WO2019182143A1 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2019182143A1 WO2019182143A1 PCT/JP2019/012216 JP2019012216W WO2019182143A1 WO 2019182143 A1 WO2019182143 A1 WO 2019182143A1 JP 2019012216 W JP2019012216 W JP 2019012216W WO 2019182143 A1 WO2019182143 A1 WO 2019182143A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- type semiconductor
- semiconductor material
- photoelectric conversion
- conversion element
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 107
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 235
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 147
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 238000004768 lowest unoccupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000004770 highest occupied molecular orbital Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical class C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N [60]pcbm Chemical compound C123C(C4=C5C6=C7C8=C9C%10=C%11C%12=C%13C%14=C%15C%16=C%17C%18=C(C=%19C=%20C%18=C%18C%16=C%13C%13=C%11C9=C9C7=C(C=%20C9=C%13%18)C(C7=%19)=C96)C6=C%11C%17=C%15C%13=C%15C%14=C%12C%12=C%10C%10=C85)=C9C7=C6C2=C%11C%13=C2C%15=C%12C%10=C4C23C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 MCEWYIDBDVPMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical group C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 213
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 94
- -1 cyclohexylethyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 92
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 85
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 70
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 57
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 53
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 43
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 40
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 39
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 24
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 16
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 15
- CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCCC2=C1 CXWXQJXEFPUFDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 125000006615 aromatic heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 12
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 11
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 9
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 150000002466 imines Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052757 nitrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- OCKPCBLVNKHBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1 OCKPCBLVNKHBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(C)=CC=CC2=C1 QPUYECUOLPXSFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000005110 aryl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 125000005462 imide group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 6
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 6
- YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylbenzene Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 YTZKOQUCBOVLHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 125000000732 arylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 5
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Para-Xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=C(C)C=C1 URLKBWYHVLBVBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000007611 bar coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 4
- 238000007756 gravure coating Methods 0.000 description 4
- CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)=O CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PQNFLJBBNBOBRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CCCC2=C1 PQNFLJBBNBOBRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 4
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- GWHJZXXIDMPWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 GWHJZXXIDMPWGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- JSGVZVOGOQILFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxy-1-butanol Chemical compound COC(C)CCO JSGVZVOGOQILFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000144 PEDOT:PSS Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 3
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- AUHZEENZYGFFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N mesitylene Substances CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 AUHZEENZYGFFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000001827 mesitylenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C(C(*)=C(C([H])=C1C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003227 poly(N-vinyl carbazole) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000548 poly(silane) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZJMWRROPUADPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N sec-butylbenzene Chemical compound CCC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZJMWRROPUADPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 3
- FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1C FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VFBJMPNFKOMEEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-diphenylbut-2-enedinitrile Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1C(C#N)=C(C#N)C1=CC=CC=C1 VFBJMPNFKOMEEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one Chemical class C1=CC(=O)C=CC1=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 DDTHMESPCBONDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005725 8-Hydroxyquinoline Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetophenone Chemical compound CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KWOLFJPFCHCOCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000846 In alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)=O NTIZESTWPVYFNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl isobutyl ketone Natural products CCC(C)C(C)=O UIHCLUNTQKBZGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930192627 Naphthoquinone Natural products 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000292 Polyquinoline Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000611 Zinc aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004705 aldimines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004056 anthraquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SESFRYSPDFLNCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl benzoate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 SESFRYSPDFLNCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XSIFPSYPOVKYCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl benzoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XSIFPSYPOVKYCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005401 electroluminescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000008376 fluorenones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005227 gel permeation chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=NC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 AWJUIBRHMBBTKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002346 layers by function Substances 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl benzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 QPJVMBTYPHYUOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002791 naphthoquinones Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000004866 oxadiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229960003540 oxyquinoline Drugs 0.000 description 2
- AQIXEPGDORPWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-ol Chemical compound CCC(O)CC AQIXEPGDORPWBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005007 perfluorooctyl group Chemical group FC(C(C(C(C(C(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001792 phenanthrenyl group Chemical class C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC12)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- 238000001420 photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000301 poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWLXZCAOJYQMKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl.ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl YWLXZCAOJYQMKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 OCJBOOLMMGQPQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MPPPKRYCTPRNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromobutane Chemical compound CCCCBr MPPPKRYCTPRNTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MNDIARAMWBIKFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromohexane Chemical compound CCCCCCBr MNDIARAMWBIKFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZWKKMVJZFACSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-bromopentane Chemical compound CCCCCBr YZWKKMVJZFACSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VFWCMGCRMGJXDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chlorobutane Chemical compound CCCCCl VFWCMGCRMGJXDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MLRVZFYXUZQSRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chlorohexane Chemical compound CCCCCCCl MLRVZFYXUZQSRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloropentane Chemical compound CCCCCCl SQCZQTSHSZLZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006039 1-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001637 1-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005978 1-naphthyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006017 1-propenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000530 1-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C#C* 0.000 description 1
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-phosphole Chemical compound C=1C=CPC=1 DJMUYABFXCIYSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRKYWOKHZRQRJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide Chemical group NC(=O)C(F)(F)F NRKYWOKHZRQRJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQTCQNIPQMJNTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-one Chemical group CC(C)(C)[C]=O YQTCQNIPQMJNTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPWWHXPRJFDTTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzamide Chemical group NC(=O)C1=C(F)C(F)=C(F)C(F)=C1F WPWWHXPRJFDTTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004974 2-butenyl group Chemical group C(C=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000069 2-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- SVONRAPFKPVNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxyethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOCCOC(C)=O SVONRAPFKPVNKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006176 2-ethylbutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005979 2-naphthyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001494 2-propynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- KSXHZOTTWSNEHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-(2-cyanoethoxy)-2,2-bis(2-cyanoethoxymethyl)propoxy]propanenitrile Chemical group N#CCCOCC(COCCC#N)(COCCC#N)COCCC#N KSXHZOTTWSNEHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004975 3-butenyl group Chemical group C(CC=C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000474 3-butynyl group Chemical group [H]C#CC([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- CMSGUKVDXXTJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(2-naphthalen-1-ylethylamino)-4-oxobutanoic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CCNC(=O)CCC(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 CMSGUKVDXXTJDQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 4-ethenylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 MAGFQRLKWCCTQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000006043 5-hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IGDNJMOBPOHHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5h-benzo[b]phosphindole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3PC2=C1 IGDNJMOBPOHHRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetamide Chemical group CC(N)=O DLFVBJFMPXGRIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzamide Chemical group NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzopyrane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CCOC2=C1 KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyl acetate Natural products CCCCOC(C)=O DKPFZGUDAPQIHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZSFNTBGCTUQFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C12=C3C(C4=C5C=6C7=C8C9=C(C%10=6)C6=C%11C=%12C%13=C%14C%11=C9C9=C8C8=C%11C%15=C%16C=%17C(C=%18C%19=C4C7=C8C%15=%18)=C4C7=C8C%15=C%18C%20=C(C=%178)C%16=C8C%11=C9C%14=C8C%20=C%13C%18=C8C9=%12)=C%19C4=C2C7=C2C%15=C8C=4C2=C1C12C3=C5C%10=C3C6=C9C=4C32C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C5C=6C7=C8C9=C(C%10=6)C6=C%11C=%12C%13=C%14C%11=C9C9=C8C8=C%11C%15=C%16C=%17C(C=%18C%19=C4C7=C8C%15=%18)=C4C7=C8C%15=C%18C%20=C(C=%178)C%16=C8C%11=C9C%14=C8C%20=C%13C%18=C8C9=%12)=C%19C4=C2C7=C2C%15=C8C=4C2=C1C12C3=C5C%10=C3C6=C9C=4C32C1(CCCC(=O)OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 AZSFNTBGCTUQFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VMQMZMRVKUZKQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu+ Chemical compound [Cu+] VMQMZMRVKUZKQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical group NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZSBDPRIWBYHIAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-acetyl-acetamide Natural products CC(=O)NC(C)=O ZSBDPRIWBYHIAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ULGYAEQHFNJYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Ca] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ca] ULGYAEQHFNJYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JHYLKGDXMUDNEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[In] Chemical compound [Mg].[In] JHYLKGDXMUDNEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid phenyl ester Natural products CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 IPBVNPXQWQGGJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000005073 adamantyl group Chemical group C12(CC3CC(CC(C1)C3)C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthraquinone Natural products CCC(=O)c1c(O)c2C(=O)C3C(C=CC=C3O)C(=O)c2cc1CC(=O)OC PYKYMHQGRFAEBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001204 arachidyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003236 benzoyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229960002903 benzyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AQNQQHJNRPDOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromocyclohexane Chemical compound BrC1CCCCC1 AQNQQHJNRPDOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DNSISZSEWVHGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanamide Chemical group CCCC(N)=O DNSISZSEWVHGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004744 butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004063 butyryl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- PDZKZMQQDCHTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(1+);thiocyanate Chemical compound [Cu+].[S-]C#N PDZKZMQQDCHTNF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004148 curcumin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WVIIMZNLDWSIRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexylcyclohexane Chemical group C1CCCCC1C1CCCCC1 WVIIMZNLDWSIRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004210 cyclohexylmethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002933 cyclohexyloxy group Chemical group C1(CCCCC1)O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004431 deuterium atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004986 diarylamino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940117389 dichlorobenzene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001664 diethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004210 ether based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003754 ethoxycarbonyl group Chemical group C(=O)(OCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004705 ethylthio group Chemical group C(C)S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexanoate Chemical compound CCCCCC([O-])=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000005935 hexyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007602 hot air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZASAXHKAQYPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium silver Chemical compound [Ag].[In] YZASAXHKAQYPEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002510 isobutoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005929 isobutyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005928 isopropyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(OC(*)=O)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004658 ketimines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002356 laser light scattering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium magnesium Chemical compound [Li].[Mg] GCICAPWZNUIIDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium silver Chemical compound [Mg].[Ag] SJCKRGFTWFGHGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229940095102 methyl benzoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002816 methylsulfanyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S[*] 0.000 description 1
- UNFUYWDGSFDHCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N monochlorocyclohexane Chemical compound ClC1CCCCC1 UNFUYWDGSFDHCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZHDORMMHAKXTPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-benzoylbenzamide Chemical group C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZHDORMMHAKXTPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006610 n-decyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AIDQCFHFXWPAFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-formylformamide Chemical group O=CNC=O AIDQCFHFXWPAFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001298 n-hexoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000006609 n-nonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006608 n-octyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003935 n-pentoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001148 pentyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005003 perfluorobutyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005005 perfluorohexyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 229950000688 phenothiazine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000006678 phenoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-M phenylacetate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WLJVXDMOQOGPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940049953 phenylacetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003356 phenylsulfanyl group Chemical group [*]SC1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005936 piperidyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionamide Chemical group CCC(N)=O QLNJFJADRCOGBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- KRIOVPPHQSLHCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propiophenone Chemical compound CCC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KRIOVPPHQSLHCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004742 propyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N samarium atom Chemical compound [Sm] KZUNJOHGWZRPMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001420 substituted heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005931 tert-butyloxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(OC(*)=O)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004306 triazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005034 trifluormethylthio group Chemical group FC(S*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000004044 trifluoroacetyl group Chemical group FC(C(=O)*)(F)F 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- PWYVVBKROXXHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[3-(1-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetraphenylsilol-1-yl)propyl]azanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[N+](C)(C)CCC[Si]1(C)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 PWYVVBKROXXHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003462 vein Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N vertaline Natural products C1C2C=3C=C(OC)C(OC)=CC=3OC(C=C3)=CC=C3CCC(=O)OC1CC1N2CCCC1 PXXNTAGJWPJAGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/151—Copolymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
- H10K2101/40—Interrelation of parameters between multiple constituent active layers or sublayers, e.g. HOMO values in adjacent layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element such as a light detection element.
