WO2020107672A1 - 一种硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法、锂离子电池负极 - Google Patents
一种硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法、锂离子电池负极 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the technical field of lithium ion battery materials, and in particular relates to a silicon-based composite negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof, and a lithium ion battery negative electrode.
- lithium ion battery anode materials mainly use graphite anode materials, but their theoretical specific capacity is only 372mAh/g, which cannot meet the future development requirements of higher specific energy and high power density lithium ion batteries. Therefore, it is an important development direction to find high-capacity anode materials that replace carbon. Due to the highest lithium storage capacity (theoretical specific capacity 4200mAh/g) and abundant resources, silicon materials are considered to have the most potential to become the next-generation lithium ion battery anode materials. However, due to the structural damage and powdering of the silicon material caused by the large volume change during the intercalation/delithiation process, the electrode structure will be destroyed and the silicon active components will lose electrical contact. In addition, the pulverization of the material and the huge volume change will cause the continuous generation of SEI film, which leads to poor electrochemical cycling stability of the battery and hinders the large-scale application of silicon material as the negative electrode material of lithium ion batteries.
- the internal porosity of this structure is too large. Although it is beneficial to improve the cycle stability of the material, the material is not pressure-resistant and the strength of the coating is low. After many cycles, the coating cracks, and the electrolyte is still continuously consumed to form SEI Membrane, which in turn reduces the cycle life of the battery. In addition, poor electron and lithium ion transmission performance of the negative electrode material will also affect the rate performance of the material. Therefore, in order to meet the requirements of the new generation of high specific energy lithium ion batteries for energy density, cycle life and rate characteristics, it is necessary to simultaneously increase the capacity, tap density and rate performance of silicon carbon anode materials, while reducing the consumption of electrolyte during the cycle To establish a stable solid/liquid interface.
- Patent document CN108258230A discloses a hollow-structure silicon-carbon anode material for lithium ion batteries.
- the interior of the anode material has a hollow structure, and the wall layer of the anode material includes an inner wall and an outer wall.
- the inner wall is homogeneously compounded by nano-silicon and a low-residual carbon source Formed, the outer wall is a carbon coating layer formed by an organic cracked carbon source; in this structure, the low residual carbon source of the inner wall has a low degree of graphitization and poor conductivity, which will inevitably affect the rate characteristics of the material; with the volume expansion of silicon, silicon is easy to lose electricity
- the contact affects the cycle stability of the material; the outermost carbon coating has a low strength, and it is prone to cracking under multiple cycle charge and discharge or high-pressure compact design conditions, and cannot form a stable SEI film.
- Patent document CN103682287A discloses a high-density silicon-based composite negative electrode material of a lithium ion battery with a composite core-shell structure embedded therein.
- the invention uses mechanical grinding, mechanical fusion, isotropic pressurization treatment and carbon coating technology.
- the combined way realizes the preparation of silicon carbon composite material.
- the process of preparing hollow graphite by mechanical grinding is too ideal. The actual process is likely to cause graphite to break rather than hollow; the crushing process after homosexual pressure and high-temperature carbonization can easily cause damage to the surface coating layer and cannot achieve the ideal.
- the core-shell structure is large; the volume expansion of the particles is large, the strength of the carbon coating is low, and cracks occur during the cycle, and a stable SEI film cannot be formed.
- the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: in view of the problem that the existing shell-core silicon-based negative electrode material has a low coating strength and cannot form a stable SEI film, a silicon-based composite negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof, lithium ion are provided Battery negative.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a silicon-based composite negative electrode material, including a core, a first shell layer, and a second shell layer, the first shell layer covering the core, so The second shell layer covers the first shell layer;
- the inner core includes silicon carbon composite material
- the first shell layer includes an amorphous carbon layer
- the second shell layer includes a conductive polymer layer.
- the silicon-based composite anode material includes the following weight components:
- the core is 21.5 to 145 copies
- the first shell is 1 to 25 copies
- the second shell is 0.5 to 20 copies.
- the silicon-carbon composite material includes nano-silicon, nano-conductive carbon, and graphite.
- the silicon-carbon composite material includes the following weight components:
- a surface oxide layer SiO X with a thickness ⁇ 3 nm is formed on the surface of the nano-silicon, where 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2.
- the nano-conductive carbon includes one or more of carbon black, graphitized carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, and graphene.
- the particle size of the nano silicon is 10-300 nm.
- the graphite includes one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, and mesophase carbon microsphere graphite.
- the amorphous carbon layer is a soft carbon coating layer or a hard carbon coating layer with a thickness ⁇ 3 ⁇ m.
- the conductive polymer layer includes polyaniline, PEDOT: PSS, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly 3-hexylthiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polypyridine, polyphenylene vinylene, and the above conductive polymer One or more of the derivatives of the substance.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer layer is ⁇ 3 ⁇ m.
- the embodiments of the present invention provide a method for preparing the silicon-based composite anode material as described above, including the following steps:
- the asphalt is evenly coated on the surface of the silicon carbon composite material
- the asphalt is subjected to high-temperature carbonization treatment to form an amorphous carbon layer on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material;
- a conductive polymer is coated on the outer surface of the amorphous carbon layer to obtain a conductive polymer layer, and a silicon-based composite negative electrode material is obtained.
- the method for preparing the silicon-carbon composite material includes:
- the grinding medium used in the liquid-phase ball milling process is a zirconia ball with a diameter of 0.05-1 mm, the mass ratio of the ball material is 2:1-20:1, the rotation speed is 200-1500 rpm, and the ball milling time is 1-12 hours , The material temperature is 25-35 °C.
