WO2022069986A1 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022069986A1 WO2022069986A1 PCT/IB2021/058437 IB2021058437W WO2022069986A1 WO 2022069986 A1 WO2022069986 A1 WO 2022069986A1 IB 2021058437 W IB2021058437 W IB 2021058437W WO 2022069986 A1 WO2022069986 A1 WO 2022069986A1
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- Prior art keywords
- layer
- insulating layer
- semiconductor
- conductive layer
- oxide
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B51/00—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors
- H10B51/30—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors characterised by the memory core region
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66007—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/66075—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/78391—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate the gate comprising a layer which is used for its ferroelectric properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching, or capacitors or resistors with at least one potential-jump barrier or surface barrier, e.g. PN junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B51/00—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors
- H10B51/10—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors characterised by the top-view layout
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B51/00—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors
- H10B51/20—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory transistors characterised by the three-dimensional arrangements, e.g. with cells on different height levels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B53/00—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory capacitors
- H10B53/20—Ferroelectric RAM [FeRAM] devices comprising ferroelectric memory capacitors characterised by the three-dimensional arrangements, e.g. with cells on different height levels
Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device.
- one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the above technical fields.
- the technical fields of one aspect of the present invention disclosed in the present specification and the like include semiconductor devices, display devices, light emitting devices, power storage devices, storage devices, electronic devices, lighting devices, input devices, input / output devices, and driving methods thereof. , Or their manufacturing method, can be mentioned as an example.
- Semiconductor devices refer to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- CPUs central processing units
- GPUs graphics processing units
- storage devices and sensors
- sensors have been used in various electronic devices such as personal computers, smartphones, and digital cameras. Improvements are progressing in various aspects such as miniaturization and low power consumption.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 disclose a NAND memory element having a three-dimensional structure using a metal oxide as a channel forming region.
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a new storage device.
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable storage device.
- One aspect of the present invention is to provide a storage device having a large storage capacity.
- One aspect of the present invention is to alleviate at least one of the problems of the prior art.
- One aspect of the present invention is a first conductive layer extending in a first direction, a structure extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction, a first insulating layer and a second insulation.
- a semiconductor device having a layer.
- the structure has a functional layer, a semiconductor layer, a third insulating layer, and a second conductive layer.
- the third insulating layer, the semiconductor layer, and the functional layer are arranged concentrically in this order with the second conductive layer as the center.
- the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are laminated in the second direction.
- the functional layer and the first conductive layer are arranged between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer.
- the second conductive layer, the third insulating layer, and the semiconductor layer are a portion located inside the first opening provided in the first insulating layer and a second insulating layer provided in the second insulating layer. It has a portion located inside the opening.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a first conductive layer extending in a first direction, a structure extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction, a first insulating layer and a first. It is a semiconductor device having 2 insulating layers.
- the structure has a functional layer, a third conductive layer, and a fourth insulating layer. At the intersection of the first conductive layer and the structure, the third conductive layer and the functional layer are arranged concentrically in this order with the fourth insulating layer as the center.
- the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer are laminated in the second direction.
- the functional layer and the first conductive layer are arranged between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer.
- the third conductive layer and the fourth insulating layer are a portion of a portion located inside the first opening provided in the first insulating layer and a second opening provided in the second insulating layer. It has a portion located inside.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes a first conductive layer and a fourth conductive layer extending in a first direction, a structure extending in a second direction intersecting the first direction, and a second.
- a semiconductor device having one insulating layer, a second insulating layer, and a fifth insulating layer.
- the structure has a first portion and a second portion.
- the first portion has a functional layer, a semiconductor layer, a third insulating layer, and a second conductive layer.
- the second portion has a sixth insulating layer, a semiconductor layer, a third insulating layer, and a second conductive layer.
- the first portion includes the second conductive layer as the center, and the third insulating layer, the semiconductor layer, and the functional layer. They are arranged concentrically in this order. Further, at the intersection, in the second portion, the third insulating layer, the semiconductor layer, and the sixth insulating layer are arranged concentrically in this order with the second conductive layer as the center.
- the functional layer and the first conductive layer are arranged between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer.
- the fourth conductive layer is arranged between the second insulating layer and the fifth insulating layer.
- the second conductive layer, the third insulating layer, and the semiconductor layer are a portion located inside the first opening provided in the first insulating layer and a second insulating layer provided in the second insulating layer. It has a portion located inside the opening and a portion located inside the third opening provided in the fifth insulating layer.
- the seventh insulating layer is arranged between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer. Further, it is preferable that the seventh insulating layer is provided in contact with the upper surface, the lower surface and one side surface of the functional layer.
- the eighth insulating layer is arranged between the semiconductor layer and the functional layer. Further, the eighth insulating layer preferably contains silicon and nitrogen. Further, it is preferable that the eighth insulating layer is arranged concentrically around the second conductive layer or the fourth insulating layer.
- the first direction is preferably a direction orthogonal to the second direction.
- intersection functions as a memory cell.
- the semiconductor layer preferably contains at least one of indium and zinc.
- the functional layer exhibits ferroelectricity or antiferroelectricity.
- the functional layer preferably contains either one or both of hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide.
- a new storage device can be provided.
- a highly reliable storage device can be provided.
- at least one of the problems of the prior art can be alleviated.
- FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of a memory string.
- FIG. 1B is a circuit diagram of a memory string.
- 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views of the memory string.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of hysteresis characteristics.
- 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views of the memory string.
- 5A to 5C are cross-sectional views of the memory string.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of the memory string.
- FIG. 6B is a circuit diagram of a memory string.
- 7A to 7C are cross-sectional views of the memory string.
- 8A and 8B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing a memory string.
- FIG. 9A and 9B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing a memory string.
- 10A and 10B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for producing a memory string.
- 11A and 11B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of manufacturing a memory string.
- 12A and 12B are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for producing a memory string.
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a method for producing a memory string.
- FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional view of the memory string.
- FIG. 14B is a circuit diagram of the memory string.
- FIG. 15A is a cross-sectional view of the memory string.
- FIG. 15B is a circuit diagram of the memory string.
- FIG. 16A is a cross-sectional view of the memory string.
- FIG. 16B is a circuit diagram of the memory string.
- FIG. 17A is a diagram illustrating the classification of crystal structures.
- FIG. 17B is a diagram illustrating an XRD spectrum of a CAAC-IGZO film.
- FIG. 17C is a diagram illustrating a microelectron diffraction pattern of a CAAC-IGZO film.
- 18A and 18C are diagrams showing a film formation sequence of a metal oxide film.
- FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view of a metal oxide film manufacturing apparatus.
- FIG. 19 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example in which an information processing system is constructed using a plurality of storage devices.
- 22A and 22B are perspective views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 23 is a block diagram illustrating a CPU.
- 24A and 24B are perspective views of the semiconductor device.
- 25A and 25B are perspective views of the semiconductor device.
- 26A is a perspective view showing an example of a semiconductor wafer
- FIG. 26B is a perspective view showing an example of a chip
- FIGS. 26C and 26D are perspective views showing an example of an electronic component.
- 27A to 27J are perspective views or schematic views illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 28A to 28E are perspective views or schematic views illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- 29A to 29C are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic device.
- FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of a computer system.
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing the hierarchical structure of the IoT network and the tendency
- a transistor is a type of semiconductor element, and can realize current or voltage amplification and switching operation to control conduction or non-conduction.
- the transistor in the present specification includes an IGFET (Insulated Gate Field Transistor) or a thin film transistor (TFT: Thin Film Transistor) and the like.
- source and drain functions may be interchanged when transistors with different polarities are used, or when the direction of current changes during circuit operation. Therefore, in the present specification, the terms “source” and “drain” may be used interchangeably.
- “electrically connected” includes the case of being connected via "something having some kind of electrical action”.
- the “thing having some kind of electrical action” is not particularly limited as long as it enables the exchange of electric signals between the connection targets.
- “things having some kind of electrical action” include electrodes and wirings, switching elements such as transistors, resistance elements, coils, capacitive elements, and other elements having various functions.
- membrane and the term “layer” can be interchanged with each other.
- conductive layer and “insulating layer” may be interchangeable with the terms “conductive film” and “insulating film”.
- the storage device of one aspect of the present invention includes a memory string extending in the normal direction with respect to the surface to be formed.
- the memory string has a configuration in which a plurality of storage elements (also referred to as memory cells or memory elements) are connected in the normal direction.
- the storage device of the present invention has a configuration in which a plurality of storage elements are stacked in the normal direction. Therefore, the amount of data per unit area can be increased, and the capacity can be increased.
- the memory string 100 is a semiconductor device that functions as a 3D-NAND type storage device.
- arrows indicating the X direction, the Y direction, and the Z direction may be added.
- the X, Y, and Z directions are directions that intersect each other. More specifically, the X, Y, and Z directions are directions orthogonal to each other.
- one of the X direction, the Y direction, or the Z direction may be referred to as a "first direction” or a "first direction”.
- the other one may be referred to as a "second direction” or a "second direction”.
- the remaining one may be referred to as a "third direction” or a "third direction”.
- the direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the conductive layer 101 is the Z direction.
- FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view of the memory string 100 as seen from the Y direction. Note that FIG. 1A shows the central axis 131 of the memory string 100 extending in the Z direction. Further, FIG. 1B is an equivalent circuit diagram of the memory string 100. The memory string 100 has a configuration in which a plurality of transistors Tr are connected in series. Further, FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of the portions A1-A2 shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 1A as viewed from the Z direction. FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the portions B1-B2 shown by the alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 1A as viewed from the Z direction.
- the memory string 100 is composed of a conductive layer 101, an insulating layer 102 of an m layer (m is an integer of 2 or more), and an n layer (n is an integer of 2 or more) arranged above a substrate (not shown). It has a conductive layer 103 and. The insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 are alternately laminated on the upper side of the substrate.
- the first insulating layer 102 is referred to as an insulating layer 102_1
- the mth insulating layer 102 is referred to as an insulating layer 102_m.
- the first conductive layer 103 is referred to as a conductive layer 103_1
- the nth conductive layer 103 is referred to as a conductive layer 103_n.
- insulating layer 102 when an arbitrary insulating layer 102 is shown, it is simply referred to as “insulating layer 102”.
- conductive layer 103 when an arbitrary conductive layer 103 is indicated, it is simply referred to as "conductive layer 103".
- the insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 extend in the Y direction.
- the memory string 100 has a structure in which insulating layers 102 and conductive layers 103 are alternately laminated.
- the insulating layer 102_1 is provided on the conductive layer 101
- the conductive layer 103_1 is provided on the insulating layer 102_1
- the insulating layer 102_1 is provided on the conductive layer 103_1
- the insulating layer 102_1 is provided.
- the conductive layer 103_2 is provided, the insulating layer 102_3 is provided on the conductive layer 103_2, the conductive layer 103_3 is provided on the insulating layer 102_3, and the insulating layer 102_4 is provided on the conductive layer 103_3. Further, an insulating layer 102_m is provided on the conductive layer 103_n.
- the memory string 100 has a conductive layer 104, an insulating layer 105, a structure 110, and an insulating layer 121.
- the structure 110 extends along the Z direction. Further, the structure 110 is provided between the conductive layer 101 and the conductive layer 104 so as to penetrate the insulating layer 102_1 to the insulating layer 102_m and the conductive layer 103_1 to the conductive layer 103_n. That is, the structure 110 has a portion located inside the openings provided in each of the insulating layer 102_1 to the insulating layer 102_m.
- the structure 110 has a columnar structure including a conductive layer 106, an insulating layer 111, a semiconductor layer 112, a functional layer 114, and an insulating layer 115.
- the conductive layer 106 extends along the central axis 131, and the insulating layer 111 is provided adjacent to the side surface of the conductive layer 106.
- the semiconductor layer 112 is provided adjacent to the side surface of the insulating layer 111.
- the functional layer 114 is provided adjacent to the semiconductor layer 112.
- the insulating layer 115 is provided adjacent to the functional layer 114.
- the insulating layer 111, the semiconductor layer 112, the functional layer 114, and the insulating layer 115 are each provided concentrically on the outside of the conductive layer 106.
- the insulating layer 115 is provided along the upper surface, the lower surface, and the side surface on the conductive layer 103 side of the functional layer 114.
- the upper surface and the lower surface of the functional layer 114 refer to a pair of surfaces perpendicular to the Z direction.
- the side surface of the functional layer 114 refers to one or more of the planes parallel to the Z direction.
- the cross-sectional shape of the structure 110 may be an ellipse, a triangle, a rectangle, or a polygon having a pentagon or more.
- the contour of the cross-sectional shape of the structure 110 may be a curved line or a combination of a straight line and a curved line.
- the insulating layer 121 is provided so as to cover the side surfaces of the insulating layer 102_1 to the insulating layer 102_m and the conductive layer 103_1 to the conductive layer 103_n.
- the conductive layer 104 is provided on the insulating layer 102_m.
- the conductive layer 101 and the conductive layer 104 are electrically connected to the semiconductor layer 112.
- the conductive layer 101 is electrically connected to the conductive layer 106. Therefore, the conductive layer 106 and the semiconductor layer 112 are electrically connected.
- the insulating layer 105 is provided on the insulating layer 102_m, the insulating layer 121, and the conductive layer 104.
- the region (intersection) where the structure 110 and the conductive layer 103 overlap in the direction perpendicular to the Z direction functions as a transistor Tr. Therefore, the region (intersection portion) where the structure 110 and the conductive layer 103 overlap in the direction perpendicular to the Z direction functions as a memory cell (also referred to as a “memory element”).
- the conductive layer 103 functions as a gate of the transistor Tr.
- the memory string 100 shown in FIG. 1A has n regions (intersections) where the structure 110 and the conductive layer 103 overlap. Therefore, the memory string 100 shown in FIG. 1A has n transistors Tr. Therefore, the memory string 100 shown in FIG. 1A has n memory cells.
- the conductive layer 106 can function as a back gate of the transistor Tr. The conductive layer 106 may not be provided if it is unnecessary. In that case, the central axis 131 may be formed so as to be located inside the insulating layer 111.
- FIG. 2A corresponds to a cross-sectional view of the transistor Tr in the memory string 100 when viewed from the Z direction.
- the first transistor Tr is shown as a transistor Tr_1, and the nth transistor Tr is shown as a transistor Tr_n.
- transistor Tr when an arbitrary transistor Tr is indicated, it is simply referred to as "transistor Tr".
- a memory cell that stores data by holding a charge in a charge storage layer has a laminated structure of a block layer, a charge storage layer, a tunnel layer, and a semiconductor layer.
- Such memory cells may be referred to by various names depending on the laminated structure from the control gate to the semiconductor layer.
- the control gate, block layer, charge storage layer, tunnel layer, and semiconductor layer are composed of metal, oxide, nitride, oxide, and semiconductor, a MONOS (Metal Oxide Nitride Oxide Semiconductor) type memory cell is used. Is called.
- the transistor Tr functions as a memory cell.
- the memory string 100 functions as a NAND type storage device having n memory cells.
- the memory cell shown in FIG. 1A and the like is an example in the case where the tunnel layer is not provided.
- the conductive layer 103 functions as a memory cell control gate.
- the functional layer 114 functions as a charge storage layer, and the insulating layer 115 functions as a block layer. That is, the memory cell has a configuration in which a block layer is provided on the control gate side.
- the gate of the transistor Tr is electrically connected to the wiring CG.
- the wiring CG electrically connected to the gate of the transistor Tr_1 is referred to as wiring CG_1.
- a part or all of the conductive layer 103 may function as wiring CG.
- the wiring CG is also referred to as "control gate” or "control gate wiring”.
- the source of one transistor Tr and the drain of the other transistor Tr are electrically connected.
- one of the source or drain of the transistor Tr_1 is electrically connected to the wiring SL, and the other is electrically connected to one of the source or drain of the transistor Tr_1.
- One of the source or drain of the transistor Tr_n is electrically connected to the wiring BL, and the other is electrically connected to one of the source or drain of the transistor Tr_n-1.
- the conductive layer 101 is electrically connected to the wiring SL, and the conductive layer 104 is electrically connected to the wiring BL.
- the conductive layer 101 may function as the wiring SL, or the conductive layer 104 may function as the wiring BL.
- the back gate of the transistor Tr (transistor Tr_1 to transistor Tr_n) is electrically connected to the wiring SL via the wiring BGL.
- the conductive layer 106 can function as a wiring BGL.
- the functional layer 114 preferably exhibits ferroelectricity, antiferroelectricity, or ferridielectricity.
- the functional layer 114 preferably exhibits ferroelectricity or ferri-dielectricity that exhibits spontaneous polarization.
- a dielectric that causes spontaneous polarization is broadly referred to as a ferroelectric substance. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, unless otherwise specified, a dielectric exhibiting ferri-dielectricity (ferri-dielectric) is also broadly included in the ferroelectric substance.
- a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is used as the functional layer 114.
- Materials that can exhibit strong dielectric properties include hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, or hafnium oxide and element J1 (element J1 is zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gadolinium (Gd), yttrium (Y). ), Lantern (La), Strontium (Sr), etc.).
