WO2018168650A1 - 水溶液電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
水溶液電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018168650A1 WO2018168650A1 PCT/JP2018/009028 JP2018009028W WO2018168650A1 WO 2018168650 A1 WO2018168650 A1 WO 2018168650A1 JP 2018009028 W JP2018009028 W JP 2018009028W WO 2018168650 A1 WO2018168650 A1 WO 2018168650A1
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- negative electrode
- aqueous electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/72—Grids
- H01M4/74—Meshes or woven material; Expanded metal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0002—Aqueous electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-049707 filed on Mar. 15, 2017, and incorporates all the description content described in the above Japanese application.
- Non-Patent Document 1 includes an aqueous electrolyte containing a high concentration of lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (TFSI), a positive electrode containing LiMn 2 O 4, and a negative electrode active material that expresses Mo 6 S 8.
- TFSI lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
- LiMn 2 O 4 lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
- Mo 6 S 8 a lithium ion secondary battery
- One aspect of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, and an aqueous solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved.
- the present invention relates to an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery exceeding.
- a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, and a lithium salt are dissolved.
- Non-Patent Document 1 has a 2V class potential window exceeding the theoretical decomposition voltage of water, but has a low capacity and is difficult to put into practical use.
- development of a secondary battery including a highly practical aqueous electrolyte having a wider potential window is required.
- An aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, and a negative electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material contains Mo, and at least a part of Mo is configured to develop a redox reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ by charging / discharging.
- the aqueous electrolyte has a potential window for charging / discharging of 2 It is configured to exceed 0.0 V (for example, having a potential window of 2.1 V or more).
- the oxidation / reduction reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ means a three-electron reaction in which Mo is reduced to trivalent when the battery is charged and Mo is oxidized to hexavalent at the time of discharging, as shown in the following formula (A). To do. Formula (A): Mo 3+ ⁇ Mo 6+ + 3e ⁇
- the negative electrode active material preferably includes a composite oxide containing a tetravalent or higher-valent transition metal Me, trivalent Mo, and Li.
- transition metal Me expresses Mo 3+ / Mo 5+ two-electron reaction and Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ three-electron reaction in addition to redox reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 4+ It becomes possible.
- various high-capacity negative electrode active materials can be designed.
- the transition metal Me may be tetravalent to hexavalent Mo.
- the transition metal Me, the complex oxide containing trivalent Mo and Li are represented by the formula [1]: xLiMoO 2- (1-x) Li 3 NbO 4 , the formula [2]: xLiMoO 2- (1-x ) Li 4 MoO 5 and a single-phase oxide having a composition of the formula [3]: xLiMoO 2- (1-x) Li 2 TiO 3 (wherein the formulas [1] to [3] satisfy 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of: (satisfying) is included in that a high capacity can be achieved.
- the aqueous electrolyte preferably contains lithium bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide as at least a part of the lithium salt.
- lithium bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide is used, an aqueous electrolyte in which electrolysis of water is remarkably suppressed can be obtained.
- the room temperature melt hydrate is a metal salt hydrate having sufficient fluidity at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- An aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions, and a negative electrode active material that reversibly absorbs and releases lithium ions. And an aqueous electrolyte in which a lithium salt is dissolved, the negative electrode active material contains Mo, and at least a part of Mo develops a redox reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ by charge / discharge. And at least a portion of the aqueous electrolyte forms a room temperature molten hydrate. According to the said structure, the aqueous solution electrolyte secondary battery in which the electric potential window of charging / discharging exceeds 2.0V (for example, has an electric potential window of 2.1V or more) can be obtained easily.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture including a positive electrode active material supported on the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode is supported on the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture containing the active material is included, at least one of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector preferably has a three-dimensional network metal skeleton. According to such a combination of a current collector and an aqueous electrolyte, a high active material utilization rate can be achieved even when a thick and high capacity positive electrode and negative electrode are used.