- the drying granulation method is spray drying or vacuum drying.
- the operation "evenly covering the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material with asphalt” includes:
- the silicon-carbon composite material and asphalt are hot-kneaded and hot rolled, and then crushed into powder materials after cooling, and then the powder materials are isostatically pressed to obtain a block green body, which is crushed and sieved, and then passed through the machine After the fusion treatment, the siliconized carbon particles with spherical surface covered with asphalt are obtained.
- the temperature of the hot kneading is 100-300°C, and the time is more than 1h;
- the temperature of the hot rolling is 100-300°C;
- the pressure of the isostatic pressing is 150-300MPa, and the time is more than 5min;
- the linear speed of the mechanical fusion is 20-60m/s, and the time is 5-60min.
- the pitch is coal pitch or petroleum pitch with a softening temperature above 70°C.
- the high-temperature carbonization is performed under an inert atmosphere, the carbonization temperature is 700-1100° C., and the carbonization time is more than 1 h.
- the method of coating the conductive polymer is in-situ polymerization, conductive polymer liquid-phase coating or conductive polymer mechanical fusion coating.
- an embodiment of the present invention provides a negative electrode for a lithium ion battery, including the silicon-based composite negative electrode material as described above.
- a first shell layer and a second shell layer are formed on the outer layer of the core of the silicon-carbon composite material, and the first shell layer includes an amorphous carbon layer, and the second shell
- the layer includes a conductive polymer layer, in which the amorphous carbon layer can improve the conductivity, restrain the volume expansion of the inner core, and at the same time feel isotropic, improve the uniformity of lithium insertion; the conductive polymer layer can conduct electrons and lithium ions At the same time, it has good toughness.
- the cladding structure improves the strength and toughness of the cladding layer, which can not only restrain the volume expansion of the inner core, but also help to build a stable solid-liquid interface and form a stable SEI film, thereby improving the cycle stability and rate performance of lithium ion batteries.
- An embodiment of the present invention provides a silicon-based composite negative electrode material including a core, a first shell layer, and a second shell layer, the first shell layer covers the core, and the second shell layer covers the First shell
- the inner core includes silicon carbon composite material
- the first shell layer includes an amorphous carbon layer
- the second shell layer includes a conductive polymer layer.
- the amorphous carbon layer can improve conductivity, restrain the volume expansion of the core, and feel isotropic, improve the uniformity of lithium insertion;
- the conductive polymer layer can conduct electrons and lithium ions, and has good toughness , Avoiding the cracking of the amorphous carbon layer during charging and discharging, which is conducive to the formation of a stable SEI film, thereby improving the material's cycle stability;
- the double-layer coating structure formed of amorphous carbon and conductive polymer enhances the coating layer
- the strength and toughness can not only restrain the volume expansion of the inner core, but also help to build a stable solid-liquid interface and form a stable SEI film, thereby improving the cycle stability of lithium ion batteries.
- the silicon-based composite anode material includes the following weight components:
- the core is 21.5 to 145 copies
- the first shell is 1 to 25 copies
- the second shell is 0.5 to 20 copies.
- the silicon-carbon composite material plays a role of deintercalating lithium ions during the charging and discharging process of the lithium-ion battery.
- Various existing silicon-carbon composite materials can be used. In order to achieve better electrical performance, the existing silicon-carbon composite material The composite material has been improved.
- Some embodiments of the present invention provide a silicon-carbon composite material, which includes nano-silicon, nano-conductive carbon, and graphite.
- the silicon-carbon composite material provided in this embodiment uses nano-scale silicon materials to avoid powdering and loss of electrical contact during charging and discharging; graphite is used as a skeleton material to achieve uniform dispersion of nano-silicon and avoid nano-silicon At the same time, graphite sintering phenomenon is also an active material, which provides lithium storage capacity; by adding nano-conducting carbon to build a flexible three-dimensional conductive network and a lithium ion rapid transmission network, the core electron and lithium ion conduction rates are improved, and the rate of the material is improved Characteristics, to avoid loss of electrical contact with the internal nano-silicon.
- a surface oxide layer SiO X with a thickness of ⁇ 3 nm is formed on the surface of the nano-silicon, where 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2.
- the nano-conductive carbon includes one or more of carbon black, graphitized carbon black, carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber, and graphene.
- the particle size of the nano-silicon is 10-300 nm.
- the particle size of the nano-silicon is 30-100 nm.
- the graphite includes one or more of natural graphite, artificial graphite, and mesophase carbon microsphere graphite.
- the amorphous carbon layer is a soft carbon coating layer or a hard carbon coating layer with a thickness ⁇ 3 ⁇ m.
- the conductive polymer layer includes polyaniline, PEDOT: PSS (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate), polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly3- One or more of hexylthiophene, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polypyridine, polyphenylene vinylene, and derivatives of the above conductive polymers.
- PEDOT PSS (poly 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene: polystyrene sulfonate)
- polyacetylene polypyrrole
- polythiophene poly3- One or more of hexylthiophene
- polyparaphenylene vinylene polypyridine
- polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives of the above conductive polymers.
- the thickness of the conductive polymer layer is ⁇ 3 ⁇ m.
- Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for preparing the silicon-based composite anode material described above, including the following steps:
- the asphalt is evenly coated on the surface of the silicon carbon composite material
- the asphalt is subjected to high-temperature carbonization treatment to form an amorphous carbon layer on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material;
- a conductive polymer is coated on the outer surface of the amorphous carbon layer to obtain a conductive polymer layer, and a silicon-based composite negative electrode material is obtained.