- the photoelectric conversion element is an extremely useful device from the viewpoint of energy saving and reduction of carbon dioxide emission, and has attracted attention.
- the photoelectric conversion element is an element including at least a pair of electrodes including an anode and a cathode and an active layer provided between the pair of electrodes.
- one of the electrodes is made of a transparent or translucent material, and light is incident on the organic active layer from the transparent or translucent electrode side.
- the energy (h ⁇ ) of light incident on the organic active layer generates charges (holes and electrons) in the organic active layer, the generated holes move toward the anode, and the electrons move toward the cathode. Then, the electric charges that have reached the anode and the cathode are taken out of the element.
- the generation of dark current is caused by electron injection from the hole transport layer to the p-type semiconductor material included in the active layer.
- the n-type semiconductor material included in the active layer is reduced.
- the energy difference (energy gap, hereinafter sometimes referred to as ⁇ E) between LUMO (Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital) and HOMO (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital) of the hole transporting material contained in the hole transport layer is further increased. It is reported that it should be (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the present inventors report the above Non-Patent Document 1 when the absorption peak wavelength of the p-type semiconductor material contained in the active layer is 900 nm or more. Contrary to the suggestion, the present inventors have found that the above problem can be solved by adjusting ⁇ E in a direction to make it smaller, and have completed the present invention. That is, the present invention provides the following [1] to [8].
- the active layer includes a p-type semiconductor material which is a polymer compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more, and an n-type semiconductor material,
- the photoelectric conversion element whose energy difference of LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material contained in the said active layer and HOMO of the hole transportable material contained in the said hole transport layer is less than 0.9 eV.
- R a represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, or a group having an ester structure.
- a plurality of Ra may be the same as or different from each other.
- R b represents an alkyl group or an aryl group.
- a plurality of R b may be the same or different from each other.
- the fullerene derivative is the compound represented by the formula (Na), formula (Nb), formula (Ne), or formula (Nf).
- Photoelectric conversion element [6] The photoelectric conversion element according to [5], wherein the fullerene derivative is C 60 PCBM or KLOC-6.
- the dark current can be further reduced, and consequently the SN ratio can be effectively improved.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of a photoelectric conversion element.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of the image detection unit.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of the fingerprint detection unit.
- a photoelectric conversion element includes an anode, a cathode, an active layer provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole transport layer provided between the anode and the active layer.
- the active layer includes a p-type semiconductor material, which is a polymer compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more, and an n-type semiconductor material, and is included in the LUMO and hole transport layer of the n-type semiconductor material included in the active layer
- the difference in energy from the HOMO of the hole transporting material to be obtained is less than 0.9 eV.
- the energy difference between the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material contained in the active layer and the HOMO of the hole-transport material contained in the hole transport layer corresponds to the LUMO energy level of the n-type semiconductor material.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 is provided on a support substrate 11, an anode 12 provided in contact with the support substrate 11, and holes provided in contact with the anode 12.
- the cathode 16 is provided.
- a sealing member 17 is further provided on the cathode 16 so as to cover the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment will be specifically described.
- the photoelectric conversion element is usually formed on a substrate (support substrate). On this substrate, an electrode including a cathode and an anode is usually formed.
- the material of the substrate is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that does not chemically change particularly when a layer containing an organic compound is formed.
- the substrate material examples include glass, plastic, polymer film, and silicon.
- the electrode opposite to the electrode provided on the opaque substrate side is preferably a transparent or translucent electrode.
- the photoelectric conversion element includes an anode and a cathode which are at least a pair of electrodes. Of the anode and the cathode, at least one of the electrodes is preferably a transparent or translucent electrode in order to allow light to enter.
- the material of the transparent or translucent electrode examples include a conductive metal oxide film and a translucent metal thin film.
- Specific examples of the transparent or translucent electrode include indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, and their composite materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), NESA and other conductive materials, gold , Platinum, silver and copper.
- ITO, IZO, and tin oxide are preferable.
- the transparent or translucent electrode may be an anode or a cathode.
- the other electrode may be an electrode with low light transmittance.
- the material of the electrode having low light transmittance include metals and conductive polymers.
- Specific examples of the electrode material with low light transmittance include lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aluminum, scandium, vanadium, zinc, yttrium, indium, cerium, samarium, europium, Metals such as terbium and ytterbium, and two or more of these alloys, or one or more of these metals, and gold, silver, platinum, copper, manganese, titanium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and tin And an alloy with one or more metals selected from the group consisting of: graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, and polythiophene and derivatives thereof.
- the alloys include magnesium-silver alloys, magnesium-indium alloys, magnesium-aluminum alloys, indium-silver alloys, lithium-aluminum alloys, lithium-magnesium alloys, lithium-indium alloys, and calcium-aluminum alloys.
- the active layer includes a p-type semiconductor material (electron-donating compound) and an n-type semiconductor material (electron-accepting compound).
- the active layer includes a high molecular compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more as a p-type semiconductor material.
- the “absorption peak wavelength” is a parameter specified based on the absorption peak of the absorption spectrum measured in a predetermined wavelength range, and the wavelength of the absorption peak having the largest absorbance among the absorption peaks of the absorption spectrum. It is.
- the absorption peak wavelength of the polymer compound that is a p-type semiconductor material is preferably, for example, from the viewpoint of performing optical sensing using a wavelength band that is unlikely to damage human eyes, for example, when used as a light detection element. Is from 900 nm to 2000 nm, more preferably from 1400 nm to 2000 nm.
- the p-type semiconductor material is In order to satisfy such requirements, the HOMO value of the selected hole transporting material is also taken into consideration.
- the active layer it can be determined relatively from the HOMO or LUMO value of the selected compound whether it functions as a p-type semiconductor material or an n-type semiconductor material.
- the “polymer compound” means a polymer having a molecular weight distribution and having a polystyrene-equivalent number average molecular weight of 1 ⁇ 10 3 or more and 1 ⁇ 10 8 or less.
- the structural unit contained in the polymer compound is 100 mol% in total.
- “Structural unit” means one or more units present in a polymer compound.
- the “hydrogen atom” may be a light hydrogen atom or a deuterium atom.
- halogen atom examples include fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, and iodine atom.
- the “alkyl group” may be linear, branched, or cyclic unless otherwise specified.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear alkyl group is usually 1 to 50, preferably 1 to 30, and more preferably 1 to 20, excluding the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms of the branched or cyclic alkyl group is usually 3 to 50, preferably 3 to 30, more preferably 4 to 20, excluding the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the alkyl group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the alkyl group include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, isopentyl group, 2-ethylbutyl group, n- Hexyl group, cyclohexyl group, n-heptyl group, cyclohexylmethyl group, cyclohexylethyl group, n-octyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, 3-n-propylheptyl group, adamantyl group, n-decyl group, 3,7-dimethyl Octyl group, 2-ethyloctyl group, 2-n-hexyl-decyl group, n-dodecyl group, tetradecyl group,
- Aryl group means an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom directly bonded to a carbon atom constituting a ring from an aromatic hydrocarbon which may have a substituent.
- the aryl group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the aryl group include phenyl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group, 1-anthracenyl group, 2-anthracenyl group, 9-anthracenyl group, 1-pyrenyl group, 2-pyrenyl group, 4-pyrenyl group.
- the “alkoxy group” may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear alkoxy group is usually 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 10, not including the carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms of the branched or cyclic alkoxy group is usually 3 to 40, preferably 4 to 10, excluding the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the alkoxy group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the alkoxy group include methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propyloxy group, isopropyloxy group, n-butyloxy group, isobutyloxy group, tert-butyloxy group, n-pentyloxy group, n-hexyloxy group, Examples include cyclohexyloxy group, n-heptyloxy group, n-octyloxy group, 2-ethylhexyloxy group, n-nonyloxy group, n-decyloxy group, 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy group, and lauryloxy group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the “aryloxy group” is usually 6 to 60, preferably 6 to 48, not including the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the aryloxy group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the aryloxy group include phenoxy group, 1-naphthyloxy group, 2-naphthyloxy group, 1-anthracenyloxy group, 9-anthracenyloxy group, 1-pyrenyloxy group, alkyl group, alkoxy group And a group further having a substituent such as a fluorine atom.
- alkylthio group may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear alkylthio group is usually 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 10, not including the carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms of the branched and cyclic alkylthio group is usually 3 to 40, preferably 4 to 10, excluding the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the alkylthio group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the alkylthio group include methylthio group, ethylthio group, propylthio group, isopropylthio group, butylthio group, isobutylthio group, tert-butylthio group, pentylthio group, hexylthio group, cyclohexylthio group, heptylthio group, octylthio group, 2 -Ethylhexylthio group, nonylthio group, decylthio group, 3,7-dimethyloctylthio group, laurylthio group, and trifluoromethylthio group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the “arylthio group” is usually 6 to 60, preferably 6 to 48, not including the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the arylthio group may have a substituent.
- the arylthio group include a phenylthio group and a C1-C12 alkyloxyphenylthio group (the description “C1 to C12” indicates that the group described immediately below has 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The same shall apply hereinafter.), C1-C12 alkylphenylthio groups, 1-naphthylthio groups, 2-naphthylthio groups, and pentafluorophenylthio groups.
- P-valent heterocyclic group (p represents an integer of 1 or more) is a direct bond from an optionally substituted heterocyclic compound to a carbon atom or heteroatom constituting the ring. It means the remaining atomic group excluding p hydrogen atoms out of hydrogen atoms.
- the p-valent heterocyclic group includes a “p-valent aromatic heterocyclic group”.
- the “p-valent aromatic heterocyclic group” is p number of hydrogen atoms directly bonded to carbon atoms or hetero atoms constituting a ring from an aromatic heterocyclic compound which may have a substituent. This means the remaining atomic group excluding the hydrogen atom.
- heterocyclic compound may have include, for example, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, and a substituted amino group.
- a halogen atom an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, and a substituted amino group.
- Aromatic heterocyclic compounds include compounds in which an aromatic ring is condensed to a heterocyclic ring, even if the heterocyclic ring itself does not exhibit aromaticity, in addition to a compound in which the heterocyclic ring itself exhibits aromaticity.
- aromatic heterocyclic compounds specific examples of compounds in which the heterocyclic ring itself exhibits aromaticity include oxadiazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, oxazole, thiophene, pyrrole, phosphole, furan, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, and triazine. , Pyridazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, carbazole, and dibenzophosphole.
