Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/52—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D263/54—Benzoxazoles; Hydrogenated benzoxazoles
  • C07D263/56—Benzoxazoles; Hydrogenated benzoxazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D263/57—Aryl or substituted aryl radicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
  • A61K31/423—Oxazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D317/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D317/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3
  • C07D317/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings
  • C07D317/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D317/34—Oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
  • C07D493/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D493/18—Bridged systems
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for making a benzoxazole derivative transthyretin stabilizer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the present invention relates to a process of making a 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1 ,3- benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof by reacting 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid or a carboxyl protected derivative thereof with an appropriate 3,5-dichlorophenyl orthoester compound.
• the processes of the invention are particularly useful in preparing 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-6- carboxylic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof which is useful in stabilizing transthyretin, inhibiting transthyretin misfolding, proteolysis, and treating amyloid diseases associated thereto.
• Transthyretin is a 55 kDa homotetrameric protein present in serum and cerebral spinal fluid and which functions as a transporter of L-thyroxine (T4) and holo- retinol binding protein (RBP). TTR has been found to be an amyloidogenic protein that, under certain conditions, can be transformed into fibrils and other aggregates which can lead to disease pathology such as polyneuropathy or cardiomyopathy in humans.
• Tafamidis 2- (3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid (tafamidis) of the formula and processes for making it are disclosed therein.
• Tafamidis is an orally active transthyretin stabilizer that inhibits tetramer dissociation and proteolysis that has been approved in certain jurisdictions for the treatment of transthyretin polyneuropathy (TTR- PN) and for the treatment of transthyretin cardiomyopathy (TTR-CM).
• TTR- PN transthyretin polyneuropathy
• TTR-CM transthyretin cardiomyopathy
• the present invention is directed to a process for preparing a 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole compound of Formula I the process comprising the step of reacting a 4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid compound of Formula III with a 3,5-Dichlorophenyl ortho ester compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I wherein R 1 is hydrogen or a carboxyl protecting group; and R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each independently Ci-C6alkyl or any two of R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a Ci- Cealkanediyl or R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a C3-Cioalkanetriyl.
• the process of the invention for making the compounds of Formula I can be carried out in an appropriate solvent or in certain instances where the compound of Formula II is an oil no additional solvent may be required.
• the process of the invention may be carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst, a base catalyst or no catalyst and the process can be carried out from 0 °C to the reflux temperature of the solvent used with the process being carried out over a period of 15 minutes to multiple days.
• the processes of the invention also comprise further steps such as isolating the compounds of Formula I or la and preparing polymorphic forms of the compounds of Formula I or la.
• a first embodiment of the present invention is a process for preparing a 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole compound of Formula I the process comprising reacting a 4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid compound of
• E2 is the process of E1 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out in a solvent.
• E3 is the process of E2 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, t-butyl methyl ether, anisole, ethyl acetate, chloroform, chlorobenzene, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetonitrile and 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane.
• E4 is the process of E3 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• E5 is the process of any one of E1 to E4 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst.
• E6 is the process of E5 wherein the acid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• E7 is the process of any one of E1 to E4 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out in the presence of a base catalyst.
• E8 is the process of E7 wherein the base catalyst is triethylamine.
• E9 is the process of any one of E1 to E8 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out at a temperature of about room temperature to about 100 °C.
• E10 is the process of E9 wherein the temperature is about room temperature to about 65 °C.
• E11 is the process of any one of claims E1 to E10 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out for a period of about 0.25 hours to about 40 hours.
• E12 is the process of any one of E1 to E11 wherein R 1 is hydrogen.
• E13 is the process of any one of E1 to E12 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each independently Ci-C6alkyl.
• E14 is the process of E13 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each methyl.
• E15 is the process of any one of E1 to E12 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a C3-Cioalkanetriyl.
• E16 is the process of E15 wherein the compound of Formula II is
• E17 is the process of any one of E1 to E16 further comprising the step of isolating the compound of Formula I.
• E18 is the process of E17 wherein the compound of Formula I is isolated by filtration.