- the preparation method is low in cost, simple, and easy to scale up industrially, which is beneficial to the large-scale application of silicon-based composite negative electrode materials, and the silicon-based composite negative electrode materials prepared by the above preparation method have high sphericity, controllable particle size distribution, and are easy to achieve. High compaction density.
- the method for preparing the silicon-carbon composite material includes:
- the grinding medium used in the liquid-phase ball milling process is a zirconia ball with a diameter of 0.05-1 mm, the mass ratio of the ball material is 2:1-20:1, the rotation speed is 200-1500 rpm, and the ball milling time is 1- 12 hours, the material temperature is 25-35 °C.
- the drying granulation method is spray drying or vacuum drying.
- the operation "uniformly coat asphalt on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite material” includes:
- the silicon-carbon composite material and asphalt are hot-kneaded and hot rolled, and then crushed into powder materials after cooling, and then the powder materials are isostatically pressed to obtain a block green body, which is crushed and sieved, and then passed through the machine After the fusion treatment, the spherical silicon-carbon composite particles coated with asphalt are obtained.
- This method can ensure that the asphalt is evenly distributed on the surface of the silicon-carbon composite particles, ensure the coating effect, and realize the spherical and various directions of the particles.
- Isotropic and isotropic cladding structure can improve the consistency of lithium intercalation process and reduce the occurrence of polarization and lithium precipitation during charging and discharging.
- the temperature of the hot kneading is 100-300° C., and the time is more than 1 h, preferably 2 h.
- the temperature of the hot rolling is 100-300°C, preferably 120-250°C.
- the pressure of the isostatic pressing is 150-300MPa, and the time is more than 5min;
- the linear speed of the mechanical fusion is 20-60 m/s, and the time is 5-60 min, preferably 15-30 min.
- the pitch is coal pitch or petroleum pitch with a softening temperature above 70°C.
- the high-temperature carbonization is performed under an inert atmosphere, the carbonization temperature is 700-1100° C., and the carbonization time is more than 1 h, preferably 3 h.
- the method of coating the conductive polymer is in-situ polymerization, liquid phase coating of the conductive polymer, or mechanical fusion coating of the conductive polymer.
- This embodiment is used to explain the silicon-based composite negative electrode material disclosed in the present invention and the preparation method thereof, including the following operation steps:
- This embodiment is used to explain the silicon-based composite negative electrode material disclosed in the present invention and the preparation method thereof, including the following operation steps:
- This embodiment is used to explain the silicon-based composite negative electrode material disclosed in the present invention and the preparation method thereof, including the following operation steps:
- This embodiment is used to explain the silicon-based composite negative electrode material disclosed in the present invention and the preparation method thereof, including the following operation steps:
- This embodiment is used to explain the silicon-based composite negative electrode material disclosed in the present invention and the preparation method thereof, including the following operation steps:
- the silicon-based composite negative electrode material is not coated with a conductive polymer.
- the silicon-based composite negative electrode material has not been subjected to asphalt coating and carbonization treatment, and no amorphous carbon coating has been formed.
- the silicon-based composite negative electrode materials prepared in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-2 are prepared by the following methods and the electrochemical performance of the test materials is shown in Table 1.
- the silicon-based composite negative electrode material, the conductive agent and the binder are dissolved in the solvent at a mass ratio of 86:6:8, and the solid content is 30%.
- the binder adopts a 1:1 carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC, 2wt% CMC aqueous solution) styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR, 50wt% SBR aqueous solution) composite water-based binder. After sufficient stirring, a homogeneous slurry is obtained. Coated on 10 ⁇ m copper foil, dried at room temperature for 4 hours, punched into a pole piece with a 14 mm diameter punch, pressed under a pressure of 100 kg/cm -2 , and placed in a 120° C. vacuum oven for 8 hours.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the core material nano-silicon/nano-conducting carbon/graphite composite particles provided by the present invention also have better electrical properties, which is beneficial to the improvement of the reversible capacity of the battery.