- aromatic heterocyclic compound in which the aromatic heterocyclic ring itself does not exhibit aromaticity and the aromatic ring is condensed to the heterocyclic ring include phenoxazine, phenothiazine, dibenzoborol, dibenzo Silole, and benzopyran.
- the number of carbon atoms of the monovalent heterocyclic group is usually 2 to 60, preferably 4 to 20, excluding the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the monovalent heterocyclic group may have a substituent, and specific examples of the monovalent heterocyclic group include, for example, thienyl group, pyrrolyl group, furyl group, pyridyl group, piperidyl group, quinolyl group, Examples thereof include an isoquinolyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a triazinyl group, and a group further having a substituent such as an alkyl group and an alkoxy group.
- Substituted amino group means an amino group having a substituent.
- the substituent that the amino group has is preferably an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a monovalent heterocyclic group.
- the substituted amino group usually has 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- substituted amino group examples include dialkylamino groups such as dimethylamino group and diethylamino group, diphenylamino group, bis (4-methylphenyl) amino group, bis (4-tert-butylphenyl) amino group, bis (3, And diarylamino groups such as 5-di-tert-butylphenyl) amino group.
- the “acyl group” usually has 2 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 18 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the acyl group include an acetyl group, a propionyl group, a butyryl group, an isobutyryl group, a pivaloyl group, a benzoyl group, a trifluoroacetyl group, and a pentafluorobenzoyl group.
- Imine residue means an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom directly bonded to a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom constituting a carbon atom-nitrogen atom double bond from an imine.
- the “imine” means an organic compound having a carbon atom-nitrogen atom double bond in the molecule.
- imines include aldimine, ketimine, and compounds in which the hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen atom constituting the carbon atom-nitrogen atom double bond in aldimine is substituted with an alkyl group or the like.
- the number of carbon atoms in the imine residue is usually 2-20, preferably 2-18.
- Examples of the imine residue include groups represented by the following structural formula.
- “Amido group” means an atomic group remaining after removing one hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom from an amide.
- the amide group usually has 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the amide group include a formamide group, an acetamide group, a propioamide group, a butyroamide group, a benzamide group, a trifluoroacetamide group, a pentafluorobenzamide group, a diformamide group, a diacetamide group, a dipropioamide group, a dibutyroamide group, and a dibenzamide group.
- Acid imide group means the remaining atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom from acid imide.
- the acid imide group usually has 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the acid imide group include groups represented by the following structural formula.
- “Substituted oxycarbonyl group” means a group represented by R′—O— (C ⁇ O) —.
- R ′ represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, or a monovalent heterocyclic group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the substituted oxycarbonyl group is usually 2 to 60, preferably 2 to 48.
- substituted oxycarbonyl group examples include methoxycarbonyl group, ethoxycarbonyl group, propoxycarbonyl group, isopropoxycarbonyl group, butoxycarbonyl group, isobutoxycarbonyl group, tert-butoxycarbonyl group, pentyloxycarbonyl group, hexyloxycarbonyl Group, cyclohexyloxycarbonyl group, heptyloxycarbonyl group, octyloxycarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl group, nonyloxycarbonyl group, decyloxycarbonyl group, 3,7-dimethyloctyloxycarbonyl group, dodecyloxycarbonyl group, tri Fluoromethoxycarbonyl group, pentafluoroethoxycarbonyl group, perfluorobutoxycarbonyl group, perfluorohexyloxycarbonyl , Perfluorooctyl group, phen
- alkenyl group may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear alkenyl group is usually 2 to 30, preferably 3 to 20, not including the carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms of the branched or cyclic alkenyl group is usually 3 to 30, preferably 4 to 20, not including the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the alkenyl group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the alkenyl group include vinyl group, 1-propenyl group, 2-propenyl group, 2-butenyl group, 3-butenyl group, 3-pentenyl group, 4-pentenyl group, 1-hexenyl group and 5-hexenyl group. , 7-octenyl group, and a group further having a substituent such as an alkyl group and an alkoxy group.
- the “alkynyl group” may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- the number of carbon atoms of the linear alkenyl group is usually 2 to 20, preferably 3 to 20, not including the carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the number of carbon atoms of the branched or cyclic alkenyl group is usually 4 to 30, preferably 4 to 20, not including the number of carbon atoms of the substituent.
- the alkynyl group may have a substituent.
- Specific examples of the alkynyl group include ethynyl group, 1-propynyl group, 2-propynyl group, 2-butynyl group, 3-butynyl group, 3-pentynyl group, 4-pentynyl group, 1-hexynyl group and 5-hexynyl group.
- a group further having a substituent such as an alkyl group and an alkoxy group.
- the p-type semiconductor material used for the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment is a p-type semiconductor material having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more.
- the p-type semiconductor material is preferably a polymer compound having a predetermined polystyrene equivalent weight average molecular weight.
- the polystyrene-reduced weight average molecular weight means a weight average molecular weight calculated using a standard sample of polystyrene using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the weight average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene of the p-type semiconductor material is preferably 3000 or more and 500,000 or less, particularly from the viewpoint of improving the solubility in a solvent.
- Examples of the p-type semiconductor material which is a polymer compound include polyvinyl carbazole and derivatives thereof, polysilane and derivatives thereof, polysiloxane derivatives having an aromatic amine structure in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof. , Polypyrrole and derivatives thereof, polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, and the like.
- the p-type semiconductor material is preferably a polymer compound containing a structural unit represented by the following formula (I) and / or a structural unit represented by the following formula (II).
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 represent a trivalent aromatic heterocyclic group, and Z represents a group represented by the following formulas (Z-1) to (Z-7).
- Ar 3 represents a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group.
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, A substituted amino group, an acyl group, an imine residue, an amide group, an acid imide group, a substituted oxycarbonyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a cyano group, or a nitro group is represented.
- the two Rs when two Rs are present, the two Rs may be the same or different.
- the structural unit represented by the formula (I) is preferably a structural unit represented by the following formula (I-1).
- Z represents the same meaning as described above.
- Examples of the structural unit represented by the formula (I-1) include structural units represented by the following formulas (501) to (505).
- R represents the same meaning as described above.
- the two Rs may be the same or different.
- the number of carbon atoms of the divalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 3 is usually 2 to 60, preferably 4 to 60, and more preferably 4 to 20.
- the divalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 3 may have a substituent.
- substituents that the divalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 3 may have include a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylthio group, an arylthio group, Examples thereof include a monovalent heterocyclic group, a substituted amino group, an acyl group, an imine residue, an amide group, an acid imide group, a substituted oxycarbonyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a cyano group, and a nitro group.
- Examples of the divalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 3 include groups represented by the following formulas (101) to (185).
- R represents the same meaning as described above.
- the plurality of R may be the same as or different from each other.
- structural units represented by the formula (II) structural units represented by the following formulas (II-1) to (II-6) are preferable.
- X 1 and X 2 each independently represent an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and R represents the same meaning as described above. When a plurality of R are present, the plurality of R may be the same as or different from each other.
- both X 1 and X 2 in formulas (II-1) to (II-6) are sulfur atoms.
- the p-type semiconductor material is preferably a polymer compound containing a structural unit containing a thiophene skeleton.
- the polymer compound that is a p-type semiconductor material may contain two or more structural units of the formula (I), or may contain two or more structural units of the formula (II).
- the polymer compound which is a p-type semiconductor material may contain a structural unit represented by the following formula (III).
- Ar 4 represents an arylene group.
- the arylene group represented by Ar 4 means a remaining atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic hydrocarbon which may have a substituent.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons include compounds having a condensed ring, and compounds in which two or more selected from the group consisting of independent benzene rings and condensed rings are bonded directly or via a divalent group such as a vinylene group. .
- Examples of the substituent that the aromatic hydrocarbon may have include the same substituents as those exemplified as the substituent that the heterocyclic compound may have.
- the number of carbon atoms in the arylene group excluding the substituent is usually 6 to 60, and preferably 6 to 20.
- the number of carbon atoms of the arylene group including the substituent is usually 6 to 100.
- arylene groups include phenylene groups (for example, the following formulas 1 to 3), naphthalene-diyl groups (for example, the following formulas 4 to 13), anthracene-diyl groups (for example, the following formulas 14 to 19), Biphenyl-diyl groups (for example, the following formulas 20 to 25), terphenyl-diyl groups (for example, the following formulas 26 to 28), condensed ring compound groups (for example, the following formulas 29 to 35), fluorene-diyl groups (For example, the following formula 36 to formula 38) and a benzofluorene-diyl group (for example, the following formula 39 to formula 46).
- phenylene groups for example, the following formulas 1 to 3
- naphthalene-diyl groups for example, the following formulas 4 to 13
- anthracene-diyl groups for example, the following formulas 14 to 19
- the structural unit constituting the polymer compound which is a p-type semiconductor material is selected from the structural unit represented by formula (I), the structural unit represented by formula (II), and the structural unit represented by formula (III) It may be a structural unit in which two or more structural units are combined and connected.
- the polymer compound as the p-type semiconductor material includes the structural unit represented by the formula (I) and / or the structural unit represented by the formula (II), the structural unit and the formula represented by the formula (I)
- the total amount of the structural unit represented by (II) is usually 20 mol% to 100 mol%, assuming that the amount of all structural units contained in the polymer compound is 100 mol%, and the charge as the p-type semiconductor material Since transportability can be improved, it is preferably 40 mol% to 100 mol%, more preferably 50 mol% to 100 mol%.
- polymer compound as the p-type semiconductor material examples include polymer compounds represented by the following formulas P-1 and P-2.
- the active layer may contain only one type of p-type semiconductor material, or may contain any combination of two or more types.
- any polymer compound having at least one absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more among the contained p-type semiconductor materials may be used.
- the active layer contains two or more kinds of p-type semiconductor materials, it is preferable that any of the contained p-type semiconductor materials is a polymer compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more.
- the energy difference between the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material contained in the active layer of this embodiment and the HOMO of the hole transport material contained in the hole transport layer is less than 0.9 eV.
- the energy difference is preferably 0.3 eV to 0.8 eV from the viewpoint of ensuring an energy gradient for efficiently moving holes to the anode and efficiently moving electrons to the cathode. From the viewpoint of availability, it is more preferably 0.5 eV to 0.8 eV.
- the active layer may contain only one type of n-type semiconductor material or may contain any combination of two or more types.
- LUMO of n-type semiconductor material means that when the active layer includes only one type of n-type semiconductor material, the LUMO value of the n-type semiconductor material or the LUMO of the layer formed of the n-type semiconductor material Means a value obtained by measuring by any conventionally known suitable means such as a spectrophotometer, and when the active layer contains two or more n-type semiconductor materials, two or more Means the value obtained by measuring the LUMO value of the layer of the n-type semiconductor material layer by any suitable means known in the art such as a spectrophotometer.
- the LUMO value of the n-type semiconductor material is set to the p-type semiconductor material from the viewpoint of securing a sufficient energy gradient for electrons to move from the LUMO of the p-type semiconductor material to the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material.