- PbTiO X (X is a real number larger than 0), barium titanate strontium (BST), strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium bismuthate tantanate (SBT), bismus ferrite.
- BST barium titanate strontium
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- SBT strontium bismuthate tantanate
- Piezoelectric ceramics having a perovskite structure, such as (BFO) and barium titanate, may be used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- VDF copolymer of vinylidene fluoride
- TrFE trifluoroethylene
- An organic ferroelectric substance may be used.
- the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity for example, a mixture or compound composed of a plurality of materials selected from the materials listed above can be used.
- the functional layer 114 may have a laminated structure composed of a plurality of materials selected from the materials listed above.
- hafnium oxide also referred to as “HfO X ” or “HO”
- HfZrO X hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide
- the film thickness of the functional layer 114 can be 100 nm or less, preferably 50 nm or less, more preferably 20 nm or less, and further preferably 10 nm or less.
- HfZrOX When used as a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity, it is preferable to form a film by using an atomic layer deposition (ALD) method, particularly a thermal ALD method. Further, when a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is formed by using the thermal ALD method, it is preferable to use a material containing no hydrocarbon (hydrocarbon, also referred to as HC) as a precursor. When one or both of hydrogen and carbon are contained in the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity, crystallization of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity may be inhibited.
- ALD atomic layer deposition
- a precursor containing no hydrocarbon a chlorine-based material can be mentioned.
- HfZrO x hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide
- HfCl 4 and / or ZrCl 4 may be used as the precursor.
- high-purity intrinsicity is achieved by thoroughly removing at least one of impurities, here hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and carbon in the film.
- impurities here hydrogen, hydrocarbon, and carbon in the film.
- a film having ferroelectricity can be formed. It should be noted that the film having high-purity intrinsic ferroelectricity and the high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor shown in the embodiment described later have very high consistency in the manufacturing process. Therefore, it is possible to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device having high productivity.
- the impurity concentration of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is low.
- the hydrogen concentration of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the carbon concentration of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- a dopant typically silicon, carbon, etc.
- a dopant for controlling the polarization state may be added to the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity.
- a forming method using a material containing a hydrocarbon in the precursor may be used as one of the means for adding carbon as a dopant.
- HfZrOX is used as a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity
- the crystal structure of the material that can exhibit ferroelectricity is not particularly limited.
- the crystal structure of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity may be one or more selected from a tetragonal system, an orthorhombic system, and a monoclinic system.
- a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity it is preferable to have an orthorhombic crystal structure because ferroelectricity is exhibited.
- a composite structure having an amorphous structure and a crystal structure may be used as a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity.
- the crystal structure of the material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity may be any crystal structure that does not have centrosymmetry and can exhibit polarity. Therefore, the crystal system is not limited to the orthorhombic system, and a crystal system other than the cubic system can be adopted.
- a layer formed of a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity is also referred to as a "ferroelectric layer".
- the ferroelectric layer has a hysteresis characteristic.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of hysteresis characteristics. The hysteresis characteristic can be measured by a capacitive element using a ferroelectric layer as a dielectric.
- the horizontal axis indicates the voltage (electric field) applied to the ferroelectric layer.
- the voltage is the potential difference between one electrode and the other electrode of a capacitive element using a ferroelectric layer as a dielectric.
- the electric field strength can be obtained by dividing the potential difference by the thickness of the ferroelectric layer.
- the vertical axis shows the polarization of the ferroelectric layer.
- the polarization is positive, it indicates that the positive charge in the ferroelectric layer is biased to one electrode side of the capacitive element and the negative charge is biased to the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the polarization is negative, it indicates that the negative charge in the ferroelectric layer is biased to one electrode side of the capacitive element and the positive charge is biased to the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the polarization shown on the vertical axis of the graph of FIG. 3 is positive when the negative charge is biased to one electrode side of the capacitive element and the positive charge is biased to the other electrode side of the capacitive element, and the positive charge is capacitive. It may be negative when it is biased toward one electrode side of the element and the negative charge is biased toward the other electrode side of the capacitive element.
- the hysteresis characteristic of the ferroelectric layer can be represented by the curve 51 and the curve 52.
- the respective voltages at the two intersections of the curve 51 and the curve 52 are referred to as a saturated polarization voltage VSP and a saturation polarization voltage ⁇ VSP.
- the polarization of the ferroelectric layer increases according to the curve 51.
- the voltage applied to the ferroelectric layer is lowered after applying a voltage equal to or higher than VSP to the ferroelectric layer, the polarization of the ferroelectric layer decreases according to the curve 52.
- the VSP may be referred to as a "positive saturated polarization voltage” or a "first saturated polarization voltage”
- the -VSP may be referred to as a "negative saturation polarization voltage” or a "second saturation polarization voltage”.
- the absolute value of the first saturated polarization voltage and the absolute value of the second saturation polarization voltage may be the same or different.
- the voltage at which the polarization becomes 0 when the polarization of the ferroelectric layer changes according to the curve 51 is called a coercive voltage Vc.
- the voltage at which the polarization becomes 0 when the polarization of the ferroelectric layer changes according to the curve 52 is called a coercive voltage ⁇ Vc.
- the value of Vc and the value of -Vc are values between -VSP and VSP.
- Vc may be referred to as "positive coercive voltage” or "first coercive voltage”
- -Vc may be referred to as "negative coercive voltage” or "second coercive voltage”.
- the absolute value of the first coercive voltage and the absolute value of the second coercive voltage may be the same or different.
- ferroelectric transistor Ferroelectric FET
- Vg gate voltage
- the difference between the threshold voltage VthD of the normally-on type transistor using polarization inversion and the threshold voltage VthE of the normally-off type transistor is -Vc or more and Vc or less.
- the maximum value of polarization is called “residual polarization Pr”, and the minimum value is called “residual polarization-Pr”.
- the absolute value of the difference between the residual polarization Pr and the residual polarization-Pr is called “residual polarization 2Pr”. The larger the residual polarization 2Pr, the larger the fluctuation range of the threshold voltage due to the reversal of the polarization. Therefore, the larger the residual polarization 2Pr, the more preferable.
- the transistor Tr constituting the memory string 100 functions as a ferroelectric transistor.
- the ferroelectric transistor is a transistor in which a ferroelectric substance is used for an insulating layer that functions as a gate insulating layer.
- the ferroelectric transistor can change the threshold voltage by applying a voltage above a certain level to the gate.
- a ferroelectric transistor for the transistor Tr constituting the memory string 100 By using a ferroelectric transistor for the transistor Tr constituting the memory string 100, a NAND type ferroelectric memory can be realized. Further, in the memory string 100, the conductive layer 106 may be omitted.
- a single crystal semiconductor, a polycrystalline semiconductor, a microcrystalline semiconductor, an amorphous semiconductor, or the like can be used alone or in combination.
- the semiconductor material for example, silicon, germanium, or the like can be used.
- compound semiconductors such as silicon germanium, silicon carbide, gallium arsenide, oxide semiconductors, and nitride semiconductors may be used.
- the semiconductor layer 112 may be a semiconductor whose crystallinity is enhanced by using a catalyst element.
- the catalyst element include nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), and the like.
- An element selected from metal elements such as copper (Cu), gold (Au), and germanium (Ge) may be used.
- amorphous silicon may be formed as the semiconductor layer 112
- nickel may be added as a catalyst element, and heat treatment may be performed to enhance crystallinity.
- the catalytic element combines with silicon to form silicide.
- the catalytic element tends to bind to a portion having many defects such as an amorphous state. Therefore, the catalytic element contained in silicide reacts with silicon in an amorphous state to form a new silicide. In this way, crystallization proceeds while the silicide moves.
- an impurity element such as a group 15 element or a group 13 element
- a concentration gradient of the nickel element may occur in the semiconductor layer 112.
- the nickel concentration may be lower than in other regions (eg, source region and drain region).
- the source and drain regions may have higher nickel concentrations than the regions that function as channels.
- the semiconductor layer 112 functions as a semiconductor layer on which the channel of the transistor Tr is formed.
- the semiconductor layer used for the transistor Tr may be laminated. When the semiconductor layers are laminated, semiconductor materials having different crystal states may be used, or different semiconductor materials may be used.
- the transistor Tr is preferably a transistor (also referred to as an "OS transistor") in which an oxide semiconductor, which is a kind of metal oxide, is used in the semiconductor layer on which a channel is formed. Since the bandgap of the oxide semiconductor is 2 eV or more, the off-current is remarkably small. Therefore, the power consumption of the memory string 100 can be reduced. Therefore, the power consumption of the semiconductor device including the memory string 100 can be reduced.
- OS transistor also referred to as an "OS transistor” in which an oxide semiconductor, which is a kind of metal oxide, is used in the semiconductor layer on which a channel is formed. Since the bandgap of the oxide semiconductor is 2 eV or more, the off-current is remarkably small. Therefore, the power consumption of the memory string 100 can be reduced. Therefore, the power consumption of the semiconductor device including the memory string 100 can be reduced.
- a memory cell containing an OS transistor can be called an "OS memory”.
- the memory string 100 including the memory cell can also be called "OS memory”.
- the OS transistor can have a smaller on-resistance than a transistor using polycrystalline silicon in the semiconductor layer on which the channel is formed. That is, the conductivity of the body portion can be enhanced.
- the operating speed of the memory string 100 can be increased.
- the body portion referred to here refers to a channel of a transistor constituting a memory string or a semiconductor layer (for example, a semiconductor layer 112) that functions as a source / drain.
- the transistor using polycrystalline silicon has a variation in the threshold voltage due to the grain boundaries, but the OS transistor is less affected by the grain boundaries and the variation in the threshold voltage is small. Therefore, by using the OS transistor for the transistor Tr, the memory string 100 can suppress the malfunction caused by the variation in the threshold voltage.
- the OS transistor has stable operation even in a high temperature environment, and there is little fluctuation in characteristics.
- the off-current hardly increases even in a high temperature environment.
- the off-current hardly increases even at an environmental temperature of room temperature or higher and 200 ° C. or lower.
- the on-current does not easily decrease even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, the memory string 100 including the OS memory has stable operation even in a high temperature environment, and high reliability can be obtained.
- the OS transistor has a high dielectric strength between the source and the drain. By using an OS transistor as the transistor constituting the memory string 100, the operation is stable even in a high temperature environment, and the memory string 100 with good reliability can be realized. Therefore, the reliability of the semiconductor device including the memory string 100 can be improved.
- a NAND type storage device including an OS memory can also be referred to as an "OS NAND type” or an "OS NAND type storage device”. Further, the 3D-NAND type storage device including the OS memory can also be referred to as "3D OS NAND type” or "3D OS NAND type storage device”. Therefore, the memory string 100 according to one aspect of the present invention can be said to be a 3D OS NAND type storage device.
- a plurality of memory strings 100 may be provided in a grid pattern (see FIG. 4A) or in a houndstooth pattern (see FIG. 4B).
- 4A and 4B are cross-sectional views corresponding to FIG. 2A.
- FIG. 5A shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the memory string.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 5A is mainly different from the configuration exemplified in FIG. 1A in that it has an insulating layer 116.
- the insulating layer 116 is provided between the functional layer 114 and the semiconductor layer 112. Further, the insulating layer 116 is arranged concentrically around the conductive layer 106.
- a nitride As the insulating layer 116, it is preferable to use, for example, a nitride.
- a nitride such as silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, aluminum nitride, hafnium nitride, or hafnium nitride.
- silicon nitride or silicon nitride oxide which is a nitride of silicon.
- the insulating layer 116 is not limited to the nitride, and an insulating material other than the nitride can also be used.
- oxides such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride nitride, aluminum oxide, and aluminum nitride may be used.
- the leakage current flowing from the conductive layer 103 to the semiconductor layer 112 can be reduced. This makes it possible to reduce the power consumption when driving the memory cell.
- FIG. 5B The configuration shown in FIG. 5B is mainly different from the configuration illustrated in FIG. 1A in that it does not have the insulating layer 115.
- the upper surface and the lower surface of the functional layer 114 are provided in contact with the insulating layer 102, respectively. Further, the side surface of the functional layer 114 is provided in contact with the conductive layer 103.
- FIG. 5C is a configuration in which the insulating layer 116 exemplified in FIG. 5A is added to the configuration exemplified in FIG. 5B. With such a configuration, the leakage current of the memory cell can be reduced.
- FIG. 6A shows a cross-sectional view of the memory string 100A. Further, FIG. 6B is an equivalent circuit diagram of the memory string 100A.
- the memory string 100A has a structure 110A instead of the structure 110.
- the structure 110A has a conductive layer 141 and an insulating layer 142 in place of the conductive layer 106, the insulating layer 111, and the semiconductor layer 112 that the structure 110 has. Further, the central shaft 131 passes through the insulating layer 142.
- the conductive layer 141 is provided adjacent to the side surface of the insulating layer 142.
- the conductive layer 141 is provided concentrically on the outside of the insulating layer 142.
- the region (intersection) where the structure 110A and the conductive layer 103 overlap in the direction perpendicular to the Z direction functions as the storage element FTJ.
- the memory string 100A is laminated with n storage elements FTJ.
- the functional layer 114 has a structure sandwiched between the conductive layer 141 and the conductive layer 103. Further, an insulating layer 115 is provided between the functional layer 114 and the conductive layer 103. Therefore, it can be said that the storage element FTJ has an MFIM (Metal Ferroelectrics Insulator Metal) structure.
- MFIM Metal Ferroelectrics Insulator Metal
- a conductive film such as a metal film, an alloy film, a conductive oxide film, and a conductive nitride film can be used as a single layer or laminated.
- Examples of the conductive oxide film include In-Sn oxide, In-W oxide, In-W-Zn oxide, In-Ti oxide, In-Ti-Sn oxide, In-Zn oxide, and In-.
- Metal oxides such as Sn-Si oxide and In-Ga-Zn oxide can also be applied.
- an oxide conductor (OC: Oxide Conductor)
- OC Oxide Conductor
- a donor level is formed in the vicinity of the conduction band.
- the metal oxide becomes highly conductive and becomes a conductor.
- a metal oxide that has been made into a conductor can be called an oxide conductor.
- the storage element FTJ functions as a ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ (Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction) memory.
- the FTJ memory is a tunnel junction manufactured by using a capacitive element (ferroelectric capacitor) having at least a ferroelectric layer. It is a non-volatile storage element (ferroelectric memory) used.
- the FTJ memory has features such as a small occupied area, high-speed operation, and non-destructive reading. Uses a tunnel junction and has an element configuration having a function as a capacitance and a function as a diode, and high density is possible. Thereby, a storage device having a large storage capacity can be realized. It can be said that the FTJ memory has a tunnel junction element having a ferroelectric layer.
- the FTJ memory is a storage element that utilizes the fact that the current flowing between a pair of electrodes differs depending on the direction of spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric substance. Therefore, the FTJ memory can also be referred to as a resistance change type memory.
- FIG. 7A shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the memory string.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 7A is an example in which the insulating layer 116 is applied to the configuration exemplified in FIG. 6A.
- the above-mentioned modification 1-1 can be used.
- the leakage current flowing from the conductive layer 103 to the conductive layer 141 can be reduced. This makes it possible to reduce the power consumption when driving the memory cell.
- FIG. 7B The configuration shown in FIG. 7B is mainly different from the configuration illustrated in FIG. 6A in that it does not have the insulating layer 115.
- the manufacturing process can be simplified, the manufacturing cost can be reduced, and the manufacturing yield can be improved.
- FIG. 7C is a configuration in which the insulating layer 116 exemplified in FIG. 7A is added to the configuration exemplified in FIG. 7B. With such a configuration, the leakage current of the memory cell can be reduced.
- Example of manufacturing method of memory string Hereinafter, an example of a method for producing a memory string according to one aspect of the present invention will be described.
- the memory string 100 illustrated in FIG. 1A will be described as an example.
- a laminate in which the insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 are laminated is produced.
- the insulating layer 102_i of the i-th layer (i is an integer of 1 or more) is arranged above the substrate (not shown), and the conductive layer 103_i is laminated above the substrate (not shown).
- the insulating layer 102 is preferably a material having a reduced concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen.
- the amount of desorption of hydrogen molecules in the insulating layer 102 per unit area is 2 ⁇ 10 15 in the range of 50 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower in the temperature desorption gas analysis method (TDS (Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy)). It may be moles / cm 2 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 molecules / cm 2 or less, and more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 14 molecules / cm 2 or less.
- TDS Temperaturetroscopy
- an insulating layer in which oxygen is released by heating may be used as the insulating layer 102.
- the material applicable to the insulating layer 102 is not limited to the above description.
- the insulating layer 102 may have a laminated structure of a plurality of insulating layers.
- the insulating layer 102 may be a laminate of hafnium oxide and silicon oxide.
- silicon oxide and silicon nitride may be laminated.
- a resist mask is formed on the laminate, and an opening 145 is formed in the insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 by an etching process using the resist mask as a mask (see FIG. 8B).
