WO2019031498A1 - 半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ - Google Patents
半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019031498A1 WO2019031498A1 PCT/JP2018/029589 JP2018029589W WO2019031498A1 WO 2019031498 A1 WO2019031498 A1 WO 2019031498A1 JP 2018029589 W JP2018029589 W JP 2018029589W WO 2019031498 A1 WO2019031498 A1 WO 2019031498A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
- H01B1/026—Alloys based on copper
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/43—Manufacturing methods
- H01L2224/438—Post-treatment of the connector
- H01L2224/43848—Thermal treatments, e.g. annealing, controlled cooling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/42—Wire connectors; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/44—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/45—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual wire connector
- H01L2224/45001—Core members of the connector
- H01L2224/45099—Material
- H01L2224/451—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof
- H01L2224/45138—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te) and polonium (Po), and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950°C and less than 1550°C
- H01L2224/45147—Copper (Cu) as principal constituent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a Cu alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device used to connect an electrode on a semiconductor element and a circuit wiring board such as an external lead.
- bonding wires fine wires with a diameter of about 15 to 50 ⁇ m are mainly used as bonding wires for semiconductor devices (hereinafter referred to as bonding wires) for bonding between electrodes on semiconductor elements and external leads.
- the bonding method of the bonding wire is generally a thermocompression bonding method with ultrasonic waves, and a general purpose bonding apparatus, a capillary jig using a bonding wire for connection and connection, and the like are used.
- the bonding wire bonding process heats and melts the wire tip with an arc heat input, forms a ball (FAB: Free Air Ball) by surface tension, and then heats it on the electrode of the semiconductor element heated in the range of 150 to 300 ° C.
- This ball portion is pressure-bonded (hereinafter, ball bonding), and then a loop is formed, and then the wire portion is crimp-bonded (hereinafter, wedge bonding) to the electrode on the external lead side.
- a multilayer Cu wire has many points excellent in use performance surface by suppression of the oxidation of copper of the wire surface etc. which were a subject of single phase Cu wire. Therefore, multilayer Cu wires are widely adopted especially in high density LSI applications where the wire diameter is narrow and severe performance is required.
- single-phase Cu wires are cheaper than multi-layer Cu wires, so they are used mainly for power device applications with relatively large wire diameters and relatively low performance requirements.
- capillary wear is defined as a phenomenon in which the inside of the capillary is worn due to the friction at the contact interface between the bonding wire and the inside of the capillary.
- defects such as disorder of the loop shape and decrease in bonding strength of ball joints and wire joints are caused.
- the vicinity of the hole at the tip of the capillary is apt to wear because it has many opportunities to contact the bonding wire.
- the shape of the hole at the tip of the capillary before use is circular, but becomes elliptical as the capillary wear increases.
- methods for reducing such capillary wear methods for mainly improving the wear resistance of the capillary and methods for coating the wire surface with different metals have been studied.
- Patent Document 1 relates to a bonding capillary, which is made of a first polycrystalline ceramic having an aluminum oxide crystal as a main phase, and the average particle diameter of the aluminum oxide crystal particles is 0.38 ⁇ m or less.
- the technique which can aim at the improvement of the abrasion resistance suitable when using the hard metal fine wire (bonding wire) which consists of these is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 relates to a bonding wire mainly made of Ag, in which 15 to 50 at. It is disclosed that by having an Au-containing region containing at least%, the friction generated at the interface between the surface of the bonding wire and the capillary can be reduced, and the service life of the capillary can be improved.
- Patent Document 3 discloses that, in a noble metal-coated copper wire for ball bonding, sliding of the surface of the wire relative to the capillary is improved as an effect when an extremely thin drawn layer of gold (Au) is formed on the outermost surface of the wire.
- Au extremely thin drawn layer of gold
- the above-mentioned capillary wear mainly occurs in the loop forming process.
- the capillary is moved while drawing out the bonding wire from the capillary to form a loop between the ball joint and the wedge joint.
- the vicinity of the hole at the tip of the capillary is worn away.
- the wire diameter is thin, stress tends to be concentrated at the contact interface between the bonding wire and the capillary, and capillary wear tends to increase.
- the wedge bonding In the wedge bonding, ultrasonic waves and a load are applied to the bonding wire through the capillary to bond with the external electrode.
- an electrode plated with Ag or Pd is generally used for the external electrode.
- the portion where the bonding wire is deformed by the wedge bonding is called a tail. Since the deformation behavior of the tail affects the bonding strength of the wedge joint and the stability of the bonding, control of the deformation behavior is important.
- the conventional single-phase Cu wire has variation in the amount of deformation of the tail when performing the wedge bonding, and a good bonding strength may not be obtained. When the deformation amount of the tail is small, the bonding strength of the wedge bonding portion may be insufficient, and a defect in which the bonding wire is peeled from the electrode may occur.
- the bonding wire When the deformation amount of the tail is large, the bonding wire may be broken in the vicinity of the tail portion when performing the wedge bonding, and the bonding device may be stopped. From the above, in the case of using a single-phase Cu wire, a technique for controlling the deformation amount of the tail within an appropriate range is required in order to sufficiently secure the bonding strength of the wedge bonding portion and stably perform bonding. It was
- a bent portion immediately above the ball when forming a loop is referred to as a neck portion.
- the neck portion corresponds to a portion affected by arc heat input (hereinafter referred to as a heat-affected portion) when forming a ball.
- the heat-affected zone is low in strength and susceptible to damage as compared to the other loop portions because the crystal grains are coarsened by heat input. Therefore, a single phase Cu wire is required to have a technique for suppressing strength reduction in the heat-affected zone and reducing damage to the neck.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a Cu alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device capable of suppressing capillary wear.
- the Cu alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device has a ⁇ 110> crystal orientation with an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis among crystal orientations of the wire surface.
- a total of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 111> crystal orientations is characterized in that it is 40% or more and 90% or less in average area ratio.