• E19 is a process for preparing 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole of Formula la the process comprising reacting 4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid of Formula Ilia with a 3,5-Dichlorophenyl ortho ester compound of Formula II to provide 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole of Formula la wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each independently Ci-C6alkyl or any two of R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a Ci-C6alkanediyl or R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a C3- Cioalkanetriyl.
• E20 is the process of E19 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula Ilia with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula la is carried out in a solvent.
• E21 is the process of E20 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, t-butyl methyl ether, anisole, ethyl acetate, chloroform, chlorobenzene, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetonitrile and 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, t-butyl methyl ether, anisole, ethyl acetate, chloroform, chlorobenzene,
• E22 is the process of E21 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• E23 is the process of any one of E19 to E22 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula Ilia with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula la is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst.
• E24 is the process of E23 wherein the acid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• E25 is the process of E24 wherein the acid catalyst is trifluoroacetic acid.
• E26 is the process of any one of E19 to E22 wherein the reaction of the compound of
• Formula Ilia with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula la is carried out in the presence of a base catalyst.
• E27 is the process of E26 wherein the base catalyst is triethylamine.
• E28 is the process of any one of E19 to E27 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out at a temperature of about room temperature to about 100 °C.
• E29 is the process of E28 wherein the temperature is about room temperature to about
• E30 is the process of any one of E19 to E29 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula III with the compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I is carried out for a period of about 0.25 hours to about 40 hours.
• E31 is the process of any one of E19 to E30 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each independently Ci-C6alkyl.
• E32 is the process of E31 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each methyl.
• E33 is the process of any one of E19 to E30 wherein R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a C3-Cioalkanetriyl.
• E34 is the process of E33 wherein the compound of Formula II is
• E35 is the process of any one of E19 to E34 further comprising the step of isolating the compound of Formula la.
• E36 is the process of E35 wherein the compound of Formula la is isolated by filtration.
• E37 is the process of any one of E19 to E36 further comprising the step of reacting the 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole of Formula la with a pharmaceutically acceptable base to provide a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole.
• E38 is the process of E37 wherein the 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) benzoxazole is reacted with meglumine in an appropriate solvent to provide 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole meglumine salt.
• E39 is the process of E38 wherein 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) benzoxazole is reacted at room temperature with meglumine in a solvent selected from methyl isobutyl ketone, MTBE and EtOAc and the resulting solid is isolated and dried to provide the Form E polymorph of 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole meglumine salt.
• E40 is the process of E38 wherein the 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) benzoxazole is reacted with meglumine in a mixture of IPA and water and the resulting solid is isolated and dried to provide the Form M polymorph of 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) benzoxazole meglumine salt.
• E41 is the process of E35 further comprising the step of stirring the compound of Formula la in a mixture of water and IPA then isolating and drying the resulting solid to provide the Form 1 polymorph of 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole.
• E42 is a process for preparing 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole of
• Formula la the process comprising reacting about one molar equivalent of 4-Amino-3- hydroxybenzoic acid of Formula Ilia with about one molar equivalent of the 3,5- Dichlorophenyl ortho ester compound of Formula I la in an appropriate solvent to provide 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole of Formula la
• E43 is the process of E42 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, t-butyl methyl ether, anisole, ethyl acetate, chloroform, chlorobenzene, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, acetonitrile and 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, 1 ,4-dioxane, t-butyl methyl ether, anisole, ethyl acetate, chloroform, chlorobenzene,
• E44 is the process of E43 wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of methanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, 1 ,2-dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, t-butyl methyl ether and 1 ,4-dioxane.
• E45 is the process of E44 wherein the process is carried out using an acid catalyst selected from the group consisting of trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid and methanesulfonic acid.
• E46 is the process of E44 wherein the acid catalyst is trifluoroacetic acid and the solvent is isopropanol.