- a material smaller than the LUMO value by 0.2 (eV) or more is preferable.
- the n-type semiconductor material may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound.
- n-type semiconductor materials that are low molecular weight compounds
- n-type semiconductor materials include oxadiazole derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, benzoquinone and its derivatives, naphthoquinone and its derivatives, anthraquinone and its derivatives, tetracyano anthraquinodimethane and derivatives thereof, fluorenone derivatives, diphenyldicyanoethylene and its derivatives, diphenoquinone derivatives, 8-hydroxyquinoline and metal complexes of derivatives thereof, fullerenes and derivatives thereof such as C 60 fullerene, and phenanthrene derivatives such as bathocuproine Is mentioned.
- n-type semiconductor materials that are polymer compounds include polyvinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, polysilane and derivatives thereof, polysiloxane derivatives having an aromatic amine structure in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and derivatives thereof Derivatives, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polypyrrole and derivatives thereof, polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polyquinoline and derivatives thereof, polyquinoxaline and derivatives thereof, and polyfluorene and derivatives thereof.
- the n-type semiconductor material is preferably one or more selected from fullerenes and fullerene derivatives, and more preferably fullerene derivatives.
- fullerene examples include derivatives of these fullerenes.
- the fullerene derivative means a compound in which at least a part of fullerene is modified.
- Examples of the fullerene derivative include one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulas (Na) to (Nf).
- a compound represented by the following formula (Na), a compound represented by the following formula (Nb), a compound represented by the following formula (Ne) or A compound represented by the following formula (Nf) is preferable.
- a compound represented by the following formula (Na), a compound represented by the following formula (Nc), or the following formula The compound represented by (Ne) is more preferable.
- R a represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, or a group having an ester structure.
- a plurality of Ra may be the same as or different from each other.
- R b represents an alkyl group or an aryl group.
- a plurality of R b may be the same or different from each other.
- Examples of the group having an ester structure represented by Ra include a group represented by the following formula (19).
- u1 represents an integer of 1 to 6.
- u2 represents an integer of 0 to 6.
- R c represents an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a monovalent heterocyclic group.
- Examples of C 60 fullerene derivatives include the following compounds.
- Examples of C 70 fullerene derivatives include the following compounds.
- fullerene derivatives include [6,6] -phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (C 60 PCBM, [6,6] -phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester), [6,6] -phenyl-C71 methyl butyrate Ester (C 70 PCBM, [6,6] -Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester), [6,6] -Phenyl-C85 butyric acid methyl ester (C 84 PCBM, [6,6] -Phenyl C85 butyric acid methyl ester) And [6,6] -thienyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester ([6,6] -Thienyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester).
- suitable fullerene derivatives include compounds represented by the following formulas N-1 and N-2 (KLOC-6 and C 60 PCBM).
- the photoelectric conversion element has an additional intermediate component such as a charge transport layer (electron transport layer, hole transport layer, electron injection layer, hole injection layer) as a further component for improving the characteristics.
- a charge transport layer electron transport layer, hole transport layer, electron injection layer, hole injection layer
- it comprises a layer.
- any conventionally known suitable material can be used.
- the material for the intermediate layer include halides and oxides of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium fluoride.
- Examples of the material used for the intermediate layer include fine particles of inorganic semiconductor such as titanium oxide, and PEDOT (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) and PSS (poly (4-styrenesulfonate)). A mixture (PEDOT: PSS) is mentioned.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment includes a hole transport layer between the anode and the active layer.
- the hole transport layer has a function of transporting holes from the active layer to the electrode.
- the hole transport layer provided in contact with the anode may be particularly referred to as a hole injection layer.
- the hole transport layer (hole injection layer) provided in contact with the anode has a function of promoting injection of holes into the anode.
- the hole transport layer (hole injection layer) may be in contact with the active layer.
- the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material.
- the hole transporting material is such that the energy difference between the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material contained in the active layer and the HOMO of the hole transporting material contained in the hole transporting layer is less than 0.9 eV. Is selected. That is, the hole transporting material can be selected in consideration of the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material used as the material of the active layer.
- the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material contained in the active layer and the hole transport contained in the hole transport layer What is necessary is just to select so that the energy difference with HOMO of a property material may be less than 0.9 eV.
- the hole transporting material is preferably about the same as the HOMO of the p-type semiconductor material used as the material of the active layer, the value of the HOMO is, for example, ⁇ 4.0 eV to ⁇ 6.0 eV. It is preferable to use a hole transporting material which is
- the hole transporting material examples include polythiophene and derivatives thereof such as PEDOT (PEDOT: PSS), aromatic amine compounds, polymer compounds containing structural units having aromatic amine residues, CuSCN, CuI, NiO, WO 3 and MoO 3 .
- hole transporting material for example, PEDOT: PSS in which the value of HOMO is adjusted by any suitable dopant or the like can be used.
- hole transporting materials include HTL-Solar (HOMO: ⁇ 4.87 eV, manufactured by Heraeus), HTL-Solar N (HOMO: ⁇ 4.90 eV, manufactured by Heraeus), AI4083 ( HOMO: ⁇ 5.20 eV, manufactured by Heraeus).
- HOMO of hole transporting material means that when the hole transporting layer contains only one kind of hole transporting material, it depends on the HOMO value of the hole transporting material or the hole transporting material. It means a value obtained by measuring the HOMO value of the formed layer by any conventionally known suitable means such as photoelectron spectroscopy, and the hole transport layer has two or more hole transport materials. Is included, it means a value obtained by measuring the HOMO value of a layer of a mixture of two or more hole-transporting materials by any suitable means known in the art such as photoelectron spectroscopy. .
- the combination with the transportable material include a combination of C 60 PCBM and HTL-Solar, and a combination of KLOC-6 and AI4083.
- the photoelectric conversion element may include an electron transport layer between the cathode and the active layer.
- the electron transport layer has a function of transporting electrons from the active layer to the cathode.
- the electron transport layer may be in contact with the cathode.
- the electron transport layer may be in contact with the active layer.
- the electron transport layer in contact with the cathode may be referred to as an electron injection layer.
- the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material.
- electron transport materials include zinc oxide nanoparticles, gallium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, polyethyleneimine, ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE), and PFN-P2.
- the intermediate layer can be formed by the same coating method as the method for producing the active layer described later.
- the photoelectric conversion element may be sealed with a sealing member.
- the sealing member can be provided, for example, on the electrode side far from the support substrate. Examples of the sealing member include a combination of a sealing substrate and a sealing material.
- the sealing member may be a sealing layer having a layer structure of one or more layers.
- the sealing layer can be formed of a material having a property of blocking moisture (water vapor barrier property) or a property of blocking oxygen (oxygen barrier property).
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment can flow a photocurrent by irradiating light from the transparent or translucent electrode side with a voltage (reverse bias voltage) applied between the electrodes. It can be operated as a (light sensor). Moreover, it can also be used as an image sensor by integrating a plurality of optical sensors.
- the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment can generate a photovoltaic force between electrodes by being irradiated with light, and can be operated as a solar cell.
- a solar cell module can be obtained by integrating a plurality of solar cells.
- the already described photoelectric conversion element according to the embodiment of the present invention is suitably applied to a detection unit included in various electronic devices such as a workstation, a personal computer, a portable information terminal, an entrance / exit management system, a digital camera, and a medical device. can do.
- the photoelectric conversion element (photodetection element) of the present invention includes the above-described electronic device, for example, an image detection unit (image sensor) for a solid-state imaging device such as an X-ray imaging device and a CMOS image sensor, a fingerprint detection unit,
- the present invention can be suitably applied to a detection unit that detects a predetermined feature of a part of a living body such as a face detection unit, a vein detection unit, and an iris detection unit, and a detection unit of an optical biosensor such as a pulse oximeter.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of an image detection unit for a solid-state imaging device.
- the image detection unit 1 includes a CMOS transistor substrate 20, an interlayer insulating film 30 provided so as to cover the CMOS transistor substrate 20, and a photoelectric conversion according to an embodiment of the present invention provided on the interlayer insulating film 30. It is provided so as to penetrate the element 10 and the interlayer insulating film 30, and is provided so as to cover the photoelectric conversion element 10 and an interlayer wiring portion 32 that electrically connects the CMOS transistor substrate 20 and the photoelectric conversion element 10.
- the sealing layer 40 and the color filter 50 provided on the sealing layer 40 are provided.
- the CMOS transistor substrate 20 has a conventionally known arbitrary suitable configuration in a mode according to the design.
- the CMOS transistor substrate 20 includes transistors, capacitors, and the like formed within the thickness of the substrate, and includes functional elements such as a CMOS transistor circuit (MOS transistor circuit) for realizing various functions.
- MOS transistor circuit CMOS transistor circuit
- Examples of the functional element include a floating diffusion, a reset transistor, an output transistor, and a selection transistor.
- a signal readout circuit and the like are built in the CMOS transistor substrate 20 by such functional elements and wiring.
- the interlayer insulating film 30 can be composed of any conventionally known insulating material such as silicon oxide or insulating resin.
- the interlayer wiring part 32 can be made of, for example, any conventionally known conductive material (wiring material) such as copper or tungsten.
- the interlayer wiring portion 32 may be, for example, an in-hole wiring formed simultaneously with the formation of the wiring layer, or an embedded plug formed separately from the wiring layer.
- the sealing layer 40 is made of any suitable material known in the art, provided that it can prevent or suppress the penetration of harmful substances such as oxygen and water that may functionally degrade the photoelectric conversion element 10. Can do.
- the sealing layer 40 can be configured similarly to the sealing member 17 already described.
- the color filter 50 it is possible to use, for example, a primary color filter that is made of any suitable material known in the art and corresponds to the design of the image detection unit 1.
- a complementary color filter that can be made thinner than the primary color filter can be used.
- the complementary color filters for example, three types (yellow, cyan, magenta), three types (yellow, cyan, transparent), three types (yellow, transparent, magenta), and three types (transparent, cyan, magenta).
- a color filter in which types are combined can be used. These can be in any suitable arrangement corresponding to the design of the photoelectric conversion element 10 and the CMOS transistor substrate 20 on condition that color image data can be generated.
- the light received by the photoelectric conversion element 10 via the color filter 50 is converted into an electrical signal corresponding to the amount of received light by the photoelectric conversion element 10, and the received light signal, that is, the object to be imaged outside the photoelectric conversion element 10 via the electrode. Is output as an electrical signal corresponding to.
- the light reception signal output from the photoelectric conversion element 10 is input to the CMOS transistor substrate 20 via the interlayer wiring portion 32 and read by a signal reading circuit built in the CMOS transistor substrate 20, and is further illustrated.
- Image information based on the object to be imaged is generated by performing signal processing by any suitable conventionally known function unit.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating a configuration example of a fingerprint detection unit configured integrally with the display device.
- the display device 2 of the portable information terminal includes a fingerprint detection unit 100 including the photoelectric conversion element 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention as a main component, and a display panel that is provided on the fingerprint detection unit 100 and displays a predetermined image. Part 200.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 is provided in a region that substantially matches the display region 200a of the display panel unit 200.