- the Cu alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device has a ⁇ 110> crystal orientation with an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis among crystal orientations of the wire surface. Even if the single-phase Cu wire with a thin wire diameter is used, the capillary wear can be reduced by setting the total of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation to 40% or more and 90% or less in average area ratio. it can.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view for explaining a measurement area.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment is a Cu alloy bonding wire for a semiconductor device, and among crystal orientations of the wire surface, the angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis.
- the total of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation is characterized in that the average area ratio is 40% or more and 90% or less.
- the crystal orientation of the wire surface is defined as the crystal orientation of Cu and the alloy portion mainly composed of Cu present on the wire surface.
- the backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD: Electron Backscattered Diffraction) method with which the scanning electron microscope (SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope) was equipped can be utilized for the measurement of the crystal orientation of a wire surface.
- the EBSD method is a method of determining the crystal orientation of each measurement point by projecting the diffraction pattern of the reflected electrons generated when the sample is irradiated with an electron beam onto the detector surface and analyzing the diffraction pattern.
- Specialized software (such as OIM analysis manufactured by TSL Solutions) is suitable for analysis of data obtained by the EBSD method.
- the bonding wire is fixed to the sample table, and the wire surface is irradiated with the electron beam from one direction to acquire data of crystal orientation.
- the crystal orientation data determined by the above method is used to calculate the abundance ratio of a specific crystal orientation.
- the total of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation is the ratio of the area occupied by the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation determined by the above method to the area of the measurement region by EBSD. It is the total value.
- the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation include the wire central axis X among the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation of the wire surface, respectively. It is defined that the angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction Y perpendicular to one plane P. This is because if the orientation difference is 15 degrees or less, the effect of improving the characteristics of the bonding wire can be obtained.
- the existence ratio of ⁇ 100> crystal orientations having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis X direction can be calculated using the same method. .
- the average area ratio is used as the value of the abundance ratio of a specific crystal orientation.
- the average area ratio is an arithmetic mean of each value of abundance ratios obtained by measuring at least ten or more places by EBSD.
- the circumferential length W is preferably 25% or less of the diameter of the wire and the length L in the wire central axis X direction is preferably 40 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m on the SEM image.
- the surface of the wire is a curved surface, and as it goes circumferentially from the apex of the wire (the highest position relative to the circumferential direction of the wire fixed to the sample table), deviation from the direction perpendicular to the wire surface occurs. It can be said that the measurement data by the method is consistent with the actual state showing the reduction effect of capillary wear.
- the reason for setting the lower limit in the measurement area A in the wire central axis X direction is that if the length L is 40 ⁇ m or more, it is determined that the measurement data sufficiently reflects the characteristics of the sample.
- the reason for setting the upper limit in the measurement area A in the wire central axis X direction is that analysis can be efficiently performed if the length L is 100 ⁇ m or less.
- a copper oxide film or an impurity may be present on the surface of the bonding wire.
- the impurities include organic substances, sulfur, nitrogen and compounds thereof. Even when these are present, when the thickness is thin or the amount thereof is small, the crystal orientation of the bonding wire surface can be measured by optimizing the measurement conditions of the EBSD method. When the copper oxide film on the surface of the bonding wire is thick or the amount of attached impurities is large, the crystal orientation of the Cu and Cu alloy portions may not be able to be measured. In this case, it is effective to treat the surface of the bonding wire by alkaline degreasing, acid washing, ion sputtering or the like before EBSD measurement.
- the inventors investigated the cause of capillary wear when using a single-phase Cu wire, and found that the crystal orientation of the wire surface was correlated with that. That is, among the crystal orientations of the wire surface, the sum of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire center axis There is a correlation with the capillary wear, and by controlling the sum of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation to an appropriate range, the effect of reducing the capillary wear can be obtained.
- an abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation with an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis The effect of reducing capillary wear can be obtained by setting the total of in the range of 40% to 90% in average area ratio.
- 3000 bondings were performed using the bonding wire of the present embodiment, as a result of observing the hole at the tip of the capillary with an optical microscope, it was found that the hole of the capillary remained circular and was not worn. confirmed. Furthermore, as a result of observing the tip of the capillary in detail by SEM, it was found that the Cu alloy which is the material of the wire was hardly attached.
- the reason why the bonding wire of the present embodiment exhibited the effect of reducing capillary wear is that the crystal orientation of the wire surface has an angle difference of 15 with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire center axis. It is considered that the friction generated between the wire and the capillary is reduced by increasing the sum of the abundance ratios of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation which are not more than degrees.
- the sum of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation, whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire center axis, is an average
- the area ratio is 50% or more and 85% or less, an excellent effect of reducing capillary wear is obtained, which is preferable.
- the existence ratio of ⁇ 100> crystal orientations having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction is 30% or more in average area ratio It is desirable to be less than%.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment further includes ⁇ 111> crystal orientation and ⁇ 100> crystal orientation in the crystal orientation in the cross section in the direction parallel to the wire central axis with an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction. It is desirable that the total of the abundance ratio of is an average area ratio of 25% to 100%.
- the inventors investigated the factors affecting the wire damage in the neck, and as a result, they are correlated with the crystal orientation in the cross section in the direction parallel to the wire central axis, and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 100> crystal orientation It has been found that increasing the total abundance ratio has the effect of reducing wire damage at the neck.
- the capillary wear is controlled by controlling the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis. It is considered that the effect of reducing the factor acts synergistically.
- the effect of improving the deformation resistance against bending deformation at the time of forming the neck portion is insufficient.
- the effect of reducing wire damage in the neck is not sufficient.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment preferably further contains one or more of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au in a total amount of 0.01% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less, with the balance being Cu and an unavoidable impurity.
- the inventors investigated the factors that affect the ball joint life in a high temperature and high humidity test with a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85%. As a result, they depend on the type and concentration of alloying elements contained in the bonding wire.
- the concentration of one or more of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au contained in the bonding wire is less than 0.01 mass% in total, the effect of suppressing the growth of the intermetallic compound is insufficient, and the high temperature high humidity The effect of improving the ball joint life in the test is not sufficient.