- the positive electrode including a positive electrode active material that reversibly occludes and releases lithium ions may be any material that has a sufficiently higher potential than the negative electrode active material.
- a contained transition metal oxide can be used.
- typical lithium-containing transition metal oxides such as LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LMn 2 O 4 , LiCo 1/3 Ni 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 , LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4 It can be illustrated as a material.
- the negative electrode active material that reversibly occludes and releases lithium ions contains at least Mo from the viewpoint of achieving high capacity.
- a one-electron reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 4+ is utilized.
- at least a part of Mo develops a three-electron reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ along with charge / discharge.
- Mo-containing material that can use the three-electron reaction of Mo 3+ / Mo 6+ , Li 2 MoO 4 , MoO 3 , MoO 2, and the like containing an expensive number of Mo can be used.
- a binary transition metal composite oxide containing the transition metal Me is preferable.
- the crystal structures of the single-phase oxides represented by the formulas [1] to [3] are all similar cation disordered rock salt structures, have water resistance, and achieve a capacity of 250 mAh / g or more. It is a promising material to get.
- XRD powder X-ray diffraction measurement
- the niobium-based oxide represented by the formula [1] and the hexavalent molybdenum-based oxide represented by the formula [2] are preferable in that a high voltage can be easily obtained.
- Hexavalent molybdenum-based oxides are most preferable because of their high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- Single phase oxide represented by the formula [1] to [3], respectively, x moles of LiMoO 2 and (1-x) solid solutions of moles of Li 3 NbO 4, x moles of LiMoO 2 and (1- x) represents a solid solution with mol Li 4 MoO 5 and a solid solution with x mol LiMoO 2 and (1-x) mol Li 2 TiO 3 .
- LiMoO 2 contains trivalent Mo.
- Li 3 NbO 4 , Li 4 MoO 5 and Li 2 TiO 3 contain pentavalent Nb, hexavalent Mo and tetravalent Ti as transition metals Me, respectively.
- Li 1.5-x / 2 Nb 0.5-x / 2 Mo x O 2 0.5-x / 2 Mo x O 2 , respectively.
- Li 1.6-3x / 5 Mo VI 0.4-2x / 5 Mo III x O 2 and Li 1.33-x / 3 Ti 0.67-2x / 3 Mo x O 2 can also be indicated.
- the negative electrode active material represented by the formulas [1] to [3] is preferably produced by mechanical milling of the raw material mixture.
- the raw material mixture is a mixture of a first raw material containing trivalent Mo and a second raw material containing a tetravalent or higher valent transition metal Me.
- LiMoO 2 is preferably used as the first raw material, and at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 3 NbO 4 , Li 4 MoO 5 and Li 2 TiO 3 is preferably used as the second raw material.
- the aqueous electrolyte is prepared as an aqueous solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in water.
- the aqueous electrolyte has not only high safety and excellent ion conductivity, but also has an advantage that it can supply water with abundant resources at low cost.
- the stable potential window for water electrolysis is logically 1.23 V.
- the potential window stable for electrolysis is widened.
- lithium salt is added to the aqueous electrolyte at a high concentration so that the potential window stable to electrolysis of water in the electrolyte exceeds 2 V, and preferably exceeds 3 V. It is necessary to dissolve.
- concentration of lithium salt suitably according to the kind of lithium salt.
- the upper limit of the concentration of the lithium salt in the aqueous electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as the lithium salt is in a range that dissolves in water.
- the lithium salt preferably has high resistance to hydrolysis and high solubility in water.
- examples of such salts include organic imide salts and inorganic salts. Of these, organic imide salts are preferred, and the main component (50 mol% or more, more preferably 80 mol% or more) of the lithium salt is preferably an organic imide salt.
- Lithium bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide is not only electrochemically stable in aqueous solutions, but also forms hydrates with water molecules in aqueous solutions of high concentration. When water molecules form hydrates, water electrolysis is significantly suppressed.