• E47 is a process for preparing a 6-Carboxy-2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole compound of Formula I the process comprising reacting a 4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid compound of Formula III with a 3,5-Dichlorophenyl ortho ester compound of Formula II to provide the compound of Formula I wherein R 1 is hydrogen or a carboxy protecting group; and R 2a , R 2b and R 2c are each independently Ci-C6alkyl or any two of R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a Ci- Csalkanediyl or R 2a , R 2b and R 2c taken together are a C3-Ci2alkanetriyl, wherein the Ci-C8alkanediyl and C3-Ci2alkanetriyl are each optionally substituted with a phenyl which is optionally substituted with one to two groups independently selected from halo, Ci-C3alkyl and Ci
• E48 is the process of E47 wherein the compound of formula III is 4-Amino-3- hydroxybenzoic acid and the compound of formula II is selected from the group consisting of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)benzene; 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4- methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1 -(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-phenyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1 ,3-dioxolane; 1 -(3,5- Dichlorophenyl)-2,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane; 3-(3,5-D
• E49 is the process of E48 wherein the reaction of the compound of Formula II with Formula III is carried out in IPA as solvent in the presence of MSA as acid catalyst.
• E50 is a compound selected from the group consisting of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5- (trimethoxymethyl)benzene; 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-ethyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-phenyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane; 2-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1 ,3-dioxolane; 1 -(3,5- Dichlorophenyl)-2,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1 ]octane; 3-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-2,4,10- trioxaadamantane; 1 -(3,5-dichlorophen
• E51 is the compound of E50 which is 1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• E52 is the compound of E51 which is a crystalline form of 1 - (3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• E53 is the compound of E52 which is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21 .2 and 19.72-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• E54 is the compound of E53 which is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21 .2, 19.7 and 14.42-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• E55 is the compound of E54 which is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21 .2, 19.7, 14.4 and 23.72-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• E56 is the compound of E55 which is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21.2, 19.7, 14.4, 23.7 and 24.2 2-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• E57 is the compound of E56 which is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21 .2, 19.7, 14.4, 23.7, 24.2 and 30.6 2-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• E58 is a process of preparing a compound of formula lla-2 wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of isopropyl, tert-butyl and neo-pentyl comprising reacting a compound of formula IV with 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid in an appropriate solvent in the presence of an appropriate acid catalyst.
• E59 is the process of E58 wherein R 3 is isopropyl or tert-butyl.
• E60 is the process of
• the compound of Formula III is either 4-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (when R 1 is H) or a compound wherein the carboxyl group has been protected (when R 1 is a carboxyl protecting group).
• Numerous carboxyl protecting groups are known in the art and can be employed for the compounds of Formula III wherein R 1 is a carboxyl protecting group.
• carboxyl protecting groups which can be used for the compound of Formula III include but are not limited to ester protecting groups such as methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, allyl, (2,2- dimethyl)allyl, phenyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyl and trimethylsilyl in addition to supersilyl.
• ester protecting groups such as methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, 2-cyanoethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, allyl, (2,2- dimethyl)allyl, phenyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyl and trimethylsilyl in addition to supersilyl.
• Other equivalent carboxyl protecting groups may also be used, such as use of a thioester (i.e. the C(0)OR 1 moiety could instead be C(0)S(Ci-C6alkyl) or where the entire
• the carboxyl protecting groups can be deprotected by methods known in the art, such as by treatment with acid, base or hydrogenation as appropriate for the specific carboxyl protecting group employed to provide compounds wherein R 1 is H.
• Ortho esters and cyclic orthoester compounds such as those of Formula II used in the instant processes can be prepared according to methods analogous to those as described by E. J. Corey and N. Raju, Tetrahedron Letters, 1983, 24(50), 5571 -5574; P. Wipf et. al. Pure Appl. Chem. 1999, 71 (3), 415-421 ; S. Tange et. al. Synthesis, 2008, 3219-3222; M. Noe et. al. Green Chem. 2013, 15, 2252; European Patent Application
• Preferred compounds prepared by the process of the invention are compounds of Formula I and more particularly those of Formula la, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compound of Formula la 6-Carboxy-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazole or 2-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-1 ,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid, also known by its USAN name tafamidis, bears a carboxylic acid moiety at the 6-position of its benzoxazole ring. This carboxylic acid moiety can readily form salts with suitable bases, such as meglumine, to provide pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula la.