- one or more of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au are included in total more than 1.5% by mass, the hardness of the ball is increased, the growth of the intermetallic compound becomes uneven, and the high temperature high humidity test The improvement effect of the ball joint life in the above is not sufficient.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment contains Pt or Pd
- the effect of suppressing the growth of the intermetallic compound formed at the interface between the wire and the electrode at the ball bonding portion is particularly high, and the ball bonding in the high temperature and high humidity test is performed. It is preferable because an excellent improvement effect of the part life can be obtained.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment also has an effect of further reducing capillary wear by further containing one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag in total of 0.001% by mass to 0.75% by mass.
- Be This is the sum of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis among the crystal orientations of the wire surface.
- the effect of reducing capillary wear by setting the content to 40% or more and 90% or less and the effect of reducing the frictional resistance at the contact interface between the wire and the capillary by segregation of a part of the element on the wire surface are synergistic. It is thought that it was due to
- the bonding wire according to the present embodiment further includes one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag in total of 0.001% by mass or more and 0.75% by mass or less, whereby variations in the tail shape of the wedge bonding portion are obtained. A further reduction effect can also be obtained.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment further includes bonding of the bonding wire by containing at least one of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag in a total amount of 0.001% by mass to 0.75% by mass, and resin sealing is performed.
- the effect of improving the loop straightness after the By containing at least 0.001% by mass in total of one or more of the elements, an effect of enhancing deformation resistance to resin flow at the time of resin sealing, and one plane including the wire central axis among crystal orientations of the wire surface The capillary wear is reduced by controlling the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to the surface, and the bonding wire is stably delivered from the capillary It is believed that the effects of the effects were synergistic.
- the concentration of one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag contained in the bonding wire is less than 0.001 mass% in total, the effect of improving the loop straightness after resin sealing is not sufficient.
- the concentration of one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag contained in the bonding wire is less than 0.001 mass% in total, the effect of improving the loop straightness after resin sealing is not sufficient.
- one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag are included in total more than 0.75 mass%, it is difficult to form a target loop shape because the wire strength is excessively increased. Therefore, the improvement effect of the loop straightness is not sufficient.
- the bonding wire of the present embodiment contains Ag, it is preferable because an excellent improvement in the straightness of the loop can be obtained.
- a copper alloy containing a necessary concentration of an additive element is produced by melting.
- an arc melting furnace, a high frequency melting furnace or the like can be used.
- dissolution is preferably performed in a vacuum atmosphere or an inert atmosphere such as Ar or N 2 .
- After melting it is gradually cooled in a furnace to produce an ingot (ingot).
- the ingot produced by melting is preferably acid-washed, alcohol-washed, and then dried on the surface.
- alloying by adding an alloying element to copper
- a method of directly melting and alloying copper and an additive component of high purity and a master alloy containing about 3 to 5% by mass of an additive element to copper in advance.
- a method of melting and alloying copper and a master alloy can be used.
- the method using the mother alloy is effective in making the element distribution uniform at low concentration.
- An ICP emission spectrometer or the like can be used to analyze the concentration of elements contained in the bonding wire. When elements such as oxygen, carbon, and sulfur are adsorbed on the surface of the bonding wire, the region of 1 to 2 nm from the surface of the bonding wire is scraped by spattering or the like before concentration analysis. Also good.
- a method using pickling is also effective.
- the manufactured copper alloy ingot is first processed to a large diameter by rolling or forging, and then processed to a final wire diameter by drawing.
- a continuous wire drawing apparatus in which a plurality of diamond-coated dies can be set can be used.
- a lubricating fluid for the purpose of reducing the wear of the die and the surface flaw of the wire.
- an intermediate heat treatment mainly for removing strain during the drawing process. At the final wire diameter, the final heat treatment is performed to recrystallize the bonding wire and adjust the breaking elongation.
- the crystal orientation of the wire surface As for the crystal orientation of the wire surface, it is effective to control the wire drawing processing conditions and the final heat treatment conditions.
- the typical control method is shown below.
- the crystal orientations of the wire surface the sum of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation, the angle difference of which is 15 degrees or less with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis, is averaged.
- An example of a method of controlling to 40% or more and 90% or less in area ratio is shown.
- the crystal orientation of the wire surface tends to increase the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation with respect to the direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis.
- the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation decreases, and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation tends to increase.
- the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation is developed by drawing and then recrystallized by the final heat treatment, thereby the presence of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation. It is effective to control the ratio.
- the appropriate conditions for drawing will be described.
- the abundance ratio of ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and ⁇ 111> crystal orientation with an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis For development, it is effective to increase the processing rate of the drawing process.
- the machining ratio in drawing is defined by the following equation.
- the processing rate of the drawing process is set to a range of 92% or more and less than 100%. This is because if the processing rate of drawing processing is 92% or more, the existing ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation immediately after the drawing processing can be increased. In addition, if the final heat treatment after that is performed in an appropriate temperature range, the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation can be further increased, and finally, the total of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation can be obtained. It can be controlled to 40% or more. When the intermediate heat treatment is performed before reaching the wire diameter of the final product, the diameter of the wire subjected to the intermediate heat treatment is used as the diameter (R 1 ) of the wire before the drawing processing.
- the conditions of the final heat treatment which affect the total value of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation are mainly the heat treatment temperature, the heat treatment time and the temperature lowering process.
- the temperature and heat treatment time of the final heat treatment is set to 350 ° C. or more and 670 ° C. or less and 0.05 seconds or more and 1.6 seconds or less, respectively.
- the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation can be increased by recrystallization while leaving the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation developed by the drawing process.
- the reason that the lower limit of the temperature of the final heat treatment is 350 ° C and the lower limit of the heat treatment time is 0.05 seconds is that although recrystallization occurs under these conditions, mechanical properties such as strength and elongation characteristics required for bonding wires This is because it is not possible to obtain sufficient
- the reason that the upper limit of the temperature of the final heat treatment is 670 ° C.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment time is 1.6 seconds is that crystal orientations other than the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation develop under the conditions exceeding these upper limits This is because the sum of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation is less than 40%.
