltage system) in-vehicle parts (electric power steering) via the DCDC circuit 1306. Power is supplied to 1307, heater 1308, defogger 1309, etc.). Even if the rear wheel has a rear motor 1317, the first battery 1301a is used to rotate the rear motor 1317.
- the second battery 1311 supplies electric power to 14V system (low voltage system) in-vehicle parts (audio 1313, power window 1314, lamps 1315, etc.) via the DCDC circuit 1310.
- 14V system low voltage system
- in-vehicle parts audio 1313, power window 1314, lamps 1315, etc.
- first battery 1301a will be described with reference to FIG. 20A.
- FIG. 20A shows an example of a large battery pack 1415.
- One electrode of the battery pack 1415 is electrically connected to the control system 1320 by wiring 1421.
- the other electrode is electrically connected to the control system 1320 by wiring 1422.
- the battery pack may be configured by connecting a plurality of secondary batteries in series.
- control system 1320 the control system described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the control system 1320 has the measurement circuit described in the previous embodiment.
- the state of the first battery 1301a can be estimated by using the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the battery pack 1415 has a function of determining the charging condition or the discharging condition of the first battery 1301a based on the state estimated in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the second battery 1311 can also be controlled based on the state estimated in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- the first batteries 1301a and 1301b mainly supply electric power to 42V system (high voltage system) in-vehicle devices, and the second battery 1311 supplies electric power to 14V system (low voltage system) in-vehicle devices.
- the second battery 1311 is often adopted because a lead storage battery is advantageous in terms of cost.
- Lead-acid batteries have a larger self-discharge than lithium-ion batteries, and have the drawback of being easily deteriorated by a phenomenon called sulfation.
- the second battery 1311 As a lithium-ion battery, there is a merit that it is maintenance-free, but if it is used for a long period of time, for example, for 3 years or more, there is a possibility that an abnormality that is difficult to discriminate at the time of manufacture may occur.
- the second battery 1311 for starting the inverter becomes inoperable, the second battery 1311 is lead-acid in order to prevent the motor from being unable to start even if the first batteries 1301a and 1301b have remaining capacity.
- power is supplied from the first battery to the second battery, and the battery is charged so as to always maintain a fully charged state.
- the second battery 1311 may use a lead storage battery, an all-solid-state battery, or an electric double layer capacitor.
- an all-solid-state battery for the second battery 1311, the capacity can be increased, and the size and weight can be reduced.
- the regenerative energy due to the rotation of the tire 1316 is sent to the motor 1304 via the gear 1305, and is charged from the motor controller 1303 or the battery controller 1302 to the second battery 1311 via the control circuit unit 1321.
- the first battery 1301a is charged from the battery controller 1302 via the control system 1320.
- the first battery 1301b is charged from the battery controller 1302 via the control system 1320. In order to efficiently charge the regenerative energy, it is desirable that the first batteries 1301a and 1301b can be quickly charged.
- the battery controller 1302 can set the charging voltage, charging current, and the like of the first batteries 1301a and 1301b.
- the battery controller 1302 can set charging conditions according to the charging characteristics of the secondary battery to be used and quickly charge the battery.
- the outlet of the charger or the connection cable of the charger is electrically connected to the battery controller 1302.
- the electric power supplied from the external charger charges the first batteries 1301a and 1301b via the battery controller 1302.
- a control circuit may be provided and the function of the battery controller 1302 may not be used.
- the first batteries 1301a and 1301b are charged via the control system 1320. Is preferable.
- the connection cable or the connection cable of the charger is provided with a control circuit.
- the control system 1320 is sometimes called an ECU (Electronic Control Unit).
- the ECU is connected to a CAN (Controller Area Network) provided in the electric vehicle.
- CAN is one of the serial communication standards used as an in-vehicle LAN.
- the ECU also includes a microcomputer. Further, the ECU uses a CPU or a GPU.
- the external charger installed in the charging stand or the like includes a 100V outlet-200V outlet, or a three-phase 200V and 50kW. It is also possible to charge by receiving power supply from an external charging facility by a non-contact power supply method or the like.
- FIG. 20B shows an example of the control system 1320.
- the control system 1320 shown in FIG. 20B measures the voltage of at least a switch for preventing overcharging, a switch section 1324 including a switch for preventing overdischarging, a control circuit 1322 for controlling the switch section 1324, and a first battery 1301a.
- the upper limit voltage and the lower limit voltage of the secondary battery to be used are set, and the upper limit of the current from the outside or the upper limit of the output current to the outside is limited.
- the range of the lower limit voltage or more and the upper limit voltage or less of the secondary battery is within the voltage range recommended for use, and if it is out of the range, the switch unit 1324 operates and functions as a protection circuit.
- control system 1320 can also be called a protection circuit because it controls the switch unit 1324 to prevent over-discharge and / or over-charge. For example, when the control circuit 1322 detects a voltage that is likely to cause overcharging, the switch of the switch unit 1324 is turned off to cut off the current. Further, a PTC element may be provided in the charge / discharge path to provide a function of cutting off the current in response to an increase in temperature. Further, the control system 1320 has an external terminal 1325 (+ IN) and an external terminal 1326 ( ⁇ IN).
- a next-generation clean energy vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle (HV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHV) can be realized.
- agricultural machinery such as electric tractors, motorized bicycles including electrically assisted bicycles, motorcycles, electric wheelchairs, electric carts, small or large vessels, submarines, aircraft such as fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft, rockets, artificial satellites, etc.
- Secondary batteries can also be mounted on transport vehicles such as space explorers, planetary explorers, and spacecraft.
- the automobile 2001 shown in FIG. 21A is an electric vehicle that uses an electric motor as a power source for traveling. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle in which an electric motor and an engine can be appropriately selected and used as a power source for traveling.
- the vehicle 2001 shown in FIG. 21A has the battery pack 1415 shown in FIG. 20A.
- the battery pack 1415 has a secondary battery module.
- the battery pack 1415 also has a control system that is electrically connected to the secondary battery module. As the control system, a control system having the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the secondary battery module has one or more secondary batteries.