- the resist mask can be formed by appropriately using, for example, a lithography method, a printing method, an inkjet method, or the like. If the resist mask is formed by the inkjet method, the photomask is not used, so that the manufacturing cost may be reduced. Further, as the etching process, either a dry etching method or a wet etching method may be used, or both may be used. Processing by the dry etching method is suitable for microfabrication.
- the resist mask In the formation of the resist mask by the lithography method, first, the resist is formed, and then the resist is exposed via the photomask. Next, the exposed area is removed or left with a developer to form a resist mask.
- a resist mask may be formed by exposing the resist using KrF excimer laser light, ArF excimer laser light, EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) light, or the like.
- an immersion technique may be used in which a liquid (for example, water) is filled between the substrate and the projection lens for exposure.
- a beam such as an electron beam or an ion beam may be used. When a beam such as an electron beam or an ion beam is used, a photomask is not required.
- the resist mask can be removed by performing a dry etching process such as ashing, performing a wet etching process, performing a wet etching process after the dry etching process, or performing a dry etching process after the wet etching process.
- a dry etching process such as ashing, performing a wet etching process, performing a wet etching process after the dry etching process, or performing a dry etching process after the wet etching process.
- a hard mask made of an insulator or a conductor may be used instead of the resist mask.
- a hard mask an insulating film or a conductive film to be a hard mask material is formed on the conductive film, a resist mask is formed on the insulating film or a conductive film, and the hard mask material is etched to form a hard mask having a desired shape. be able to.
- a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP: Capacitively Coupled Plasma) etching apparatus having a parallel plate type electrode can be used as a dry etching apparatus for performing the etching process by the dry etching method.
- CCP Capacitively Coupled Plasma
- the capacitive coupling type plasma etching apparatus having a parallel plate type electrode may be configured to apply a high frequency power supply to one of the parallel plate type electrodes.
- a plurality of different high frequency power supplies may be applied to one of the parallel plate type electrodes.
- a high frequency power supply having the same frequency may be applied to each of the parallel plate type electrodes.
- a high frequency power supply having a different frequency may be applied to each of the parallel plate type electrodes.
- a dry etching apparatus having a high-density plasma source can be used.
- a dry etching apparatus having a high-density plasma source for example, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP: Inductively Coupled Plasma) etching apparatus or the like can be used.
- ICP Inductively Coupled Plasma
- Etching of the conductive layer 103 may be performed under conditions where a selection ratio with that of the insulating layer 102 can be obtained.
- An isotropic etching method can be used for etching the conductive layer 103.
- a wet etching process or an isotropic plasma etching process can be used.
- the insulating layer 115 is formed along the side surface of the opening 145 (see FIG. 9B).
- the surfaces of the insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 exposed in the opening 145 are covered with the insulating layer 115.
- the insulating layer 115 the above-mentioned insulating material can be used, but for example, an insulating material such as silicon nitride or silicon oxide can be used. In particular, it is preferable to use silicon nitride.
- the insulating layer 115 may have a laminated structure of a plurality of insulating layers.
- the functional layer 114 is formed along the surface of the insulating layer 115 (see FIG. 10A).
- the functional layer 114 is formed so as to fill a recess on the upper surface of the insulating layer 115.
- the insulating layer 115 and the functional layer 114 are preferably formed by using a film forming method having high covering properties. For example, it is preferably formed by using the ALD method. In particular, by forming a film using the thermal ALD method, not only the insulating layer 115 and the functional layer 114 can be formed with high coverage, but also impurities contained in the insulating layer 115 and the functional layer 114 can be effectively reduced. can.
- a part of the insulating layer 115 and the functional layer 114 in the opening 145 is etched.
- the insulating layer 115 and the functional layer 114 are etched except for the portion overlapping the insulating layer 102 when viewed from the Z direction (see FIG. 10B).
- the inner wall of the opening 145 is composed of the respective side surfaces of the insulating layer 102, the insulating layer 115, and the functional layer 114.
- etching is performed so that no step is generated between the surfaces of the insulating layer 102, the insulating layer 115, and the functional layer 114.
- the formed surface of the semiconductor layer 112 or the like to be formed later can be flattened, so that the generation of defects in the film of the semiconductor layer 112 or the like can be suppressed.
- the semiconductor layer 112 is formed along the inner wall of the opening 145 (see FIG. 11A).
- an oxide semiconductor is used as the semiconductor layer 112.
- the semiconductor layer 112 may have a laminated structure of a plurality of layers.
- the heat treatment may be performed, for example, at 100 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower, more preferably 350 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more of an oxidizing gas, 1% or more, or 10% or more.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere.
- oxygen can be supplied to the semiconductor layer 112 to reduce oxygen deficiency (VO).
- the heat treatment may be performed in a reduced pressure state.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to supplement the desorbed oxygen after the heat treatment in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas. good.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more of an oxidizing gas, 1% or more, or 10% or more, and then continuously heat-treated in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas.
- the oxygen deficiency in the semiconductor layer 112 is repaired by the supplied oxygen , in other words, “VO”.
- the reaction of "+ O ⁇ null” can be promoted.
- the oxygen supplied to the hydrogen remaining in the semiconductor layer 112 reacts with the hydrogen, so that the hydrogen can be removed (dehydrated) as H2O .
- H2O the hydrogen deficiency
- the oxygenation treatment can be performed by performing the microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- the semiconductor layer 112 is irradiated with microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, oxygen radicals, and the like.
- microwave processing for example, it is preferable to use a microwave processing apparatus having a power source for generating high-density plasma using microwaves.
- the microwave processing device may have a power supply for applying RF to the substrate side.
- high-density plasma high-density oxygen radicals can be generated.
- RF radio frequency
- the microwave treatment is preferably performed under reduced pressure, and the pressure may be 60 Pa or more, preferably 133 Pa or more, more preferably 200 Pa or more, still more preferably 400 Pa or more.
- the oxygen flow rate ratio O 2 / (O 2 + Ar) is 50% or less, preferably 10% or more and 30% or less.
- the treatment temperature may be 750 ° C. or lower, preferably 500 ° C. or lower, for example, about 400 ° C.
- the heat treatment may be continuously performed without exposing to the outside air.
- the VOH contained in the semiconductor layer 112 can be divided and hydrogen H can be removed from the semiconductor layer 112 by the action of plasma, microwaves, or the like. That is, in the semiconductor layer 112, a reaction of “ VO H ⁇ H + VO)” and further “ VO + O ⁇ null” occurs, and the hydrogen concentration of the semiconductor layer 112 can be reduced. Therefore, oxygen deficiency and VOH in the semiconductor layer 112 can be reduced, and the carrier concentration can be lowered.
- the insulating layer 111 is formed along the side surface of the semiconductor layer 112 (see FIG. 11B).
- the insulating layer 111 for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like may be appropriately used.
- oxygen deficiency in the semiconductor layer 112 can be reduced and the reliability of the transistor can be improved.
- the oxygenation treatment may be performed after the insulating layer 111 is formed.
- the conductive layer 106 is formed along the side surface of the insulating layer 111 (see FIG. 12A).
- the conductive layer 106 is preferably formed so as to fill the opening 145.
- the semiconductor layer 112, the insulating layer 111, and the conductive layer 106 of the structure 110 can be embedded in the opening 145.
- a part of the laminated body is removed in a region that does not overlap with the structure 110 when viewed from the Z direction to form a region 132 (see FIG. 12B).
- the region 132 can be formed in the same manner as the opening 145.
- the side surfaces of the insulating layer 102 and the conductive layer 103 are exposed.
- the region 132 preferably has a band shape extending in the X direction or the Y direction when viewed from the Z direction. Alternatively, it may have a grid-like shape extending in the X direction and the Y direction.
- the insulating layer 121 is formed so as to fill the region 132 (see FIG. 13).
- the insulating layer 121 for example, it is preferable to use an insulating material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- an insulating material having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen for example, aluminum oxide or the like may be used as the insulating layer 121.
- the insulating layer 121 may have a laminated structure of a plurality of insulating layers.
- the insulating layer 121 may be a laminate of hafnium oxide and silicon oxide.
- the memory string 100 can be produced.
- FIG. 14A shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the memory string 100B illustrated below. Further, FIG. 14B shows an equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to FIG. 14A.
- the memory string 100B has a plurality of memory cells 150 stacked in the Z direction via the insulating layer 102.
- the memory cell 150 has a transistor 151 and a capacity 152.
- the memory cell 150 has a configuration (also referred to as 1Tr1C) having one transistor 151 and one capacity 152.
- a ferroelectric capacitor using a ferroelectric substance is used for the capacitance 152.
- One memory cell 150 can also be referred to as a FeRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory).
- the memory string 100B has a conductive layer 106, an insulating layer 111, a semiconductor layer 112, a conductive layer 103a, a conductive layer 103b, a functional layer 114, an insulating layer 116, an insulating layer 117, and the like.
- the transistor 151 has a conductive layer 103a, an insulating layer 117, a semiconductor layer 112, an insulating layer 111, and a conductive layer 106.
- the transistor 151 has a configuration in which a pair of gates are provided so as to sandwich the semiconductor layer 112.
- the conductive layer 103a functions as one gate, and the conductive layer 106 functions as the other gate.
- the insulating layer 117 functions as one gate insulating layer, and the insulating layer 111 functions as the other gate insulating layer.
- the capacity 152 has a conductive layer 103b, a functional layer 114, and a semiconductor layer 112.
- the capacity 152 has a configuration in which the functional layer 114 is sandwiched between the conductive layer 103b and the semiconductor layer 112.
- the conductive layer 103b functions as one electrode
- the semiconductor layer 112 functions as the other electrode.
- the region of the semiconductor layer 112 in contact with the insulating layer 117 functions as a channel forming region (denoted as I) of the transistor 151. Further, the portion of the semiconductor layer 112 different from the channel forming region is preferably a low resistance region (denoted as N + ) having a lower resistance than the channel forming region.
- an oxide insulating film preferably a silicon oxide film
- oxygen is generated from the insulating layer 117 to the semiconductor layer 112 due to heat during the manufacturing process. Is supplied to compensate for the oxygen deficiency in the semiconductor layer 112, so that a high resistance channel forming region can be selectively formed in the semiconductor layer 112.
- the conductive layer 103a and the insulating layer 117 are sandwiched between a pair of insulating layers 116. Further, the conductive layer 103b and the functional layer 114 are sandwiched between a pair of insulating layers 116. Further, an insulating layer 102 is provided between the two adjacent insulating layers 116.
- Each insulating layer 102 and each insulating layer 116 are provided with openings, respectively. Inside these openings, a semiconductor layer 112, an insulating layer 111, and a conductive layer 106 are provided.
- insulating film containing different materials for the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 102.
- a nitride insulating film for the insulating layer 116 and an oxidized insulating film for the insulating layer 102 it is preferable to use a nitride insulating film for the insulating layer 116 and an oxidized insulating film for the insulating layer 102.
- FIG. 14A shows an example in which the conductive layer 103a and the conductive layer 103b extend in the Y direction, respectively.
- a conductive film different from that of the conductive layer 103a and the conductive layer 103b it is preferable to use a conductive film different from that of the conductive layer 103a and the conductive layer 103b.
- the transistor 151 and the capacity 152 can be made separately.
- etching is performed to retract the side surface of the conductive layer 103a to form the insulating layer 117.
- etching is performed to retract the side surface of the conductive layer 103b to form the functional layer 114.
- the transistor 151 and the capacity 152 can be made separately. It should be noted that etching may be performed first to retract the side surface of the conductive layer 103b.
- FIG. 15A shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the memory string 100C illustrated below. Further, FIG. 15B shows an equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to FIG. 15A.
- the memory string 100C has a plurality of transistors 160 stacked in the Z direction via the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 118.
- a ferroelectric substance is applied to the gate insulating layer of the transistor 160, and it can also be called a ferroelectric transistor (FeFET: Ferroelectric FET).
- the memory string 100C has a conductive layer 106, an insulating layer 111, a semiconductor layer 112, a functional layer 114, a conductive layer 103, an insulating layer 116, an insulating layer 118, and the like.
- the transistor 160 has a conductive layer 103, a functional layer 114, a semiconductor layer 112, an insulating layer 111, and a conductive layer 106.
- the conductive layer 103 functions as one gate, and the conductive layer 106 functions as the other gate.
- the functional layer 114 has ferroelectricity and functions as one of the gate insulating layers.
- the insulating layer 111 functions as the other gate insulating layer.
- the conductive layer 103 and the functional layer 114 have a structure sandwiched between a pair of insulating layers 116. Between the pair of conductive layers 103 adjacent to each other in the Z direction and between the pair of functional layers 114, there is a region in which the insulating layers 116 and the insulating layers 118 are alternately laminated.
- a part of the semiconductor layer 112 is provided in contact with the side surface of the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 118 in the region where the insulating layers 116 are alternately laminated.
- materials having different linear thermal expansion coefficients for the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 118 are preferable to use materials having different linear thermal expansion coefficients for the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 118.
- the heat applied during the manufacturing process typically, heat of 200 ° C. or higher and 500 ° C. or lower
- Different stresses are applied to the semiconductor layer 112 at the portion in contact with the insulating layer 116 and the portion in contact with the insulating layer 118.
- a low resistance region 161 (denoted as N + ) may be formed in a region of the semiconductor layer 112 in contact with the alternately laminated insulating layers 116 and the insulating layer 118.
- a nitride insulating film for the insulating layer 116 and an oxide insulating film for the insulating layer 118 For example, silicon nitride can be used for the insulating layer 116, and silicon oxide can be used for the insulating layer 118.
- the stacking order of the insulating layer 116 and the insulating layer 118 is not limited to this, and these may be interchanged. Further, three or more insulating layers having different coefficients of linear thermal expansion may be laminated.
- a portion (denoted as I) that functions as a channel forming region of the transistor 160 is sandwiched between the functional layer 114 and the insulating layer 111.
- an oxide insulating film preferably a silicon oxide film
- oxygen is supplied from the insulating layer 111 to the semiconductor layer 112 by the heat during the manufacturing process.
- a high resistance channel forming region can be selectively formed in the semiconductor layer 112.
- Each insulating layer 116 and each insulating layer 118 are provided with openings, respectively. Inside these openings, a semiconductor layer 112, an insulating layer 111, and a conductive layer 106 are provided.
- FIG. 16A shows a cross-sectional view of a part of the memory string 100D illustrated below. Further, FIG. 16B shows an equivalent circuit diagram corresponding to FIG. 15A.
- the memory string 100D has a plurality of storage elements 170 stacked in the Z direction via the insulating layer 102.
- the storage element 170 has a structure in which a ferroelectric substance and an insulating layer 116 are sandwiched between a pair of electrodes.
- the storage element 170 can also be referred to as a ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) memory.
- FJ ferroelectric tunnel junction
- the memory string 100D has a conductive layer 103, a functional layer 114, an insulating layer 116, a conductive layer 141, an insulating layer 142, and the like.
- the insulating layer 142 may not be provided if it is not necessary. In that case, the central axis 131 may be formed so as to be located inside the conductive layer 141.
- the storage element 170 has a conductive layer 103, a functional layer 114, an insulating layer 116, and a conductive layer 141.
- the conductive layer 103 functions as one electrode, and the conductive layer 141 functions as the other electrode.
- the conductive layer 103 corresponds to a part of the wiring ME1 in FIG. 16B, and the conductive layer 141 corresponds to a part of the wiring ME2.
- the same conductive material can be used for the conductive layer 103 and the conductive layer 141.
- different conductive materials may be used for these.
- the description of the above modification 1-1 can be incorporated.
- the conductive layer 103 and the functional layer 114 have a structure sandwiched between a pair of insulating layers 102.
- One or more insulating layers 102 are provided between the pair of adjacent conductive layers 103 and between the adjacent functional layers 114.
- the insulating layer 102 may be a single layer or a laminated film.
- Each insulating layer 102 is provided with an opening. Inside the openings, an insulating layer 116, a conductive layer 141, and an insulating layer 142 are provided.
- the memory string 100 can be provided on the substrate.
- the substrate for example, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used.
- the insulator substrate include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a stabilized zirconia substrate (yttria stabilized zirconia substrate, etc.), a resin substrate, and the like.
- the semiconductor substrate may be, for example, a semiconductor substrate made of silicon or germanium, or a compound semiconductor made of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, gallium nitride (GaN), or the like.
- the conductor substrate includes a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate and the like.
- the conductor substrate includes a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate and the like.
- a substrate having a metal nitride a substrate having a metal oxide, and the like.
- a substrate in which a conductor or a semiconductor is provided in an insulator substrate a substrate in which a conductive layer or an insulating layer is provided in a semiconductor substrate, a substrate in which a semiconductor layer or an insulating layer is provided in a conductor substrate, and the like.
- those on which an element is provided may be used.
- Elements provided on the substrate include a capacitance element, a resistance element, a switch element, a light emitting element, a storage element, and the like.
- the insulating layer examples include an oxide having an insulating property, a nitride, an oxide nitride, a nitride oxide, a metal oxide, a metal oxide nitride, and a metal nitride oxide.