- the display panel unit 200 is integrally stacked above the fingerprint detection unit 100.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 may be provided corresponding to only the part of the area.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 includes the photoelectric conversion element 10 according to the embodiment of the present invention as a functional unit having essential functions.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 uses any suitable conventionally known member such as a protective film (protection film), a support substrate, a sealing substrate, a sealing member, a barrier film, a bandpass filter, and an infrared cut film (not shown) as desired. It can be provided in a manner corresponding to a design that can obtain characteristics.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 may employ the configuration of the image detection unit already described.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 can be included in any manner within the display area 200a.
- a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements 10 may be arranged in a matrix.
- the photoelectric conversion element 10 is provided on the support substrate 11, and the support substrate 11 is provided with electrodes (anode or cathode) in a matrix, for example.
- the light received by the photoelectric conversion element 10 is converted by the photoelectric conversion element 10 into an electric signal corresponding to the amount of light received, and the light corresponding to the received light signal, that is, the imaged fingerprint, is output to the outside of the photoelectric conversion element 10 through the electrodes. Output as a signal.
- the display panel unit 200 is configured as an organic electroluminescence display panel (organic EL display panel) including a touch sensor panel.
- the display panel unit 200 may be configured by a display panel having any suitable conventionally known configuration such as a liquid crystal display panel including a light source such as a backlight instead of the organic EL display panel.
- the display panel unit 200 is provided on the fingerprint detection unit 100 already described.
- the display panel unit 200 includes an organic electroluminescence element (organic EL element) 220 as a functional unit having an essential function.
- the display panel unit 200 further includes an arbitrary suitable substrate such as a conventionally known glass substrate (support substrate 210 or sealing substrate 240), a sealing member, a barrier film, a polarizing plate such as a circularly polarizing plate, an arbitrary touch sensor panel 230, or the like.
- Suitable conventionally known members can be provided in a manner corresponding to the desired properties.
- the organic EL element 220 is used as a light source for pixels in the display region 200a and also as a light source for imaging a fingerprint in the fingerprint detection unit 100.
- the fingerprint detection unit 100 detects the fingerprint using light emitted from the organic EL element 220 of the display panel unit 200. Specifically, the light emitted from the organic EL element 220 is transmitted through the components existing between the organic EL element 220 and the photoelectric conversion element 10 of the fingerprint detection unit 100, and is displayed in the display area 200a. Reflected by the skin (finger surface) of the fingertip of the finger placed so as to be in contact with the surface of the panel unit 200. At least a part of the light reflected by the finger surface is transmitted through the components existing therebetween, received by the photoelectric conversion element 10, and converted into an electrical signal corresponding to the amount of light received by the photoelectric conversion element 10. And the image information about the fingerprint on the finger surface is constructed from the converted electric signal.
- the portable information terminal provided with the display device 2 performs fingerprint authentication by comparing the obtained image information with fingerprint data for fingerprint authentication recorded in advance by any conventionally known suitable step.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment it is possible to provide a photoelectric conversion element suitable as a light detection element in which dark current is more effectively reduced, the SN ratio is improved, and as a result, detection ability is improved.
- the “S / N ratio” is a parameter corresponding to the ratio of the bright current when irradiating a predetermined pseudo-sunlight (1 SUN) to the dark current when not irradiating (dark place).
- SUN pseudo-sunlight
- the manufactured photoelectric conversion element is measured for current density-voltage characteristics in a dark place and under simulated sunlight irradiation using a conventionally known suitable solar simulator to obtain a measured value.
- J sc represents the current density under 1 SUN irradiation when the applied voltage is 0V.
- J d represents a current density in the dark at an applied voltage 0V.
- the SN ratio of the manufactured photoelectric conversion element can be calculated.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment is not specifically limited.
- a photoelectric conversion element can be manufactured by combining the formation method suitable for the material selected in forming each component.
- the active layer which is a main component of the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment is a bulk heterojunction type, it can be manufactured by a coating method using a coating liquid (ink).
- a method for producing a photoelectric conversion element comprises an anode, a cathode, an active layer provided between the anode and the cathode, and a hole transport layer provided between the anode and the active layer,
- the active layer includes a p-type semiconductor material, which is a polymer compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more, and an n-type semiconductor material, and is included in the LUMO and hole transport layer of the n-type semiconductor material included in the active layer. It is a manufacturing method of a photoelectric conversion element whose energy difference with HOMO of a hole transportable material is less than 0.9 eV.
- the active layer and the hole transport layer are preferably formed by a coating method using a coating solution.
- the manufacturing method of the photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment is demonstrated concretely.
- a support substrate provided with an anode is prepared.
- the method for providing the anode on the support substrate is not particularly limited.
- the anode can be formed, for example, on the supporting substrate made of the material described above by the vacuum evaporation method, the sputtering method, the ion plating method, the plating method, or the like from the materials exemplified as the electrode material.
- a substrate provided with a conductive thin film formed of the electrode material already described is obtained from the market, and if necessary, the anode is formed by patterning the conductive thin film.
- a provided support substrate can also be prepared.
- a hole transport layer is formed on the anode.
- the formation method of a positive hole transport layer is not specifically limited. From the viewpoint of simplifying the hole transport layer forming step, it is preferable to form the hole transport layer by a coating method.
- the hole transport layer can be formed, for example, by applying a coating liquid containing the hole transport material and the solvent described above onto the layer on which the hole transport layer is to be formed.
- the hole transporting material used for the hole transporting layer of the photoelectric conversion element of the present embodiment includes the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material used as the material of the active layer and the HOMO of the hole transporting material contained in the hole transporting layer. Is selected so that the energy difference between the two is less than 0.9 eV. In other words, the hole transporting material is selected in consideration of the LUMO of the n-type semiconductor material used as the material of the active layer.
- Examples of the solvent constituting the coating solution used in the coating method for forming the hole transport layer include water, alcohol, ketone, and hydrocarbon.
- Specific examples of the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butoxyethanol, and methoxybutanol.
- Specific examples of the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, and cyclohexanone.
- the hydrocarbon include n-pentane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, chlorobenzene, and orthodichlorobenzene.
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of solvents exemplified above.
- the amount of the solvent in the coating solution is preferably 1 part by weight or more and 10000 parts by weight or less, and more preferably 10 parts by weight or more and 1000 parts by weight or less with respect to 1 part by weight of the material for the hole transport layer.
- a method for applying a coating liquid containing a material for the hole transport layer and a solvent for example, a spin coating method, a casting method, a micro gravure coating method, a gravure coating method, a bar coating method, a roll coating method, Examples thereof include a wire bar coating method, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a screen printing method, a flexographic printing method, an offset printing method, an ink jet printing method, a dispenser printing method, a nozzle coating method, and a capillary coating method.
- the spin coat method, the flexographic printing method, the inkjet printing method, and the dispenser printing method are preferable.
- the step of forming the active layer includes a p-type semiconductor material that is a polymer compound having an absorption peak wavelength of 900 nm or more, an LUMO of an n-type semiconductor material, and a HOMO of a hole transporting material included in the hole transport layer.
- step (i) and step (ii) included in the method for forming an active layer of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention will be described.
- Step (i) Any suitable coating method can be used as a method of coating the coating liquid on the coating target.
- a slit coating method, a knife coating method, a spin coating method, a micro gravure coating method, a gravure coating method, a bar coating method, an ink jet printing method, a nozzle coating method, or a capillary coating method is preferable.
- a coating method, a capillary coating method, or a bar coating method is more preferable, and a slit coating method or a spin coating method is more preferable.
- the coating liquid for forming the active layer is applied to a coating target selected according to the photoelectric conversion element and its manufacturing method.
- the coating liquid for forming the active layer is a functional layer that the photoelectric conversion element has in the manufacturing process of the photoelectric conversion element, and can be applied to the functional layer in which the active layer can exist. Therefore, the application target of the coating liquid for forming the active layer varies depending on the layer configuration of the manufactured photoelectric conversion element and the order of layer formation. For example, when the photoelectric conversion element has a layer structure of substrate / anode / hole transport layer / active layer / electron transport layer / cathode and the layer described on the left side is formed first, the coating liquid The coating target is a hole transport layer.
- the photoelectric conversion element has a layer configuration of substrate / cathode / electron transport layer / active layer / hole transport layer / anode, and the layer described on the left side is formed first
- the application target of the coating liquid is an electron transport layer.
- the active layer is formed on the hole transport layer.
- Step (ii) Any suitable method can be used as a method of removing the solvent from the coating film of the coating solution, that is, a method of removing the solvent from the coating film to obtain a solidified film.
- methods for removing the solvent include drying methods such as a method of directly heating using a hot plate, a hot air drying method, an infrared heating drying method, a flash lamp annealing drying method, and a vacuum drying method.
- the step of forming the active layer may include other steps in addition to the steps (i) and (ii) provided that the object and effect of the present invention are not impaired.
- the method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element may be a method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element including a plurality of active layers, or may be a method in which step (i) and step (ii) are repeated a plurality of times.
- the thickness of the active layer can be adjusted, for example, by changing the amount of the solvent in the total amount of ink in the step of forming the active layer. Specifically, for example, when adjusting the thickness of the active layer to be thicker, when reducing the amount of the solvent in the coating solution and adjusting the thickness of the active layer to be thinner. The thickness of the active layer can be adjusted to a suitable thickness by further increasing the amount of the solvent in the coating solution.
- the thickness of the active layer can be appropriately adjusted by changing the rotation speed (the number of rotations per predetermined time). Specifically, the thickness of the active layer can be adjusted to be thinner by increasing the rotation speed, and the thickness of the active layer can be increased by decreasing the rotation speed. Can be adjusted.
- the coating solution may be a solution, or a dispersion such as a dispersion, an emulsion (emulsion), or a suspension (suspension).
- the coating solution of this embodiment is a coating solution for forming an active layer, and includes a p-type semiconductor material, an n-type semiconductor material, and a first solvent, and may further include a second solvent as desired.
- the components of the coating solution will be described.
- the coating liquid may contain only one type of n-type semiconductor material, or may contain any combination of two or more types.
- the weight ratio of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material (p-type semiconductor material / n-type semiconductor material) in the coating solution is preferably in the range of 9/1 to 1/9, and 5/1 to 1 /. A range of 5 is more preferable, and a range of 3/1 to 1/3 is particularly preferable.
- the solvent may be selected in consideration of the solubility in the selected p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material, and characteristics (such as the boiling point) to cope with the drying conditions when forming the active layer.
- the first solvent is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon (hereinafter simply referred to as aromatic hydrocarbon) which may have a substituent (for example, an alkyl group or a halogen atom) or a halogenated alkyl solvent.
- aromatic hydrocarbon which may have a substituent (for example, an alkyl group or a halogen atom) or a halogenated alkyl solvent.
- the first solvent is preferably selected in consideration of the solubility of the selected p-type semiconductor material and n-type semiconductor material.