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Abstract
本发明属于锂离子电池材料技术领域,具体提供了一种硅基复合负极材料,包括内核、第一壳层和第二壳层,所述第一壳层包覆所述内核,所述第二壳层包覆所述第一壳层;所述内核包括硅碳复合材料;所述第一壳层包括无定形碳层;所述第二壳层包括导电聚合物层。同时,本发明还公开了上述硅基复合负极材料的制备方法和包括上述硅基复合负极材料的锂离子电池。本发明提供的硅基复合负极材料能够有效约束内核的体积膨胀,构建稳定的固液界面,形成稳定的SEI膜,提高锂离子电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能。
Description
本发明属于锂离子电池材料技术领域,具体涉及一种硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法、锂离子电池负极。
当前,商业化的锂离子电池负极材料主要采用石墨类负极材料,但其理论比容量仅为372mAh/g,无法满足未来更高比能量及高功率密度锂离子电池发展的要求。因此,寻找替代碳的高比容量负极材料成为一个重要的发展方向。由于具有最高的储锂容量(理论比容量4200mAh/g)和丰富的资源,硅材料被认为最有潜力有望成为下一代锂离子电池负极材料。然而,由于在嵌/脱锂过程中较大的体积变化带来的硅材料结构破坏和材料粉化,会导致电极结构破坏,造成硅活性组分丧失电接触。此外材料的粉化和巨大的体积变化,会造成SEI膜的不断生成,从而导致电池的电化学循环稳定性较差,阻碍了硅材料作为锂离子电池负极材料的规模化应用。
为解决硅负极材料在应用中存在的问题,目前研究者们主要通过硅的纳米化手段来减小硅的绝对体积膨胀,避免材料粉化。但单纯的纳米化无法解决纳米硅在循环过程中的“电化学烧结”和加剧的副反应造成的SEI膜不断生成的问题。因此必须采用纳米化和复合化相结合的手段,通过构筑多元多层次复合材料的方法来解决硅在实际应用中存在的各种问题。目前报道的大部分硅碳负极材料大多为表面包覆处理的核壳结构,内核为疏松多孔的结构,多孔结构通过提供硅膨胀需要的空间来维持内核的形貌。然而这种结构内部孔隙率过大,虽然有利于改善材料的循环稳定性,但材料不耐压,包覆层强度低,多次循环后包覆层开裂,仍然会不断消耗电解液来形成SEI膜,进而降低了电池的循环寿命。此外,负极材料的电子及锂离子传输性能不佳,也会影响材料倍率性能。因此,为满足新一代高比能锂离子电池对能量密度、循环寿命和倍率特性的要求,必须同时提高硅碳负极材料的容量、振实密度和倍率性能,同时减少循环过程中电解液的消耗,建立稳定的固/液界面。
专利文献CN108258230A公开了一种锂离子电池用中空结构硅碳负极材料,负极材料的内部为中空结构,并且负极材料的壁层包括内壁和外壁,内壁由纳米硅和低残碳碳源均相复合形成,外壁为有机裂解碳源形成的碳包覆层;该结构中,内壁的低残碳碳源石墨化程度低,导电性差,势必影响材料的倍率特性;伴随硅的体积膨胀硅容易丧失电接触,影响了材料的循环稳定性;最外层的碳包覆层强度较低,在多次循环充放电或极片高压实设计条件下容易发生破裂,无法形成稳定的SEI膜。
专利文献CN103682287A公开了一种内嵌复合核-壳结构的高压实密度的锂离子电池硅基复合负极材料,该发明采用机械研磨、机械融合、各向同性加压处理与碳包覆技术相结合的方式实现了硅碳复合材料的制备。其中提及的机械研磨制备空心化石墨的过程过于理想,实际过程容易造成石墨破碎而非空心化;同性加压和高温碳化后再进行破碎处理很容易造成表面包覆层的破坏,无法达到理想的核壳结构;颗粒体积膨胀大,碳包覆层强度低,循环过程中会发生破裂,无法形成稳定的SEI膜。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是:针对现有壳核型硅基负极材料存在包覆层强度低、无法形成稳定SEI膜的问题,提供了一种硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法、锂离子电池负极。
为解决上述的技术问题,一方面,本发明实施例提供了一种硅基复合负极材料,包括内核、第一壳层和第二壳层,所述第一壳层包覆所述内核,所述第二壳层包覆所述第一壳层;
所述内核包括硅碳复合材料;
所述第一壳层包括无定形碳层;
所述第二壳层包括导电聚合物层。
可选的,所述硅基复合负极材料包括以下重量组分:
内核21.5~145份,第一壳层1~25份,第二壳层0.5~20份。
可选的,所述硅碳复合材料包括纳米硅、纳米导电碳和石墨。
可选的,所述硅碳复合材料包括以下重量组分:
纳米硅1~50份,纳米导电碳0.5~15份,石墨20~80份。
可选的,所述纳米硅的表面形成有厚度≤3nm的表面氧化层SiO
X,其中0 <X≤2。
可选的,所述纳米导电碳包括炭黑、石墨化炭黑、碳纳米管、碳纤维和石墨烯中的一种或多种。
可选的,所述纳米硅的粒径为10-300nm。
可选的,所述石墨包括天然石墨、人造石墨、中间相碳微球石墨的一种或多种。
可选的,所述无定形碳层为厚度≤3μm的软碳包覆层或硬碳包覆层。
可选的,所述导电聚合物层包括聚苯胺、PEDOT:PSS、聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚噻吩,聚3-己基噻吩、聚对苯撑乙烯、聚吡啶、聚苯亚乙烯及上述导电聚合物的衍生物中的一种或多种。
可选的,所述导电聚合物层的厚度≤3μm。
另一方面,本发明实施例提供了如上所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面;
将沥青经高温碳化处理,在硅碳复合材料表面形成无定形碳层;
在无定型碳层的外表面包覆导电聚合物得到导电聚合物层,得到硅基复合负极材料。
可选的,所述硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括:
将纳米硅分散于溶剂中,通过液相球磨得到纳米硅分散液,然后加入石墨和纳米导电碳,通过液相球磨均匀混合,将所得浆料干燥造粒得到硅碳复合材料。
可选的,所述液相球磨过程使用的研磨介质为直径0.05-1mm的氧化锆球,球料质量比为2∶1-20∶1,转速为200-1500rpm,球磨时间为1-12小时,物料温度为25-35℃。
可选的,所述干燥造粒的方式为喷雾干燥或真空干燥。
可选的,所述操作“将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面”包括:
将硅碳复合材料与沥青热混捏后进行热辊压,冷却后破碎成粉体材料,再将粉体材料等静压成型得到块状生坯,将块状生坯破碎过筛,再经过机械融合处理后得到球形化的表面包覆有沥青的硅碳复合材料颗粒。
可选的,所述热混捏的温度为100~300℃,时间为1h以上;
所述热辊压的温度为100~300℃;
所述等静压成型的压力为150~300MPa,时间为5min以上;
所述机械融合的线速度为20~60m/s,时间为5~60min。
可选的,所述沥青为软化温度70℃以上的煤沥青或石油沥青。
可选的,所述高温碳化在惰性气氛下进行,碳化的温度为700~1100℃,碳化时间为1h以上。
可选的,包覆导电聚合物的方式为原位聚合、导电聚合物液相包覆或导电聚合物机械融合包覆。