- the material may be selected according to the function of the insulating layer.
- Examples of the insulator having a high specific dielectric constant include gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, oxides having aluminum and hafnium, nitrides having aluminum and hafnium, oxides having silicon and hafnium, silicon and hafnium. There are nitrides having oxides, or nitrides having silicon and hafnium.
- Examples of the insulator having a low relative permittivity include silicon oxide, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and empty. There are silicon oxide with pores, resin, and the like.
- the OS transistor can stabilize the electrical characteristics of the transistor by surrounding it with an insulating layer having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen.
- the insulating layer having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, and lanthanum.
- An insulating film containing neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used in a single layer or in a laminated manner.
- an insulating layer having a function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- Metal oxides such as tantalum oxide, and metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, and silicon nitride can be used.
- silicon oxynitride refers to a silicon compound having a higher oxygen content than nitrogen
- silicon nitride oxide refers to a silicon compound having a higher nitrogen content than oxygen
- aluminum nitride refers to an aluminum compound having a higher oxygen content than nitrogen
- aluminum nitride refers to an aluminum compound having a higher nitrogen content than oxygen.
- the insulating layer adjacent to the semiconductor layer 112 is preferably an insulating layer having a region containing oxygen desorbed by heating.
- the silicon oxide or silicon oxide nitride having a region containing oxygen desorbed by heating in contact with the semiconductor layer 112 it is possible to compensate for the oxygen deficiency of the semiconductor layer 112.
- the insulating film formed of the above material may be used as a single layer as the insulating layer, but a plurality of insulating layers formed of the above material may be laminated and used.
- an insulating layer having a function of suppressing oxygen permeation may be used as the insulating layer in order to prevent oxidation of the conductive layer.
- the insulating layer for example, hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used.
- the insulating layer when the insulating layer is laminated adjacent to the conductive layer, it is preferable to use an insulating layer having a function of suppressing oxygen permeation as the insulating layer in contact with the conductive layer.
- an insulating layer having a function of suppressing oxygen permeation For example, hafnium oxide may be used to form an insulating layer in contact with the conductive layer, and silicon oxide may be used to form an insulating layer in contact with the insulating layer.
- Conductive layers include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum. It is preferable to use a metal element selected from the above, an alloy containing the above-mentioned metal element as a component, an alloy in which the above-mentioned metal element is combined, or the like.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, and the like are used. Is preferable.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxides containing lanthanum and nickel are difficult to oxidize.
- the conductive layer formed of the above material may be used as a single layer, but a plurality of conductive layers formed of the above material may be laminated and used.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- a laminated structure may be formed in which the above-mentioned material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- oxide semiconductor As the semiconductor layer 112, it is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor which is a kind of metal oxide. Hereinafter, oxide semiconductors applicable to OS transistors will be described.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it preferably contains indium and zinc. In addition to them, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin and the like are contained. Further, one or more kinds selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt and the like may be contained.
- the oxide semiconductor is an In-M-Zn oxide having indium, element M, and zinc.
- the element M may be one or more selected from aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt and the like.
- the element M a plurality of the above-mentioned elements may be combined in some cases.
- Typical examples of the In-M-Zn oxide include In-Ga-Zn oxide (also referred to as IGZO), In-Sn-Zn oxide, and In-Al-Zn oxide (also referred to as IAZO). can give.
- FIG. 17A is a diagram illustrating the classification of the crystal structure of an oxide semiconductor, typically IGZO (a metal oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn).
- IGZO a metal oxide containing In, Ga, and Zn
- oxide semiconductors are roughly classified into “Amorphous”, “Crystalline”, and “Crystal”.
- “Amorphous” includes “completable amorphous”.
- the “Crystalline” includes CAAC (c-axis-aligned crystalline), nc (nanocrystalline), and CAC (cloud-aligned crystal) (excluding single crystal).
- single crystal, poly crystal, and single crystal amorphous are excluded from the classification of "Crystalline”.
- “Crystal” includes single crystal and poly crystal.
- the structure in the thick frame shown in FIG. 17A is an intermediate state between "Amorphous” and “Crystal", and belongs to a new boundary region (New crystal line phase). .. That is, the structure can be rephrased as a structure completely different from the energetically unstable "Amorphous” and "Crystal".
- the crystal structure of the film or substrate can be evaluated using an X-ray diffraction (XRD: X-Ray Diffraction) spectrum.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the GIXD method is also referred to as a thin film method or a Seemann-Bohlin method.
- the XRD spectrum obtained by the GIXD measurement shown in FIG. 17B is simply referred to as an XRD spectrum.
- the thickness of the CAAC-IGZO film shown in FIG. 17B is 500 nm.
- the crystal structure of the film or the substrate can be evaluated by a diffraction pattern (also referred to as a microelectron diffraction pattern) observed by a micro electron diffraction method (NBED: Nano Beam Electron Diffraction).
- the diffraction pattern of the CAAC-IGZO film is shown in FIG. 17C.
- FIG. 17C is a diffraction pattern observed by the NBED in which the electron beam is incident parallel to the substrate.
- electron diffraction is performed with the probe diameter set to 1 nm.
- oxide semiconductors When focusing on the crystal structure, oxide semiconductors may be classified differently from FIG. 17A.
- oxide semiconductors are divided into single crystal oxide semiconductors and other non-single crystal oxide semiconductors.
- the non-single crystal oxide semiconductor include CAAC-OS (C Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor) and nc-OS (nanocrystalline Oxide Semiconductor).
- the non-single crystal oxide semiconductor includes a polycrystal oxide semiconductor, a pseudo-amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like OS: atomous-like oxide semiconductor), an amorphous oxide semiconductor, and the like.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor having a plurality of crystal regions, the plurality of crystal regions having the c-axis oriented in a specific direction.
- the specific direction is the thickness direction of the CAAC-OS film, the normal direction of the surface to be formed of the CAAC-OS film, or the normal direction of the surface of the CAAC-OS film.
- the crystal region is a region having periodicity in the atomic arrangement. When the atomic arrangement is regarded as a lattice arrangement, the crystal region is also a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned. Further, the CAAC-OS has a region in which a plurality of crystal regions are connected in the ab plane direction, and the region may have distortion.
- the strain refers to a region in which a plurality of crystal regions are connected in which the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned and a region in which another grid arrangement is aligned. That is, CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor that is c-axis oriented and not clearly oriented in the ab plane direction.
- Each of the plurality of crystal regions is composed of one or a plurality of minute crystals (crystals having a maximum diameter of less than 10 nm).
- the maximum diameter of the crystal region is less than 10 nm.
- the size of the crystal region may be about several tens of nm.
- CAAC-OS has indium (In) and oxygen. It tends to have a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure) in which a layer (hereinafter, In layer) and a layer having elements M, zinc (Zn), and oxygen (hereinafter, (M, Zn) layer) are laminated. There is. Indium and element M can be replaced with each other. Therefore, the (M, Zn) layer may contain indium. In addition, the In layer may contain the element M. The In layer may contain Zn.
- the layered structure is observed as a grid image, for example, in a high-resolution TEM image.
- the position of the peak indicating the c-axis orientation may vary depending on the type and composition of the metal elements constituting CAAC-OS.
- a plurality of bright spots are observed in the electron diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS film. Note that a certain spot and another spot are observed at point-symmetrical positions with the spot of the incident electron beam transmitted through the sample (also referred to as a direct spot) as the center of symmetry.
- the lattice arrangement in the crystal region is based on a hexagonal lattice, but the unit lattice is not limited to a regular hexagon and may be a non-regular hexagon. Further, in the above strain, it may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon or a heptagon.
- a clear grain boundary cannot be confirmed even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it can be seen that the formation of grain boundaries is suppressed by the distortion of the lattice arrangement. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion due to the fact that the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the ab plane direction, or that the bond distance between the atoms changes due to the replacement of metal atoms. It is thought that this is the reason.
- CAAC-OS for which no clear crystal grain boundary is confirmed, is one of the crystalline oxides having a crystal structure suitable for the semiconductor layer of the transistor.
- a configuration having Zn is preferable.
- In-Zn oxide and In-Ga-Zn oxide are more suitable than In oxide because they can suppress the generation of grain boundaries.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor with high crystallinity and no clear grain boundaries can be confirmed. Therefore, it can be said that CAAC-OS is unlikely to cause a decrease in electron mobility due to grain boundaries. Further, since the crystallinity of the oxide semiconductor may be deteriorated due to the mixing of impurities or the generation of defects, CAAC-OS can be said to be an oxide semiconductor having few impurities or defects (oxygen deficiency, etc.). Therefore, the oxide semiconductor having CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor having CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability. CAAC-OS is also stable against high temperatures (so-called thermal budgets) in the manufacturing process. Therefore, if CAAC-OS is used for the OS transistor, the degree of freedom in the manufacturing process can be expanded.
- nc-OS has periodicity in the atomic arrangement in a minute region (for example, a region of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly a region of 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less).
- nc-OS has tiny crystals. Since the size of the minute crystal is, for example, 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, the minute crystal is also referred to as a nanocrystal.
- nc-OS has no regularity in crystal orientation between different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation is observed in the entire film.
- nc-OS may be indistinguishable from a-like OS or amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- a peak indicating crystallinity is not detected in the Out-of-plane XRD measurement using a ⁇ / 2 ⁇ scan.
- electron beam diffraction also referred to as limited field electron diffraction
- a diffraction pattern such as a halo pattern is performed. Is observed.
- electron diffraction also referred to as nanobeam electron diffraction
- an electron beam having a probe diameter for example, 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less
- An electron diffraction pattern in which a plurality of spots are observed in a ring-shaped region centered on a direct spot may be acquired.
- the a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the a-like OS has a void or low density region. That is, the a-like OS has lower crystallinity than the nc-OS and CAAC-OS.
- a-like OS has a higher hydrogen concentration in the membrane than nc-OS and CAAC-OS.
- CAC-OS relates to the material composition.
- CAC-OS is, for example, a composition of a material in which the elements constituting the metal oxide are unevenly distributed in a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or in the vicinity thereof.
- the metal oxide one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed, and the region having the metal element has a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or a size in the vicinity thereof.
- the mixed state is also called a mosaic shape or a patch shape.
- the CAC-OS has a structure in which the material is separated into a first region and a second region to form a mosaic, and the first region is distributed in the film (hereinafter, also referred to as a cloud shape). It is said.). That is, the CAC-OS is a composite metal oxide having a structure in which the first region and the second region are mixed.
- the atomic number ratios of In, Ga, and Zn to the metal elements constituting CAC-OS in the In-Ga-Zn oxide are expressed as [In], [Ga], and [Zn], respectively.
- the first region is a region where [In] is larger than [In] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the second region is a region in which [Ga] is larger than [Ga] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the first region is a region where [In] is larger than [In] in the second region and [Ga] is smaller than [Ga] in the second region.
- the second region is a region in which [Ga] is larger than [Ga] in the first region and [In] is smaller than [In] in the first region.
- the first region is a region in which indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or the like is the main component.
- the second region is a region containing gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, or the like as a main component. That is, the first region can be rephrased as a region containing In as a main component. Further, the second region can be rephrased as a region containing Ga as a main component.
- a region containing In as a main component (No. 1) by EDX mapping acquired by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX: Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). It can be confirmed that the region (1 region) and the region containing Ga as a main component (second region) are unevenly distributed and have a mixed structure.
- the conductivity caused by the first region and the insulating property caused by the second region act in a complementary manner to switch the switching function (On / Off function).
- the CAC-OS has a conductive function in a part of the material and an insulating function in a part of the material, and has a function as a semiconductor in the whole material. By separating the conductive function and the insulating function, both functions can be maximized. Therefore, by using CAC-OS for the transistor, high on -current (Ion), high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ), and good switching operation can be realized.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one aspect of the present invention has two or more of amorphous oxide semiconductor, polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, a-like OS, CAC-OS, nc-OS, and CAAC-OS. You may.
- the oxide semiconductor as a transistor, a transistor with high field effect mobility can be realized. In addition, a highly reliable transistor can be realized.
- the carrier concentration in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm -3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm -3 . It is more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm -3 , even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm -3 .
- the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor film may be lowered to lower the defect level density.
- a low impurity concentration and a low defect level density is referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- An oxide semiconductor having a low carrier concentration may be referred to as a high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor.
- high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic may be referred to as i-type or substantially i-type.
- the trap level density may also be low.
- the charge captured at the trap level of the oxide semiconductor takes a long time to disappear, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor in which a channel forming region is formed in an oxide semiconductor having a high trap level density may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- Impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- the concentration of silicon or carbon in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of the interface with the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor is 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal
- defect levels may be formed and carriers may be generated. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Therefore, the concentration of the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less. ..
- the nitrogen concentration in the channel formation region of the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms. / Cm 3 or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- hydrogen contained in an oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to become water, which may form an oxygen deficiency.
- oxygen deficiency When hydrogen enters the oxygen deficiency, electrons that are carriers may be generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be combined with oxygen that is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron as a carrier. Therefore, a transistor using an oxide semiconductor containing hydrogen tends to have a normally-on characteristic. Therefore, it is preferable that hydrogen in the channel forming region of the oxide semiconductor is reduced as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by SIMS is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably 1 ⁇ 10. It should be less than 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 , and even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- the semiconductor material that can be used for the semiconductor layer 112 may be a semiconductor material having a bandgap (a semiconductor material that is not a zero-gap semiconductor) as the semiconductor layer 112 that is not limited to the oxide semiconductor described above.
- a semiconductor of a single element such as silicon, a compound semiconductor such as gallium arsenide, a layered substance (also referred to as an atomic layer substance, a two-dimensional material, or the like) that functions as a semiconductor may be used as a semiconductor material.
- a layered substance that functions as a semiconductor as a semiconductor material it is preferable to use.
- the layered substance is a general term for a group of materials having a layered crystal structure.
- a layered crystal structure is a structure in which layers formed by covalent or ionic bonds are laminated via bonds that are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, such as van der Waals forces.
- the layered material has high electrical conductivity in the unit layer, that is, high two-dimensional electrical conductivity.
- Chalcogenides are compounds containing chalcogens. Chalcogen is a general term for elements belonging to Group 16, and includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and livermorium. Examples of chalcogenides include transition metal chalcogenides and group 13 chalcogenides.
- a transition metal chalcogenide functioning as a semiconductor may be used.
- molybdenum sulfide typically MoS 2
- molybdenum selenium typically MoSe 2
- molybdenum tellurium typically MoTe 2
- tungsten sulfide typically WS 2
- Tungsten diselinated typically WSe 2
- tungsten tellurium typically WTe 2
- hafnium sulfide typically HfS 2
- hafnium serenelated typically HfSe 2
- zirconium sulfide representative
- ZrS 2 zirconium selenium
- ZrSe 2 zirconium selenium
- the formation of the conductive layer, the insulating layer, and the semiconductor layer is performed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method, a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, or an atomic layer deposition (ALD). It can be performed by using the Deposition) method or the like.
- the CVD method can be classified into a plasma CVD (PECVD: Plasma Enhanced CVD) method using plasma, a thermal CVD (TCVD: Thermal CVD) method using heat, an optical CVD (PhotoCVD) method using light, and the like. .. Further, it can be divided into a metal CVD (MCVD: Metall CVD) method and an organic metal CVD (MOCVD: Metalorganic CVD) method depending on the raw material gas used.
- PECVD Plasma Enhanced CVD
- TCVD Thermal CVD
- PhotoCVD PhotoCVD
- MCVD Metal CVD
- MOCVD Metalorganic CVD
- the plasma CVD method can obtain a high quality film at a relatively low temperature. Further, since the thermal CVD method does not use plasma, it is a film forming method capable of reducing plasma damage to the object to be processed. For example, wiring, electrodes, elements (transistors, capacitive elements, etc.) included in a semiconductor device may be charged up by receiving electric charges from plasma. At this time, the accumulated electric charge may destroy the wiring, electrodes, elements, and the like included in the semiconductor device. On the other hand, in the case of the thermal CVD method that does not use plasma, such plasma damage does not occur, so that the yield of the semiconductor device can be increased. Further, in the thermal CVD method, plasma damage during film formation does not occur, so that a film having few defects can be obtained.
- the ALD method is also a film forming method capable of reducing plasma damage to the object to be processed. Further, the ALD method also does not cause plasma damage during film formation, so that a film having few defects can be obtained.
- the CVD method and the ALD method are different from the film forming method in which particles emitted from a target or the like are deposited, and are film forming methods in which a film is formed by a reaction on the surface of an object to be treated. Therefore, it is a film forming method that is not easily affected by the shape of the object to be treated and has good step coverage.
- the ALD method has excellent step covering property and excellent thickness uniformity, and is therefore suitable for covering the surface of an opening having a high aspect ratio.
- the ALD method since the ALD method has a relatively slow film forming speed, it may be preferable to use it in combination with another film forming method such as a CVD method having a high film forming speed.
- the composition of the obtained film can be controlled by the flow rate ratio of the raw material gas.
- a film having an arbitrary composition can be formed depending on the flow rate ratio of the raw material gas.