- the temperature lowering process after the final heat treatment will be described. It is effective to cool the wire after final heat treatment to room temperature after holding it for 0.03 seconds or more and less than 1.0 second in a temperature range of 300 ° C. or more and less than 350 ° C. This is because the crystal grains having the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation can be preferentially grown while keeping the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation by keeping the temperature range during the temperature decrease.
- the holding temperature is less than 300 ° C. and less than 0.03 seconds, the effect of preferentially growing crystal grains having ⁇ 111> crystal orientation while obtaining the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation is obtained. I can not.
- the temperature lowering process temperature and the holding time become 350 ° C. or more and 1.0 seconds or more, recrystallization etc.
- the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal. This is because the sum of the abundance ratio of orientations may be less than 40%.
- this temperature lowering process for example, assuming a structure in which the wire is continuously swept, it is effective to provide a place where the inert gas is circulated after passing the heat treatment to the wire and to make the mechanism pass through the place. It is. By such final heat treatment, the total of the abundance ratio of the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation can be controlled in the range of 40% to 90%.
- the ⁇ 100> crystal orientation tends to increase.
- it is effective to set the wire feeding speed to 500 m / min or more and 700 m / min or less. It is effective to set the processing rate of drawing processing to 95% or more.
- the ⁇ 100> crystal orientation can be controlled to an average area ratio of 30% or more and 100% or less. If the wire feeding speed is less than 500 m / min and the lower limit of the processing rate for drawing is less than 95%, the existing ratio of the ⁇ 100> crystal orientation is less than 30%. If the wire feeding speed exceeds 700 m / min, the wear of the die becomes large, and the reduction in productivity becomes a problem.
- the processing rate per die is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the wire reduced by the drawing to the cross-sectional area of the wire before the drawing. This is because when the processing rate per die is 18% or more, not only the surface of the wire but also rotation and sliding deformation of the crystal due to the drawing process to the inside of the wire occur.
- a method of manufacturing a bonding wire will be described.
- a raw material Cu one having a purity of 99.99% by mass or more and the balance of inevitable impurities was used.
- the bonding wire contained Ni, Pd, Pt, Au, P, In, Ga, Ge, Ag as additive elements, Cu and these elements were melted in a high frequency melting furnace to carry out alloying.
- the target concentration of the total of the additive elements other than the unavoidable impurities is less than 0.5% by mass, a Cu alloy containing a high concentration of the additive elements was used to produce an alloy of the target concentration.
- the atmosphere at the time of dissolution was Ar atmosphere in order to prevent mixing of impurities such as oxygen as much as possible.
- the shape of the ingot produced by melting is a cylindrical shape with a diameter of several mm.
- the obtained ingot was subjected to acid cleaning with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid or the like in order to remove the oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, the ingot was subjected to rolling processing and forging processing to produce a wire of ⁇ 0.3 to 0.5 mm. Thereafter, an intermediate heat treatment was carried out, and further, it was processed to ⁇ 20 ⁇ m by drawing.
- the feed speed of the wire at the time of drawing was 500 m / min or more and 700 m / min or less.
- the lubricating fluid used was a commercially available one.
- the processing rate per die was 19% or more and 25% or less.
- the processing rate of drawing processing was 92% or more and 99.5% or less.
- Intermediate heat treatment and final heat treatment were performed while continuously sweeping the wire at a feed rate of 20 to 700 m / min at a temperature of 350 to 670 ° C.
- the atmosphere during the heat treatment was an N 2 atmosphere or an Ar atmosphere for the purpose of preventing oxidation.
- the configuration of the produced bonding wire is as shown in Table 1.
- the concentration of each additive element contained in the bonding wire of the present embodiment was analyzed using an ICP emission spectrometer.
- the wire diameter of the bonding wire used in this evaluation was ⁇ 20 ⁇ m.
- the ⁇ 110> crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation have an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire center axis.
- the total value of abundance ratio was calculated from data measured by EBSD method. The said abundance ratio made the wire the arithmetic mean of ten measured values at intervals of 3 m.
- the measurement area was an area surrounded by a straight line having a circumferential direction of 5 ⁇ m (25% of the wire diameter) and a wire central axis direction of 40 ⁇ m on the screen on which EBSD measurement is performed. Further, the measurement area is an area including the highest position in the circumferential direction of the sample fixed to the sample table.
- the abundance ratio of ⁇ 100> crystal orientation whose angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction was calculated from data measured by EBSD method.
- the said presence ratio made the wire the average value of the measurement value of ten places by 3 m space
- the measurement area was an area surrounded by a straight line of 5 ⁇ m in the circumferential direction (25% of the wire diameter) and 40 ⁇ m in the wire central axis direction on the screen on which EBSD measurement is performed. Further, the measurement area is an area including the highest position in the circumferential direction of the sample fixed to the sample table.
- the total of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 111> crystal orientation and ⁇ 100> crystal orientation in which the angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction of the bonding wire in a cross section parallel to the wire central axis of this embodiment is The wire cross section was polished and exposed with Ar ion beam and then measured by EBSD.
- the sum of the abundance ratios of ⁇ 111> crystal orientation and ⁇ 100> crystal orientation in which the angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction is an arithmetic average of ten measured values of the wire at 3 m intervals.
- the measurement region was 80 ⁇ m in the wire central axis direction and 20 ⁇ m in the diameter direction. At this time, the measurement area was set so that the diameter direction included all the ends of the wire.
- the evaluation of capillary wear was determined by the number of bonding wire bonding trials required to cause capillary wear.
- the capillary and the bonding apparatus used general-purpose products.
- the hole at the tip of the capillary is observed with an optical microscope, and if roundness is maintained, it is determined that there is no problem, and if roundness is lost, it is considered worn. It was judged.