另一方面,本发明实施例提供了一种锂离子电池负极,包括如上所述的硅基复合负极材料。
根据本发明提供的硅基复合负极材料,在硅碳复合材料内核的外层形成了第一壳层和第二壳层,且所述第一壳层包括无定形碳层,所述第二壳层包括导电聚合物层,其中,无定形碳层可以提升导电性,约束内核的体积膨胀,同时觉有各向同性的特点,改善嵌锂的均匀性;导电聚合物层可以传导电子和锂离子,同时具有较好的韧性,充放电过程中避免无定形碳层开裂的现象,有利于形成稳定的SEI膜,进而提升材料的循环稳定性;由无定形碳和导电聚合物形成的双层包覆结构提升了包覆层的强度和韧性,既可以约束内核的体积膨胀,同时又有利于构建稳定的固液界面,形成稳定的SEI膜,从而提高锂离子电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能。
为了使本发明所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白,以下结合实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
本发明一实施例提供了一种硅基复合负极材料,包括内核、第一壳层和第二壳层,所述第一壳层包覆所述内核,所述第二壳层包覆所述第一壳层;
所述内核包括硅碳复合材料;
所述第一壳层包括无定形碳层;
所述第二壳层包括导电聚合物层。
其中,无定形碳层可以提升导电性,约束内核的体积膨胀,同时觉有各向同性的特点,改善嵌锂的均匀性;导电聚合物层可以传导电子和锂离子,同时具有较好的韧性,充放电过程中避免无定形碳层开裂的现象,有利于形成稳定 的SEI膜,进而提升材料的循环稳定性;由无定形碳和导电聚合物形成的双层包覆结构提升了包覆层的强度和韧性,既可以约束内核的体积膨胀,同时又有利于构建稳定的固液界面,形成稳定的SEI膜,从而提高锂离子电池的循环稳定性。
在一些实施例中,所述硅基复合负极材料包括以下重量组分:
内核21.5~145份,第一壳层1~25份,第二壳层0.5~20份。
所述硅碳复合材料在锂离子电池充放电的过程中起到脱嵌锂离子的作用,可采用现有的各种硅碳复合材料,为了达到更好的电性能效果,对现有硅碳复合材料进行了改进,本发明的一些实施例提供了一种硅碳复合材料,所述硅碳复合材料包括纳米硅、纳米导电碳和石墨。
本实施例提供的硅碳复合材料中采用了纳米尺度的硅材料,避免了充放电过程中材料的粉化和丧失电接触;以石墨为骨架材料,实现纳米硅的均匀分散和避免了纳米硅的电化学烧结现象,同时石墨材料也是活性材料,提供储锂容量;通过加入纳米导电碳构筑柔性三维导电网络和锂离子快速传输网络,提升内核的电子及锂离子的传导速率,改善材料的倍率特性,避免内部纳米硅丧失电接触。
在一些实施例中,所述纳米硅的表面形成有厚度≤3nm的表面氧化层SiO
X,其中0<X≤2。
在一些实施例中,所述纳米导电碳包括炭黑、石墨化炭黑、碳纳米管、碳纤维和石墨烯中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述纳米硅的粒径为10-300nm。
在更优选的实施例中,所述纳米硅的粒径为30-100nm。
在一些实施例中,所述石墨包括天然石墨、人造石墨、中间相碳微球石墨的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述无定形碳层为厚度≤3μm的软碳包覆层或硬碳包覆层。
在一些实施例中,所述导电聚合物层包括聚苯胺、PEDOT:PSS(聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩:聚苯乙烯磺酸盐)、聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚噻吩,聚3-己基噻吩、聚对苯撑乙烯、聚吡啶、聚苯亚乙烯及上述导电聚合物的衍生物中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中,所述导电聚合物层的厚度≤3μm。
本发明另一实施例提供了如上所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面;
将沥青经高温碳化处理,在硅碳复合材料表面形成无定形碳层;
在无定型碳层的外表面包覆导电聚合物得到导电聚合物层,得到硅基复合负极材料。
该制备方法成本低、简单、易于工业化放大,有利于硅基复合负极材料的大规模应用,且通过上述制备方法制备得到的硅基复合负极材料球形度高,粒径分布可控,容易实现较高的压实密度。
在一些实施例中,所述硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括:
将纳米硅分散于溶剂中,通过液相球磨得到纳米硅分散液,然后加入石墨和纳米导电碳,通过液相球磨均匀混合,将所得浆料干燥造粒得到硅碳复合材料。
在一些实施例中,所述液相球磨过程使用的研磨介质为直径0.05-1mm的氧化锆球,球料质量比为2∶1-20∶1,转速为200-1500rpm,球磨时间为1-12小时,物料温度为25-35℃。
在一些实施例中,所述干燥造粒的方式为喷雾干燥或真空干燥。
在一些实施例中,所述操作“将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面”包括:
将硅碳复合材料与沥青热混捏后进行热辊压,冷却后破碎成粉体材料,再将粉体材料等静压成型得到块状生坯,将块状生坯破碎过筛,再经过机械融合处理后得到球形化的表面包覆有沥青的硅碳复合材料颗粒,该种方式能够保证沥青均匀地分布于硅碳复合材料颗粒的表面,保证包覆效果,实现颗粒的球形化和各向同性,各向同性的包覆结构能够提升嵌锂过程的一致性,降低了充放电过程中极化现象和析锂现象的发生。
在一些实施例中,所述热混捏的温度为100~300℃,时间为1h以上,优选为2h。
所述热辊压的温度为100~300℃,优选为120~250℃。
需要说明的是,在前期进行热混捏和热辊压的时候,若温度过低,则沥青的粘度过低,难以形成较好的混合包覆效果,若温度过高,则容易导致沥青的提前碳化,不利于后续无定型碳层的形成。
所述等静压成型的压力为150~300MPa,时间为5min以上;
所述机械融合的线速度为20~60m/s,时间为5~60min,优选为15~30min。
在一些实施例中,所述沥青为软化温度70℃以上的煤沥青或石油沥青。
在一些实施例中,所述高温碳化在惰性气氛下进行,碳化的温度为700~1100℃,碳化时间为1h以上,优选为3h。
在一些实施例中,包覆导电聚合物的方式为原位聚合、导电聚合物液相包覆或导电聚合物机械融合包覆。
以下通过实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
实施例1
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
取2kg中值粒径为100nm的纳米硅粉加入到18kg乙醇溶剂中,超声分散30min后,倒入超细球磨机腔体中。采用直径为0.6mm的氧化锆球为球磨介质,球料比(质量比)为6:1,在800rpm的转速下球磨分散2小时,得到纳米硅分散液。向纳米硅分散液中加入100g碳纳米管,800rpm的转速下球磨分散1小时。再加入6.4kg片状石墨,800rpm转速下球磨分散1小时后得到均匀的混合浆料。对混合浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到粉状的内核材料纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨复合颗粒。