- a film having a continuously changed composition can be formed by changing the flow rate ratio of the raw material gas while forming the film.
- the inside of the chamber may be under atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure
- the raw material gas for the reaction is sequentially introduced into the chamber
- the film formation may be performed by repeating the order of gas introduction.
- each switching valve also called a high-speed valve
- An active gas argon, nitrogen, etc.
- a second raw material gas is introduced.
- the inert gas becomes a carrier gas, and the inert gas may be introduced at the same time when the second raw material gas is introduced.
- the first raw material gas may be discharged by vacuum exhaust, and then the second raw material gas may be introduced.
- the first raw material gas is adsorbed on the surface of the substrate to form a first thin layer, and reacts with the second raw material gas introduced later, so that the second thin layer is on the first thin layer.
- a thin film is formed by being laminated on.
- Thermal CVD methods such as the MOCVD method and the ALD method can form various films such as a metal film, a semiconductor film, and an inorganic insulating film.
- a metal film such as a metal film, a semiconductor film, and an inorganic insulating film.
- Trimethylindium (In (CH 3 ) 3 ), trimethylgallium (Ga (CH 3 ) 3 ), and dimethylzinc (Zn (CH 3 ) 2) 2 ) May be used.
- the combination is not limited to these, and triethylgallium (Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 ) can be used instead of trimethylgallium, and diethylzinc (Zn (C 2 H 5 ) 2 ) can be used instead of dimethylzinc.
- diethylzinc Zn (C 2 H 5 ) 2
- dimethylzinc can also be used.
- hafnium oxide film when a hafnium oxide film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD, a liquid containing a solvent and a hafnium precursor compound (hafnium alkoxide, or tetrakis (dimethylamide) hafnium (TDMAH, Hf [N (CH 3 )). 2 ]
- hafnium precursor compound hafnium alkoxide, or tetrakis (dimethylamide) hafnium (TDMAH, Hf [N (CH 3 )
- TDMAH, Hf [N (CH 3 ) hafnium alkoxide, or tetrakis (dimethylamide) hafnium
- a raw material gas obtained by vaporizing a liquid containing a solvent and an aluminum precursor compound (trimethylaluminum (TMA, Al (CH 3 ) 3 ), etc.).
- TMA trimethylaluminum
- H2O trimethylaluminum
- Other materials include tris (dimethylamide) aluminum, triisobutylaluminum, aluminum tris (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptane dinate) and the like.
- hexachlorodisilane is adsorbed on the surface to be deposited, and radicals of an oxidizing gas ( O2 , dinitrogen monoxide) are supplied and adsorbed. React with things.
- tungsten film when a tungsten film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD, WF 6 gas and B 2 H 6 gas are sequentially and repeatedly introduced to form an initial tungsten film, and then WF 6 gas and H 2 are formed. The gas is sequentially and repeatedly introduced to form a tungsten film.
- SiH 4 gas may be used instead of B 2 H 6 gas.
- an oxide semiconductor film for example, an In-Ga-Zn-O film is formed by a film forming apparatus using ALD
- In (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially and repeatedly introduced into In.
- the ⁇ O layer is formed, and then Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially and repeatedly introduced to form a GaO layer, and then Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially and repeatedly introduced.
- Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas and O 3 gas are sequentially and repeatedly introduced.
- ZnO layer ZnO layer.
- these gases may be used to form a mixed oxide layer such as an In—Ga—O layer, an In—Zn—O layer, or a Ga—Zn—O layer.
- the H 2 O gas obtained by bubbling water with an inert gas such as Ar may be used instead of the O 3 gas, but it is preferable to use the O 3 gas containing no H.
- In (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of In (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Ga (C 2 H 5 ) 3 gas may be used instead of Ga (CH 3 ) 3 gas.
- Zn (C 2 H 5 ) 2 gas may be used instead of Zn (CH 3 ) 2 gas.
- the ALD method utilizes the self-regulating properties of atoms and allows atoms to be deposited layer by layer, so ultra-thin film formation is possible, film formation into structures with a high aspect ratio is possible, pinholes, etc. It has the effects of being able to form a film with few defects, being able to form a film with excellent coverage, and being able to form a film at a low temperature.
- the ALD method is carried out by alternately introducing a first raw material gas (also called a precursor) and a second raw material gas (also called an oxidizing gas) for the reaction into the chamber and repeating the introduction of these raw material gases. Make a membrane. Further, when introducing the precursor or the oxidizing gas, N2 , Ar or the like may be introduced into the reaction chamber together with the precursor or the oxidizing gas as a carrier purge gas. By using the carrier purge gas, it is possible to suppress the adsorption of the precursor or oxidizing gas inside the pipe and the inside of the valve, and to introduce the precursor or oxidizing gas into the reaction chamber (also called carrier gas). ).
- the precursor or oxidizing gas remaining in the reaction chamber can be quickly exhausted (also called purge gas). Since it has two roles of introduction (carrier) and exhaust (purge) in this way, it is sometimes called a carrier purge gas. Further, it is preferable to use the carrier purge gas because the uniformity of the formed film is improved.
- FIG. 18A shows a film formation sequence of a film of a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity (hereinafter referred to as a ferroelectric layer) using the ALD method.
- a ferroelectric layer a material capable of exhibiting ferroelectricity (hereinafter referred to as a ferroelectric layer) using the ALD method.
- the film formation of the ferroelectric layer having hafnium oxide and zirconium oxide is shown as an example.
- a precursor containing hafnium and further containing one or more selected from chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen can be used.
- a precursor containing zirconium and further containing one or more selected from chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen can be used.
- HfCl 4 is used as the precursor 501 containing hafnium
- ZrCl 4 is used as the precursor 502 containing zirconium.
- the precursor 501 and the precursor 502 are formed by heating and gasifying a liquid raw material or a solid raw material.
- the precursor 501 is formed from a solid raw material of HfCl 4
- the precursor 502 is formed from a solid raw material of ZrCl 4 .
- Impurities are preferably reduced in the precursor 501 and the precursor 502, and it is preferable that these solid raw materials also have reduced impurities.
- examples of the impurities include Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr, V, Zn and the like.
- the above impurities are preferably less than 1000 wppb.
- wppb is a unit in which the concentration of impurities converted by mass is expressed in parts per billion.
- any one or a plurality selected from O 2 , O 3 , N 2 O, NO 2 , H 2 O, and H 2 O 2 can be used.
- a gas containing H2O is used as the oxidizing gas 503.
- the carrier purge gas 504 any one or a plurality selected from N2 , He, Ar, Kr, and Xe can be used.
- N 2 is used as the carrier purge gas 504.
- the oxidizing gas 503 is introduced into the reaction chamber (step S01).
- the introduction of the oxidizing gas 503 is stopped, only the carrier purge gas 504 is used, and the oxidizing gas 503 remaining in the reaction chamber is purged (step S02).
- a precursor 501 and a carrier purge gas 504 are introduced into the reaction chamber to keep the pressure in the reaction chamber constant (step S03). In this way, the precursor 501 is adsorbed on the surface to be formed.
- the introduction of the precursor 501 is stopped, only the carrier purge gas 504 is used, and the precursor 501 remaining in the reaction chamber is purged (step S04).
- the oxidizing gas 503 is introduced into the reaction chamber.
- the precursor 501 is oxidized to form hafnium oxide (step S05).
- the introduction of the oxidizing gas 503 is stopped, only the carrier purge gas 504 is used, and the oxidizing gas 503 remaining in the reaction chamber is purged (step S06).
- a precursor 502 and a carrier purge gas 504 are introduced into the reaction chamber to keep the pressure in the reaction chamber constant (step S07). In this way, the precursor 502 is adsorbed on the oxygen layer of the hafnium oxide.
- the introduction of the precursor 502 is stopped, only the carrier purge gas 504 is used, and the precursor 502 remaining in the reaction chamber is purged (step S08).
- the oxidizing gas 503 is introduced into the reaction chamber. By introducing the oxidizing gas 503, the precursor 502 is oxidized and zirconium oxide is formed on hafnium oxide.
- steps S01 to S08 are set as one cycle, and the cycle is repeated until a desired film thickness is reached. It should be noted that steps S01 to S08 may be performed in a temperature range of 250 ° C. or higher and 450 ° C. or lower, and preferably in a temperature range of 350 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower.
- a film using the ALD method it is possible to form a layered crystal structure in which a hafnium layer, an oxygen layer, a zirconium layer, and an oxygen layer are repeated. Further, as described above, by forming a film using a precursor having reduced impurities, it is possible to prevent impurities from being mixed in during the film formation and hindering the formation of the layered crystal structure. As described above, by forming a layered crystal structure having high crystallinity, high ferroelectricity can be imparted.
- FIG. 18B is a schematic view of the manufacturing apparatus 900 by the ALD method.
- the manufacturing apparatus 900 has a reaction chamber 901, a gas introduction port 903, a reaction chamber inlet 904, an exhaust port 905, a wafer stage 907, and a shaft 908.
- the wafer 950 is arranged on the wafer stage 907.
- the reaction chamber 901 may be provided with a heater system for heating the inside of the reaction chamber 901, the precursor 501, the precursor 502, the oxidizing gas 503, and the carrier purge gas 504.
- the wafer stage 907 may be provided with a heater system for heating the wafer 950.
- the wafer stage 907 may be provided with a rotation mechanism that rotates horizontally about the shaft 908 as a rotation axis.
- the precursor 501, the precursor 502, the oxidizing gas 503, and the carrier purge gas 504 are introduced into the gas inlet 903 at an appropriate timing and at an appropriate flow rate in front of the gas inlet.
- Gas supply system is installed.
- an exhaust system having a vacuum pump is installed at the end of the exhaust port 905.
- the manufacturing device 900 shown in FIG. 18B is an ALD device called a cross-flow method.
- the flow of the precursor 501, the precursor 502, the oxidizing gas 503, and the carrier purge gas 504 in the cross-flow method will be described below.
- the precursor 501, the precursor 502, the oxidizing gas 503, and the carrier purge gas 504 flow from the gas inlet 903 to the reaction chamber 901 via the reaction chamber inlet 904, reach the wafer 950, and are exhausted through the exhaust port 905. .
- the arrow shown in FIG. 8 schematically indicates the direction in which the gas flows.
- step S05 for introducing the oxidizing gas 503 into the reaction chamber 901 as shown in FIG. 18A the precursor 501 adsorbed on the wafer 950 is oxidized by the oxidizing gas 503 to form hafnium oxide. Due to the structure of the manufacturing apparatus 900 of the cross-flow method, the oxidizing gas 503 reaches the wafer 950 after being in contact with the heated reaction chamber member for a long time. Therefore, for example , when O3 is used as the oxidizing gas 503, the oxidizing gas 503 is decomposed by the reaction between the high temperature solid surface and the oxidizing gas 503 before reaching the state, and the oxidizing power is reduced.
- the film formation rate of hafnium oxide depends on the reach of the oxidizing gas from the reaction chamber inlet 904 to the wafer 950.
- the peripheral portion of the wafer 950 reaches the oxidizing gas 503 first, so that the film thickness of hafnium oxide becomes thicker toward the peripheral portion of the wafer 950 and the central portion. Is thinner than the peripheral part.
- the heating temperature of the reaction chamber it is necessary to set the heating temperature of the reaction chamber to an appropriate temperature in order to suppress the decomposition of the oxidizing gas 503 and the decrease in the oxidizing power.
- the oxidation of the precursor 501 has been described as an example, but the same applies to the oxidation of the precursor 502.
- hafnium oxide having excellent film thickness uniformity in the substrate surface can be formed.
- the uniformity in the substrate surface is preferably ⁇ 1.5% or less, more preferably ⁇ 1.0% or less.
- the inside of the substrate surface means the range of a square in which the length of one side of the size of the substrate is 5 inches.
- RANGE maximum film thickness in the substrate surface-the minimum film thickness in the substrate surface
- ⁇ PNU Percent Non Uniformity
- a layer of oxygen having excellent uniformity by the oxidizing gas 503 by forming a layer of oxygen having excellent uniformity by the oxidizing gas 503, a more regular layered crystal structure can be formed, and high ferroelectricity can be imparted.
- the In—M—Zn oxide film forming method will be described with reference to FIG. 18C.
- FIG. 18C shows an example of a film forming sequence using the precursors 511 to 513 and the oxidizing gas 514 to form a film.
- the film formation sequence includes steps S11 to S13.
- a precursor containing indium can be used.
- a precursor containing the element M can be used.
- a precursor containing zinc can be used.
- a precursor formed of an inorganic substance (sometimes referred to as an inorganic precursor) may be used, or a precursor formed of an organic substance (sometimes referred to as an organic precursor). May be used.
- a gas applicable to the oxidizing gas 503 described in the previous embodiment can be used.
- step S11 a step of introducing the precursor 511 and adsorbing the precursor having indium to the surface to be formed, a step of stopping the introduction of the precursor 511 and purging the excess precursor 511 in the chamber, and an oxidizing gas 514 are introduced.
- the step of oxidizing the precursor 511 to form the In layer, the step of stopping the introduction of the oxidizing gas 514, and the step of purging the excess oxidizing gas 514 in the chamber are performed in this order.
- step S12 is performed.
- step S12 a step of introducing the precursor 512 and adsorbing the precursor having the element M on the surface of the In layer, a step of stopping the introduction of the precursor 512 and purging the excess precursor 512 in the chamber, and introducing an oxidizing gas 514. Then, the steps of oxidizing the precursor 512 to form the M layer, stopping the oxidizing gas 514, and purging the excess oxidizing gas in the chamber are performed in this order.
- step S13 is performed.
- a step of introducing the precursor 513 to adsorb the zinc-containing precursor to the surface of the M layer, a step of stopping the introduction of the precursor 513, and a step of purging the excess precursor 513 in the chamber, and introducing an oxidizing gas 514 are introduced.
- the step of oxidizing the precursor 513 to form a Zn layer, the step of stopping the introduction of the oxidizing gas 514, and the step of purging the excess oxidizing gas 514 in the chamber are performed in this order.
- an In—M—Zn oxide having a desired film thickness can be formed.
- the element M or Zn may be mixed in the In layer during the film formation or due to the heat treatment after the film formation.
- In or Zn may be mixed in the M layer.
- In or M may be mixed in the Zn layer.
- steps S11 to S13 are performed in one cycle is not limited to one.
- the number of steps S11 to S13 performed in one cycle may be set so as to obtain an In—M—Zn oxide having a desired composition.
- the cycle is set to step S11, step S13, step S12, and step S13 as one cycle. It is good to repeat.
- the In—Zn oxide can be formed by repeating the cycle composed of steps S11 and S12.
- the step of introducing the precursor 512 in step S12 the (M, Zn) layer may be formed in step S12 by also introducing the precursor 513.
- the precursor 512 or the precursor 513 may also be introduced to form an In layer containing the element M or Zn in step S11. By appropriately combining these, a desired oxide can be formed.
- two or more manufacturing devices used for film formation by the ALD method may be incorporated in the multi-chamber type film forming device.
- the In-M-Zn oxide and the ferroelectric layer can be formed in different manufacturing apparatus, the In-M-Zn oxide and the In-M-Zn oxide can be obtained without switching between the precursor and the oxidizing gas.
- a ferroelectric layer can be continuously formed.
- This embodiment can be carried out by appropriately combining at least a part thereof with other embodiments described in the present specification.
- FIG. 19 shows a block diagram showing a configuration example of the semiconductor device 400.
- the semiconductor device 400 shown in FIG. 19 has a drive circuit 410 and a memory array 420.
- the memory array 420 has one or more memory strings 100.
- FIG. 19 shows an example in which the memory array 420 has a plurality of memory strings 100 arranged in a matrix.
- the drive circuit 410 has a PSW241 (power switch), a PSW242, and a peripheral circuit 415.
- the peripheral circuit 415 includes a peripheral circuit 411, a control circuit 412 (Control Circuit), and a voltage generation circuit 428.
- each circuit, each signal, and each voltage can be appropriately discarded as needed. Alternatively, other circuits or other signals may be added.
- the signals BW, CE, GW, CLK, WAKE, ADDR, WDA, PON1 and PON2 are input signals from the outside, and the signal RDA is an output signal to the outside.
- the signal CLK is a clock signal.
- the signals BW, CE, and signal GW are control signals.
- the signal CE is a chip enable signal
- the signal GW is a global write enable signal
- the signal BW is a byte write enable signal.
- the signal ADDR is an address signal.
- the signal WDA is write data and the signal RDA is read data.
- the signals PON1 and PON2 are power gating control signals.
- the signals PON1 and PON2 may be generated by the control circuit 412.
- the control circuit 412 is a logic circuit having a function of controlling the overall operation of the semiconductor device 400. For example, the control circuit logically performs a signal CE, a signal GW, and a signal BW to determine an operation mode (for example, a write operation and a read operation) of the semiconductor device 400. Alternatively, the control circuit 412 generates a control signal of the peripheral circuit 411 so that this operation mode is executed.
- the voltage generation circuit 428 has a function of generating a negative voltage.