• the processes of this invention include the preparation of compounds of Formula I or la in the form of their respective salts derived from inorganic or organic bases.
• a particular salt of the compound of Formula I or la may be advantageous due to one or more of the salt’s physical properties, such as enhanced pharmaceutical stability in differing temperatures and humidities, or a desirable solubility in water or oil.
• a salt of a compound also may be used as an aid in the isolation, purification, and/or resolution of the compound in the processes of this invention.
• the salt preferably is pharmaceutically acceptable.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt prepared by combining a compound of Formula I or la with a base whose cation, is generally considered suitable for human consumption.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are particularly useful as products of the processes of the present invention because of their greater aqueous solubility relative to the parent compound.
• the salts of the compounds prepared by the processes of this invention are non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts.”
• Salts encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free acid of the compound of Formula I or la with a suitable organic or inorganic base.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include the lighter alkali metal salts, i.e., sodium or potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts, e.g., calcium or magnesium salts; and salts formed with suitable organic ligands, e.g., quaternary ammonium salts.
• base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts, including aluminum, arginine, benzathine, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, meglumine, olamine, tromethamine and zinc salts.
• Organic salts may be made from secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines, such as tromethamine, diethylamine, L/,/V-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (/V-methylglucamine), and procaine.
• secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines such as tromethamine, diethylamine, L/,/V-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (/V-methylglucamine), and procaine.
• Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl (Ci-C 6 ) halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long-chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), arylalkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.
• a preferred salt prepared by the processes of the present invention is the meglumine salt of tafamidis.
• Flermisalts of acids may also be formed by the processes of this invention, for example, hemisulfate and hemicalcium salts of tafamidis.
• salts include ones wherein the counterion is optically active, for example chiral amine bases such as meglumine which is also known as (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(Methylamino)hexane-1 ,2,3,4,5-pentol or N-methyl-D- glucamine.
• chiral amine bases such as meglumine which is also known as (2R,3R,4R,5S)-6-(Methylamino)hexane-1 ,2,3,4,5-pentol or N-methyl-D- glucamine.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formulae I and la may be prepared by one or more of three methods:
• the resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
• the degree of ionization in the resulting salt may vary from completely ionized to almost non- ionized.
• a preferred salt of tafamidis which can be prepared is tafamidis meglumine.
• the compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof prepared by the processes of this invention may exist in both unsolvated and solvated forms.
• solvate is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol.
• hydrate is employed when said solvent is water.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D2O, d6-acetone and d6-DMSO.
• a currently accepted classification system for organic hydrates is one that defines isolated site, channel, or metal-ion coordinated hydrates - see Polymorphism in Pharmaceutical Solids by K.
• Isolated site hydrates are ones in which the water molecules are isolated from direct contact with each other by intervening organic molecules.
• channel hydrates the water molecules lie in lattice channels where they are next to other water molecules.
• metal-ion coordinated hydrates the water molecules are bonded to the metal ion.
• the complex When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When, however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvates and hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will be dependent on humidity and drying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry will be the norm. Also included within the scope of the invention are processes for preparing multi- component complexes (other than salts and solvates) of compounds of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof wherein the drug (i.e. compound of Formula I or la (tafamidis)) and at least one other component are present in stoichiometric or non- stoichiometric amounts.
• the drug i.e. compound of Formula I or la (tafamidis)
• Complexes of this type include clathrates (drug-host inclusion complexes) and co-crystals.
• the latter are typically defined as crystalline complexes of neutral molecular constituents which are bound together through non-covalent interactions, but could also be a complex of a neutral molecule with a salt.
• Co-crystals containing the compound of Formula I may be prepared by melt crystallisation, by recrystallisation from solvents, or by physically grinding the components together - see Chem Commun, 17, 1889-1896, by O. Almarsson and M. J. Zaworotko (2004), incorporated herein by reference.