- lithium bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide examples include lithium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide (LiBETI), lithium (trifluoroethylsulfonyl) (penta Fluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and the like.
- At least a part of the aqueous electrolyte forms a room temperature molten hydrate, and the whole aqueous solution electrolyte or 90% by mass or more preferably forms a room temperature molten hydrate.
- a room temperature molten hydrate is easily produced by dissolving a high concentration of bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide in water.
- the room temperature molten hydrate is used as an aqueous electrolyte
- the stable potential windows for the electrolysis of LiTFSI aqueous solutions having concentrations of 1 mol / kg and 21 mol / kg are 2.25 V and 3.0 V, respectively, as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 1 shows changes in oxidation current and reduction current when a voltage with respect to a standard electrode is applied to a working electrode of stainless steel.
- FIG. 2 shows a cyclic voltammogram of Li 9/7 Nb 2/7 Mo 3/7 O 2 and Li 1.1 Mn 1.9 O 4 in a LiTFSI aqueous solution having a high concentration of 21 mol / kg.
- FIG. 2 shows a case where a battery is assembled using Li 9/7 Nb 2/7 Mo 3/7 O 2 as a negative electrode active material and Li 1.1 Mn 1.9 O 4 as a positive electrode active material.
- a sufficiently high voltage of 2.3 V can be obtained as a secondary battery.
- a 2.3 V class battery can be charged and discharged within a potential window in which a high concentration LiTFSI aqueous solution is stable.
- FIG. 3 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 100 (hereinafter, battery 100) according to an embodiment.
- the battery 100 includes a stacked electrode group, an aqueous electrolyte (not shown), and a rectangular battery case 10 that houses them.
- the battery case 10 is made of, for example, aluminum, and includes a bottomed container main body 12 having an upper opening and a lid 13 that closes the upper opening.
- a safety valve 16 is provided for releasing gas generated inside when the internal pressure of the battery case 10 rises.
- An external positive terminal 14 that penetrates the lid 13 is provided near the one side of the lid 13 with the safety valve 16 in the center, and an external that penetrates the lid 13 is located near the other side of the lid 13.
- a negative terminal is provided.
- Each of the stacked electrode groups is composed of a plurality of sheet-like positive electrodes 2, a plurality of negative electrodes 3, and a plurality of separators 1 interposed therebetween.
- a positive electrode lead piece 2 a is formed at one end of each positive electrode 2.
- the positive electrode lead pieces 2 a of the plurality of positive electrodes 2 are bundled and connected to an external positive electrode terminal 14 provided on the lid 13 of the battery case 10.
- a negative electrode lead piece 3 a is formed at one end of each negative electrode 3.
- the negative electrode lead pieces 3 a of the plurality of negative electrodes 3 are bundled and connected to an external negative electrode terminal provided on the lid 13 of the battery case 10.
- the external positive electrode terminal 14 and the external negative electrode terminal are both columnar, and at least a portion exposed to the outside has a screw groove.
- a nut 7 is fitted in the screw groove of each terminal, and the nut 7 is fixed to the lid 13 by rotating the nut 7.
- a flange 8 is provided in a portion of each terminal accommodated in the battery case 10, and by rotation of the nut 7, the flange 8 attaches an O-ring-shaped gasket 9 to the inner surface of the lid 13. Fixed through.
- the positive electrode includes, for example, a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture supported on the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode mixture can include a conductive additive, a binder, and the like in addition to the positive electrode active material.
- a metal foil is used for the positive electrode current collector.
- As a material of the positive electrode current collector aluminum, an aluminum alloy, or the like is preferable.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture supported on the negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode mixture can include a conductive additive, a binder, and the like in addition to the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode current collector for example, a metal foil is used.
- a material of the negative electrode current collector copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, stainless steel, and the like are preferable.
- Examples of the conductive aid that can be contained in the positive electrode mixture and the negative electrode mixture include carbon black, graphite, and carbon fiber.