- the above-mentioned observation of the capillary was performed every 500 bonding trials. When capillary abrasion occurred when the number of bonding trials was less than 3000, it was judged that there was a problem in practical use and it was set as 0 point.
- Variations in the shape of the tails of the wedge joints can be evaluated by the continuous bondability evaluation of the wedge joints. This is because if the variation in the shape of the tail is large, the bonding wire peels from the wedge bonding portion due to insufficient bonding strength or the bonding wire breaks in the vicinity of the wedge bonding portion, so that the bonding device stops.
- Window evaluation was used to evaluate continuous bonding in wedge bonding.
- the window evaluation is a method of determining continuous bondability by changing the parameters of ultrasonic wave and load at the time of performing wedge bonding, and by the width of the bonding condition which can perform continuous bonding a certain number of times.
- the capillary used a general purpose product.
- condition is 43 or more and less than 45, it is judged that the condition is good and it is set as 2 points. If the condition is 45 or more, it is judged that the condition is excellent and it is set to 3 points.
- the evaluation results are shown in the column of "Window evaluation of wedge bonding" in Table 2. 0 points fail, others pass.
- the wire damage at the neck was evaluated by observing the neck portion after bonding using a general-purpose bonding device to evaluate whether or not the damage occurred.
- the loop length was 2.5 mm
- the loop height was 0.2 mm
- the loop shape was trapezoidal.
- the neck portions of the 200 bonded bonding wires were observed with an electron microscope, and if there were two or more damaged parts, it was judged as defective and it was regarded as 0 point. If there was only one damaged part, it was judged that there was no problem in practical use, and it was judged as excellent if there was no defect at all, and it was judged as excellent.
- the evaluation results are shown in the column of "wire damage in neck portion" in Table 2. 0 points fail, others pass.
- the sample for high temperature and high humidity test is a commercially available epoxy resin which is ball-bonded to an electrode in which a 1.0 ⁇ m thick Al film is formed on a Si substrate on a general metal frame using a general-purpose bonding device. And sealed.
- the ball is N 2 +5 vol. % H 2 gas was flowed at a flow rate of 0.4 to 0.6 L / min, and the ball diameter was set to 1.5 to 1.6 times the wire wire diameter.
- the test temperature for the high temperature and high humidity test was 130 ° C., and the relative humidity was 85%.
- the life of the ball joint in the high temperature and high humidity test was the time required for the joint strength of the ball joint to decrease to 50% or less before the start of the test.
- the joint strength of the ball joint was measured every 100 hours.
- the joint strength of the ball joint was a value measured using a micro strength tester manufactured by DAGE.
- the shear test after the high temperature and high humidity test was performed after the resin was removed by acid treatment to expose the ball joint. As the shear strength value, the average value of ten measured values at randomly selected ball joints was used.
- the evaluation of the straightness of the loop was performed using a general-purpose bonding apparatus, and after sealing with a resin after bonding, the loop portion was observed to evaluate whether the loop was bent or not.
- the loop length was 2.5 mm and the loop height was 0.2 mm.
- a loop portion of 200 bonding wires was observed by a soft X-ray apparatus, and it was considered defective if the position farthest from the position where the ball bonding portion and the wire bonding portion were linearly connected is 20 ⁇ m or more. If the number of defects is three or more, it is judged as a defect and it is set as 0 point.
- Example No. 1 to 72 are copper alloy bonding wires for semiconductor devices, and among crystal orientations of the wire surface, an angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis ⁇ 110> Since the sum of the abundance ratio of the crystal orientation and the ⁇ 111> crystal orientation is 40% or more and 90% or less in terms of the average area ratio, all have no problem in practical evaluation regarding the evaluation of capillary wear.
- Example No. 5 to 72 are Cu alloy bonding wires for semiconductor devices, and among crystal orientations of the wire surface, an angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to a direction perpendicular to one plane including the wire central axis ⁇ 100> Since the abundance ratio of the crystal orientation is 30% or more and 100% or less in average area ratio, good evaluation results were obtained in all of the window evaluation of the wedge bonding.
- Example No. 7 to 72 are Cu alloy bonding wires for a semiconductor device, and among crystal orientations in a cross section in a direction parallel to the wire central axis, an angle difference is 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire central axis direction ⁇ 111> Since the total of the abundance ratio of ⁇ 100> crystal orientations is 25% or more and 100% or less in average area ratio, excellent evaluation results were obtained regarding wire damage in the neck portion.
- Example No. 9 to 22 contain 0.01% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less in total of one or more of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au. Therefore, excellent evaluation results are obtained regarding the ball joint life in the high temperature and high humidity test. It was obtained.
- Example No. 23 to 58 contain 0.01% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less in total of one or more of Ni, Pd, Pt, and Au, and further include one or more of P, In, Ga, Ge, and Ag in total As it contains 0.001 mass% or more and 0.75 mass% or less, excellent evaluation results were obtained regarding ball joint life, capillary wear, variation of tail shape of wedge joint, loop straightness in high temperature and high humidity test .
- Example No. Since 23 to 58 contain Pd and Pt, particularly excellent evaluation results were obtained regarding the ball joint life in the high temperature and high humidity test.