• the compounds prepared by the processes of the invention may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline.
• amorphous refers to a state in which the material lacks long range order at the molecular level and, depending upon temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Typically such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid.
• a change from solid to liquid properties occurs which is characterized by a change of state, typically second order (‘glass transition’).
• crystalline refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the change from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change, typically first order ('melting point’).
• Preferred forms of the compound of Formula la, tafamidis (free acid), prepared by the processes of this invention include the polymorphic forms as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,770,441 and particularly the Form 1 polymorph of tafamidis free acid as described therein.
• Preferred forms of the compound of Formula la, tafamidis meglumine (the meglumine salt of tafamidis) prepared by the processes of this invention include the polymorphic forms of tafamidis meglumine as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,249,112 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2019/0119226.
• a particularly preferred form of tafamidis meglumine prepared by the processes of this invention is the Form M polymorph as described in U.S. Patent No. 9,249,112.
• Another form of tafamidis meglumine that can be prepared using the processes of the present invention is the Form E polymorph of tafamidis meglumine as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2019/0119226.
• the compounds of Formula I or la prepared by the process of the invention may also exist in a mesomorphic state (mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to suitable conditions.
• the mesomorphic state is intermediate between the true crystalline state and the true liquid state (either melt or solution).
• Mesomorphism arising as the result of a change in temperature is described as ‘thermotropic’ and that resulting from the addition of a second component, such as water or another solvent, is described as ‘lyotropic’.
• BF3-Et20 boron trifluoride etherate
• Step 1 Preparation of (E)-[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-methoxy-methylene]-methyl- phenylammonium; trifluromethane sulfonate
• the reaction mixture was heated to 52 °C and stirred for 12 h then was concentrated by distillation to a volume of 900 ml_.
• the mixture was cooled to 20 °C over a period of 20 minutes and to it was added MTBE (1500 imL, 1113 g) over a period of 60 minutes.
• the mixture was cooled to 0 °C over a period of 30 minutes and stirred at 0 °C for 30 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with MTBE (300 mL, 223 g).
• Step 2 Preparation of 1 ,3-dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)benzene
• a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol 25 weight % in methanol, 364.9 g, 386.1 ml_, 1520 mmol, 1 .5 eq.
• reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes then to it was added AcOH (206.4 imL, 216.3 g, 3.2 eq.) over a period of 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature at ⁇ 5 °C.
• This reaction mixture was then added over a period of 60 minutes to a reactor containing 4M aqueous potassium hydroxide (1317 g, 1126 ml_, 4 eq.) while maintaining the temperature at 20 °C.
• the reaction mixture was then heated and concentrated by distillation to a volume of 1500 ml_.
• the reaction mixture was adjusted to 20 °C and to it was added water (1250 mL) and DCM (1250 mL). Agitation of the mixture was halted and the layers were allowed to separate and then the lower organic layer was collected. To the remaining aqueous layer was added DCM (1250 mL) and the mixture was agitated for 10 minutes, the agitation was halted and the layers allowed to separate and the lower organic layer was collected.
• Step 1 Synthesis of (3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methyl 3,5-dichlorobenzoate To a solution of 3-methyl-3-oxetanemethanol (54.3 g, 0.53 mol) in DCM (400 ml_) at ⁇ 0 °C was added a solution of 3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (111.4 g, 0.53 mol) in DCM (100 ml.) over a period of 45 minutes. The mixture was stirred at -0 °C for 1.5 h then was washed with water (3 x 200 ml_). The organic layer was then concentrated to remove DCM.
• Step 2 Synthesis of 1 -(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2, 6, 7- trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
• Crystalline 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-rmethyl-2, 6, 7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane was evaluated using PXRD and the peak picked spectrum is provided as Fig. 1 .
• the 2-theta values are provided in PXRD Table 1 , below, and are ⁇ 0.2 2-theta.