- aromatic hydrocarbon as the first solvent examples include toluene, xylene (eg, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene), trimethylbenzene (eg, mesitylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene). )), Butylbenzene (eg, n-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene), methylnaphthalene (eg, 1-methylnaphthalene), tetralin, indane, chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzene (o-dichlorobenzene) Can be mentioned.
- xylene eg, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene
- trimethylbenzene eg, mesitylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene).
- Butylbenzene eg,
- halogenated alkyl solvent examples include chloroform.
- the first solvent may be composed of only one kind of aromatic hydrocarbon or may be composed of two or more kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons.
- the first solvent is preferably composed of only one kind of aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the first solvent is preferably toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, mesitylene, pseudocumene, n-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, methylnaphthalene, tetralin, indane, chlorobenzene, one or more selected from the group consisting of o-dichlorobenzene and chloroform.
- the second solvent is preferably a solvent selected from the viewpoints of enhancing the solubility of the n-type semiconductor material, reducing dark current, and improving the SN ratio.
- the second solvent include ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, and propiophenone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, phenyl acetate, ethyl cellosolve acetate, methyl benzoate, butyl benzoate, and benzyl benzoate.
- aromatic carbon solvents such as o-dichlorobenzene.
- the weight ratio of the first solvent to the second solvent is in the range of 85/15 to 99/1 from the viewpoint of further improving the solubility of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material. It is preferable to do.
- Total weight percentage of the first solvent and the second solvent in the coating solution From the viewpoint of further improving the solubility of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material when the total weight of the first solvent and the second solvent contained in the coating liquid is 100% by weight, It is preferably 90% by weight or more, more preferably 92% by weight or more, and still more preferably 95% by weight or more.
- the concentration of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material in the coating solution is increased to a certain thickness or more. From the viewpoint of facilitating the formation of the layer, it is preferably 99.9% by weight or less.
- the coating liquid may contain any solvent other than the first solvent and the second solvent.
- the content of any solvent is preferably 5% by weight or less, more preferably 3% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1%. % By weight or less.
- a solvent having a boiling point higher than that of the second solvent is preferable.
- the coating solution includes an ultraviolet absorber, an antioxidant, and an absorption as long as the object and effect of the present invention are not impaired.
- An optional component such as a sensitizer for sensitizing the function of generating a charge by the light and a light stabilizer for increasing the stability from ultraviolet rays may be contained.
- the total concentration of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material in the coating solution can be any suitable concentration depending on the required thickness of the active layer.
- the total concentration of the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material is preferably 0.01% by weight or more and 20% by weight or less, more preferably 0.01% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less.
- the content is more preferably from 01% by weight to 5% by weight, and particularly preferably from 0.1% by weight to 5% by weight.
- the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material may be dissolved or dispersed.
- the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material are preferably at least partially dissolved and more preferably completely dissolved.
- the coating solution can be prepared by a conventionally known method.
- a mixed solvent is prepared by mixing a first solvent and a second solvent, a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material are added to the mixed solvent, a p-type semiconductor material is added to the first solvent, and the second After the n-type semiconductor material is added to the solvent, it can be prepared by a method of mixing the first solvent and the second solvent to which each material is added.
- the first solvent, the second solvent, the p-type semiconductor material, and the n-type semiconductor material may be mixed by heating to a temperature not higher than the boiling point of the solvent.
- the obtained mixture may be filtered using a filter, and the obtained filtrate may be used as a coating liquid.
- a filter for example, a filter formed of a fluororesin such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can be used.
- the method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment may include a step of forming an electron transport layer (electron injection layer) provided between the active layer and the cathode.
- the method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element of this embodiment further includes a step of forming an electron transport layer after the step of forming the active layer.
- the method for forming the electron transport layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of simplifying the formation process of the electron transport layer, it is preferable to form the electron transport layer by the same coating method as the already described active layer formation process. That is, after the formation of the active layer, a coating solution containing an electron transporting material and a solvent, which will be described later, is applied onto the active layer, and if necessary, a drying process (heat treatment) is performed to remove the solvent. It is preferable to form a transport layer.
- the electron transporting material for forming the electron transporting layer may be an organic compound or an inorganic compound.
- the electron transport material which is an organic compound may be a low molecular organic compound or a high molecular organic compound.
- Examples of the electron transporting material which is a low molecular weight organic compound include oxadiazole derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and derivatives thereof, benzoquinone and derivatives thereof, naphthoquinone and derivatives thereof, anthraquinones and derivatives thereof, tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane and derivatives thereof, fluorenone derivatives, diphenyldicyanoethylene and its derivatives, diphenoquinone derivatives, 8-hydroxyquinoline and metal complexes of derivatives thereof, polyquinoline and derivatives thereof, polyquinoxaline and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, fullerenes such as C 60 fullerene And derivatives thereof, and phenanthrene derivatives such as bathocuproine.
- Examples of the electron transport material that is a high molecular organic compound include polyvinyl carbazole and derivatives thereof, polysilane and derivatives thereof, polysiloxane derivatives having an aromatic amine structure in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof. Derivatives, polypyrrole and derivatives thereof, polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, and polyfluorene and derivatives thereof.
- Examples of the electron transporting material that is an inorganic compound include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, GZO (gallium doped zinc oxide), ATO (antimony doped tin oxide), and AZO (aluminum doped zinc oxide). ).
- zinc oxide, gallium-doped zinc oxide or aluminum-doped zinc oxide is preferable.
- an electron transporting material it is preferable to use zinc oxide nanoparticles, gallium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles or aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, gallium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles Or it is more preferable to form an electron carrying layer using the electron transport material which consists only of nanoparticles of an aluminum dope zinc oxide.
- the average particle diameter corresponding to the spheres of zinc oxide nanoparticles, gallium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles is preferably 1 nm to 1000 nm, and more preferably 10 nm to 100 nm.
- the average particle diameter can be measured by, for example, a laser light scattering method, an X-ray diffraction method, or the like.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the coating solution containing the electron transporting material include water, alcohol, ketone, and hydrocarbon.
- the alcohol include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butoxyethanol, methoxybutanol and the like.
- Specific examples of the ketone include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2-heptanone, cyclohexanone and the like.
- the hydrocarbon include n-pentane, cyclohexane, n-hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, tetralin, chlorobenzene, orthodichlorobenzene and the like.
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of the solvents.
- the coating solution used in the coating method for forming the electron transport layer may be a dispersion such as an emulsion (emulsion) or a suspension (suspension).
- the coating solution is preferably a coating solution that causes little damage to the layer (active layer or the like) to which the coating solution is applied. Specifically, it is difficult to dissolve the layer (active layer or the like) to which the coating solution is applied.
- a coating liquid is preferred.
- the method for forming the cathode is not particularly limited.
- the cathode material described above is formed on the layer (eg, active layer, electron transport layer) where the cathode is to be formed by vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, plating, coating, etc. can do.
- the material of the cathode is polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, conductive material nanoparticles, conductive material nanowires or conductive material nanotubes, an emulsion containing these materials and a solvent
- the cathode can be formed by a coating method using (emulsion), suspension (suspension) or the like.
- the cathode may be formed by a coating method using a coating liquid containing a conductive substance, a metal ink, a metal paste, a molten low melting point metal, or the like.
- a coating method using a coating solution containing a cathode material and a solvent include the same methods as those in the step of forming the active layer already described.
- Examples of the solvent contained in the coating solution used when forming the cathode by the coating method include toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin, decalin, bicyclohexyl, n-butylbenzene, sec-butylbenzene, tert-butylbenzene, and the like.
- Hydrocarbon solvents halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chlorobutane, bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexane, bromocyclohexane, etc .; chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, tri Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as chlorobenzene; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran; water, alcohols and the like.
- halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, chlorobutane, bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexan
- the coating solution may contain one kind of solvent, may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of the above solvents.
- P-type semiconductor material In this example, a p-type semiconductor material (electron-donating compound) which is a polymer compound shown in Table 1 below was used.
- the polymer compound P-1 which is a p-type semiconductor material was synthesized and used with reference to the method described in International Publication No. 2011/052709.
- the polymer compound P-2, which is a p-type semiconductor material was synthesized and used with reference to the method described in International Publication No. 2011/052709.
- the polymer compound P-3, which is a p-type semiconductor material was synthesized and used with reference to the method described in International Publication No. 2013/051676.
- the polymer compound P-4, which is a p-type semiconductor material was obtained by using P3HT (Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich) from the market.
- P3HT Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl
- a spectrophotometer (ultraviolet visible near infrared spectrophotometer) (JASCO-V670, manufactured by JASCO Corporation) operating in the ultraviolet, visible and near infrared wavelength regions was used. .
- the absorption spectrum of the substrate used for the measurement was measured.
- a glass substrate was used as the substrate.
- a thin film having a thickness of 100 nm containing the compound to be measured was formed by applying a coating solution that is a solution containing the compound to be measured or a melt containing the compound on the glass substrate.
- the absorption spectrum of the laminate in which the obtained thin film and the substrate were laminated was measured.
- the difference between the absorption spectrum of the laminate of the thin film and the substrate and the absorption spectrum of the substrate was taken as the absorption spectrum of the thin film.
- N-type semiconductor material N-type semiconductor material
- n-type semiconductor materials electron-accepting compounds
- Compound N-1 which is an n-type semiconductor material, was obtained by using KLOC-6 (manufactured by Solenne-BV) from the market.
- Compound N-2 which is an n-type semiconductor material, was obtained by using E100 (manufactured by Frontier Carbon) from the market.
- Compound N-3 which is an n-type semiconductor material, was obtained by using [60] IPH (manufactured by Solenne-BV) from the market.
- the LUMO values of the compounds N-1 and N-3 were determined from the LUMO value of the compound N-2 based on the literature and the obtained LUMO difference.
- HTL-Solar manufactured by Heraeus
- HTL-Solar N manufactured by Heraeus
- H-3 which is a hole transporting material
- PH500N manufactured by Heraeus
- Compound H-4 which is a hole transporting material
- AI4083 manufactured by Heraeus
- Compound H-5 which is a hole transporting material, was obtained by using Plexcore OC AQ-1100 (manufactured by Plextronics) containing a dopant and polythiophene from the market.
- a photoelectron spectrometer (atmospheric photoelectron spectrometer) AC-2 (manufactured by Riken Keiki Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the HOMO value of the hole transporting material.
- Example 1 (Production and evaluation of photoelectric conversion elements) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film (anode) was formed to a thickness of 150 nm by sputtering was prepared. This glass substrate was subjected to ozone UV treatment as a surface treatment.
- the hole transporting material H-2 was filtered using a filter having a pore diameter of 0.45 ⁇ m.
- the suspension after filtration was applied on the ITO thin film of the glass substrate to a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating to form a coating film.
- the glass substrate on which the coating film is formed is heated in the atmosphere at 200 ° C. for 10 minutes using a hot plate to dry the coating film, whereby a hole transport layer is formed on the ITO thin film. Formed.
- the p-type semiconductor material P-1 and the n-type semiconductor material N-1 are mixed at a weight ratio of 1: 1.5, orthodichlorobenzene is added as a solvent, and the mixture is stirred for 14 hours at 80 ° C. (I-1) was prepared.