- the automobile 2001 can be charged by receiving electric power from an external charging facility by a plug-in method, a non-contact power supply method, or the like to the secondary battery of the automobile 2001.
- the charging method or the standard of the connector may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or a combo.
- the charging device may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility or a household power source.
- the plug-in technology can charge a secondary battery mounted on an automobile 2001 by supplying electric power from the outside. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- a power receiving device on the vehicle and supply power from a ground power transmission device in a non-contact manner to charge the vehicle.
- this non-contact power supply system by incorporating a power transmission device on the road or the outer wall, charging can be performed not only while the vehicle is stopped but also while the vehicle is running. Further, electric power may be transmitted and received between two vehicles by using this contactless power feeding method. Further, a solar cell may be provided on the exterior portion of the vehicle to charge the secondary battery when the vehicle is stopped or running. An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic field resonance method can be used for such non-contact power supply.
- FIG. 21B shows a large transport vehicle 2002 having a motor controlled by electricity as an example of a transport vehicle.
- the secondary battery module of the transport vehicle 2002 has, for example, a secondary battery of 3.5 V or more and 4.7 V or less as a four-cell unit, and has a maximum voltage of 170 V in which 48 cells are connected in series. Since it has the same functions as those in FIG. 21A except that the number of secondary batteries constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2201 is different, the description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 21C shows, as an example, a large transport vehicle 2003 having a motor controlled by electricity.
- the secondary battery module of the transport vehicle 2003 has, for example, a maximum voltage of 600 V in which 100 or more secondary batteries of 3.5 V or more and 4.7 V or less are connected in series. Therefore, a secondary battery having a small variation in characteristics is required.
- a secondary battery having a small variation in characteristics is required.
- FIG. 21D shows, as an example, an aircraft 2004 having an engine that burns fuel. Since the aircraft 2004 shown in FIG. 21D has wheels for takeoff and landing, it can be said to be a part of a transportation vehicle, and a plurality of secondary batteries are connected to form a secondary battery module, which is charged with the secondary battery module. It has a battery pack 2203 including a control device.
- the secondary battery module of the aircraft 2004 has a maximum voltage of 32V in which eight 4V secondary batteries are connected in series, for example. Since it has the same functions as those in FIG. 21A except that the number of secondary batteries constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2203 is different, the description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 21E shows a transport vehicle 2005 that transports cargo as an example. It has a motor controlled by electricity, and performs various operations by supplying electric power from the secondary battery constituting the secondary battery module of the battery pack 2204. Further, the transport vehicle 2005 is not limited to being operated by a human being as a driver, and can be operated unmanned by CAN communication or the like. Although the forklift is shown in FIG. 21E, the forklift is not particularly limited, and the present invention relates to an industrial machine that can be operated by CAN communication or the like, for example, an automatic transport machine, a work robot, a small construction machine, or the like. A battery pack with a secondary battery can be mounted.
- FIG. 22A is an example of an electric bicycle using the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention can be applied to the electric bicycle 2100 shown in FIG. 22A.
- the power storage device 2102 shown in FIG. 22B has, for example, a plurality of secondary batteries and a control system.
- the control system the control system of one aspect of the present invention can be used.
- the electric bicycle 2100 includes a power storage device 2102.
- the power storage device 2102 can supply electricity to a motor that assists the driver. Further, the power storage device 2102 is portable, and FIG. 22B shows a state in which the power storage device 2102 is removed from the bicycle. Further, the power storage device 2102 contains a plurality of secondary batteries 2101 according to one aspect of the present invention, and the remaining battery level and the like can be displayed on the display unit 2103. Further, the power storage device 2102 has a control system 2104 capable of estimating and controlling the state of the secondary battery, which is shown as an example in one aspect of the present invention. The control system 2104 preferably has the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment. The control system 2104 is electrically connected to the positive and negative electrodes of the secondary battery 2101.
- control system 2104 may be provided with a small solid-state secondary battery.
- a small solid-state secondary battery By providing the control system 2104 with a small solid-state secondary battery, it is possible to supply electric power to hold the data of the storage circuit of the control system 2104 for a long time.
- the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention with a secondary battery using the positive electrode, a synergistic effect on safety can be obtained.
- the secondary battery and the control system 2104 using the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention can greatly contribute to the eradication of accidents such as fires by the secondary battery.
- FIG. 22C is an example of a two-wheeled vehicle using a secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention.
- the scooter 2300 shown in FIG. 22C includes a power storage device 2302, side mirrors 2301, and a turn signal lamp 2303.
- the power storage device 2302 can supply electricity to the turn signal lamp 2303.
- the power storage device 2302 containing a plurality of secondary batteries using the positive electrode active material according to one aspect of the present invention can have a high capacity and can contribute to miniaturization.
- the control system of one aspect of the present invention is electrically connected to the secondary battery.
- the power storage device 2302 can be stored in the storage under the seat 2304.
- the power storage device 2302 can be stored in the under-seat storage 2304 even if the under-seat storage 2304 is small.
- the house shown in FIG. 23A has a power storage device 2612 having a secondary battery and a solar panel 2610.
- the power storage device 2612 is electrically connected to the solar panel 2610 via wiring 2611 and the like. Further, the power storage device 2612 and the ground-mounted charging device 2604 may be electrically connected.
- the electric power obtained by the solar panel 2610 can be charged to the power storage device 2612. Further, the electric power stored in the power storage device 2612 can be charged to the secondary battery of the vehicle 2603 via the charging device 2604.
- the power storage device 2612 is preferably installed in the underfloor space. By installing it in the underfloor space, the space above the floor can be effectively used. Alternatively, the power storage device 2612 may be installed on the floor.
- the electric power stored in the power storage device 2612 can also be supplied to other electronic devices in the house. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the electronic device can be used by using the power storage device 2612 as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 23B shows an example of the power storage device 1700 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- a large storage battery 1791 to which the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention is applied is installed in the underfloor space portion 1796 of the building 1799. It is preferable that the measurement circuit described in the above embodiment is electrically connected to the storage battery 1791.