• the crystalline form of 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane is characterized by PXRD peaks at 21.2 and 19.7 2-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta; 21.2, 19.7 and 14.4 2- theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta; 21.2, 19.7, 14.4 and 23.7 2-theta, each ⁇ 0.2 2-theta; 21.2,
• Step 1 Preparation of 1 ,1 ,1 -Tris(hydroxymethyl)phenylmethane Phenylacetaldehyde (12.4 ml_, 0.11 mol) and Ca(OH)2 (31.5 g, 0.43 mol) were added to a suspension of paraformaldehyde (12.8 g, 0.43 mol) in anhydrous THF (160 ml_). The reaction mixture was stirred at 60-65 °C (bath temperature) for 4 days.
• Batch 1 had m.p. of 139 °C; Batch 2 had m.p. of 138 °C.
• Isolated 2,7,8-trioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (4.27 g) contained about 11 mol-% of open chain by-products (dihydroxybutyl 3,5-dichlorobenzoates). This product was combined with another sample obtained in a similar manner (4.03 g, contamination by open chain benzoates about 7 mol-%) for further purification.
• Isovaleraldehyde (83 g, 1 .0 mol) was added over 0.5 h at RT to a solution of sodium hydroxide (60 g, 1 .5 mol) in water (1200 mL) containing 37% formaldehyde solution (324 g, 4.0 mol). The solution was then stirred at 50-55 °C for 3h and allowed stand overnight at RT. It was filtered away from a small amount (2.7 g) of crystalline solid and the solution was weighed (1725 g). Of this, 15% (259 g) was taken and extracted 4x with DCM (200 mL); the extracts were concentrated to afford 7.0 g of oil which crystallized. The resulting solid was shown by 1 H NMR to be the ether dimer, namely, (2,2'-(oxybis(methylene))bis(2-isopropylpropane-1 ,3-diol)).
• Step 2 Synthesis of 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-isopropyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
• DCBA 3,5-dichlorobenzoic acid
• MSA methanesulfonic acid
• the mixture was refluxed under Dean- Stark for 6 h; 1 .9 g of water was collected (theoretical amount is 3.2 g) and allowed stand overnight
• the mixture was extracted with 10% KOH solution (100 mL and 20 mL) at 60-70 °C, followed by a water wash at the same temperature. Acidification of the aqueous extract, followed by filtration and drying of the resulting white solid gave 8.8 g (53% of the initial) of DCBA.
• Step 2 when Step 2 was carried out using para-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst rather than MSA there was very poor conversion to the desired ortho ester (90% recovery of DCBA and 30% of theoretical amount of water was generated).
• PTSA para-toluene sulfonic acid
• reaction sequence is then carried out in a manner analogous to Preparation 8 to provide the desired 4-(ferf-butyl)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)- 2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
• step 2 of the synthesis in addition to the use of methanesulfonic acid, boron trifluoride etherate may be employed in a similar manner as an alternative acid catalyst.
• reaction mixture became a slurry that was more easily stirred than the slurry obtained in Examples 1 -3.
• HPLC analysis of the reaction mixture indicated 92.36 area% of the desired product.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to cool and was filtered.
• the resulting solids were washed with MeOH (10 ml_) and dried under vacuum (65 °C, ⁇ 50 mbar) to provide 0.831 g (82.7% isolated yield) of the desired product as a pink solid.
• UV detection UV detection; Injection volume: 1 mL; Acquisition time: 12 min with 2 min post acquisition.
• the material obtained from the process was analyzed by 1 H, 13C NMR and by LCMS. The results obtained indicate that the desired product tafamidis was obtained.
• AHBA (0.100 g, 0.653 mmol, 1 .0 eq) was mixed in 1 .50 mL solvent for approximately 1 h and to it was added TFA (12.6 m ⁇ , 0.163 mmol, 0.25 eq) and this mixture was stirred for 10 minutes.
• OE (0.18 g, 0.718 mmol, 1.1 eq) in 0.50 mL solvent was then added to the AHBA mixture.
• the reaction mixture was heated at 60 °C.
• the reaction mixture was sampled at 1 h, 5h and 21 .5 h and analyzed by HPLC using the previously described HPLC Method A and the area % of the desired product tafamidis was determined (see Table 2 below).