- WAKE has a function of controlling the input of CLK to the voltage generation circuit 428. For example, when an H level signal is given to WAKE, the signal CLK is input to the voltage generation circuit 428, and the voltage generation circuit 428 generates a negative voltage.
- the peripheral circuit 411 is a circuit for writing and reading data to the memory string 100.
- the peripheral circuit 411 includes a row decoder 441 (Low Recorder), a column decoder 442 (Column Decoder), a row driver 423 (Low Driver), a column driver 424 (Column Driver), an input circuit 425 (Input Cir.), And an output circuit 426 (Output Circuit 426). It has an Input Cir.) And a sense amplifier 427 (sense amplifier).
- the row decoder 441 and the column decoder 442 have a function of decoding the signal ADDR.
- the row decoder 441 is a circuit for designating the row to be accessed
- the column decoder 442 is a circuit for designating the column to be accessed.
- the row driver 423 has a function of selecting the wiring CG specified by the row decoder 441.
- the column driver 424 has a function of writing data to the memory string 100, a function of reading data from the memory string 100, a function of holding the read data, and the like.
- the input circuit 425 has a function of holding the signal WDA.
- the data held by the input circuit 425 is output to the column driver 424.
- the output data of the input circuit 425 is the data (Din) to be written to the memory string 100.
- the data (Dout) read from the memory string 100 by the column driver 424 is output to the output circuit 426.
- the output circuit 426 has a function of holding Dout. Further, the output circuit 426 has a function of outputting the Dout to the outside of the semiconductor device 400.
- the data output from the output circuit 426 is the signal RDA.
- the PSW241 has a function of controlling the supply of VDD to the peripheral circuit 415.
- the PSW242 has a function of controlling the supply of VHM to the row driver 423.
- the high power supply voltage of the semiconductor device 400 is VDD
- the low power supply voltage is GND (ground potential).
- VHM is a high power supply voltage used to raise the word line to a high level, which is higher than VDD .
- the signal PON1 controls the on / off of the PSW241, and the signal PON2 controls the on / off of the PSW242.
- the number of power supply domains to which VDD is supplied is set to 1, but it can be set to a plurality. In this case, a power switch may be provided for each power supply domain.
- the drive circuit 410 and the memory array 420 included in the semiconductor device 400 may be provided on the same plane. Further, as shown in FIG. 20, the drive circuit 410 and the memory array 420 may be provided in an overlapping manner. By providing the drive circuit 410 and the memory array 420 in an overlapping manner, the signal propagation distance can be shortened. Further, in FIG. 20, an enlarged perspective view of a part of the semiconductor device 400 is added.
- an arithmetic processing unit such as a CPU (Central Processing Unit) or a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) may be used for the control circuit 412 included in the drive circuit 410.
- a CPU and / or GPU a semiconductor device 400 having an arithmetic processing function can be realized.
- a part of the memory array 420 can be made to function as a main memory, a cache memory, or the like. Further, the memory string 100 can function like a flash memory. Therefore, a part of the memory array 420 can be made to function like a flash memory.
- the semiconductor device 400 according to one aspect of the present invention can function as a universal memory.
- the functions as a CPU, a cache memory, and a storage can be realized on the same chip.
- the semiconductor device 400 shown in FIG. 20 has a drive circuit 410 including a CPU, and a memory array 420 includes a 3D OS NAND type storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- the 3D OS NAND type storage device according to one aspect of the present invention has a function as a cache memory and a function as a storage.
- FIG. 21 shows how the host 450 manages a plurality of semiconductor devices 400.
- Each semiconductor device 400 has an arithmetic processing function, and can perform parallel writing and reading to a cache memory and storage.
- the host 450 it is possible to construct an information processing system that realizes non-Neuman computing.
- FIG. 23 shows a block diagram of the arithmetic processing unit 1100.
- FIG. 23 shows a CPU configuration example as a configuration example that can be used in the arithmetic processing device 1100.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100 shown in FIG. 23 has an ALU 1191 (ALU: Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit), an ALU controller 1192, an instruction decoder 1193, an interrupt controller 1194, a timing controller 1195, a register 1196, and a register controller 1197 on a substrate 1190. It has a bus interface 1198), a cache 1199, and a cache interface 1189.
- ALU 1191 Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit
- ALU controller 1192 Arithmetic logic unit, arithmetic circuit
- an instruction decoder 1193 an instruction decoder 1193
- an interrupt controller 1194 a timing controller 1195, a register 1196, and a register controller 1197 on a substrate 1190.
- a bus interface 1198 As the substrate 1190, a semiconductor substrate, an SOI substrate, a glass substrate, or the like is used. It may have a rewritable ROM and a ROM interface.
- the cache 1199 is connected to the main memory provided on another chip via the cache interface 1189.
- the cache interface 1189 has a function of supplying a part of the data held in the main memory to the cache 1199.
- the cache 1199 has a function of holding the data.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100 shown in FIG. 23 is only an example showing a simplified configuration thereof, and the actual arithmetic processing unit 1100 has a wide variety of configurations depending on its use.
- a configuration including the arithmetic processing unit 1100 shown in FIG. 23 or an arithmetic circuit may be used as one core, and a plurality of the cores may be included so that the cores operate in parallel, that is, a configuration such as a GPU.
- the number of bits that the arithmetic processing apparatus 1100 can handle in the internal arithmetic circuit or the data bus can be, for example, 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, or the like.
- the instruction input to the arithmetic processing unit 1100 via the bus interface 1198 is input to the instruction decoder 1193, decoded, and then input to the ALU controller 1192, the interrupt controller 1194, the register controller 1197, and the timing controller 1195.
- the ALU controller 1192, interrupt controller 1194, register controller 1197, and timing controller 1195 perform various controls based on the decoded instructions. Specifically, the ALU controller 1192 generates a signal for controlling the operation of the ALU 1191. Further, the interrupt controller 1194 determines and processes an interrupt request from an external input / output device or a peripheral circuit based on its priority, mask state, etc. during program execution of the arithmetic processing unit 1100. The register controller 1197 generates the address of the register 1196, and reads or writes the register 1196 according to the state of the arithmetic processing unit 1100.
- the timing controller 1195 generates a signal for controlling the operation timing of the ALU 1191, the ALU controller 1192, the instruction decoder 1193, the interrupt controller 1194, and the register controller 1197.
- the timing controller 1195 includes an internal clock generation unit that generates an internal clock signal based on the reference clock signal, and supplies the internal clock signal to the above-mentioned various circuits.
- a storage device is provided in the register 1196 and the cache 1199.
- the storage device for example, the storage device shown in the previous embodiment can be used.
- the register controller 1197 selects the holding operation in the register 1196 according to the instruction from the ALU 1191. That is, in the memory cell of the register 1196, it is selected whether to hold the data by the flip-flop or the data by the capacitive element. When data retention by flip-flop is selected, the power supply voltage is supplied to the memory cells in the register 1196. When the retention of data in the capacitive element is selected, the data is rewritten to the capacitive element, and the supply of the power supply voltage to the memory cell in the register 1196 can be stopped.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100 is not limited to the CPU, and may be a GPU, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor), an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), or the like.
- the semiconductor device 400 and the arithmetic processing unit 1100 shown in the above embodiment can be provided on top of each other.
- 22 (A) and 22 (B) show perspective views of the semiconductor device 1150A.
- the semiconductor device 1150A has a semiconductor device 400 that functions as a storage device on the arithmetic processing unit 1100.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100 and the semiconductor device 400 have regions that overlap each other.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100 and the semiconductor device 400 are shown separately in FIG. 23 (B).
- connection distance between the two can be shortened. Therefore, the communication speed between the two can be increased. Moreover, since the connection distance is short, power consumption can be reduced.
- a plurality of semiconductor devices 400 may be provided on top of the arithmetic processing unit 1100.
- 24A and 24B show perspective views of the semiconductor device 1150B.
- the semiconductor device 1150B has a semiconductor device 400a and a semiconductor device 400b on the arithmetic processing unit 1100.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100, the semiconductor device 400a, and the semiconductor device 400b have regions that overlap each other.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100, the semiconductor device 400a, and the semiconductor device 400b are shown separately in FIG. 24B.
- the semiconductor device 400a and the semiconductor device 400b function as a storage device.
- a NOR type storage device may be used for one of the semiconductor device 400a or the semiconductor device 400b, and a NAND type storage device may be used for the other.
- Both the semiconductor device 400a and the semiconductor device 400b may be NAND type storage devices.
- the NOR type storage device includes DRAM, SRAM, and the like. Since the NOR type storage device can operate at a higher speed than the NAND type storage device, for example, a part of the semiconductor device 400a can be used as the main memory and / or the cache 1199.
- the stacking order of the semiconductor device 400a and the semiconductor device 400b may be reversed.
- the semiconductor device 1150C has a configuration in which the arithmetic processing unit 1100 is sandwiched between the semiconductor device 400a and the semiconductor device 400b.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100, the semiconductor device 400a, and the semiconductor device 400b have regions that overlap each other.
- the arithmetic processing unit 1100, the semiconductor device 400a, and the semiconductor device 400b are shown separately in FIG. 25B.
- both the communication speed between the semiconductor device 400a and the arithmetic processing device 1100 and the communication speed between the semiconductor device 400b and the arithmetic processing device 1100 can be increased. Further, the power consumption can be reduced as compared with the semiconductor device 1150B.
- the semiconductor wafer 4800 shown in FIG. 26A has a wafer 4801 and a plurality of circuit units 4802 provided on the upper surface of the wafer 4801.
- the portion without the circuit portion 4802 is the spacing 4803, which is a dicing region.
- the semiconductor wafer 4800 can be manufactured by forming a plurality of circuit portions 4802 on the surface of the wafer 4801 by the previous process. Further, after that, the opposite surface on which the plurality of circuit portions 4802 of the wafer 4801 are formed may be ground to reduce the thickness of the wafer 4801. By this step, the warp of the wafer 4801 can be reduced and the size of the wafer can be reduced.
- a dicing process is performed. Dicing is performed along the scribing line SCL1 and the scribing line SCL2 (sometimes referred to as a dicing line or a cutting line) indicated by the alternate long and short dash line.
- the spacing 4803 is provided so that the plurality of scribe lines SCL1 are parallel to each other and the plurality of scribe lines SCL2 are parallel to each other in order to facilitate the dicing process. It is preferable to provide it so that it is vertical.
- the chip 4800a as shown in FIG. 26B can be cut out from the semiconductor wafer 4800.
- the chip 4800a has a wafer 4801a, a circuit unit 4802, and a spacing 4803a.
- the spacing 4803a is preferably made as small as possible. In this case, the width of the spacing 4803 between the adjacent circuit portions 4802 may be substantially the same as the cutting margin of the scribe line SCL1 or the cutting margin of the scribe line SCL2.
- the shape of the element substrate of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to the shape of the semiconductor wafer 4800 shown in FIG. 26A.
- the shape of the element substrate can be appropriately changed depending on the process of manufacturing the device and the device for manufacturing the device.
- FIG. 26C shows a perspective view of a board (mounting board 4704) on which the electronic component 4700 and the electronic component 4700 are mounted.
- the electronic component 4700 shown in FIG. 26C has a chip 4800a in the mold 4711.
- As the chip 4800a a storage device or the like according to one aspect of the present invention can be used.
- the electronic component 4700 has a land 4712 on the outside of the mold 4711.
- the land 4712 is electrically connected to the electrode pad 4713, and the electrode pad 4713 is electrically connected to the chip 4800a by a wire 4714.
- the electronic component 4700 is mounted on, for example, a printed circuit board 4702. A plurality of such electronic components are combined and electrically connected to each other on the printed circuit board 4702 to complete the mounting board 4704.
- FIG. 26D shows a perspective view of the electronic component 4730.
- the electronic component 4730 is an example of SiP (System in package) or MCM (Multi Chip Module).
- the electronic component 4730 is provided with an interposer 4731 on a package substrate 4732 (printed circuit board), and a semiconductor device 4735 and a plurality of semiconductor devices 4710 are provided on the interposer 4731.
- the semiconductor device 4710 can be, for example, a chip 4800a, the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment, a wideband memory (HBM: High Bandwidth Memory), or the like. Further, as the semiconductor device 4735, an integrated circuit (semiconductor device) such as a CPU, GPU, FPGA, or storage device can be used.
- a semiconductor device such as a CPU, GPU, FPGA, or storage device.
- the package substrate 4732 a ceramic substrate, a plastic substrate, a glass epoxy substrate, or the like can be used.
- the interposer 4731 a silicon interposer, a resin interposer, or the like can be used.
- the interposer 4731 has a plurality of wirings and has a function of electrically connecting a plurality of integrated circuits having different terminal pitches. Multiple wirings are provided in a single layer or multiple layers. Further, the interposer 4731 has a function of electrically connecting the integrated circuit provided on the interposer 4731 to the electrode provided on the package substrate 4732. For these reasons, the interposer may be referred to as a "rewiring board" or an "intermediate board”. Further, a through electrode may be provided on the interposer 4731, and the integrated circuit and the package substrate 4732 may be electrically connected using the through electrode. Further, in the silicon interposer, a TSV (Through Silicon Via) can be used as a through electrode.
- TSV Three Silicon Via
- interposer 4731 It is preferable to use a silicon interposer as the interposer 4731. Since it is not necessary to provide an active element in the silicon interposer, it can be manufactured at a lower cost than an integrated circuit. On the other hand, since the wiring of the silicon interposer can be formed by a semiconductor process, it is easy to form fine wiring, which is difficult with a resin interposer.
- the interposer on which the HBM is mounted is required to form fine and high-density wiring. Therefore, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer as an interposer for mounting HBM.
- the reliability is unlikely to decrease due to the difference in the expansion coefficient between the integrated circuit and the interposer. Further, since the surface of the silicon interposer is high, poor connection between the integrated circuit provided on the silicon interposer and the silicon interposer is unlikely to occur. In particular, in a 2.5D package (2.5-dimensional mounting) in which a plurality of integrated circuits are arranged side by side on an interposer, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer.
- a heat sink may be provided on top of the electronic component 4730.
- the heat sink it is preferable that the heights of the integrated circuits provided on the interposer 4731 are the same.
- the heights of the semiconductor device 4710 and the semiconductor device 4735 are the same.
- an electrode 4733 may be provided on the bottom of the package substrate 4732.
- FIG. 26D shows an example in which the electrode 4733 is formed of a solder ball.
- BGA Ball Grid Array
- the electrode 4733 may be formed of a conductive pin.
- PGA Peripheral Component Interconnect
- the electronic component 4730 can be mounted on another board by using various mounting methods, not limited to BGA and PGA.
- BGA Base-Chip
- PGA Stepgered Pin Grid Array
- LGA Land Grid Array
- QFP Quad Flat Package
- QFJ Quad Flat J-leaded package
- QFN QuadFN
- the storage device is, for example, a storage device for various electronic devices (for example, an information terminal, a computer, a smartphone, an electronic book terminal, a digital still camera, a video camera, a recording / playback device, a navigation system, a game machine, etc.). Applicable to devices. It can also be used for image sensors, IoT (Internet of Things), healthcare and the like.
- the computer includes a tablet-type computer, a notebook-type computer, a desktop-type computer, and a large-scale computer such as a server system.
- 27A to 27J and 28A to 28E show how each electronic device includes an electronic component 4700 or an electronic component 4730 having the storage device.
- the information terminal 5500 shown in FIG. 27A is a mobile phone (smartphone) which is a kind of information terminal.
- the information terminal 5500 has a housing 5510 and a display unit 5511, and as an input interface, a touch panel is provided in the display unit 5511 and a button is provided in the housing 5510.
- the information terminal 5500 can hold a temporary file (for example, a cache when using a web browser) generated when the application is executed.
- a temporary file for example, a cache when using a web browser
- FIG. 27B illustrates an information terminal 5900, which is an example of a wearable terminal.
- the information terminal 5900 has a housing 5901, a display unit 5902, an operation switch 5903, an operation switch 5904, a band 5905, and the like.
- the wearable terminal can hold a temporary file generated when the application is executed by applying the storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- FIG. 27C shows a desktop type information terminal 5300.
- the desktop type information terminal 5300 has a main body 5301 of the information terminal, a display unit 5302, and a keyboard 5303.
- the desktop information terminal 5300 can hold a temporary file generated when the application is executed by applying the storage device according to one aspect of the present invention.
- smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals are taken as examples of electronic devices, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 27A and 27C, but information terminals other than smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals are applied. Can be done. Examples of information terminals other than smartphones, wearable terminals, and desktop information terminals include PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), notebook information terminals, workstations, and the like.
- PDAs Personal Digital Assistants
- FIG. 27D shows an electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 as an example of an electric appliance.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 has a housing 5801, a refrigerator door 5802, a freezer door 5803, and the like.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 is an electric freezer / refrigerator compatible with IoT (Internet of Things).
- the storage device can be applied to the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 can send and receive information such as foodstuffs stored in the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 and the expiration date of the foodstuffs to an information terminal or the like via the Internet or the like.
- the electric freezer / refrigerator 5800 can hold a temporary file generated when transmitting the information in the storage device.