- Examples of the binder include a fluorine resin, a polyolefin resin, a rubber-like polymer, a polyamide resin, a polyimide resin (such as polyamideimide), and a cellulose ether.
- the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector may be each independently a metal foil or a metal porous body, but a metal porous body is preferable in that a thick and high-capacity positive electrode and negative electrode can be formed. Even when a thick electrode is formed, if an aqueous electrolyte with high ion conductivity is used, ion migration is not greatly hindered, and a sufficient utilization rate of the active material can be achieved. When using an aqueous electrolyte having a high ion concentration, a higher utilization factor can be achieved.
- the metal porous body preferably has a three-dimensional network metal skeleton (particularly a hollow skeleton).
- the porous metal body having a three-dimensional network skeleton constitutes a current collector by, for example, plating a resin porous body (resin foam and / or resin nonwoven fabric) having continuous voids. It may be formed by coating with metal.
- a porous metal body having a hollow skeleton can be formed by removing the resin in the skeleton by heat treatment or the like.
- the porosity (or porosity) of the metal porous body having a three-dimensional network skeleton is, for example, 30 to 99% by volume, preferably 50 to 98% by volume, more preferably 80 to 98% by volume, or 90 to 98% by volume. %.
- the specific surface area of the porous metal body having a three-dimensional reticulated skeleton is, for example, 100 ⁇ 700cm 2 / g, is preferably 150 ⁇ 650cm 2 / g, more preferably 200 ⁇ 600cm 2 / g .
- a resin microporous film, a nonwoven fabric or the like can be used as the separator.
- the material of the separator include polyolefin resin, polyphenylene sulfide resin, polyamide resin, and polyimide resin.
- LiMoO 2 was prepared as the first raw material, and three types of Li 3 NbO 4 , Li 4 MoO 5 and Li 2 TiO 3 were prepared as the second raw material.
- LiMoO 2 and Li 3 NbO 4 were mixed at a predetermined molar ratio to obtain a first raw material mixture.
- LiMoO 2 and Li 4 MoO 5 were mixed at a predetermined molar ratio to obtain a second raw material mixture, and LiMoO 2 and Li 2 TiO 3 were mixed at a predetermined molar ratio to obtain a third raw material mixture.
- Each raw material mixture was put into an apparatus for performing mechanical milling (Pulverisette 7, manufactured by Fritsch), and milled in air at 600 rpm for 32 hours to obtain the following three types of single-phase oxides.
- FIG. 4 shows XRD patterns of the single phase oxides A1 to A3. It can be understood from FIG. 4 that each has a single-phase cation disordered rock salt structure.
- Example 1 ⁇ Negative electrode> Single-phase oxide A1, acetylene black (AB), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) are blended at a mass ratio of 80:10:10, and an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is added as a dispersion medium.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the obtained slurry was applied to one side of a copper foil. After the coating film was sufficiently dried, it was punched out together with a copper foil to obtain a coin-shaped negative electrode having a diameter of 1.0 cm.
- LiTFSI and water were mixed at a molar ratio of 21:56 to prepare a LiTFSI aqueous solution with a concentration of 21 mol / kg, which was used as an aqueous electrolyte.
- a coin-type battery was assembled using the negative electrode, the positive electrode, and the aqueous electrolyte, and charging and discharging were repeated 22 cycles at a current value of approximately 10 mA / g per mass of the positive electrode active material at 25 ° C. in the range of 0 V to 2.6 V. .
- the charge / discharge curve obtained at that time is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 confirms that when the concentration of lithium ions derived from the lithium salt (TFSI) of the aqueous electrolyte is sufficiently high, a 2.6 V class aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the single-phase oxide A2 and the single-phase oxide A3 are used instead of the single-phase oxide A1, an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery exceeding 2.0 V can be obtained.