- the power storage device 1700 has a function of determining the charging condition or the discharging condition of the storage battery 1791 based on the state of the storage battery 1791 estimated in the measurement circuit of one aspect of the present invention.
- a control device 1790 is installed in the storage battery 1791, and the control device 1790 is connected to the distribution board 1703, the power storage controller 1705 (also referred to as a control device), the display 1706, and the router 1709 by wiring. Is connected.
- Electric power is sent from the commercial power supply 1701 to the distribution board 1703 via the drop line mounting portion 1710. Further, electric power is sent to the distribution board 1703 from the storage battery 1791 and the commercial power supply 1701, and the distribution board 1703 transfers the sent electric power to the general load 1707 via an outlet (not shown). And supplies to the power storage system load 1708.
- the general load 1707 is, for example, an electric device such as a television or a personal computer
- the storage system load 1708 is, for example, an electric device such as a microwave oven, a refrigerator, or an air conditioner.
- the power storage controller 1705 has a measurement unit 1711, a prediction unit 1712, and a planning unit 1713.
- the measuring unit 1711 has a function of measuring the amount of electric power consumed by the general load 1707 and the power storage system load 1708 during one day (for example, from 0:00 to 24:00). Further, the measuring unit 1711 may have a function of measuring the electric power of the storage battery 1791 and the electric power supplied from the commercial power source 1701.
- the prediction unit 1712 is based on the amount of electric energy consumed by the general load 1707 and the power storage system load 1708 during one day, and the demand consumed by the general load 1707 and the power storage system load 1708 during the next day. It has a function to predict the amount of electric power.
- the planning unit 1713 has a function of making a charge / discharge plan of the storage battery 1791 based on the power demand amount predicted by the prediction unit 1712.
- the amount of power consumed by the general load 1707 and the power storage system load 1708 measured by the measuring unit 1711 can be confirmed by the display 1706. It can also be confirmed in an electric device such as a television or a personal computer via a router 1709. Further, it can be confirmed by a portable electronic terminal such as a smartphone or a tablet via the router 1709. Further, the amount of power demand for each time zone (or every hour) predicted by the prediction unit 1712 can be confirmed by the display 1706, the electric device, and the portable electronic terminal.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention can be used, for example, for one or both of an electronic device and a lighting device.
- the electronic device include a mobile information terminal such as a mobile phone, a smartphone, or a notebook computer, a portable game machine, a portable music player, a digital camera, and a digital video camera.
- the personal computer 2800 shown in FIG. 24A has a housing 2801, a housing 2802, a display unit 2803, a keyboard 2804, a pointing device 2805, and the like.
- a secondary battery 2807 is provided inside the housing 2801, and a secondary battery 2806 is provided inside the housing 2802.
- the energy density that can be used in the secondary battery 2807 can be increased.
- the life of the secondary battery can be extended.
- the control system has the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment.
- a touch panel is applied to the display unit 2803.
- the personal computer 2800 can be used as a tablet terminal only by removing the housing 2801 and the housing 2802.
- a large secondary battery to which the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be applied can be applied to one or both of the secondary battery 2806 and the secondary battery 2807.
- the shape of the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be freely changed by changing the shape of the exterior body.
- the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased and the usage time of the personal computer 2800 can be lengthened. ..
- the weight of the personal computer 2800 can be reduced.
- a flexible display is applied to the display unit 2803 of the housing 2802.
- the secondary battery 2806 a large-sized secondary battery to which the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be applied is applied.
- a bendable secondary battery can be obtained by using a flexible film for the exterior body.
- the housing 2802 can be bent and used.
- a part of the display unit 2803 can also be used as a keyboard.
- housing 2802 can be folded so that the display unit 2803 is on the inside as shown in FIG. 24D, or the housing 2802 can be folded so that the display unit 2803 is on the outside as shown in FIG. 24E.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention can be applied to a bendable secondary battery and mounted on an electronic device. It can also be incorporated along the curved surface of a house, the inner or outer wall of a building, or the interior or exterior of an automobile.
- FIG. 25A shows an example of a mobile phone.
- the mobile phone 7400 includes an operation button 7403, an external connection port 7404, a speaker 7405, a microphone 7406, and the like, in addition to the display unit 7402 incorporated in the housing 7401.
- the mobile phone 7400 has a secondary battery 7407.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention for the secondary battery 7407, it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life mobile phone.
- the energy density that can be used in the secondary battery 7407 can be increased.
- the life of the secondary battery can be extended.
- the control system has the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment.
- FIG. 25B shows a state in which the mobile phone 7400 is curved.
- the secondary battery 7407 provided inside the mobile phone 7400 is also bent.
- the state of the bent secondary battery 7407 is shown in FIG. 25C.
- the secondary battery 7407 is a thin storage battery.
- the secondary battery 7407 is fixed in a bent state.
- the secondary battery 7407 has a lead electrode electrically connected to the current collector.
- the current collector is a copper foil, which is partially alloyed with gallium to improve the adhesion to the active material layer in contact with the current collector, and the reliability of the secondary battery 7407 in a bent state is improved. It has a high composition.
- FIG. 25D shows an example of a bangle type display device.
- the portable display device 7100 includes a housing 7101, a display unit 7102, an operation button 7103, and a secondary battery 7104.
- FIG. 25E shows the state of the bent secondary battery 7104.
- the degree of bending at an arbitrary point of the curve is expressed by the value of the radius of the corresponding circle, which is called the radius of curvature, and the inverse of the radius of curvature is called the curvature.
- a part or all of the main surface of the housing or the secondary battery 7104 changes within the range of the radius of curvature of 40 mm or more and 150 mm or less. High reliability can be maintained as long as the radius of curvature on the main surface of the secondary battery 7104 is in the range of 40 mm or more and 150 mm or less.
- FIG. 25F shows an example of a wristwatch-type mobile information terminal.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 includes a housing 7201, a display unit 7202, a band 7203, a buckle 7204, an operation button 7205, an input / output terminal 7206, and the like.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 can execute various applications such as mobile phones, e-mails, text viewing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the display unit 7202 is provided with a curved display surface, and can display along the curved display surface. Further, the display unit 7202 is provided with a touch sensor and can be operated by touching the screen with a finger or a stylus. For example, the application can be started by touching the icon 7207 displayed on the display unit 7202.