• Table 2 Table 2:
• Example 24 Amount of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)-benzene used was 0.260 mL, 1 .31 mmol, 1 .0 eq.
• Example 25 Amount of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)-benzene used was 0.390 mL, 1 .96 mmol, 1 .5 eq.
• Example 26 Amount of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)-benzene used was 0.521 mL, 2.61 mmol, 2.0 eq.
• Example 27 Amount of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trimethoxymethyl)-benzene used was 1 .30 mL, 6.52 mmol, 5.0 eq.
• Example 28 Amount of 1 ,3-Dichloro-5-(trirmethoxymethyl)-benzene used was 2.60 mL, 13.1 mmol, 10.0 eq. Results for Examples 24-28 are provided in Table 3 below.
• Examples 29-33 proceeded quickly with precipitate forming while reaction mixtures were warming, eventually resulting in reaction mixtures which became unstirrable slurries.
• the reactions of Examples 29 and 30 initially proceeded at a slower rate than Examples 31 -33 but went essentially to completion whereas the reactions of Examples 31 -33 initially had a faster reaction rate than Examples 29-30 but Examples 31 -33 all had unreacted AHBA present at 21 .25 h.
• the reaction mixture was sampled at 1 h, 6 h and as specified in Table 5 and analyzed by HPLC Method A and the area % of the desired product tafamidis was determined (see Table 5 below).
• the reaction mixtures from Examples 34-39 and 42-43 were filtered after 24.25 h and the solids were washed with MeOH (3 mL) and dried under vacuum (65 °C, ⁇ 50 mbar) to provide tafamidis as a pink solid (yield is provided in Table 5).
• Example 34 Acid: TFA, 0.0075 mL, 0.098 mmol, 10 mol%.
• Example 35 Acid: TFA, 0.0188 mL, 0.246 mmol, 25 mol%.
• Example 36 Acid: HCI in water (12.2 M) 0.0080 mL, 0.098 mmol, 10 rmol%.
• Example 37 Acid: HCI in water (12.2 M) 0.0201 mL, 0.245 mmol, 25 mol%.
• Example 38 Acid: HCI in MeOH (1 .0 M) 0.098 mL, 0.098 mmol, 10 mol%.
• Example 39 Acid: HCI in MeOH (1 .0 M) 0.24 mL, 0.24 mmol, 25 mol%.
• Example 40 Acid: AcOH, 0.0056 mL, 0.098 mmol, 10 mol%.
• Example 41 Acid: AcOH, 0.0140 mL, 0.244 mmol, 25 mol%.
• Example 42 Acid: MsOH, 0.0064 mL, 0.098 mmol, 10 mol%.
• Example 43 Acid: MsOH, 0.0161 mL, 0.246 mmol, 25 mol%.
• Example 44 Base: TEA, 0.102 mL, 0.732 mmol, 75 mol%.
• Example 46 Base: TEA, 0.171 mL, 1 .23 mmol, 125 mol%.
• Example 47 no acid or base added.
• Example 50 3.20 mL of IPA was added to AHBA (0.200 g, 1 .31 mmol, 1 .0 eq.) followed by addition of 0.80 mL of the TFA in IPA solution (0.065 mmol, 5 mol%) prepared above.
• Example 51 4.0 mL of the TFA in IPA solution (0.327 mmol, 25 mol%) was added to AHBA (0.200 g, 1 .31 mmol, 1 .0 eq.).
• Example 51 the reaction mixture was filtered and the solids were washed with IPA (4 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven (65 °C, ⁇ 50 mbar) overnight to provide the desired product tafamidis (0.298 g, 74.1% yield) as a slightly pink solid.
• 1 H NMR and HPLC of the solid obtained from the reaction are consistent for tafamidis.
• the resulting solid is collected by filtration and is rinsed with IPA that is used to wash the reaction vessel (2 x 4 ml_).
• the resulting solid is dried under vacuum (50 mbar) at 60 °C for 12 h to provide tafamidis.
• 1 H NMR, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS is compared to a tafamidis standard sample.

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