- Example 2 Except that the positive electrode active material was changed to Li 1.05 Mn 1.95 O 4 , a coin-type battery was assembled in the same manner as in Example 1, and the current value was changed to 100 mA / g, which was the same as in Example 1. Charging / discharging was repeated 100 cycles. The charge / discharge curve obtained at this time is shown in FIG. FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the number of cycles and the discharge capacity (mAh / g).
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2017年3月15日出願の日本出願第2017-049707号に基づく優先権を主張し、前記日本出願に記載された全ての記載内容を援用するものである。
非特許文献1が提案する電池は、水の理論分解電圧を超える2V級の電位窓を有するものの容量が低く、実用化は困難である。また、より広い電位窓を有する実用性の高い水溶液電解質を含む二次電池の開発が求められている。
本開示に係る水溶液電解質二次電池によれば、水の電気分解を抑制しつつ、高容量かつ高電圧を得ることができる。
[実施形態の説明]
最初に、本開示の実施形態の内容を列記して説明する。
(1)本開示の一実施形態に係る水溶液電解質二次電池は、リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する正極活物質を含む正極と、リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する負極活物質を含む負極と、リチウム塩を溶解させた水溶液電解質とを具備する。負極活物質は、Moを含み、かつMoの少なくとも一部は、充放電によってMo3+/Mo6+の酸化還元反応を発現するように構成されており、水溶液電解質は、充放電の電位窓が2.0Vを超える(例えば2.1V以上の電位窓を有する)ように構成されている。なお、Mo3+/Mo6+の酸化還元反応とは、下記式(A)のように、電池の充電時にMoが3価まで還元され、放電時にMoが6価まで酸化される3電子反応を意味する。
式(A):Mo3+ ⇔ Mo6+ + 3e-
次に、本開示の実施形態について更に具体的に説明する。なお、本発明はこれらの例示に限定されるものではなく、添付の請求の範囲によって示され、請求の範囲と均等の意味および範囲内での全ての変更が含まれることが意図される。
リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する正極活物質を含む正極は、負極活物質よりも十分に高い電位を有する材料であればよく、例えば金属リチウムに対して4V以上の電位を発現し得るリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を用いることができる。例えば、LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LMn2O4、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi1/2Mn3/2O4などのリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を典型的な材料として例示できる。
リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する負極活物質は、高容量を達成する観点から、少なくともMoを含む。典型的な層状構造を有するLiMoO2の場合、Mo3+/Mo4+の1電子反応が利用される。一方、所定手法を用いて調製された負極活物質中では、Moの少なくとも一部が、充放電に伴ってMo3+/Mo6+の3電子反応を発現するようになる。
水溶液電解質は、水にリチウム塩を溶解させた水溶液として調製される。水溶液電解質は、安全性が高く、イオン伝導性に優れるだけでなく、豊富な資源量を誇る水を安価で供給できるという利点がある。
次に、水溶液電解質二次電池の構造の一例について説明する。図3は、一実施形態に係る水溶液電解質二次電池100(以下、電池100)を概略的に示す縦断面図である。電池100は、積層型の電極群、水溶液電解質(図示せず)およびこれらを収容する角型の電池ケース10を具備する。電池ケース10は、例えばアルミニウム製であり、上部が開口した有底の容器本体12と、上部開口を塞ぐ蓋体13とで構成されている。
第1原料として、LiMoO2を準備し、第2原料として、Li3NbO4、Li4MoO5およびLi2TiO3の3種類を準備した。LiMoO2とLi3NbO4とを所定モル比で混合し、第1原料混合物を得た。同様に、LiMoO2とLi4MoO5とを所定モル比で混合して第2原料混合物を得るとともに、LiMoO2とLi2TiO3とを所定モル比で混合して第3原料混合物を得た。各原料混合物を、メカニカルミリングを行う装置(Pulverisette 7、Fritsch社製)に投入し、空気中で、600rpmで32時間のミリングを行い、下記の3種の単相酸化物を得た。