- the coating film obtained by applying the ink (I-1) to the glass substrate on which the hole transport layer is formed by spin coating is dried for 5 minutes using a hot plate heated to 70 ° C. to obtain a solidified film.
- an active layer was formed on the hole transport layer.
- the thickness of the formed active layer was about 100 nm.
- a 45 wt% isopropanol dispersion (HTD-711Z, manufactured by Teika) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 20-30 nm) was diluted with 3-pentanol 10 times by weight of the isopropanol dispersion.
- a coating solution was prepared. The obtained coating solution was applied on the active layer with a thickness of 40 nm by spin coating, and the coating film was dried in a nitrogen gas atmosphere to form an electron transport layer on the active layer.
- a silver (Ag) layer having a thickness of about 80 nm was formed on the formed electron transport layer in a resistance heating vapor deposition apparatus to form a cathode.
- a photoelectric conversion element photodetection element
- a UV curable sealant was applied to the periphery of the laminate, and a glass substrate as a sealing substrate was bonded together, and then the laminate was sealed by irradiation with UV light.
- the planar shape when viewed from the thickness direction of the obtained photoelectric conversion element was a square of 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- the current density-voltage characteristic under dark place and pseudo-sunlight (1SUN) irradiation was measured using a solar simulator CEP-2000 (manufactured by Spectrometer Co., Ltd.), and a measured value was obtained.
- Examples 3 to 4 and Comparative Example 4> A photoelectric conversion element (photodetection element) was manufactured in the same manner as Example 1 described above except that the n-type semiconductor material and the hole transport layer material were changed as shown in Table 5 below.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
前記活性層は、吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上である高分子化合物であるp型半導体材料と、n型半導体材料とを含み、
前記活性層に含まれるn型半導体材料のLUMOと前記正孔輸送層に含まれる正孔輸送性材料のHOMOとのエネルギー差が0.9eV未満である、光電変換素子。
[2] 前記p型半導体材料の吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上2000nm以下であり、前記エネルギー差が0.5eV~0.8eVである、[1]に記載の光電変換素子。
[3] 前記n型半導体材料が、フラーレン誘導体である、[1]または[2]に記載の光電変換素子。
[4] 前記フラーレン誘導体が、下記式(N-a)~式(N-f)で表される化合物からなる群から選択される1以上の化合物である、[3]に記載の光電変換素子。
Raは、アルキル基、アリール基、1価の複素環基、またはエステル構造を有する基を表す。複数個あるRaは、互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
Rbは、アルキル基、またはアリール基を表す。複数個あるRbは、互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい。)
[5] 前記フラーレン誘導体が、前記式(N-a)、式(N-b)、式(N-e)、または式(N-f)で表される化合物である、[4]に記載の光電変換素子。
[6] 前記フラーレン誘導体が、C60PCBMまたはKLOC-6である、[5]に記載の光電変換素子。
[7] 前記p型半導体材料が、チオフェン骨格を含む構成単位を含む高分子化合物である、[1]~[6]のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
[8] 光検出素子である、[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
本実施形態にかかる光電変換素子は、陽極と、陰極と、陽極と陰極との間に設けられる活性層と、陽極と活性層との間に設けられた正孔輸送層とを備え、活性層は、吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上である高分子化合物であるp型半導体材料と、n型半導体材料とを含み、活性層に含まれるn型半導体材料のLUMOと正孔輸送層に含まれる正孔輸送性材料のHOMOとのエネルギー差が0.9eV未満である。
以下、本実施形態の光電変換素子について具体的に説明する。
光電変換素子は、通常、基板(支持基板)上に形成される。この基板には、通常、陰極および陽極を含む電極が形成される。基板の材料は、特に有機化合物を含む層を形成する際に化学的に変化しない材料であれば特に限定されない。
光電変換素子は、少なくとも一対の電極である陽極および陰極を含んでいる。陽極および陰極のうち、少なくとも一方の電極は、光を入射させるために、透明または半透明の電極とすることが好ましい。
活性層は、p型半導体材料(電子供与性化合物)とn型半導体材料(電子受容性化合物)とを含む。
ここで、以下の説明において共通して用いられる用語について説明する。
本実施形態の光電変換素子に用いられるp型半導体材料は、吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上であるp型半導体材料である。
本実施形態の活性層に含まれるn型半導体材料のLUMOと正孔輸送層に含まれる正孔輸送性材料のHOMOとのエネルギー差は、0.9eV未満である。かかるエネルギー差は、正孔を陽極に効率的に移動させ、電子を陰極に効率的に移動させるためのエネルギー勾配を確保する観点から、0.3eV~0.8eVであることが好ましく、特に材料の入手性の観点から、0.5eV~0.8eVであることがより好ましい。
Rbは、アルキル基、またはアリール基を表す。複数個あるRbは、互いに同一であっても異なっていてもよい。
図1に示されるとおり、光電変換素子は、特性を向上させるためのさらなる構成要素として、電荷輸送層(電子輸送層、正孔輸送層、電子注入層、正孔注入層)といった付加的な中間層を備えていることが好ましい。
光電変換素子は、封止部材により封止されていてもよい。封止部材は、例えば、支持基板から遠い方の電極側に設けることができる。封止部材の例としては、封止基板と封止材との組み合わせが挙げられる。
本実施形態の光電変換素子は、電極間に電圧(逆バイアス電圧)を印加した状態で、透明または半透明の電極側から光を照射することにより、光電流を流すことができ、光検出素子(光センサー)として動作させることができる。また、光センサーを複数集積することによりイメージセンサーとして用いることもできる。
既に説明した本発明の実施形態にかかる光電変換素子は、ワークステーション、パーソナルコンピュータ、携帯情報端末、入退室管理システム、デジタルカメラ、および医療機器などの種々の電子装置が備える検出部に好適に適用することができる。
図2は、固体撮像装置用のイメージ検出部の構成例を模式的に示す図である。
図3は、表示装置に一体的に構成される指紋検出部の構成例を模式的に示す図である。
指紋認証の実行時には、表示パネル部200の有機EL素子220から放射される光を用いて指紋検出部100が指紋を検出する。具体的には、有機EL素子220から放射された光は、有機EL素子220と指紋検出部100の光電変換素子10との間に存在する構成要素を透過して、表示領域200a内である表示パネル部200の表面に接するように載置された手指の指先の皮膚(指表面)によって反射される。指表面によって反射された光のうちの少なくとも一部は、間に存在する構成要素を透過して光電変換素子10によって受光され、光電変換素子10の受光量に応じた電気信号に変換される。そして、変換された電気信号から、指表面の指紋についての画像情報が構成される。
式:SN比=Jsc/Jd
本実施形態の光電変換素子の製造方法は、特に限定されない。光電変換素子は、各構成要素を形成するにあたり選択された材料に好適な形成方法を組み合わせることにより製造することができる。
本工程では、陽極が設けられた支持基板を用意する。
支持基板に陽極を設ける方法は特に限定されない。陽極は、例えば、電極の材料として例示した材料を、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、めっき法等によって、既に説明した材料によって構成される支持基板上に形成することができる。
本実施形態では、陽極上に正孔輸送層を形成する。
正孔輸送層の形成方法は特に限定されない。正孔輸送層の形成工程をより簡便にする観点からは、塗布法によって正孔輸送層を形成することが好ましい。正孔輸送層は、例えば、既に説明した正孔輸送性材料と溶媒とを含む塗布液を、正孔輸送層が形成されるべき層上に塗布することにより形成することができる。
活性層を形成する工程は、吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上である高分子化合物であるp型半導体材料と、n型半導体材料のLUMOと正孔輸送層に含まれる正孔輸送性材料のHOMOとのエネルギー差が0.9eV未満となるように選択されたn型半導体材料と、溶媒とを含む塗布液を塗布対象に塗布して塗膜を得る工程(i)と、該塗膜から溶媒を除去する工程(ii)とを含む。
塗布液を塗布対象に塗布する方法としては、任意好適な塗布法を用いることができる。塗布法としては、スリットコート法、ナイフコート法、スピンコート法、マイクログラビアコート法、グラビアコート法、バーコート法、インクジェット印刷法、ノズルコート法、またはキャピラリーコート法が好ましく、スリットコート法、スピンコート法、キャピラリーコート法、またはバーコート法がより好ましく、スリットコート法またはスピンコート法がさらに好ましい。
塗布液の塗膜から、溶媒を除去する方法、すなわち塗膜から溶媒を除去して固化膜とする方法としては、任意好適な方法を用いることができる。溶媒を除去する方法の例としては、ホットプレートを用いて直接的に加熱する方法、熱風乾燥法、赤外線加熱乾燥法、フラッシュランプアニール乾燥法、減圧乾燥法などの乾燥法が挙げられる。
塗布液は、溶液であってもよく、分散液、エマルション(乳濁液)、サスペンション(懸濁液)等の分散液であってもよい。本実施形態の塗布液は、活性層形成用の塗布液であって、p型半導体材料と、n型半導体材料と、第1溶媒とを含み、さらに所望により第2溶媒を含み得る。以下、塗布液の成分について説明する。
塗布液中のp型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の重量比(p型半導体材料/n型半導体材料)は、9/1~1/9の範囲とすることが好ましく、5/1~1/5の範囲とすることがより好ましく、3/1~1/3の範囲とすることが特に好ましい。
溶媒は、選択されたp型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料に対する溶解性、活性層を形成する際の乾燥条件に対応するための特性(沸点など)を考慮して選択すればよい。
第2溶媒は、特にn型半導体材料の溶解性を高め、暗電流の低減、SN比の向上の観点から選択される溶媒であることが好ましい。第2溶媒としては、例えば、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、アセトフェノン、プロピオフェノン等のケトン溶媒、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、酢酸フェニル、エチルセルソルブアセテート、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸ブチル、安息香酸ベンジル等のエステル溶媒、o-ジクロロベンゼン等の芳香族炭素溶媒が挙げられる。
第1溶媒の第2溶媒に対する重量比(第1溶媒/第2溶媒)は、p型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の溶解性をより向上させる観点から、85/15~99/1の範囲とすることが好ましい。
塗布液に含まれる第1溶媒および第2溶媒の総重量は、塗布液の全重量を100重量%としたときに、p型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の溶解性をより向上させる観点から、好ましくは90重量%以上、より好ましくは92重量%以上、さらに好ましくは95重量%以上であり、塗布液中のp型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の濃度を高くして一定の厚さ以上の層を形成し易くする観点から、好ましくは99.9重量%以下である。
塗布液は、第1溶媒および第2溶媒以外の任意の溶媒を含んでいてもよい。塗布液に含まれる全溶媒の合計重量を100重量%とした場合に、任意の溶媒の含有率は、好ましくは5重量%以下であり、より好ましくは3重量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは1重量%以下である。任意の溶媒としては、第2溶媒より沸点が高い溶媒が好ましい。
塗布液には、第1の溶媒、第2の溶媒、p型半導体材料、およびn型半導体材料の他に、本発明の目的および効果を損なわない限度において、紫外線吸収剤、酸化防止剤、吸収した光により電荷を発生させる機能を増感するためのため増感剤、紫外線からの安定性を増すための光安定剤といった任意の成分が含まれていてもよい。
塗布液における、p型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の合計の濃度は、必要とされる活性層の厚さに応じて、任意好適な濃度とすることができる。p型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料の合計の濃度は、0.01重量%以上20重量%以下であることが好ましく、0.01重量%以上10重量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.01重量%以上5重量%以下であることがさらに好ましく、0.1重量%以上5重量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
塗布液は、従来公知の方法により調製することができる。例えば、第1溶媒および第2溶媒を混合して混合溶媒を調製し、混合溶媒にp型半導体材料およびn型半導体材料を添加する方法、第1溶媒にp型半導体材料を添加し、第2溶媒にn型半導体材料を添加してから、各材料が添加された第1溶媒および第2溶媒を混合する方法などにより、調製することができる。
本実施形態の光電変換素子の製造方法は、活性層と陰極との間に設けられた電子輸送層(電子注入層)を形成する工程を含んでいてもよい。
本発明にかかる光電変換素子の製造方法が、電子輸送層を形成する工程を含む場合には、電子輸送層上に陰極が形成される。
以下、本発明をさらに詳細に説明するために実施例を示す。本発明は以下に説明する実施例に限定されない。
本実施例では、下記表1に示される高分子化合物であるp型半導体材料(電子供与性化合物)を使用した。
p型半導体材料である高分子化合物P-2は、国際公開第2011/052709号に記載の方法を参考にして合成し、使用した。
p型半導体材料である高分子化合物P-3は、国際公開第2013/051676号に記載の方法を参考にして合成し、使用した。
p型半導体材料である高分子化合物P-4は、P3HT(Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)(Sigma-Aldrich社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
次いで、ガラス基板の上に測定対象である化合物を含む溶液または化合物を含む溶融体である塗布液を塗布することにより、測定対象である化合物を含む厚さ100nmの薄膜を形成した。
薄膜と基板との積層体の吸収スペクトルと基板の吸収スペクトルとの差を、薄膜の吸収スペクトルとした。
本実施例では、下記表2に示されるn型半導体材料(電子受容性化合物)を使用した。