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Abstract
Description
本明細書におけるボンディングワイヤ表面の結晶方位の測定方法について説明する。本明細書において、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位とは、ワイヤ表面に存在するCuおよびCuを主体とする合金部分の結晶方位と定義する。ワイヤ表面の結晶方位の測定には、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)に備え付けた、後方散乱電子線回折(EBSD:Electron Backscattered Diffraction)法を利用することができる。EBSD法は、試料に電子線を照射したときに発生する反射電子の回折パターンを検出器面上に投影し、その回折パターンを解析することによって、各測定点の結晶方位を決定する手法である。EBSD法によって得られたデータの解析には専用ソフト(TSLソリューションズ製 OIM analysis等)が好適である。本実施形態では、ボンディングワイヤを試料台に固定し、一方向からワイヤ表面に電子線を照射させて、結晶方位のデータを取得する。この方法を用いることにより、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対する結晶方位と、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対する結晶方位を決定することができる。前記方法により決定した結晶方位データを用いて、特定の結晶方位の存在比率を算出する。
発明者らは、単相Cuワイヤを使用した際のキャピラリ摩耗の発生原因を調査した結果、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位と相関が認められることを見出した。すなわち、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計とキャピラリ摩耗との間に相関があり、前記<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を適正な範囲に制御することにより、キャピラリ摩耗を低減する効果が得られる。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<100>結晶方位の存在比率が、平均面積率で30%以上100%以下であることが望ましい。発明者らは、ウェッジ接合部のテール形状に影響を及ぼす因子について調査した結果、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位と相関があり、前記<100>結晶方位の存在比率を高めることにより、ウェッジ接合部のテール形状のばらつきを低減する効果が得られることを見出した。これは、前記<100>結晶方位の存在比率を高めることにより、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対する変形抵抗のばらつきが低減される効果と、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率を制御することにより、キャピラリ摩耗を低減する効果が、相乗的に作用したためと考えられる。前記<100>結晶方位の存在比率が30%未満の場合には、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対する変形抵抗のばらつきを低減する効果が不十分であり、テール形状のばらつきを低減する効果は十分ではない。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにワイヤ中心軸に平行な方向の断面における結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が、平均面積率で25%以上100%以下であることが望ましい。発明者らは、ネック部のワイヤ損傷に影響を及ぼす因子について調査した結果、ワイヤ中心軸に平行な方向の断面における結晶方位と相関があり、前記<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を高めることにより、ネック部のワイヤ損傷を低減する効果が得られることを見出した。これは、前記<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を高めることにより、ネック部を形成する際の熱影響部の曲げ変形に対する変形抵抗を高めた効果と、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率を制御することにより、キャピラリ摩耗を低減する効果が、相乗的に作用したためと考えられる。前記<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が平均面積率で25%未満の場合には、ネック部を形成する際の曲げ変形に対する変形抵抗を向上させる効果が不十分であり、ネック部のワイヤ損傷を低減する効果は十分ではない。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにNi,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上を総計で0.01質量%以上1.5質量%以下含み、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物であることが望ましい。発明者らは、温度130℃、相対湿度85%の高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部寿命に影響を及ぼす因子について調査した結果、ボンディングワイヤに含まれる合金元素の種類と濃度に依存し、Ni,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上を総計で0.01質量%以上1.5質量%以下含むことにより、高温高湿試験においてボール接合部寿命を改善する効果が得られることを見出した。ボール接合部の断面を研磨によって露出させ、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて観察を行ったところ、金属間化合物の成長が抑制されていた。このことから、Ni,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上を適正な濃度含むことにより、ボール接合部の接合界面に形成される金属間化合物の成長が抑制された結果、高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部寿命が改善したと思われる。ボンディングワイヤに含まれるNi,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上の濃度が総計で0.01質量%未満の場合には、金属間化合物の成長を抑制する効果が不十分であり、高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部寿命を改善する効果が十分ではない。Ni,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上を総計で1.5質量%よりも多く含む場合には、ボールの硬度が上昇して、金属間化合物の成長が不均一になり、高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部寿命の改善効果は十分ではない。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにP,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上0.75質量%以下含むことにより、キャピラリ摩耗を更に低減する効果も得られる。これは、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を、40%以上90%以下とすることによりキャピラリ摩耗を低減する効果と、前記元素の一部がワイヤ表面へと偏析することによりワイヤとキャピラリの接触界面の摩擦抵抗を下げる効果が、相乗的に作用したためと考えられる。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにP,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上0.75質量%以下含むことにより、ウェッジ接合部のテール形状のばらつきを更に低減する効果も得られる。これは、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<100>結晶方位の存在比率を平均面積率で30%以上100%以下とすることによって、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対する変形抵抗のばらつきを低減する効果と、前記元素の一部がボンディングワイヤの強度を高めてワイヤ変形量のばらつきを低減する効果が、相乗的に作用したためと考えられる。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤは、さらにP,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上0.75質量%以下含むことにより、ボンディングワイヤを接合し、樹脂封止を行った後のループ直進性を改善する効果が得られる。前記元素の1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上含むことにより、樹脂封止時の樹脂流れに対する変形抵抗を高める効果と、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率を制御することにより、キャピラリ摩耗を低減し、キャピラリからボンディングワイヤが安定的に繰出される効果が相乗的に作用したためと考えられる。ボンディングワイヤに含まれるP,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上の濃度が総計で0.001質量%未満の場合には、樹脂封止後のループ直進性を改善する効果は十分ではない。P,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.75質量%よりも多く含む場合には、ワイヤ強度が増加し過ぎることによって、目的とするループ形状を形成することが困難となるため、ループ直進性の改善効果は十分ではない。