- the operation button 7205 can have various functions such as power on / off operation, wireless communication on / off operation, manner mode execution / cancellation, and power saving mode execution / cancellation. ..
- the function of the operation button 7205 can be freely set by the operating system incorporated in the mobile information terminal 7200.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 can execute short-range wireless communication with communication standards. For example, by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, it is possible to make a hands-free call.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 is provided with an input / output terminal 7206, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It is also possible to charge via the input / output terminal 7206. The charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the input / output terminal 7206.
- the display unit 7202 of the portable information terminal 7200 has a secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life portable information terminal.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery may be electrically connected to the secondary battery.
- the secondary battery 7104 shown in FIG. 25E can be incorporated in a curved state inside the housing 7201 or in a bendable state inside the band 7203.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 has a sensor.
- a sensor for example, a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, a human body sensor such as a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, or the like is preferably mounted.
- FIG. 25G shows an example of an armband type display device.
- the display device 7300 has a display unit 7304 and has a secondary battery according to an aspect of the present invention. It is preferable to electrically connect the control system of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery. Further, the display device 7300 can be provided with a touch sensor in the display unit 7304, and can also function as a portable information terminal.
- the display surface of the display unit 7304 is curved, and display can be performed along the curved display surface. Further, the display device 7300 can change the display status by communication standard short-range wireless communication or the like.
- the display device 7300 is provided with an input / output terminal, and data can be directly exchanged with another information terminal via a connector. It can also be charged via the input / output terminals.
- the charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without going through the input / output terminals.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention as the secondary battery of the display device 7300, it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life display device.
- FIGS. 25H, 26 and 27 An example of mounting a secondary battery having good cycle characteristics according to one aspect of the present invention in an electronic device will be described with reference to FIGS. 25H, 26 and 27.
- the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention as the secondary battery in the electronic device, it is possible to provide a lightweight and long-life product.
- daily electronic devices include electric toothbrushes, electric shavers, electric beauty devices, etc.
- the secondary batteries of these products are compact and lightweight, with a stick-shaped shape in consideration of user-friendliness.
- a large-capacity secondary battery is desired.
- FIG. 25H is a perspective view of a device also called a cigarette-accommodating smoking device (electronic cigarette).
- the electronic cigarette 7500 is composed of an atomizer 7501 including a heating element, a secondary battery 7504 for supplying electric power to the atomizer, and a cartridge 7502 including a liquid supply bottle or a sensor.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 7504 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 7504.
- the secondary battery 7504 shown in FIG. 25H has an external terminal so that it can be connected to a charging device.
- the secondary battery 7504 becomes the tip portion when it is held, it is desirable that the total length is short and the weight is light. Since the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics, it is possible to provide a compact and lightweight electronic cigarette 7500 that can be used for a long period of time. It is preferable to electrically connect the control system of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery.
- FIGS. 26A and 26B show an example of a tablet terminal that can be folded in half.
- the tablet terminal 7600 shown in FIGS. 26A and 26B has a housing 7630a, a housing 7630b, a movable portion 7640 connecting the housing 7630a and the housing 7630b, a display unit 7631 having a display unit 7631a and a display unit 7631b, and a switch 7625. It has a switch 7627, a fastener 7629, and an operation switch 7628.
- FIG. 26A shows a state in which the tablet terminal 7600 is opened
- FIG. 26B shows a state in which the tablet terminal 7600 is closed.
- the tablet type terminal 7600 has a storage body 7635 inside the housing 7630a and the housing 7630b.
- the power storage body 7635 passes through the movable portion 7640 and is provided over the housing 7630a and the housing 7630b.
- the display unit 7631 can use all or part of the area as the touch panel area, and can input data by touching an image, characters, an input form, or the like including an icon displayed in the area.
- a keyboard button may be displayed on the entire surface of the display unit 7631a on the housing 7630a side, and information such as characters and images may be displayed on the display unit 7631b on the housing 7630b side.
- the keyboard may be displayed on the display unit 7631b on the housing 7630b side, and information such as characters and images may be displayed on the display unit 7631a on the housing 7630a side.
- the keyboard display switching button on the touch panel may be displayed on the display unit 7631, and the keyboard may be displayed on the display unit 7631 by touching the button with a finger or a stylus.
- touch input can be simultaneously performed on the touch panel area of the display unit 7631a on the housing 7630a side and the touch panel area of the display unit 7631b on the housing 7630b side.
- the switch 7625 to the switch 7627 may be not only an interface for operating the tablet terminal 7600 but also an interface capable of switching various functions.
- at least one of the switch 7625 to the switch 7627 may function as a switch for switching the power of the tablet terminal 7600 on and off.
- at least one of the switch 7625 to the switch 7627 may have a function of switching the display direction such as vertical display or horizontal display, or a function of switching between black and white display and color display.
- at least one of the switch 7625 to the switch 7627 may have a function of adjusting the brightness of the display unit 7631.
- the brightness of the display unit 7631 can be optimized according to the amount of external light during use detected by the optical sensor built in the tablet terminal 7600.
- the tablet terminal may incorporate not only an optical sensor but also other detection devices such as a gyro, an acceleration sensor, and other sensors that detect the inclination.
- FIG. 26A shows an example in which the display areas of the display unit 7631a on the housing 7630a side and the display unit 7631b on the housing 7630b side are almost the same, but the display areas of the display unit 7631a and the display unit 7631b are particularly different. It is not limited, and one size and the other size may be different, and the display quality may be different. For example, one may be a display panel capable of displaying a higher definition than the other.
- FIG. 26B shows a tablet-type terminal 7600 closed in half, and the tablet-type terminal 7600 has a charge / discharge control circuit 7634 including a housing 7630, a solar cell 7633, and a DCDC converter 7636. Further, as the storage body 7635, a secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention is used.