- an electric refrigerator / freezer has been described as an electric appliance, but other electric appliances include, for example, a vacuum cleaner, a microwave oven, an electric oven, a rice cooker, a water heater, an IH cooker, a water server, and an air conditioner. Examples include appliances, washing machines, dryers, audiovisual equipment, etc.
- FIG. 27E illustrates a portable game machine 5200, which is an example of a game machine.
- the portable game machine 5200 has a housing 5201, a display unit 5202, a button 5203, and the like.
- FIG. 27F shows a stationary game machine 7500, which is an example of a game machine.
- the stationary game machine 7500 has a main body 7520 and a controller 7522.
- the controller 7522 can be connected to the main body 7520 wirelessly or by wire.
- the controller 7522 can include a display unit for displaying a game image, a touch panel as an input interface other than buttons, a stick, a rotary knob, a slide knob, and the like.
- the controller 7522 is not limited to the shape shown in FIG. 27F, and the shape of the controller 7522 may be variously changed according to the genre of the game.
- a controller having a shape imitating a gun can be used by using a trigger as a button.
- a controller having a shape imitating a musical instrument, a music device, or the like can be used.
- the stationary game machine may be provided with a camera, a depth sensor, a microphone, and the like instead of using a controller, and may be operated by a game player's gesture and / or voice.
- the video of the above-mentioned game machine can be output by a display device such as a television device, a personal computer display, a game display, or a head-mounted display.
- a display device such as a television device, a personal computer display, a game display, or a head-mounted display.
- the storage device described in the above embodiment By applying the storage device described in the above embodiment to the portable game machine 5200 or the stationary game machine 7500, it is possible to realize the low power consumption portable game machine 5200 or the low power consumption stationary game machine 7500. .. Further, since the heat generation from the circuit can be reduced due to the low power consumption, the influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module can be reduced.
- FIG. 27E shows a portable game machine.
- FIG. 27F shows a stationary game machine for home use.
- the electronic device of one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this. Examples of the electronic device of one aspect of the present invention include an arcade game machine installed in an entertainment facility (game center, amusement park, etc.), a pitching machine for batting practice installed in a sports facility, and the like.
- the storage device described in the above embodiment can be applied to a moving vehicle and the vicinity of the driver's seat of the vehicle.
- FIG. 27G shows an automobile 5700, which is an example of a moving body.
- an instrument panel that provides various information by displaying the speedometer, tachometer, mileage, fuel gauge, gear status, air conditioner settings, etc. Further, a display device showing such information may be provided around the driver's seat.
- the storage device described in the above embodiment can temporarily hold information, for example, in an automatic driving system of an automobile 5700, or a system for performing road guidance, danger prediction, etc., the computer. , Can be used to retain necessary temporary information.
- the display device may be configured to display temporary information such as road guidance and danger prediction. Further, the image of the driving recorder installed in the automobile 5700 may be retained.
- moving objects include trains, monorails, ships, flying objects (helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), airplanes, rockets) and the like.
- FIG. 27H illustrates a digital camera 6240, which is an example of an image pickup device.
- the digital camera 6240 has a housing 6241, a display unit 6242, an operation switch 6243, a shutter button 6244, and the like, and a removable lens 6246 is attached to the digital camera 6240.
- the digital camera 6240 is configured so that the lens 6246 can be removed from the housing 6241 and replaced here, the lens 6246 and the housing 6241 may be integrated. Further, the digital camera 6240 may be configured so that a strobe device, a viewfinder, or the like can be separately attached.
- a low power consumption digital camera 6240 can be realized. Further, since the heat generation from the circuit can be reduced due to the low power consumption, the influence of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module can be reduced.
- Video camera The storage device described in the above embodiment can be applied to a video camera.
- FIG. 27I illustrates a video camera 6300, which is an example of an image pickup device.
- the video camera 6300 has a first housing 6301, a second housing 6302, a display unit 6303, an operation switch 6304, a lens 6305, a connection unit 6306, and the like.
- the operation switch 6304 and the lens 6305 are provided in the first housing 6301, and the display unit 6303 is provided in the second housing 6302.
- the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 are connected by the connecting portion 6306, and the angle between the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 can be changed by the connecting portion 6306. be.
- the image on the display unit 6303 may be switched according to the angle between the first housing 6301 and the second housing 6302 on the connection unit 6306.
- the video camera 6300 can retain a temporary file generated during encoding.
- ICD implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
- FIG. 27J is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an ICD.
- the ICD body 5400 has at least a battery 5401, an electronic component 4700, a regulator, a control circuit, an antenna 5404, a wire 5402 to the right atrium, and a wire 5403 to the right ventricle.
- the ICD body 5400 is surgically placed in the body, and two wires are passed through the subclavian vein 5405 and the superior vena cava 5406 of the human body, and one wire tip is placed in the right ventricle and the other wire tip is placed in the right atrium. To be done.
- the ICD main body 5400 has a function as a pacemaker and paces the heart when the heart rate deviates from the specified range. Also, if pacing does not improve heart rate (such as rapid ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation), treatment with electric shock is given.
- the ICD body 5400 needs to constantly monitor the heart rate in order to properly perform pacing and electric shock. Therefore, the ICD main body 5400 has a sensor for detecting the heart rate. Further, the ICD main body 5400 can store the heart rate data acquired by the sensor or the like, the number of times of treatment by pacing, the time, etc. in the electronic component 4700.
- the ICD main body 5400 has a plurality of batteries, so that the safety can be enhanced. Specifically, even if a part of the battery of the ICD main body 5400 becomes unusable, the remaining battery can function, so that it also functions as an auxiliary power source.
- the antenna 5404 that can receive power it may have an antenna that can transmit physiological signals.
- physiological signals such as pulse, respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature can be confirmed by an external monitoring device.
- a system for monitoring various cardiac activities may be configured.
- the storage device described in the above embodiment can be applied to a computer such as a PC (Personal Computer) and an expansion device for an information terminal.
- a computer such as a PC (Personal Computer) and an expansion device for an information terminal.
- FIG. 28A shows, as an example of the expansion device, an expansion device 6100 externally attached to a PC equipped with a portable chip capable of storing information.
- the expansion device 6100 can store information by the chip by connecting to a PC by, for example, USB (Universal Serial Bus) or the like.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- FIG. 28A illustrates a portable expansion device 6100, but the expansion device according to one aspect of the present invention is not limited to this, and is relatively equipped with, for example, a cooling fan. It may be a large form of expansion device.
- the expansion device 6100 has a housing 6101, a cap 6102, a USB connector 6103, and a board 6104.
- the substrate 6104 is housed in the housing 6101.
- the substrate 6104 is provided with a circuit for driving the storage device and the like described in the above embodiment.
- an electronic component 4700 and a controller chip 6106 are attached to the substrate 6104.
- the USB connector 6103 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- SD card The storage device described in the above embodiment can be applied to an SD card that can be attached to an electronic device such as an information terminal or a digital camera.
- FIG. 28B is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SD card
- FIG. 28C is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SD card.
- the SD card 5110 has a housing 5111, a connector 5112, and a substrate 5113.
- the connector 5112 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- the substrate 5113 is housed in the housing 5111.
- the substrate 5113 is provided with a storage device and a circuit for driving the storage device.
- an electronic component 4700 and a controller chip 5115 are attached to the substrate 5113.
- the circuit configurations of the electronic component 4700 and the controller chip 5115 are not limited to the above description, and the circuit configurations may be appropriately changed depending on the situation.
- the write circuit, low driver, read circuit, etc. provided in the electronic component may be configured to be incorporated in the controller chip 5115 instead of the electronic component 4700.
- the capacity of the SD card 5110 can be increased.
- a wireless chip having a wireless communication function may be provided on the substrate 5113. As a result, wireless communication can be performed between the external device and the SD card 5110, and the data of the electronic component 4700 can be read and written.
- SSD Solid State Drive
- electronic device such as an information terminal.
- FIG. 28D is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SSD
- FIG. 28E is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SSD.
- the SSD 5150 has a housing 5151, a connector 5152 and a substrate 5153.
- the connector 5152 functions as an interface for connecting to an external device.
- the board 5153 is housed in the housing 5151.
- the substrate 5153 is provided with a storage device and a circuit for driving the storage device.
- an electronic component 4700, a memory chip 5155, and a controller chip 5156 are attached to the substrate 5153.
- a work memory is built in the memory chip 5155.
- a DRAM chip may be used for the memory chip 5155.
- a processor, an ECC circuit, and the like are incorporated in the controller chip 5156.
- the circuit configurations of the electronic component 4700, the memory chip 5155, and the controller chip 5115 are not limited to the above description, and the circuit configurations may be appropriately changed depending on the situation.
- the controller chip 5156 may also be provided with a memory that functions as a work memory.
- the computer 5600 shown in FIG. 29A is an example of a large-scale computer.
- a plurality of rack-mounted computers 5620 are stored in the rack 5610.
- the computer 5620 may have, for example, the configuration of the perspective view shown in FIG. 29B.
- the computer 5620 has a motherboard 5630, which has a plurality of slots 5631 and a plurality of connection terminals.
- a PC card 5621 is inserted in the slot 5631.
- the PC card 5621 has a connection terminal 5623, a connection terminal 5624, and a connection terminal 5625, each of which is connected to the motherboard 5630.
- the PC card 5621 shown in FIG. 29C is an example of a processing board equipped with a CPU, GPU, storage device, and the like.
- the PC card 5621 has a board 5622.
- the board 5622 has a connection terminal 5623, a connection terminal 5624, a connection terminal 5625, a semiconductor device 5626, a semiconductor device 5627, a semiconductor device 5628, and a connection terminal 5629.
- FIG. 29C illustrates semiconductor devices other than the semiconductor device 5626, the semiconductor device 5627, and the semiconductor device 5628. Regarding these semiconductor devices, the semiconductor device 5626, the semiconductor device 5627, and the semiconductor device 5627 described below are shown. The description of the semiconductor device 5628 may be taken into consideration.
- connection terminal 5629 has a shape that can be inserted into the slot 5631 of the motherboard 5630, and the connection terminal 5629 functions as an interface for connecting the PC card 5621 and the motherboard 5630.
- Examples of the standard of the connection terminal 5629 include PCIe and the like.
- connection terminal 5623, the connection terminal 5624, and the connection terminal 5625 can be, for example, an interface for supplying power to the PC card 5621, inputting a signal, and the like. Further, for example, it can be an interface for outputting a signal calculated by the PC card 5621.
- Examples of the standards of the connection terminal 5623, the connection terminal 5624, and the connection terminal 5625 include USB (Universal Serial Bus), SATA (Serial ATA), SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), and the like.
- HDMI registered trademark
- the connection terminal 5625 HDMI (registered trademark) and the like can be mentioned as the respective standards.
- the semiconductor device 5626 has a terminal (not shown) for inputting / outputting signals, and the semiconductor device 5626 and the board 5622 can be inserted by inserting the terminal into a socket (not shown) included in the board 5622. Can be electrically connected.
- the semiconductor device 5627 has a plurality of terminals, and the semiconductor device 5627 and the board 5622 are electrically connected by, for example, reflow soldering to the wiring provided with the terminals 5622. be able to.
- Examples of the semiconductor device 5627 include FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), GPU, CPU, and the like.
- an electronic component 4730 can be used as the semiconductor device 5627.
- the semiconductor device 5628 has a plurality of terminals, and the semiconductor device 5628 and the board 5622 are electrically connected by, for example, reflow soldering to the wiring provided with the terminals 5622. be able to.
- Examples of the semiconductor device 5628 include a storage device and the like.
- an electronic component 4700 can be used as the semiconductor device 5628.
- the computer 5600 can also function as a parallel computer.
- the computer 5600 By using the computer 5600 as a parallel computer, for example, it is possible to perform large-scale calculations necessary for learning artificial intelligence and inference.
- the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention By using the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention for the above-mentioned various electronic devices, it is possible to reduce the size, speed, or power consumption of the electronic devices. Further, since the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention has low power consumption, it is possible to reduce heat generation from the circuit. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the adverse effect of the heat generation on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuit, and the module. Further, by using the semiconductor device of one aspect of the present invention, it is possible to realize an electronic device whose operation is stable even in a high temperature environment. Therefore, the reliability of the electronic device can be improved.
- FIG. 30 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the computer system 700.
- the computer system 700 includes software (Software) and hardware (Hardware).
- the hardware included in the computer system may be referred to as an information processing device.
- the software that constitutes the computer system 700 includes an operating system including a device driver, middleware, various development environments, an application program related to AI (AI Application), an application program unrelated to AI, and the like.
- the device driver includes an auxiliary storage device, a display device, and an application program for controlling an externally connected device such as a printer.
- the hardware constituting the computer system 700 includes a first arithmetic processing unit, a second arithmetic processing unit, a first storage apparatus, and the like. Further, the second arithmetic processing unit has a second storage device.
- a central processing unit such as a Noff OS CPU may be used.
- the Noff OS CPU has a storage means using an OS transistor (for example, a non-volatile memory), and when operation is not required, the necessary information is held in the storage means and power is supplied to the central arithmetic processing unit. Has a function to stop.
- the Noff OS CPU as the first arithmetic processing unit, the power consumption of the computer system 700 can be reduced.
- the second arithmetic processing unit for example, GPU or FPGA can be used. It is preferable to use AI OS Accelerator as the second arithmetic processing unit.
- the AI OS Accelerator is configured by using an OS transistor and has a calculation means such as a product-sum calculation circuit. AI OS Accelerator consumes less power than general GPUs. By using the AI OS Accelerator as the second arithmetic processing unit, the power consumption of the computer system 700 can be reduced.
- the storage device it is preferable to use the storage device according to one aspect of the present invention as the first storage device and the second storage device.
- a 3D OS NAND type storage device it is preferable to use a 3D OS NAND type storage device.
- the 3D OS NAND storage device can function as a cache, main memory, and storage. Further, by using a 3D OS NAND type storage device, it becomes easy to realize a non-Von Neumann type computer system.
- the 3D OS NAND type storage device consumes less power than the 3D NAND type storage device using a Si transistor.
- the power consumption of the computer system 700 can be reduced.
- the 3D OS NAND type storage device can function as a universal memory, the number of parts for constituting the computer system 700 can be reduced.
- the semiconductor device constituting the hardware By configuring the semiconductor device constituting the hardware with the semiconductor device including the OS transistor, it becomes easy to monolithize the hardware including the central processing unit, the arithmetic processing unit, and the storage device. By making the hardware monolithic, it will be easier not only to make it smaller, lighter, and thinner, but also to further reduce power consumption.
- a normally-off CPU (also referred to as “Noff-CPU”) can be realized by using the OS memory shown in the present specification and the like.
- the Nonf-CPU is an integrated circuit including a normally-off type transistor that is in a non-conducting state (also referred to as an off state) even when the gate voltage is 0V.
- the Noff-CPU can stop the power supply to the unnecessary circuit in the Noff-CPU and put the circuit in the standby state. No power is consumed in the circuit where the power supply is stopped and the circuit is in the standby state. Therefore, the Nonf-CPU can minimize the amount of power used. Further, the Nonf-CPU can retain information necessary for operation such as setting conditions for a long period of time even if the power supply is stopped. To return from the standby state, it is only necessary to restart the power supply to the circuit, and it is not necessary to rewrite the setting conditions and the like. That is, high-speed recovery from the standby state is possible. In this way, the Nonf-CPU can reduce the power consumption without significantly reducing the operating speed.
- the Noff-CPU can be suitably used for a small-scale system such as an IoT terminal device (also referred to as an "endpoint microcomputer") 803 in the field of IoT (Internet of Things).
- IoT terminal device also referred to as an "endpoint microcomputer” 803 in the field of IoT (Internet of Things).
- FIG. 31 shows the hierarchical structure of the IoT network and the tendency of the required specifications.
- FIG. 31 shows power consumption 804 and processing performance 805 as required specifications.
- the hierarchical structure of the IoT network is roughly divided into a cloud field 801 which is an upper layer and an embedded field 802 which is a lower layer.
- the cloud field 801 includes, for example, a server.
- the embedded field 802 includes, for example, machines, industrial robots, in-vehicle devices, home appliances, and the like.
- the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention can be suitably used for a communication device of an IoT terminal device that requires low power consumption.
- endpoint indicates the terminal region of the embedded field 802.
- devices used for endpoints include microcomputers used in factories, home appliances, infrastructure, agriculture, and the like.
- FIG. 32 shows an image diagram of factory automation as an application example of an endpoint microcomputer.
- the factory 884 is connected to the cloud 883 via an internet line (Internet).
- the cloud 883 is also connected to the home 881 and the office 882 via an internet line.
- the Internet line may be a wired communication system or a wireless communication system.
- the semiconductor device according to one aspect of the present invention is used as the communication device, and the communication standard is in accordance with a communication standard such as a 4th generation mobile communication system (4G) or a 5th generation mobile communication system (5G). All you have to do is perform wireless communication.
- the factory 884 may be connected to the factory 885 and the factory 886 via the Internet line.
- the Factory 884 has a master device (control device) 831.