取2kg上述喷雾干燥所得粉状内核材料和1kg改质沥青,在170℃温度下热混捏2h;将混捏产物在190℃下热辊压处理,制成约3mm厚度的胶皮状,冷却后破碎成粉体材料;再将粉体材料放入橡胶包套中,在等静压机中150MPa压强下等静压成型10分钟,得到块状生坯;然后将块状生坯破碎过筛后,放入机械融合机中在45m/s的线速度下机械融合10min,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+沥青复合颗粒;在惰性气氛保护下1050℃煅烧3小时;经打散和筛分后得到硅含量约20%的纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料。
将200g上述纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料加入到1L升1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌分散30min。然后在室温下加入20g苯胺,继续搅拌30分钟。然后将1L含有56g过硫酸铵的1mol/L的盐酸溶液滴加到上述混合液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌4小时。然后将混合液过滤、洗涤、80℃温度下真空干燥后,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳+导电聚合物的硅基复合负 极材料。
实施例2
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
取2kg中值粒径为100nm的纳米硅粉加入到18kg乙醇溶剂中,超声分散30min后,倒入超细球磨机腔体中。采用直径为0.6mm的氧化锆球为球磨介质,球料比(质量比)为6:1,在800rpm的转速下球磨分散2小时,得到纳米硅分散液。向纳米硅分散液中加入100g碳纳米管,800rpm的转速下球磨分散1小时。再加入6.4kg片状石墨,800rpm转速下球磨分散1小时后得到均匀的混合浆料。对混合浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到粉状的内核材料纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨复合颗粒。
取2kg上述喷雾干燥所得粉状内核材料和1kg改质沥青,在170℃温度下热混捏2h;将混捏产物在190℃下热辊压处理,制成约3mm厚度的胶皮状,冷却后破碎成粉体材料;再将粉体材料放入橡胶包套中,在等静压机中150MPa压强下等静压成型10分钟,得到块状生坯;然后将块状生坯破碎过筛后,放入机械融合机中在45m/s的线速度下机械融合10min,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+沥青复合颗粒;在惰性气氛保护下1050℃煅烧3小时;经打散和筛分后得到硅含量约20%的纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料。
将200g上述纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料加入到1L升1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌分散30min。然后在室温下加入50g吡咯,继续搅拌30分钟。然后将1L含有60g三氯化铁的1mol/L的盐酸溶液滴加到上述混合液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌4小时。然后将混合液过滤、洗涤、80℃温度下真空干燥后,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳+导电聚合物的硅基复合负极材料。
实施例3
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
取2kg中值粒径为100nm的纳米硅粉加入到18kg乙醇溶剂中,超声分散30min后,倒入超细球磨机腔体中。采用直径为0.6mm的氧化锆球为球磨介质, 球料比(质量比)为6:1,在800rpm的转速下球磨分散2小时,得到纳米硅分散液。向纳米硅分散液中加入100g导电炭黑,800rpm的转速下球磨分散1小时。再加入6.4kg片状石墨,800rpm转速下球磨分散1小时后得到均匀的混合浆料。对混合浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到粉状的内核材料纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨复合颗粒。
取2kg上述喷雾干燥所得粉状内核材料和1kg改质沥青,在170℃温度下热混捏2h;将混捏产物在190℃下热辊压处理,制成约3mm厚度的胶皮状,冷却后破碎成粉体材料;再将粉体材料放入橡胶包套中,在等静压机中150MPa压强下等静压成型10分钟,得到块状生坯;然后将块状生坯破碎过筛后,放入机械融合机中在45m/s的线速度下机械融合10min,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+沥青复合颗粒;在惰性气氛保护下1050℃煅烧3小时;经打散和筛分后得到硅含量约20%的纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料。
将200g上述纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料加入到1L升1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌分散30min。然后在室温下加入20g苯胺,继续搅拌30分钟。然后将1L含有56g过硫酸铵的1mol/L的盐酸溶液滴加到上述混合液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌4小时。然后将混合液过滤、洗涤、80℃温度下真空干燥后,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳+导电聚合物的硅基复合负极材料。
实施例4
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
取2kg中值粒径为100nm的纳米硅粉加入到18kg乙醇溶剂中,超声分散30min后,倒入超细球磨机腔体中。采用直径为0.6mm的氧化锆球为球磨介质,球料比(质量比)为6:1,在800rpm的转速下球磨分散2小时,得到纳米硅分散液。向纳米硅分散液中加入50g碳纳米管和10g石墨烯,800rpm的转速下球磨分散1小时。再加入6.4kg片状石墨,800rpm转速下球磨分散1小时后得到均匀的混合浆料。对混合浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到粉状的内核材料纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨复合颗粒。