- the housing 7630a and the housing 7630b can be folded so as to overlap each other when not in use. By folding, the display unit 7631 can be protected, so that the durability of the tablet terminal 7600 can be enhanced. Further, since the storage body 7635 using the secondary battery of one aspect of the present invention has a high capacity and good cycle characteristics, it is possible to provide a tablet terminal 7600 that can be used for a long time over a long period of time. In order to enhance safety, it is preferable to electrically connect the control system of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery included in the storage body 7635. Further, the control system may include a charge / discharge control circuit 7634.
- control system of one aspect of the present invention it is possible to increase the energy density that can be used in the secondary battery. Further, by using the control system of one aspect of the present invention, the life of the secondary battery can be extended.
- the control system has the measurement circuit shown in the previous embodiment.
- the tablet terminal 7600 shown in FIGS. 26A and 26B displays various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.), a calendar, a date, a time, and the like on the display unit. It can have a function, a touch input function for touch input operation or editing of information displayed on a display unit, a function for controlling processing by various software (programs), and the like.
- Electric power can be supplied to a touch panel, a display unit, a video signal processing unit, or the like by a solar cell 7633 mounted on the surface of the tablet terminal 7600.
- the solar cell 7633 can be provided on one side or both sides of the housing 7630, and can be configured to efficiently charge the power storage body 7635. If a lithium ion battery is used as the power storage body 7635, there is an advantage that the size can be reduced.
- FIG. 26C shows the solar cell 7633, the storage body 7635, the DCDC converter 7636, the converter 7637, the switch SW1 to the switch SW3, and the display unit 7631, and shows the storage body 7635, the DCDC converter 7636, the converter 7637, the switch SW1 to the switch SW3. Is the location corresponding to the charge / discharge control circuit 7634 shown in FIG. 26B.
- the electric power generated by the solar cell is stepped up or down by the DCDC converter 7636 so as to be a voltage for charging the storage body 7635. Then, when the power from the solar cell 7633 is used for the operation of the display unit 7631, the switch SW1 is turned on, and the converter 7637 boosts or lowers the voltage required for the display unit 7631. Further, when the display is not performed on the display unit 7631, the switch SW1 may be turned off and the switch SW2 may be turned on to charge the power storage body 7635.
- the storage body 7635 is charged by another power generation means such as a piezoelectric element (piezo element) or a thermoelectric conversion element (Peltier element) without particular limitation. It may be a configuration.
- a non-contact power transmission module for wirelessly (non-contact) transmission / reception and charging of electric power, or a configuration performed in combination with other charging means may be used.
- FIG. 27 shows an example of another electronic device. It is preferable that the control circuit of one aspect of the present invention is electrically connected to the secondary battery of the electronic device shown in FIG. 27.
- the display device 8000 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention. Specifically, the display device 8000 corresponds to a display device for receiving TV broadcasts, and includes a housing 8001, a display unit 8002, a speaker unit 8003, a secondary battery 8004, and the like. In order to enhance safety, a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 8004 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 8004.
- the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention is provided inside the housing 8001.
- the display device 8000 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8004. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the display device 8000 can be used by using the secondary battery 8004 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- the display unit 8002 includes a light emitting device having a light emitting element such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel, an electrophoresis display device, a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), a PDP (Plasma Display Panel), and a FED (Field Emission Display). ), Etc., a semiconductor display device can be used.
- a light emitting element such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel
- an electrophoresis display device such as a liquid crystal display device and an organic EL element in each pixel
- a DMD Digital Micromirror Device
- PDP Plasma Display Panel
- FED Field Emission Display
- the display device includes all information display devices such as those for receiving TV broadcasts, those for personal computers, and those for displaying advertisements.
- the stationary lighting device 8100 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8103 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the lighting device 8100 includes a housing 8101, a light source 8102, a secondary battery 8103, and the like.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 8103 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 8103.
- FIG. 27 illustrates a case where the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the ceiling 8104 in which the housing 8101 and the light source 8102 are installed, but the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the housing 8101. It may have been done.
- the lighting device 8100 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8103. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like, the lighting device 8100 can be used by using the secondary battery 8103 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 27 illustrates the stationary lighting device 8100 provided on the ceiling 8104
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention includes, for example, a side wall 8105, a floor 8106, a window 8107, etc., other than the ceiling 8104. It can be used for a stationary lighting device provided in the above, or it can be used for a desktop lighting device or the like.
- an artificial light source that artificially obtains light by using electric power can be used.
- an incandescent lamp, a discharge lamp such as a fluorescent lamp, an LED, and / or a light emitting element such as an organic EL element can be mentioned as an example of the artificial light source.
- the air conditioner having the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8203 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the indoor unit 8200 has a housing 8201, an air outlet 8202, a secondary battery 8203, and the like.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 8203 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 8203.
- FIG. 27 illustrates the case where the secondary battery 8203 is provided in the indoor unit 8200, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in the outdoor unit 8204. Alternatively, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204.
- the air conditioner can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8203.
- the secondary battery 8203 when the secondary battery 8203 is provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204, the secondary battery 8203 according to one aspect of the present invention is provided even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power source due to a power failure or the like.
- the air conditioner can be used by using the power supply as an uninterruptible power supply.
- FIG. 27 illustrates a separate type air conditioner composed of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit
- the integrated air conditioner having the functions of the indoor unit and the outdoor unit in one housing is used.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can also be used.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8304 according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 8300 has a housing 8301, a refrigerator door 8302, a freezer door 8303, a secondary battery 8304, and the like.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 8304 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 8304.
- the secondary battery 8304 is provided inside the housing 8301.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can be supplied with electric power from a commercial power source, or can use the electric power stored in the secondary battery 8304. Therefore, even when the power cannot be supplied from the commercial power source due to a power failure or the like, the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can be used by using the secondary battery 8304 according to one aspect of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply.
- high-frequency heating devices such as microwave ovens and electronic devices such as electric rice cookers require high electric power in a short time. Therefore, by using the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention as an auxiliary power source for assisting the electric power that cannot be covered by the commercial power source, it is possible to prevent the breaker of the commercial power source from tripping when the electronic device is used. ..