本実施形態の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤの製造方法について説明する。
まず、銅の純度が4N~6N(Cu濃度:99.99質量%以上99.9999質量%以下)である高純度銅を用い、添加元素を必要な濃度含有した銅合金を溶解により作製する。溶解には、アーク溶解炉、高周波溶解炉等を利用することができる。大気中からのO2、H2等のガスの混入を防ぐために、真空雰囲気あるいはArやN2等の不活性雰囲気中で溶解を行うことが好ましい。溶解後は、炉内で徐冷してインゴット(鋳塊)を作製する。溶解によって製造したインゴットは表面に対し酸洗浄、アルコール洗浄を行い、その後乾燥させることが好ましい。
銅に合金元素を添加して合金化する場合には、銅と高純度の添加成分を直接溶解して合金化する方法と、銅に添加元素を3~5質量%程度含有する母合金を予め作製しておき、銅と母合金を溶解して合金化する方法などを用いることができる。母合金を利用する手法は、低濃度で元素分布を均一化する場合に有効である。ボンディングワイヤに含まれる元素の濃度分析には、ICP発光分光分析装置等を利用することができる。ボンディングワイヤの表面に酸素、炭素、硫黄などの元素が吸着している場合には、濃度分析を行う前にボンディングワイヤの表面から1~2nmの領域をスパッタ等で削ってから濃度分析を行っても良い。その他の方法として、酸洗を用いる方法も有効である。
製造した銅合金のインゴットは、まず圧延や鍛造加工により太径に加工し、次いで引抜加工により最終線径まで細く加工していくことが好ましい。引抜加工には、ダイヤモンドコーティングされたダイスを複数個セットできる連続伸線装置を用いることができる。連続伸線の際は、ダイスの摩耗およびワイヤの表面疵の低減を目的として、潤滑液を使用することが好ましい。最終線径に到達する前段階の中間線径では、引抜加工の途中段階で、ひずみ取りを主目的として中間熱処理を行うことが好ましい。最終線径では、ボンディングワイヤを再結晶させて破断伸びを調整するための最終熱処理を行う。中間熱処理および最終熱処理は、ワイヤを連続的に掃引しながら行う方法を用いることが有効である。なお、熱処理時のボンディングワイヤ表面の酸化をできるだけ抑制する目的から、ArガスやN2ガスを還流させながら行うことが好ましい。酸化をより防ぐためにH2を数%含むことも有効である。
ワイヤ表面の結晶方位は、ワイヤの引抜加工条件や最終熱処理条件を制御することが有効である。その代表的な制御方法を以下に示す。ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を、平均面積率で40%以上90%以下に制御する方法の一例を示す。引抜加工を行うと、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位は、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して<110>結晶方位の存在比率が増加する傾向にある。一方、引抜加工を行った後に熱処理を行うと、再結晶が起こり、前記<110>結晶方位は減少し、前記<111>結晶方位は増加する傾向にある。ワイヤ表面の結晶方位を制御するためには、引抜加工によって前記<110>結晶方位を発達させた後、最終熱処理によって再結晶させることにより、前記<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率を制御することが有効である。
P:引抜加工の加工率
R1:引抜加工前のワイヤの直径(mm)、R2:最終製品のワイヤの直径(mm)
ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<100>結晶方位の存在比率を、平均面積率で30%以上100%以下に制御する方法について説明する。前記<100>結晶方位を制御するためには、引抜加工時のワイヤの送り速度と引抜加工の加工率を制御することが有効である。ワイヤの送り速度を変化させることによって、ワイヤ表面のワイヤ中心軸方向の結晶方位の発達に寄与するダイスとワイヤの界面に発生する摩擦力を制御することができる。引抜加工の加工率を上げるほど、<100>結晶方位が増加する傾向にある。前記<100>結晶方位を制御するためには、ワイヤの送り速度は500m/min以上700m/min以下とすることが有効である。引抜加工の加工率は、95%以上とすることが有効である。上記の条件であれば、前記<100>結晶方位を、平均面積率で30%以上100%以下に制御することができる。ワイヤの送り速度が500m/min未満、引抜加工の加工率の下限が95%未満では、前記<100>結晶方位の存在比率が30%未満となってしまう。ワイヤの送り速度が700m/min超ではダイスの摩耗が大きくなり、生産性の低下が問題となる。
ワイヤ中心軸に平行な方向の断面における結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計を、平均面積率で25%以上100%以下に制御する方法について代表的な制御方法を示す。前記<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位を制御するためには、引抜加工に用いるダイス1個あたりの減面率を制御することが有効である。具体的には、ダイス1個あたりの加工率は18%以上とすることが有効である。ここで、ダイス1個あたりの加工率とは、引抜加工前のワイヤの断面積に対する、引抜加工によって減少したワイヤの断面積の比率とする。これは、ダイス1個あたりの加工率を18%以上とすることで、ワイヤ表面だけでなく、ワイヤ内部まで引抜加工による結晶の回転やすべり変形が起こるためである。
ボンディングワイヤの作製方法について説明する。原材料となるCuは純度が99.99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物からなるものを用いた。ボンディングワイヤが、添加元素としてNi,Pd,Pt,Au,P,In,Ga,Ge,Agを含む場合には、Cuとこれらの元素を高周波溶解炉によって溶解させ、合金化を行った。不可避不純物以外の添加元素の合計の狙い濃度が0.5質量%未満の場合には、添加元素を高濃度で含んだCu合金を使用して、目的とする濃度の合金を製造した。
本実施形態のボンディングワイヤに含まれる各添加元素の濃度は、ICP発光分光分析装置を用いて分析した。本評価に用いたボンディングワイヤの線径はφ20μmとした。
キャピラリ摩耗の評価は、キャピラリ摩耗が発生するまでに要したボンディングワイヤの接合試行回数によって判定した。キャピラリおよび接合装置は汎用品を用いた。キャピラリ摩耗の発生有無の判定は、キャピラリの先端の孔を光学顕微鏡で観察し、真円性が保たれていれば問題なしと判断し、真円性が損なわれていれば摩耗していると判断した。上述のキャピラリの観察は、接合試行回数500本毎に実施した。接合試行回数が3000本未満でキャピラリ摩耗が発生した場合は、実用上問題があると判断し0点とした。接合試行回数が3000本以上5000本未満でキャピラリ摩耗が発生した場合は、実用上問題ないと判断し1点とした。接合試行回数が5000本以上7000本未満でキャピラリ摩耗が発生した場合は、良好と判断し2点とした。接合試行回数が7000本以上でもキャピラリ摩耗が発生しなければ、優れていると判断し3点とした。評価結果は、表2の「キャピラリ摩耗」の欄に表記した。0点のみが不合格であり、それ以外は合格である。
ウェッジ接合部のテール形状のばらつきは、ウェッジ接合の連続接合性評価によって評価することができる。これは、テール形状のばらつきが大きいと接合強度不足によりウェッジ接合部からボンディングワイヤが剥離したり、ウェッジ接合部近傍でボンディングワイヤが破断するため、接合装置が停止するためである。ウェッジ接合における連続接合性の評価には、ウィンドウ評価を用いた。ウィンドウ評価は、ウェッジ接合を行う際の超音波と荷重のパラメータを変化させ、一定回数連続接合が可能な接合条件の広さによって連続接合性を判定する手法である。キャピラリは汎用品を用いた。接合装置はKulicke & Soffa社製IConnを用いた。接合相手の電極には、リードフレームにAgめっきを施した電極を用いた。接合時のステージ温度は175℃とした。超音波の発振出力のパラメータを20~80、荷重のパラメータを20~80の範囲で、それぞれ10ずつ変化させ、合計49条件について接合を試行した。49条件のうち、連続して200本以上接合可能な条件が40条件未満であれば実用上問題があると判断し0点とした。前記条件が40条件以上43条件未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し1点とした。前記条件が43条件以上45条件未満であれば良好であると判断し2点とした。前記条件が45条件以上であれば、優れていると判断し3点とした。評価結果は、表2の「ウェッジ接合のウィンドウ評価」の欄に表記した。0点が不合格であり、それ以外は合格である。