取2kg上述喷雾干燥所得粉状内核材料和1kg改质沥青,在170℃温度下热混捏2h;将混捏产物在190℃下热辊压处理,制成约3mm厚度的胶皮状,冷 却后破碎成粉体材料;再将粉体材料放入橡胶包套中,在等静压机中150MPa压强下等静压成型10分钟,得到块状生坯;然后将块状生坯破碎过筛后,放入机械融合机中在45m/s的线速度下机械融合10min,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+沥青复合颗粒;在惰性气氛保护下1050℃煅烧3小时;经打散和筛分后得到硅含量约20%的纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料。
将200g上述纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳复合材料加入到1L升1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌分散30min。然后在室温下加入20g苯胺,继续搅拌30分钟。然后将1L含有56g过硫酸铵的1mol/L的盐酸溶液滴加到上述混合液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌4小时。然后将混合液过滤、洗涤、80℃温度下真空干燥后,得到纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨+无定形碳+导电聚合物的硅基复合负极材料。
实施例5
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括以下操作步骤:
取2kg中值粒径为100nm的纳米硅粉加入到18kg乙醇溶剂中,超声分散30min后,倒入超细球磨机腔体中。采用直径为0.6mm的氧化锆球为球磨介质,球料比(质量比)为6:1,在800rpm的转速下球磨分散2小时,得到纳米硅分散液。加入6.4kg片状石墨,800rpm转速下球磨分散1小时后得到均匀的混合浆料。对混合浆料进行喷雾干燥,得到粉状的内核材料纳米硅/石墨复合颗粒。
取2kg上述喷雾干燥所得粉状内核材料和1kg改质沥青,在170℃温度下热混捏2h;将混捏产物在190℃下热辊压处理,制成约3mm厚度的胶皮状,冷却后破碎成粉体材料;再将粉体材料放入橡胶包套中,在等静压机中150MPa压强下等静压成型10分钟,得到块状生坯;然后将块状生坯破碎过筛后,放入机械融合机中在45m/s的线速度下机械融合10min,得到纳米硅/石墨+沥青复合颗粒;在惰性气氛保护下1050℃煅烧3小时;经打散和筛分后得到硅含量约20%的纳米硅/石墨+无定形碳复合材料。
将200g上述纳米硅/石墨+无定形碳复合材料加入到1L升1mol/L的盐酸溶液中,搅拌分散30min。然后在室温下加入20g苯胺,继续搅拌30分钟。然后将1L含有56g过硫酸铵的1mol/L的盐酸溶液滴加到上述混合液中,滴加完毕后继续搅拌4小时。然后将混合液过滤、洗涤、80℃温度下真空干燥后,得 到纳米硅/石墨+无定形碳+导电聚合物的硅基复合负极材料。
对比例1
本对比例用于对比说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括实施例1大部分的操作步骤,其不同之处在于:
所述硅基复合负极材料未进行导电聚合物包覆。
对比例2
本对比例用于对比说明本发明公开的硅基复合负极材料及其制备方法,包括实施例1大部分的操作步骤,其不同之处在于:
所述硅基复合负极材料未进行沥青包覆和碳化处理,未形成无定形碳包覆。
性能测试
实施例1-5和对比例1-2制备得到的硅基复合负极材料均采用以下方法制备电极和测试材料电化学性能,测试结果如表1所示。
将硅基复合负极材料、导电剂和粘结剂按质量百分比86:6:8的比例溶解在溶剂中,固含量为30%。其中粘结剂采用质量比为1:1的羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC,2wt%CMC水溶液)丁苯橡胶(SBR,50wt%SBR水溶液)复合水系粘结剂。经过充分搅拌后得到均匀浆料。涂覆在10μm铜箔上,室温下干燥4h后,用直径为14毫米的冲头冲成极片,在100kg/cm
-2压力下压片,放入120℃真空烘箱中干燥8小时。
将极片转移到手套箱中,采用金属锂片为对电极、Celgard2400隔膜、1mol/L的LiPF6/EC+DMC+EMC+2%VC(v/v/v=1:1:1)电解液、CR2016电池壳组装扣式电池。在武汉金诺Land CT2001A电池测试系统上进行恒流的充放电测试,充放电截止电压相对于Li/Li+为0.005-2V。
得到的测试结果填入表1。
表1
从表1的测试结果可以看出,相对于单独包覆无定型碳或单独包覆导电聚合物的硅基复合负极材料,本发明技术方案提供的双层包覆结构能够更加有效地提高负极的循环稳定性。
另一方面,本发明提供的内核材料纳米硅/纳米导电碳/石墨复合颗粒也具有较好的电性性能,有利于电池可逆容量的提高。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (21)
- 一种硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,包括内核、第一壳层和第二壳层,所述第一壳层包覆所述内核,所述第二壳层包覆所述第一壳层;所述内核包括硅碳复合材料;所述第一壳层包括无定形碳层;所述第二壳层包括导电聚合物层。
- 根据权利要求1所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述硅基复合负极材料包括以下重量组分:内核21.5~145份,第一壳层1~25份,第二壳层0.5~20份。
- 根据权利要求1所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述硅碳复合材料包括纳米硅、纳米导电碳和石墨。
- 根据权利要求3所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述硅碳复合材料包括以下重量组分:纳米硅1~50份,纳米导电碳0.5~15份,石墨20~80份。
- 根据权利要求3或4所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述纳米硅的表面形成有厚度≤3nm的表面氧化层SiO X,其中0<X≤2。
- 根据权利要求3或4所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述纳米导电碳包括炭黑、石墨化炭黑、碳纳米管、碳纤维和石墨烯中的一种或多种。
- 根据权利要求3或4所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述纳米硅的粒径为10-300nm。
- 根据权利要求3或4所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述石墨包括天然石墨、人造石墨、中间相碳微球石墨的一种或多种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述无定形碳层为厚度≤3μm的软碳包覆层或硬碳包覆层。