- the power usage rate the ratio of the amount of power actually used (called the power usage rate) to the total amount of power that can be supplied by the source of commercial power.
- the power usage rate the ratio of the amount of power actually used
- the secondary battery 8304 can be used as an auxiliary power source to keep the daytime power usage rate low.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved and the reliability can be improved. Further, according to one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a high-capacity secondary battery, thereby improving the characteristics of the secondary battery, and thus reducing the size and weight of the secondary battery itself. can. Therefore, by mounting the secondary battery, which is one aspect of the present invention, in the electronic device described in the present embodiment, it is possible to make the electronic device having a longer life and lighter weight.
- FIG. 28A shows an example of a wearable device.
- Wearable devices use a secondary battery as a power source.
- a wearable device that can be used not only for wired charging but also for wireless charging, where the connector to be connected is exposed, in order to improve splash-proof, water-resistant, or dust-proof performance when the user uses it in daily life or outdoors. Is desired.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the spectacle-type device 9000 as shown in FIG. 28A.
- the spectacle-type device 9000 has a frame 9000a and a display unit 9000b.
- By mounting the secondary battery on the temple portion of the curved frame 9000a it is possible to obtain a spectacle-type device 9000 that is lightweight, has a good weight balance, and has a long continuous use time.
- the secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize a configuration that can cope with space saving accompanying the miniaturization of the housing.
- the headset type device 9001 can be equipped with a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the headset-type device 9001 has at least a microphone unit 9001a, a flexible pipe 9001b, and an earphone unit 9001c.
- a secondary battery can be provided in the flexible pipe 9001b or in the earphone portion 9001c.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery may be electrically connected to the secondary battery.
- the secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 9002 which can be directly attached to the body.
- the secondary battery 9002b can be provided in the thin housing 9002a of the device 9002.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 9002b may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 9002b.
- the secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the device 9003 which can be attached to clothes.
- the secondary battery 9003b can be provided in the thin housing 9003a of the device 9003.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery 9003b may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 9003b.
- the secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention can be mounted on the belt type device 9006.
- the belt-type device 9006 has a belt portion 9006a and a wireless power supply receiving portion 9006b, and a secondary battery can be mounted inside the belt portion 9006a.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery may be electrically connected to the secondary battery.
- the wristwatch type device 9005 can be equipped with a secondary battery which is one aspect of the present invention.
- the wristwatch-type device 9005 has a display unit 9005a and a belt unit 9005b, and a secondary battery can be provided in the display unit 9005a or the belt unit 9005b.
- a protection circuit for preventing overcharging and / or overdischarging of the secondary battery may be electrically connected to the secondary battery.
- the display unit 9005a can display not only the time but also various information such as an incoming mail and / or a telephone call.
- the wristwatch type device 9005 is a wearable device that is directly wrapped around the wrist, it may be equipped with a sensor that measures the user's pulse, blood pressure, and the like. It is possible to manage the health by accumulating data on the amount of exercise and health of the user.
- FIG. 28B shows a perspective view of the wristwatch-type device 9005 removed from the arm.
- FIG. 28C shows a side view of the wristwatch type device 9005 in FIG. 28C.
- FIG. 28C shows a state in which the secondary battery 913 according to one aspect of the present invention is built in the inside.
- the secondary battery 913 is provided at a position overlapping the display unit 9005a, and is compact and lightweight. It is preferable to electrically connect the control circuit of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery.
- FIG. 29A shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 9300 has a display unit 9302 arranged on the upper surface of the housing 9301, a plurality of cameras 9303 arranged on the side surface, a brush 9304, an operation button 9305, a secondary battery 9306, various sensors, and the like. It is preferable to electrically connect the control circuit of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery 9306.
- the cleaning robot 9300 is provided with tires, suction ports, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 9300 is self-propelled, can detect dust 9310, and can suck dust from a suction port provided on the lower surface.
- the cleaning robot 9300 can analyze the image taken by the camera 9303 and determine the presence or absence of an obstacle such as a wall, furniture, or a step. Further, when an object that is likely to be entangled with the brush 9304 such as wiring is detected by image analysis, the rotation of the brush 9304 can be stopped.
- the cleaning robot 9300 includes a secondary battery 9306 according to an aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component inside the cleaning robot 9300. By using the secondary battery 9306 according to one aspect of the present invention for the cleaning robot 9300, the cleaning robot 9300 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device with a long operating time.
- FIG. 29B shows an example of a robot.
- the robot 9400 shown in FIG. 29B includes a secondary battery 9409, an illuminance sensor 9401, a microphone 9402, an upper camera 9403, a speaker 9404, a display unit 9405, a lower camera 9406 and an obstacle sensor 9407, a moving mechanism 9408, a calculation device, and the like. It is preferable to electrically connect the control circuit of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery 9409.
- the microphone 9402 has a function of detecting the user's voice, environmental sound, and the like. Further, the speaker 9404 has a function of emitting sound. The robot 9400 can communicate with the user by using the microphone 9402 and the speaker 9404.
- the display unit 9405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 9400 can display the information desired by the user on the display unit 9405.
- the display unit 9405 may be equipped with a touch panel. Further, the display unit 9405 may be a removable information terminal, and by installing the display unit 9405 at a fixed position of the robot 9400, charging and data transfer are possible.
- the upper camera 9403 and the lower camera 9406 have a function of photographing the surroundings of the robot 9400. Further, the obstacle sensor 9407 can detect the presence / absence of an obstacle in the traveling direction when the robot 9400 moves forward by using the moving mechanism 9408. The robot 9400 can recognize the surrounding environment and move safely by using the upper camera 9403, the lower camera 9406 and the obstacle sensor 9407.
- the robot 9400 includes a secondary battery 9409 according to one aspect of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component inside the robot 9400.
- the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention for the robot 9400, the robot 9400 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device having a long operating time.
- FIG. 29C shows an example of a flying object.
- the flying object 9500 shown in FIG. 29C has a propeller 9501, a camera 9502, a secondary battery 9503, and the like, and has a function of autonomously flying. It is preferable to electrically connect the control circuit of one aspect of the present invention to the secondary battery 9503.
