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Definitions

• the instant invention relates to a methane oxidation catalyst, a process to prepare a methane oxidation catalyst, the methane oxidation catalyst prepared by this process and a method of using the methane oxidation catalyst.
• natural gas One of the most abundant and economically viable alternatives to oil-derived fuels such as gasoline, kerosene and diesel is natural gas. Because of this, engine manufacturers for transport and stationary applications are shifting their attention from the traditional oil- derived fuels to the cheaper, cleaner burning, and more environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) fuels. In recent years, significant investments and efforts have been made to expand the natural gas fuel supply chain/infrastructure and develop natural gas specific engine hardware in order to enable the broad deployment of natural gas as s fuel.
• the major component in natural gas is methane.
• the exhaust gas of a natural gas fueled engine may contain some residual level of methane, which has to be reduced before the exhaust gas is released into the atmosphere in order to meet current and future environmental emission regulations.
• One way of reducing the level of residual methane in the exhaust gas is by catalytically oxidizing the methane to carbon dioxide and water.
• Catalysts in current day catalytic converters used to treat exhaust gas are not designed to convert methane. Due to the relatively high activation temperature required for the combustion of methane, methane will typically pass through such catalytic converters unconverted. Catalysts for methane oxidation have been reported previously.
• WO2009/057961 a catalyst containing palladium and platinum supported on alumina for treating exhaust gas from a dual fuel, i.e. diesel and LNG, fueled vehicle is disclosed.
• the catalysts are said to have a preferred palladium: platinum ratio of 1.0:0.1-0.3 and are deposited on an alumina support.
• H 2 0 in the feed.
• exhaust gases from natural gas fueled engines in transport and stationary applications contain very high levels of H 2 0 usually in the range of 9-17 vol%.
• H 2 0 levels in exhaust gas are known to have a very significant adverse effect on the activity of palladium-platinum/alumina catalysts and the stability of these catalysts in the methane oxidation reaction. Therefore, it is expected that these prior art alumina-based catalysts will suffer from excessive activity loss and activity decline rates in commercial applications involving the conversion of methane in exhaust gases containing significant levels of water.
• US5741467 discloses mixed palladium/alumina and palladium/ceria/lanthana alumina wash coat formulations used as methane oxidation catalysts for fuel- lean or fuel- rich methane oxidation, respectively.
• US5741467 discloses that rhodium may be used to substitute completely or in part for the palladium.
• these catalytic formulations exhibit very low methane oxidation activity after aging as illustrated by their high temperature requirements (higher than 500°C) for 50 vol% methane conversion, generally referred to in the art as the T50 (CH 4 ).
• US660248 discloses catalysts for removing hydrocarbons from exhaust gas containing methane and excess of oxygen.
• the catalysts comprise palladium or palladium/platinum supported on at least one support selected from zirconia, sulfated zirconia and tungsten-zirconia.
• the disclosed zirconia-based catalysts show improved performance compared to the previously discussed alumina-based catalyst with respect to methane oxidation activity, however the as-reported activity of these catalysts is still too low to be attractive for commercial application.
• a catalyst comprising one or more noble metals supported on zirconia may show improved methane oxidation performance, when the zirconia comprises tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia in a specific weight ratio range.
• the present invention provides a process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst comprising the following steps: a) calcining a non-modified zirconia precursor at a temperature in the range of from 675 to 1050 °C to prepare tetragonal zirconia wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia, if any is present, is greater than 31 : 1 ; b) conducting a mechanochemical treatment on the zirconia obtained from step a.) to prepare zirconia comprising tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is in the range of from 1:1 to 31:1; c) impregnating the zirconia obtained from step b.) with a noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution; d) drying the wet noble metal- impregnated zirconia at a
• the methane oxidation catalyst made by this process provides higher methane oxidation activity, as evidenced by its lower T50 (CH 4 ) temperatures, as well as better long term hydrothermal stability compared to those methane oxidation catalysts known in the prior art.
• the present invention provides for a method of oxidizing methane by contacting a gas stream comprising methane with a methane oxidation catalyst according to the invention in the presence of oxygen and oxidizing at least part of the methane in the gas stream to carbon dioxide and water.