- 根据权利要求1所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述导电聚合物层包括聚苯胺、PEDOT:PSS、聚乙炔、聚吡咯、聚噻吩,聚3-己基噻吩、聚对苯撑乙烯、聚吡啶、聚苯亚乙烯及上述导电聚合物的衍生物中的一种或多种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的硅基复合负极材料,其特征在于,所述导电聚合物层的厚度≤3μm。
- 如权利要求1~11任意一项所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下操作步骤:将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面;将沥青经高温碳化处理,在硅碳复合材料表面形成无定形碳层;在无定型碳层的外表面包覆导电聚合物得到导电聚合物层,得到硅基复合负极材料。
- 根据权利要求12所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硅碳复合材料的制备方法包括:将纳米硅分散于溶剂中,通过液相球磨得到纳米硅分散液,然后加入石墨和纳米导电碳,通过液相球磨均匀混合,将所得浆料干燥造粒得到硅碳复合材料。
- 根据权利要求13所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述液相球磨过程使用的研磨介质为直径0.05-1mm的氧化锆球,球料质量比为2∶1-20∶1,转速为200-1500rpm,球磨时间为1-12小时,物料温度为25-35℃。
- 根据权利要求13所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述干燥造粒的方式为喷雾干燥或真空干燥。
- 根据权利要求12所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述操作“将沥青均匀包覆于硅碳复合材料的表面”包括:将硅碳复合材料与沥青热混捏后进行热辊压,冷却后破碎成粉体材料,再将粉体材料等静压成型得到块状生坯,将块状生坯破碎过筛,再经过机械融合处理后得到球形化的表面包覆有沥青的硅碳复合材料颗粒。
- 根据权利要求16所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述热混捏的温度为100~300℃,时间为1h以上;所述热辊压的温度为100~300℃;所述等静压成型的压力为150~300MPa,时间为5min以上;所述机械融合的线速度为20~60m/s,时间为5~60min。
- 根据权利要求12所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述沥青为软化温度70℃以上的煤沥青或石油沥青。
- 根据权利要求12所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述高温碳化在惰性气氛下进行,碳化的温度为700~1100℃,碳化时间为1h以上。
- 根据权利要求12所述的硅基复合负极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包覆导电聚合物的方式为原位聚合、导电聚合物液相包覆或导电聚合物机械融合包覆。
- 一种锂离子电池负极,其特征在于,包括如权利要求1~11任意一项所述的硅基复合负极材料。
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| CN112151768A (zh) * | 2020-09-11 | 2020-12-29 | 成都新柯力化工科技有限公司 | 一种挤出压延制备硅碳负极电极片的方法及电极片 |
| CN112786855A (zh) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-05-11 | 清华大学深圳国际研究生院 | 类石榴结构硅碳复合材料、制备方法及其应用 |
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| CN114105133A (zh) * | 2021-10-19 | 2022-03-01 | 湖南金硅科技有限公司 | 一种石墨-硅/硅氧化物-碳复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN114105133B (zh) * | 2021-10-19 | 2023-09-05 | 湖南金硅科技有限公司 | 一种石墨-硅/硅氧化物-碳复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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| CN114843466B (zh) * | 2022-04-28 | 2024-02-13 | 有研工程技术研究院有限公司 | 一种硅锡复合负极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN114843482A (zh) * | 2022-05-23 | 2022-08-02 | 常州烯源谷新材料科技有限公司 | 一种核壳型硅碳复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
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| CN114976029B (zh) * | 2022-07-04 | 2024-06-11 | 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 | 一种电芯及电池 |
| CN114976029A (zh) * | 2022-07-04 | 2022-08-30 | 珠海冠宇电池股份有限公司 | 一种电芯及电池 |
| CN115566168A (zh) * | 2022-10-10 | 2023-01-03 | 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所 | 一种硅碳复合负极材料及其制备方法和应用 |
| EP4636852A4 (en) * | 2022-12-16 | 2026-04-22 | Posco Holdings Inc | HIGH CAPACITY ANODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES |
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| US20210399290A1 (en) | 2021-12-23 |
| CN111224078A (zh) | 2020-06-02 |
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