ネック部のワイヤ損傷の評価は、汎用の接合装置を用いて接合後、ネック部分を観察して、損傷が発生しているか否かを評価した。ループ長さは2.5mm、ループ高さは0.2mm、ループ形状は台形とした。接合した200本のボンディングワイヤのネック部分を電子顕微鏡で観察し、損傷が発生した箇所が2箇所以上あれば不良と判断し0点とした。損傷が発生した箇所が1箇所であれば実用上問題がないと判断し1点、不良が全く発生しなければ優れていると判断し2点とした。評価結果は、表2の「ネック部のワイヤ損傷」の欄に表記した。0点が不合格、それ以外は合格である。
高温高湿試験用のサンプルは、一般的な金属フレーム上のSi基板に厚さ1.0μmのAl膜を成膜した電極に、汎用の接合装置を用いてボール接合を行い、市販のエポキシ樹脂によって封止して作製した。ボールはN2+5vol.%H2ガスを流量0.4~0.6L/minで流しながら形成し、ボール径はワイヤ線径に対して1.5~1.6倍の範囲とした。高温高湿試験の試験温度は130℃,相対湿度は85%とした。高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部の寿命は、ボール接合部の接合強度が試験開始前の50%以下に低下するまでに要する時間とした。本評価では、ボール接合部の接合強度を100時間毎に測定した。ボール接合部の接合強度は、DAGE社製の微小強度試験機を用いて測定した値を用いた。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去してボール接合部を露出させてから行った。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、ボール接合部の寿命が400時間未満であれば実用上問題があると判断し0点、400時間以上600時間未満であれば、実用上問題ないと判断し1点、600時間以上であれば優れていると判断し2点、1000時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し3点と表記した。評価結果は、表2の「高温高湿試験におけるボール接合部寿命」の欄に表記した。0点のみが不合格であり、それ以外は合格である。
ループ直進性の評価は、汎用の接合装置を用いて接合後、樹脂で封止し、ループ部分を観察して、ループが曲がっているか否かを評価した。ループ長さは2.5mm、ループ高さは0.2mmとした。200本のボンディングワイヤのループ部分を軟X線装置によって観察し、ボール接合部とワイヤ接合部を直線で結んだ位置から最も離れている位置が、20μm以上であれば不良とした。不良の本数が、3箇所以上あれば不良と判断し0点とした。不良の本数が2箇所であれば実用上問題がないと判断し1点、不良の本数が1箇所であれば優れていると判断し1点、不良が全く発生しなければ特に優れていると判断し2点とした。評価結果は、表2の「ループ直進性」の欄に表記した。0点が不合格、それ以外は合格である。
実施例No.1~72は、半導体装置用銅合金ボンディングワイヤであって、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が、平均面積率で40%以上90%以下であるので、キャピラリ摩耗の評価に関して、いずれも実用上問題なかった。実施例No.3~72は、上記<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が、平均面積率で50%以上85%以下であるので、キャピラリ摩耗の評価に関して、良好な評価結果が得られた。
Claims (6)
- 半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤであって、ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ中心軸を含む1つの平面に垂直な方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<110>結晶方位と<111>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が、平均面積率で40%以上90%以下であることを特徴とする半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
- 前記ワイヤ表面の結晶方位のうち、前記ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<100>結晶方位の存在比率が、平均面積率で30%以上100%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
- 前記ワイヤ中心軸に平行な方向の断面における結晶方位のうち、前記ワイヤ中心軸方向に対して角度差が15度以下である<111>結晶方位と<100>結晶方位の存在比率の合計が、平均面積率で25%以上100%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
- Ni,Pd,Pt,Auの1種以上を総計で0.01質量%以上1.5質量%以下含み、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
- P,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上0.75質量%以下含み、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物であることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
- さらにP,In,Ga,Ge,Agの1種以上を総計で0.001質量%以上0.75質量%以下含み、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の半導体装置用Cu合金ボンディングワイヤ。
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JP7157280B1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-10-19 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
JP7157279B1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-10-19 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
WO2022270051A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-12-29 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
WO2022270050A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-12-29 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
WO2022270440A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-12-29 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
WO2022270049A1 (ja) * | 2021-06-25 | 2022-12-29 | 日鉄マイクロメタル株式会社 | 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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PH12020500284B1 (en) | 2021-01-25 |
TWI702298B (zh) | 2020-08-21 |
CN111033706B (zh) | 2021-05-25 |
PH12020500284A1 (en) | 2021-01-25 |
EP3667710A4 (en) | 2021-06-02 |
KR20200039726A (ko) | 2020-04-16 |
JPWO2019031498A1 (ja) | 2020-01-09 |
US20200279824A1 (en) | 2020-09-03 |
US10991672B2 (en) | 2021-04-27 |
SG11202001124YA (en) | 2020-03-30 |
KR102167478B1 (ko) | 2020-10-19 |
JP6618662B2 (ja) | 2019-12-11 |
EP3667710B1 (en) | 2022-01-05 |
EP3667710A1 (en) | 2020-06-17 |
CN111033706A (zh) | 2020-04-17 |
TW201920701A (zh) | 2019-06-01 |
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