(A2)Li4/3MoVI 2/9MoIII 4/9O2
(A3)Li6/5Ti2/5Mo2/5O2
<負極>
単相酸化物A1と、アセチレンブラック(AB)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、80:10:10の質量比で配合し、適量のN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を分散媒として用いてスラリーを調製した。得られたスラリーを銅箔の片面に塗布した。塗膜を十分に乾燥させた後、銅箔とともに打ち抜いて、直径1.0cmのコイン形の負極を得た。
Li1.1Mn1.9O4と、アセチレンブラック(AB)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、80:10:10の質量比で配合し、適量のN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を分散媒として用いてスラリーを調製した。得られたスラリーをAl箔の片面に塗布した。塗膜を十分に乾燥させた後、銅箔とともに打ち抜いて、直径1.0cmのコイン形の正極を得た。
LiTFSIと水とを、モル比21:56で混合し、濃度21mol/kgのLiTFSI水溶液を調製し、これを水溶液電解質として用いた。
負極、正極および水溶液電解質を用いて、コイン形電池を組み立て、正極活物質の質量あたり概ね10mA/gの電流値で、25℃で、0V-2.6Vの範囲で充放電を22サイクル繰り返した。そのとき得られた充放電カーブを図5に示す。
水溶液電解質として、LiTFSIと水とを混合し、濃度1mol/kgのLiTFSI水溶液を調製し、これを水溶液電解質として用いたこと以外、実施例1と同様にコイン形電池を組み立て、同様の充放電を3サイクル繰り返した。そのとき得られた充放電カーブを図6に示す。
正極活物質をLi1.05Mn1.95O4に変更したこと以外、実施例1と同様にコイン形電池を組み立て、電流値を100mA/gに変更したこと以外、実施例1と同様の充放電を100サイクル繰り返した。このとき得られた充放電カーブを図7に示す。また、サイクル数と放電容量(mAh/g)との関係を図8に示す。
Claims (7)
- リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する正極活物質を含む正極と、
リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する負極活物質を含む負極と、
リチウム塩を溶解させた水溶液電解質と、を具備し、
前記負極活物質が、Moを含み、かつ充放電によりMoの少なくとも一部が
Mo3+/Mo6+の酸化還元反応を発現し、
充放電の電位窓が2.0Vを超える、水溶液電解質二次電池。 - 前記負極活物質が、4価以上の遷移金属Meと、3価のMoと、Liと、を含む複合酸化物を含む、請求項1に記載の水溶液電解質二次電池。
- 前記複合酸化物が、
式[1]:xLiMoO2-(1-x)Li3NbO4、
式[2]:xLiMoO2-(1-x)Li4MoO5、および
式[3]:xLiMoO2-(1-x)Li2TiO3の組成を有する単相酸化物よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含み、式[1]~[3]は、0<x<1を満たす、請求項2に記載の水溶液電解質二次電池。 - 前記水溶液電解質が、前記リチウム塩の少なくとも一部として、リチウムビス(パーフルオロアルキルスルホニル)イミドを含む、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の水溶液電解質二次電池。
- 前記水溶液電解質の少なくとも一部が、常温溶融水和物を形成している、請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の水溶液電解質二次電池。
- リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する正極活物質を含む正極と、
リチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵および放出する負極活物質を含む負極と、
リチウム塩を溶解させた水溶液電解質と、を具備し、
前記負極活物質が、Moを含み、かつ充放電によりMoの少なくとも一部が
Mo3+/Mo6+の酸化還元反応を発現し、
前記水溶液電解質の少なくとも一部が、常温溶融水和物を形成している、水溶液電解質二次電池。 - 前記正極が、正極集電体と、正極集電体に担持された前記正極活物質を含む正極合剤とを含み、
前記負極が、負極集電体と、負極集電体に担持された前記負極活物質を含む負極合剤とを含み、
前記正極集電体および前記負極集電体の少なくとも一方は、三次元網目状の金属製の骨格を有する、請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の水溶液電解質二次電池。
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