n型半導体材料である化合物N-2は、E100(フロンティアカーボン社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
n型半導体材料である化合物N-3は、[60]IPH(Solenne-BV社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
本実施例では、下記表3に示した正孔輸送性材料を使用した。
正孔輸送性材料である化合物H-2は、HTL-Solar N(ヘレウス社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
正孔輸送性材料である化合物H-3は、PH500N(ヘレウス社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
正孔輸送性材料である化合物H-4は、AI4083(ヘレウス社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
正孔輸送性材料である化合物H-5は、ドーパントとポリチオフェンとを含むPlexcore OC AQ-1100(Plextronics社製)を市場より入手して使用した。
(光電変換素子の製造および評価)
スパッタ法により150nmの厚さでITOの薄膜(陽極)が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。このガラス基板に対し、表面処理としてオゾンUV処理を行った。
得られた光電変換素子の厚さ方向から見たときの平面的な形状は2mm×2mmの正方形であった。
n型半導体材料および正孔輸送層材料を下記表4のとおり変更した以外は、既に説明した実施例1と同様にして、光電変換素子(光検出素子)を製造し、実施例1と同様にして評価した。結果を下記表4に示す。
n型半導体材料および正孔輸送層材料を下記表5のとおり変更した以外は、既に説明した実施例1と同様にして、光電変換素子(光検出素子)を製造した。
n型半導体材料および正孔輸送性材料を下記表6のとおり変更した以外は、既に説明した実施例1と同様にして、光電変換素子(光検出素子)を製造し、実施例1と同様にして評価した。結果を下記表6に示す。
n型半導体材料および正孔輸送性材料を下記表7のとおり変更した以外は、既に説明した実施例1と同様にして、光電変換素子(光検出素子)を製造して、実施例1と同様にして評価した。結果を下記表7に示す。
2 表示装置
10 光電変換素子
11、210 支持基板
12 陽極
13 正孔輸送層
14 活性層
15 電子輸送層
16 陰極
17 封止部材
20 CMOSトランジスタ基板
30 層間絶縁膜
32 層間配線部
40 封止層
50 カラーフィルター
100 指紋検出部
200 表示パネル部
200a 表示領域
220 有機EL素子
230 タッチセンサーパネル
240 封止基板
Claims (8)
- 陽極と、陰極と、該陽極と該陰極との間に設けられる活性層と、該陽極と該活性層との間に設けられた正孔輸送層とを備え、
前記活性層は、吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上である高分子化合物であるp型半導体材料と、n型半導体材料とを含み、
前記活性層に含まれるn型半導体材料のLUMOと前記正孔輸送層に含まれる正孔輸送性材料のHOMOとのエネルギー差が0.9eV未満である、光電変換素子。 - 前記p型半導体材料の吸収ピーク波長が900nm以上2000nm以下であり、前記エネルギー差が0.5eV~0.8eVである、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記n型半導体材料が、フラーレン誘導体である、請求項1または2に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記フラーレン誘導体が、前記式(N-a)、式(N-b)、式(N-e)、または式(N-f)で表される化合物である、請求項4に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記フラーレン誘導体が、C60PCBMまたはKLOC-6である、請求項5に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記p型半導体材料が、チオフェン骨格を含む構成単位を含む高分子化合物である、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 光検出素子である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP19770853.0A EP3770982A4 (en) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | ELEMENT FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION |
KR1020207029582A KR102667408B1 (ko) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | 광전 변환 소자 |
US16/971,823 US11917839B2 (en) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | High signal-to-noise ratio photoelectric conversion element |
CN201980017398.0A CN111819706A (zh) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | 光电转换元件 |
JP2020507953A JP7315531B2 (ja) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | 光検出素子 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018-056657 | 2018-03-23 | ||
JP2018056657 | 2018-03-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2019182143A1 true WO2019182143A1 (ja) | 2019-09-26 |
Family
ID=67986278
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2019/012216 WO2019182143A1 (ja) | 2018-03-23 | 2019-03-22 | 光電変換素子 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US11917839B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3770982A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP7315531B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN111819706A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2019182143A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPWO2022124273A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-16 |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113193062A (zh) * | 2021-04-13 | 2021-07-30 | Tcl华星光电技术有限公司 | 光电传感器及其制作方法、显示面板 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011052709A1 (ja) | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-05 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子化合物 |
WO2013051676A1 (ja) | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-11 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子化合物及び電子素子 |
JP2014055256A (ja) * | 2012-09-13 | 2014-03-27 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 組成物および光電変換素子 |
US20150075622A1 (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Synthesis of water soluble doped conjugated polyelectrolytes for applications in organic electronics |
US9178160B1 (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2015-11-03 | Northwestern University | Fused thiophene-based conjugated polymers and their use in optoelectronic devices |
WO2017170345A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-05 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子、並びにそれを備える太陽電池モジュール及びセンサー |
WO2019082849A1 (ja) * | 2017-10-23 | 2019-05-02 | 住友化学株式会社 | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN104247054A (zh) | 2011-11-04 | 2014-12-24 | 普林斯顿大学 | 具有纳米结构和纳米金属光学腔和天线的发光二极管,快光子-电子源和光电探测器,以及其制造方法 |
KR20160119052A (ko) | 2014-02-05 | 2016-10-12 | 도레이 카부시키가이샤 | 광전 변환 소자 및 이미지 센서 |
WO2015146055A1 (ja) * | 2014-03-24 | 2015-10-01 | 株式会社 東芝 | ポリマーとそれを用いた太陽電池 |
WO2018110317A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-16 | 2018-06-21 | 日産化学工業株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層用組成物 |
US10998514B2 (en) * | 2017-12-01 | 2021-05-04 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Photoelectric devices and image sensors and electronic devices |
-
2019
- 2019-03-22 EP EP19770853.0A patent/EP3770982A4/en active Pending
- 2019-03-22 WO PCT/JP2019/012216 patent/WO2019182143A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2019-03-22 JP JP2020507953A patent/JP7315531B2/ja active Active
- 2019-03-22 US US16/971,823 patent/US11917839B2/en active Active
- 2019-03-22 CN CN201980017398.0A patent/CN111819706A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2011052709A1 (ja) | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-05 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子化合物 |
WO2013051676A1 (ja) | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-11 | 住友化学株式会社 | 高分子化合物及び電子素子 |
JP2014055256A (ja) * | 2012-09-13 | 2014-03-27 | Sumitomo Chemical Co Ltd | 組成物および光電変換素子 |
US20150075622A1 (en) * | 2013-08-27 | 2015-03-19 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Synthesis of water soluble doped conjugated polyelectrolytes for applications in organic electronics |
US9178160B1 (en) * | 2013-10-21 | 2015-11-03 | Northwestern University | Fused thiophene-based conjugated polymers and their use in optoelectronic devices |
WO2017170345A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-29 | 2017-10-05 | 住友化学株式会社 | 有機光電変換素子、並びにそれを備える太陽電池モジュール及びセンサー |
WO2019082849A1 (ja) * | 2017-10-23 | 2019-05-02 | 住友化学株式会社 | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
ADV. FUNCT. MATER., vol. 20, 2010, pages 3895 - 3903 |
WU, Z. ET AL.: "Elucidating the Detectivity Limits in Shortwave Infrared Organic Photodiodes", ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, vol. 28, no. 18, 9 March 2018 (2018-03-09), pages 1800391 - 1-1800391-9, XP055636980 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPWO2022124273A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-16 | ||
WO2022124273A1 (ja) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-06-16 | 昭和電工株式会社 | フラーレン誘導体およびその製造方法 |
JP7212227B2 (ja) | 2020-12-09 | 2023-01-25 | 昭和電工株式会社 | フラーレン誘導体およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3770982A1 (en) | 2021-01-27 |
KR20200133762A (ko) | 2020-11-30 |
JP7315531B2 (ja) | 2023-07-26 |
EP3770982A4 (en) | 2022-01-05 |
US11917839B2 (en) | 2024-02-27 |
JPWO2019182143A1 (ja) | 2021-03-11 |
US20210376274A1 (en) | 2021-12-02 |
CN111819706A (zh) | 2020-10-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US11877459B2 (en) | Light detecting element | |
JP7339239B2 (ja) | 光電変換素子 | |
JP7315531B2 (ja) | 光検出素子 | |
JP6697833B2 (ja) | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 | |
JP7129995B2 (ja) | インク、インクの固化膜、及び光電変換素子 | |
JP6637638B2 (ja) | 光電変換素子 | |
JP7080132B2 (ja) | 光検出素子 | |
JP7235465B2 (ja) | 光電変換素子及びその製造方法 | |
KR102667408B1 (ko) | 광전 변환 소자 | |
WO2019082849A1 (ja) | 光電変換素子およびその製造方法 | |
JP7321962B2 (ja) | 光検出素子 | |
WO2021200315A1 (ja) | 光検出素子 | |
JP2020088170A (ja) | 有機光電変換素子 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 19770853 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2020507953 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20207029582 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2019770853 Country of ref document: EP |