- the image data taken by the camera 9502 is stored in the electronic component 9504.
- the electronic component 9504 can analyze the image data and detect the presence or absence of an obstacle when moving. Further, the remaining battery level can be estimated from the change in the storage capacity of the secondary battery 9503 by the electronic component 9504.
- the flying object 9500 includes a secondary battery 9503 according to an aspect of the present invention inside the flying object 9500. By using the secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention for the flying object 9500, the flying object 9500 can be made into a highly reliable electronic device having a long operating time.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
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Abstract
Description
図2Aおよび図2Bは、本発明の一態様の蓄電システムを示す回路図である。
図3A乃至図3Cは、本発明の一態様の蓄電システムを示す回路図である。
図4Aおよび図4Bは、本発明の一態様の蓄電システムを示す回路図である。
図5Aおよび図5Bは、ニューラルネットワークの構成例を示す図である。図5Cは、制御システムがスイッチ部を有する構成の一例を示す図である。図5Dは、スイッチ部の構成例を示す図である。図6は、正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図7は、正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図8A及び図8Bは、二次電池の断面図の一例である。
図9A及び図9Bは、二次電池の外観の一例を示す図である。
図10A及び図10Bは二次電池の作製方法を説明する図である。
図11A及び図11Bは二次電池の作製方法を説明する図である。
図12Aおよび図12Bは二次電池の一例を示す図である。図12Cおよび図12Dは蓄電システムの一例を示す図である。
図13A乃至図13Cは電池パックの一例を示す図である。
図14は、二次電池の一例を示す断面図である。
図15Aは、二次電池の一例を示す図である。図15B及び図15Cは、積層体の作製方法の一例を示す図である。
図16A乃至図16Cは、二次電池の作製方法の一例を示す図である。
図17A及び図17Bは、積層体の一例を示す断面図である。図17Cは、二次電池の一例を示す断面図である。
図18A及び図18Bは、二次電池の一例を示す図である。図18Cは、捲回体の一例を示す図である。
図19Aは、二次電池の捲回体の一例を示す図である。図19Bは、二次電池の構成の一例を示す図である。図19Cは、二次電池の一例を示す図である。
図20Aは、電池パックの一例を示す斜視図である。図20Bは、電池パックの一例を示すブロック図である。図20Cは、モータを有する車両の一例を示すブロック図である。
図21A乃至図21Eは、輸送用車両の一例を示す図である。
図22Aは、電動自転車を示す図であり、図22Bは、電動自転車の二次電池を示す図であり、図22Cは電動バイクを説明する図である。
図23A及び図23Bは、蓄電装置の一例を示す図である。
図24A乃至図24Eは、電子機器の一例を示す図である。
図25A乃至図25Hは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図26A乃至図26Cは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図27は電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図28A乃至図28Cは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図29A乃至図29Cは、電子機器の一例を示す図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の計測回路、制御システムおよび蓄電システムについて説明する。
本実施の形態では、図8Aを用いて本発明の一態様の二次電池に適用可能な構成の一例として、リチウムイオン二次電池について説明する。二次電池は、外装体(図示せず)、正極503、負極506、セパレータ507、および、リチウム塩などを溶解させた電解質508を有する。セパレータ507は、正極503と負極506との間に設けられる。
負極活物質として、二次電池のキャリアイオンとの反応が可能な材料、キャリアイオンの挿入および脱離が可能な材料、キャリアイオンとなる金属との合金化反応が可能な材料、キャリアイオンとなる金属の溶解および析出が可能な材料、等を用いることが好ましい。
正極活物質として例えばオリビン型の結晶構造、層状岩塩型の結晶構造、またはスピネル型の結晶構造を有する複合酸化物等がある。例えば、LiFePO4、LiFeO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、V2O5、Cr2O5、MnO2等の化合物があげられる。
コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)などの層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する材料は、放電容量が高く、二次電池の正極活物質として優れることが知られている。層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する材料として例えば、LiMO2で表される複合酸化物が挙げられる。金属Mは金属Me1を含む。金属Me1は、コバルトを含む1種以上の金属である。また、金属Mは金属Me1に加えてさらに、金属Xを含むことができる。金属Xは、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ジルコニウム、ランタン、バリウム、銅、カリウム、ナトリウム、亜鉛から選ばれる一以上の金属である。
正極活物質の粒径は、大きすぎるとリチウムの拡散が難しくなる、集電体に塗工したときに活物質層の表面が粗くなりすぎる、等の問題がある。一方、小さすぎると、集電体への塗工時に活物質層を担持しにくくなる、電解質との反応が過剰に進む等の問題点も生じる。そのため、平均粒子径(D50:メディアン径ともいう。)が、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、2μm以上40μm以下であることがより好ましく、5μm以上30μm以下がさらに好ましい。
ある正極活物質が、高電圧で充電されたときO3’型結晶構造を示す否かは、高電圧で充電された正極を、XRD、電子線回折、中性子線回折、電子スピン共鳴(ESR)、核磁気共鳴(NMR)等を用いて解析することで判断できる。特にXRDは、正極活物質が有するコバルト等の遷移金属の対称性を高分解能で解析できる、結晶性の高さおよび結晶の配向性を比較できる、格子の周期性歪みおよび結晶子サイズの解析ができる、二次電池を解体して得た正極をそのまま測定しても十分な精度を得られる、等の点で好ましい。
電解質は、溶媒と、キャリアイオンとなる金属の塩と、を有することが好ましい。電解質の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、またはこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせおよび比率で用いることができる。
セパレータ507には、例えば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス等で形成されたものを用いることができる。或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
二次電池が有する外装体としては、例えばアルミニウムなどの金属材料、および樹脂材料から選ばれる一以上を用いることができる。また、フィルム状の外装体を用いることもできる。フィルムとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、ポリアミド等の材料からなる膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、ニッケル等の可撓性に優れた金属薄膜を設け、さらに該金属薄膜上に外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造のフィルムを用いることができる。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の作製方法を説明する。