• the present invention provides methane oxidation catalysts comprising one or more noble metals supported on zirconia, which zirconia comprises both tetragonal zirconia (also referred to as t-Zr0 2 ) and monoclinic zirconia (also referred to as m-Zr0 2 ).
• the zirconia comprising both tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia as used in the catalyst of the present invention is not a physical mixture of tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia or equally is not a physical mixture of the crystallographic phases of tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia. Rather, the zirconia used in the catalyst of the present invention was obtained by converting, e.g. thermally and mechanochemically converting, a precursor material into zirconia comprising both tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia resulting in a dispersion of tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia phases.
• Such zirconia comprising both tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia, prepared by conversion of a precursor material is herein further also referred to as tm-Zr0 2 . It was found that methane oxidation catalysts comprising noble metals supported on such tm-Zr0 2 of the present invention surprisingly exhibit significantly superior methane oxidation performance, in particular, methane oxidation activity, compared to prior art methane oxidation catalysts at the same levels of noble metal loading.
• methane oxidation catalysts comprising noble metals supported on such tm-Zr0 2 of the present invention also surprisingly exhibit significantly superior methane oxidation activity compared to methane oxidation catalysts comprising the same level of noble metals supported on a physical mixture of tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia, where the tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia were physically mixed in the same weight ratio.
• the methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention comprises one or more noble metals supported on zirconia.
• Reference herein to the term "supported on” is to noble metals that are supported on the internal and external structure surface of the zirconia, including on the wall surface of any inner pore structure of the zirconia.
• the zirconia of the present invention on which the noble metal is supported comprises at least two crystalline phases of zirconia, i.e. tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia.
• the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is in the range of from 1:1 to 31 : 1 , preferably in the range of from 2 : 1 to 31 : 1 , even more preferably 2:1 to 28:1, still more preferably 5:1 to 28:1, even still more preferably the range from 10: 1 to 27.5: 1 and yet even more preferably in the range of from 15:1 to 25:1, yet still even more preferably, 15:1 to 23:1.
• catalysts comprising noble metals supported on a tm-Zr0 2 with the above weight ratio range of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia result in an improved methane oxidation activity, i.e. in a lower T50 (CH 4 ) value, compared to other prior art zirconia- or alumina- comprising catalysts for methane oxidation with the same noble metal loading.
• the temperature at which at least 50 vol% of the methane is oxidized is referred to herein as T50 (CH 4 ).
• the T50 (CHz value is a measure for the methane oxidation activity of a catalyst.
• a lower T50 (CH 4 ) value indicates a higher methane oxidation activity of the catalyst.
• the T50 (CH 4 ) values can be used to compare the methane oxidation activity of two or more catalysts. It was also found that providing a weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia in the methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention may result in improved methane oxidation activity stability over prolonged periods of use under hydrothermal conditions.
• the weight ratio of the tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is the weight ratio as determined by a quantitative XRD phase analysis using commercially available software.
• a more detailed description of the quantitative XRD phase analysis as used in this invention is provided herein below.
• any other zirconia e.g. a zirconia binder material that is added to the catalyst by physical mixing is not taken into consideration.
• the zirconia on which the noble metal(s) are supported comprises tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia.
• the monoclinic zirconia is present as a dispersion of monoclinic zirconia in the tetragonal zirconia or even as a dispersion of monoclinic zirconia in a (semi-)continuous tetragonal zirconia matrix.
• Such a structure could for instance be prepared by the thermal and mechanochemical conversion of a single zirconia precursor according to a process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention.
• the zirconia precursor is preferably thermally treated by a calcination step at a temperature in the range of from 675 to 1050 °C and then mechanochemically treated by grinding, compressing, crushing and/or milling of the calcined zirconia.
• Other suitable mechanochemical treatments include all operations that result in an impact of mechanical energy on the catalyst or zirconia precursor that force a change in the crystallographic phase properties of the material.
• this may provide a catalyst having an advantageously high noble metal surface area and/or noble metal oxide surface area.