- the master device 831 has a function of connecting to the cloud 883 and exchanging information. Further, the master device 831 is connected to a plurality of industrial robots 842 included in the IoT terminal device 841 via an M2M (Machine to Machine) interface 832.
- M2M interface 832 for example, Industrial Ethernet (“Ethernet” is a registered trademark) which is a kind of wired communication method, local 5G which is a kind of wireless communication method, or the like may be used.
- the factory manager can connect to the factory 884 from the home 881 or the office 882 via the cloud 883 and know the operating status and the like. In addition, it is possible to check for incorrect / missing items, specify the location, and measure the tact time.
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Abstract
Description
図2A及び図2Bは、メモリストリングの断面図である。
図3は、ヒステリシス特性の一例を示すグラフである。
図4A及び図4Bは、メモリストリングの断面図である。
図5A乃至図5Cは、メモリストリングの断面図である。
図6Aは、メモリストリングの断面図である。図6Bは、メモリストリングの回路図である。
図7A乃至図7Cは、メモリストリングの断面図である。
図8A及び図8Bは、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図9A及び図9Bは、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図10A及び図10Bは、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図11A及び図11Bは、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図12A及び図12Bは、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図13は、メモリストリングの作製方法を説明する断面図である。
図14Aは、メモリストリングの断面図である。図14Bは、メモリストリングの回路図である。
図15Aは、メモリストリングの断面図である。図15Bは、メモリストリングの回路図である。
図16Aは、メモリストリングの断面図である。図16Bは、メモリストリングの回路図である。
図17Aは結晶構造の分類を説明する図である。図17BはCAAC−IGZO膜のXRDスペクトルを説明する図である。図17CはCAAC−IGZO膜の極微電子線回折パターンを説明する図である。
図18A及び図18Cは、金属酸化物膜の成膜シーケンスを示す図である。図18Bは、金属酸化物膜の製造装置の断面図である。
図19は、半導体装置の構成例を説明するブロック図である。
図20は、半導体装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図21は、複数の記憶装置を用いて情報処理システムを構築した例を説明する図である。
図22A及び図22Bは、半導体装置の斜視図である。
図23は、CPUを説明するブロック図である。
図24Aおよび図24Bは、半導体装置の斜視図である。
図25Aおよび図25Bは、半導体装置の斜視図である。
図26Aは半導体ウェハの一例を示す斜視図であり、図26Bはチップの一例を示す斜視図であり、図26C、および図26Dは電子部品の一例を示す斜視図である。
図27A乃至図27Jは、電子機器の一例を説明する斜視図、または、模式図である。
図28A乃至図28Eは、電子機器の一例を説明する斜視図、または、模式図である。
図29A乃至図29Cは、電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図30は、コンピュータシステムの構成例を説明する図である。
図31は、IoTネットワークの階層構造と要求仕様の傾向を示す図である。
図32は、ファクトリーオートメーションのイメージ図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の記憶装置について説明する。本発明の一態様の記憶装置は、被形成面に対して法線方向に伸びるメモリストリングを備える。メモリストリングは、複数の記憶素子(メモリセル、またはメモリ素子ともいう)が、当該法線方向に連なった構成を有する。言い換えると、本発明の記憶装置は、複数の記憶素子が法線方向に積層された構成を有する、ともいうことができる。そのため、単位面積当たりのデータ量を大きくでき、大容量化を実現することができる。
図1Aは、Y方向から見たメモリストリング100の断面図である。なお、図1Aには、Z方向に延在するメモリストリング100の中心軸131を記している。また、図1Bは、メモリストリング100の等価回路図である。メモリストリング100は、複数のトランジスタTrが直列に接続された構成を有する。また、図2Aは、図1Aに一点鎖線で示した部位A1−A2をZ方向から見た断面図である。図2Bは、図1Aに一点鎖線で示した部位B1−B2をZ方向から見た断面図である。
以下では、上記とは構成の一部が異なるメモリストリングの構成例について説明する。
図5Aは、メモリストリングの一部の断面図を示している。
図5Bに示す構成は、図1Aで例示した構成と比較して、絶縁層115を有さない点で、主に相違している。
図5Cに示す構成は、図5Bに例示した構成に、図5Aで例示した絶縁層116を追加した構成である。このような構成とすることで、メモリセルのリーク電流を低減することができる。
図6Aに、メモリストリング100Aの断面図を示す。また図6Bは、メモリストリング100Aの等価回路図である。
以下では、上記メモリストリング100Aとは構成の一部が異なる構成例について説明する。
図7Aは、メモリストリングの一部の断面図を示している。
図7Bに示す構成は、図6Aで例示した構成と比較して、絶縁層115を有さない点で、主に相違している。
図7Cに示す構成は、図7Bに例示した構成に、図7Aで例示した絶縁層116を追加した構成である。このような構成とすることで、メモリセルのリーク電流を低減することができる。
以下では、本発明の一態様のメモリストリングの作製方法の一例について説明する。ここでは、図1Aで例示したメモリストリング100を例に挙げて説明する。
以下では、上記とは一部の構成が異なるメモリストリングの例について説明する。
図14Aに、以下で例示するメモリストリング100Bの一部の構成における断面図を示す。また、図14Bには、図14Aに対応する等価回路図を示している。
図15Aに、以下で例示するメモリストリング100Cの一部の構成における断面図を示す。また、図15Bには、図15Aに対応する等価回路図を示している。
図16Aに、以下で例示するメモリストリング100Dの一部の構成における断面図を示す。また、図16Bには、図15Aに対応する等価回路図を示している。
続いて、メモリストリング100などに用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
メモリストリング100は基板上に設けることができる。基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板、または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムを材料とした半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウム、窒化ガリウム(GaN)などからなる化合物半導体基板がある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えば、SOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電層または絶縁層が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体層または絶縁層が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁層としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電層としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ストロンチウム、ランタンなどから選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いることが好ましい。例えば、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、タングステン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物などを用いることが好ましい。また、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物は、酸化しにくい導電性材料、または、酸素を吸収しても導電性を維持する材料であるため、好ましい。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
半導体層112として、金属酸化物の一種である酸化物半導体を用いることが好ましい。以下では、OSトランジスタに適用可能な酸化物半導体について説明する。
まず、酸化物半導体における、結晶構造の分類について、図17Aを用いて説明を行う。図17Aは、酸化物半導体、代表的にはIGZO(Inと、Gaと、Znと、を含む金属酸化物)の結晶構造の分類を説明する図である。
なお、酸化物半導体は、結晶構造に着目した場合、図17Aとは異なる分類となる場合がある。例えば、酸化物半導体は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC−OS(C Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor)、およびnc−OS(nanocrystalline Oxide Semiconductor)がある。また、非単結晶酸化物半導体には、多結晶酸化物半導体、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、非晶質酸化物半導体、などが含まれる。
CAAC−OSは、複数の結晶領域を有し、当該複数の結晶領域はc軸が特定の方向に配向している酸化物半導体である。なお、特定の方向とは、CAAC−OS膜の厚さ方向、CAAC−OS膜の被形成面の法線方向、またはCAAC−OS膜の表面の法線方向である。また、結晶領域とは、原子配列に周期性を有する領域である。なお、原子配列を格子配列とみなすと、結晶領域とは、格子配列の揃った領域でもある。さらに、CAAC−OSは、a−b面方向において複数の結晶領域が連結する領域を有し、当該領域は歪みを有する場合がある。なお、歪みとは、複数の結晶領域が連結する領域において、格子配列の揃った領域と、別の格子配列の揃った領域と、の間で格子配列の向きが変化している箇所を指す。つまり、CAAC−OSは、c軸配向し、a−b面方向には明らかな配向をしていない酸化物半導体である。
nc−OSは、微小な領域(例えば、1nm以上10nm以下の領域、特に1nm以上3nm以下の領域)において原子配列に周期性を有する。別言すると、nc−OSは、微小な結晶を有する。なお、当該微小な結晶の大きさは、例えば、1nm以上10nm以下、特に1nm以上3nm以下であることから、当該微小な結晶をナノ結晶ともいう。また、nc−OSは、異なるナノ結晶間で結晶方位に規則性が見られない。そのため、膜全体で配向性が見られない。したがって、nc−OSは、分析方法によっては、a−like OSまたは非晶質酸化物半導体などと区別が付かない場合がある。例えば、nc−OS膜に対し、XRD装置を用いて構造解析を行うと、θ/2θスキャンを用いたOut−of−plane XRD測定では、結晶性を示すピークが検出されない。また、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶よりも大きいプローブ径(例えば50nm以上)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(制限視野電子線回折ともいう。)を行うと、ハローパターンのような回折パターンが観測される。一方、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶の大きさと近いかナノ結晶より小さいプローブ径(例えば1nm以上30nm以下)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(ナノビーム電子線回折ともいう。)を行うと、ダイレクトスポットを中心とするリング状の領域内に複数のスポットが観測される電子線回折パターンが取得される場合がある。
a−like OSは、nc−OSと非晶質酸化物半導体との間の構造を有する酸化物半導体である。a−like OSは、鬆または低密度領域を有する。即ち、a−like OSは、nc−OSおよびCAAC−OSと比べて、結晶性が低い。また、a−like OSは、nc−OSおよびCAAC−OSと比べて、膜中の水素濃度が高い。
次に、上述のCAC−OSの詳細について、説明を行う。なお、CAC−OSは材料構成に関する。
CAC−OSとは、例えば、金属酸化物を構成する元素が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで偏在した材料の一構成である。なお、以下では、金属酸化物において、一つまたは複数の金属元素が偏在し、該金属元素を有する領域が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで混合した状態をモザイク状、またはパッチ状ともいう。
続いて、上記酸化物半導体をトランジスタに用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、酸化物半導体中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
半導体層112に用いることができる半導体材料は、上述の酸化物半導体に限られない半導体層112として、バンドギャップを有する半導体材料(ゼロギャップ半導体ではない半導体材料)を用いてもよい。例えば、シリコンなどの単体元素の半導体、ヒ化ガリウムなどの化合物半導体、半導体として機能する層状物質(原子層物質、2次元材料などともいう。)などを半導体材料に用いてもよい。特に、半導体として機能する層状物質を半導体材料に用いると好適である。
導電層、絶縁層、半導体層の形成は、スパッタリング法、CVD法、分子線エピタキシー(MBE:Molecular Beam Epitaxy)法、パルスレーザ堆積(PLD:Pulsed Laser Deposition)法または原子層堆積(ALD:Atomic Layer Deposition)法などを用いて行うことができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置または半導体装置を有する半導体装置400について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記の実施の形態に示した記憶装置などの半導体装置を備えることができる演算処理装置の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示す半導体装置などが形成された半導体ウェハ、および当該半導体装置が組み込まれた電子部品の一例を示す。
初めに、半導体装置などが形成された半導体ウェハの例を、図26Aを用いて説明する。
図26Cに電子部品4700および電子部品4700が実装された基板(実装基板4704)の斜視図を示す。図26Cに示す電子部品4700は、モールド4711内にチップ4800aを有している。チップ4800aとして、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置などを用いることができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の応用例について説明する。
図27Aに示す情報端末5500は、情報端末の一種である携帯電話(スマートフォン)である。情報端末5500は、筐体5510と、表示部5511と、を有しており、入力用インターフェースとして、タッチパネルが表示部5511に備えられ、ボタンが筐体5510に備えられている。
また、図27Bには、ウェアラブル端末の一例である情報端末5900が図示されている。情報端末5900は、筐体5901、表示部5902、操作スイッチ5903、操作スイッチ5904、バンド5905などを有する。
また、図27Cには、デスクトップ型情報端末5300が図示されている。デスクトップ型情報端末5300は、情報端末の本体5301と、表示部5302と、キーボード5303と、を有する。
また、図27Dには、電化製品の一例として電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800が図示されている。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。例えば、電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、IoT(Internet of Things)に対応した電気冷凍冷蔵庫である。
また、図27Eには、ゲーム機の一例である携帯ゲーム機5200が図示されている。携帯ゲーム機5200は、筐体5201、表示部5202、ボタン5203等を有する。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、移動体である自動車、および自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、カメラに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、ビデオカメラに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、植え込み型除細動器(ICD)に適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、PC(Personal Computer)などの計算機、情報端末用の拡張デバイスに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、情報端末またはデジタルカメラなどの電子機器に取り付けが可能なSDカードに適用することができる。
上記実施の形態で説明した記憶装置は、情報端末など電子機器に取り付けが可能なSSD(Solid State Drive)に適用することができる。
図29Aに示す計算機5600は、大型の計算機の例である。計算機5600には、ラック5610にラックマウント型の計算機5620が複数格納されている。
本明細書などに示したOSメモリを用いて、ノーマリーオフCPU(「Noff−CPU」ともいう。)を実現することができる。なお、Noff−CPUとは、ゲート電圧が0Vであっても非導通状態(オフ状態ともいう)であるノーマリーオフ型のトランジスタを含む集積回路である。
Claims (11)
- 第1の方向に延在する第1の導電層と、
前記第1の方向と交差する第2の方向に延在する構造体と、
第1の絶縁層及び第2の絶縁層と、を有し、
前記構造体は、
機能層と、半導体層と、第3の絶縁層と、第2の導電層と、を有し、
前記第1の導電層と、前記構造体との交差部において、
前記第2の導電層を中心に、前記第3の絶縁層、前記半導体層、及び前記機能層が、この順で同心円状に配置され、
前記第1の絶縁層と、前記第2の絶縁層は、前記第2の方向に積層され、
前記機能層と、前記第1の導電層とは、前記第1の絶縁層と前記第2の絶縁層との間に配置され、
前記第2の導電層、前記第3の絶縁層、及び前記半導体層は、前記第1の絶縁層に設けられた第1の開口の内側に位置する部分と、前記第2の絶縁層に設けられた第2の開口の内側に位置する部分と、を有する、
半導体装置。 - 第1の方向に延在する第1の導電層と、
前記第1の方向と交差する第2の方向に延在する構造体と、
第1の絶縁層及び第2の絶縁層と、を有し、
前記構造体は、
機能層と、第3の導電層と、第4の絶縁層と、を有し、
前記第1の導電層と、前記構造体との交差部において、
前記第4の絶縁層を中心に、前記第3の導電層、及び前記機能層が、この順で同心円状に配置され、
前記第1の絶縁層と、前記第2の絶縁層は、前記第2の方向に積層され、
前記機能層と、前記第1の導電層とは、前記第1の絶縁層と前記第2の絶縁層との間に配置され、
前記第3の導電層と、前記第4の絶縁層とは、前記第1の絶縁層に設けられた第1の開口の内側に位置する部分と、前記第2の絶縁層に設けられた第2の開口の内側に位置する部分と、を有する、
半導体装置。 - 第1の方向に延在する第1の導電層及び第4の導電層と、
前記第1の方向と交差する第2の方向に延在する構造体と、
第1の絶縁層、第2の絶縁層、及び第5の絶縁層を有し、
前記構造体は、第1の部分と、第2の部分と、を有し、
前記第1の部分は、機能層と、半導体層と、第3の絶縁層と、第2の導電層と、を有し、
前記第2の部分は、第6の絶縁層と、前記半導体層と、前記第3の絶縁層と、前記第2の導電層と、を有し、
前記第1の導電層及び前記第4の導電層と、前記構造体との交差部において、
前記第1の部分は、前記第2の導電層を中心に、前記第3の絶縁層、前記半導体層、及び前記機能層が、この順で同心円状に配置され、
前記第2の部分は、前記第2の導電層を中心に、前記第3の絶縁層、前記半導体層、及び前記第6の絶縁層が、この順で同心円状に配置され、
前記機能層及び前記第1の導電層は、前記第1の絶縁層と前記第2の絶縁層との間に配置され、
前記第4の導電層は、前記第2の絶縁層と前記第5の絶縁層との間に配置され、
前記第2の導電層、前記第3の絶縁層、及び前記半導体層は、前記第1の絶縁層に設けられた第1の開口の内側に位置する部分と、前記第2の絶縁層に設けられた第2の開口の内側に位置する部分と、前記第5の絶縁層に設けられた第3の開口の内側に位置する部分と、を有する、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一において、
第7の絶縁層を有し、
前記第7の絶縁層は、前記第1の絶縁層と前記第2の絶縁層との間に配置され、
前記第7の絶縁層は、前記機能層の上面、下面及び一方の側面と接して設けられる、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか一において、
第8の絶縁層を有し、
前記第8の絶縁層は、前記半導体層と前記機能層との間に配置される、
半導体装置。 - 請求項5において、
前記第8の絶縁層は、シリコンと、窒素と、を含む、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
前記第1の方向は、前記第2の方向と直交する方向である、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項7のいずれか一において、
前記交差部は、メモリセルとして機能する、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項8のいずれか一において、
前記半導体層は、インジウムまたは亜鉛の少なくとも一方を含む、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項9のいずれか一において、
前記機能層は、強誘電性または反強誘電性を示す、
半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項10のいずれか一において、
前記機能層は、酸化ハフニウム、酸化ジルコニウムのいずれか一方、または双方を含む、
半導体装置。
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