ここで、図9A、図9B及び図9Cに外観図を示すラミネート型の二次電池の作製方法の一例について、図10A及び図10Bならびに図11A及び図11Bを用いて説明する。図9A及び図9Bに示す二次電池500は、正極503、負極506、セパレータ507、外装体509、正極リード電極510及び負極リード電極511を有する。なお、図9A等に示すラミネート型の二次電池の断面図として例えば、後述する図19に示すように、正極、セパレータおよび負極を積層し、外装体で囲んだ構造を用いることができる。
円筒型の二次電池の例について図12Aを参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池400は、図12Aに示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)401を有し、側面及び底面に電池缶(外装缶)402を有している。これら正極キャップ401と電池缶(外装缶)402とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)410によって絶縁されている。
次に本発明の一態様の蓄電システムの例について、図13A乃至図13Cを用いて説明する。
本発明の一態様の積層体の断面図の一例を図14に示す。図14に示す積層体550は、1枚のセパレータを折り曲げながら正極と負極との間に配置することで作製される。
本発明の別の一態様の二次電池の断面図の一例を図17Cに示す。図17Cに示す二次電池560は、図17Aに示す積層体130と、図17Bに示す積層体131と、を用いて作製される。なお、図17Cでは図を明瞭にするため、積層体130、積層体131、及び、セパレータ507を抜粋して示す。
本発明の別の一態様の二次電池について、図18A乃至図19Cを用いて説明する。ここで示す二次電池は、捲回型の二次電池などと呼ぶことができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の蓄電システムを適用可能な構成例について図20A乃至図29Cを用いて説明する。
まず、本発明の一態様の蓄電システムを電気自動車(EV)に適用する例を示す。
次に、本発明の一態様の二次電池を建築物に実装する例について図23を用いて説明する。
本発明の一態様の二次電池は、例えば、電子機器及び照明装置の一方または双方に用いることができる。電子機器としては、例えば、携帯電話、スマートフォン、もしくはノート型コンピュータ等の携帯情報端末、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯音楽プレーヤ、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラなどが挙げられる。
Claims (15)
- 二次電池と、計測回路と、を有し、
前記計測回路は、抵抗素子と、容量素子と、インダクタと、を有し、
前記抵抗素子の一方の端子は、前記容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記抵抗素子の他方の端子は、前記インダクタの一方の端子と電気的に接続され、
前記インダクタの一方の端子は、前記二次電池の正極と電気的に接続され、
前記計測回路は、前記抵抗素子の電流を測定することにより、前記二次電池のインピーダンスを測定する機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 二次電池と、計測回路と、を有し、
前記計測回路は、抵抗素子と、容量素子と、インダクタと、を有し、
前記抵抗素子の一方の端子は、前記容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記容量素子の他方の電極は、前記インダクタの一方の端子と電気的に接続され、
前記インダクタの一方の端子は、前記二次電池の正極と電気的に接続され、
前記計測回路は、前記抵抗素子の電流を測定することにより、前記二次電池のインピーダンスを測定する機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記インピーダンスの測定を、二次電池へ充電電流または放電電流を供給しながら行う機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一において、
前記インダクタの他方の端子は、第1の回路に電気的に接続され、
前記第1の回路は、前記二次電池の充電を制御する機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項4において、
二次電池の充電電流は、前記第1の回路から前記インダクタを介して前記二次電池へ与えられる蓄電システム。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか一において、
前記計測回路は、前記二次電池に、交流成分を有する電圧を与える機能を有し、
前記計測回路は、交流成分の周波数を掃引する機能を有し、
前記周波数と、前記抵抗素子の電流値との相関に基づき、前記二次電池の状態を推定する機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項6において、
推定された前記状態に基づき、前記二次電池の充電条件の決定を行う機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 二次電池と、計測回路と、を有し、
前記計測回路は、抵抗素子と、容量素子と、インダクタと、交流信号源と、を有し、
前記抵抗素子の一方の端子は、前記容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記抵抗素子の他方の端子は、前記インダクタの一方の端子と電気的に接続され、
前記インダクタの一方の端子は、前記二次電池の正極と電気的に接続され、
前記交流信号源は、前記容量素子の他方の電極と、前記二次電池の負極と、に電気的に接続される蓄電システム。 - 二次電池と、計測回路と、を有し、
前記計測回路は、抵抗素子と、容量素子と、インダクタと、交流信号源と、を有し、
前記抵抗素子の一方の端子は、前記容量素子の一方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記容量素子の他方の電極は、前記インダクタの一方の端子と電気的に接続され、
前記インダクタの一方の端子は、前記二次電池の正極と電気的に接続され、
前記交流信号源は、前記抵抗素子の他方の端子と、前記二次電池の負極と、に電気的に接続される蓄電システム。 - 請求項8または請求項9において、
前記交流信号源から出力される信号の周波数を掃引し、前記抵抗素子の電流値と、前記周波数との相関を取得する機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項10において、
前記抵抗素子の電流値と、前記周波数との相関に基づき、前記二次電池の状態を推定する機能を有し、
推定された前記状態に基づき、前記二次電池の充電条件の決定を行う機能を有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項10または請求項11において、
前記抵抗素子の電流値の測定は、二次電池への充電電流または放電電流が供給されている状態において行われる蓄電システム。 - 請求項1乃至請求項12のいずれか一において、
温度センサを有する蓄電システム。 - 請求項1乃至請求項13のいずれか一に搭載の蓄電システムを有する車両。
- 請求項1乃至請求項13のいずれか一に搭載の蓄電システムを有する電子機器。
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DE112021006182.8T DE112021006182T5 (de) | 2020-11-27 | 2021-11-12 | Energiespeichersystem, Fahrzeug und elektronisches Gerät |
CN202180076691.1A CN116547882A (zh) | 2020-11-27 | 2021-11-12 | 蓄电系统、车辆以及电子设备 |
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- 2021-11-12 KR KR1020237020384A patent/KR20230110764A/ko unknown
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JPWO2022112894A1 (ja) | 2022-06-02 |
US20230408595A1 (en) | 2023-12-21 |
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