• the obtained distribution of tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia in the tm-Zr0 2 is believed to restrict the diffusion, migration and/or agglomeration of the noble metal or noble metal oxide during preparation as well as during use, including the use under typical hydrothermal methane oxidation operating conditions.
• This benefits the methane oxidation activity and improves the stability of the methane oxidation activity of the catalyst of this invention, including under hydrothermal conditions, such as the conditions typically encountered in treating exhaust gas from natural gas fueled engines.
• the zirconia precursor may be any zirconium-comprising compound that converts into zirconia upon exposure to elevated temperatures.
• the zirconia precursor may also comprise, consist or essentially consist of tetragonal zirconia. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believed that upon exposing the zirconia precursor to elevated temperatures first tetragonal zirconia is formed, which tetragonal zirconia may subsequently, under exposure to a mechanochemical treatment, be partially converted to monoclinic zirconia.
• the zirconia on which the noble metal is supported comprises tetragonal zirconia that forms a (semi- continuous matrix structure, with embedded monoclinic zirconia in the matrix structure.
• Suitable zirconia precursors are provided herein below.
• the zirconia on which the noble metal is supported may preferably comprise a specific surface area in the range of from 10 to 200 m 2 /g.
• the methane oxidation catalyst according to the invention comprises one or more noble metals. Any combination of two or more noble metals may be used.
• the methane oxidation catalyst comprises one or more noble metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium.
• the methane oxidation catalyst comprises one or more noble metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum and rhodium.
• Preferred combinations of noble metals comprise: (1) palladium and platinum, (2) palladium and rhodium, and (3) palladium, platinum and rhodium.
• Such combinations of noble metals may provide a methane oxidation catalyst with higher methane oxidation activity, i.e. a lower T50 (CH 4 ) value and a more stable methane oxidation activity.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may comprise in the range of from 0.5 to 15 wt% of noble metal, based on the total combined weight of noble metal(s) and the total weight of the tm-Zr0 2 .
• the methane oxidation catalyst comprises at least 1 wt% of noble metal, based on the total combined weight of noble metal(s) and the total weight of the tm- Zr0 2 .
• the catalytically active for oxidation of methane form of the noble metal is its noble metal oxide form. This is for instance true for palladium. However, in some cases, for example, where both palladium and platinum are present on the catalyst, a portion of the noble metal will remain in its metallic form. Therefore, preferably, at least part of noble metal(s) is present in the methane oxidation catalyst in the form of noble metal oxides.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may have any suitable shape or form including powders, particles, coatings, washcoats, films, extrudates, rings, pellets, tablets or ceramic monoliths of various shapes and sizes.
• the methane oxidation catalyst is provided as a particle with an average particle size in the range of from 0.1 to 500 ⁇ , preferably of from 0.5 to 500 ⁇ .
• the particles may e.g. be in the form of powders or in a washcoat.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may comprise zirconia particles that have been shaped to form the above mentioned larger catalyst structures.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may for instance be shaped in a process including extrusion and spray drying.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may optionally contain a binder material.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may be deposited on a monolith substrate in the form of a coating, washcoat or film.
• Reference herein to a washcoat is to a dispersion of a material, in this case the methane oxidation catalyst particles, over the surface area of the substrate, whereby the washcoated material forms a thin layer on the surface of the substrate.
• Suitable substrates include ceramic and metallic monoliths. Such ceramic and metallic monoliths are substrates with nearly uniform, well-defined pore or channel structures. The ceramic and metallic monoliths may be characterized by the number of pore channels per square inch; this unit is also referred to in the art as cells per square inch or CPSI.
• the ceramic or metallic monolith substrate comprises in the range of from 50 to 10,000 pore channels per square inch (323 to 64500 pore channels per cm 2 ), more preferably, 150 to 1000 pore channels per square inch (968 to 6450 pore channels per cm 2 ).
• the methane oxidation catalyst of the invention is provided on a ceramic or metallic monolith substrate comprising pore channels, defining an inner pore channel surface, wherein the methane oxidation catalyst is present in the form of a coating, washcoat or a film of a thickness in the range of from 10 to 250 ⁇ on the monolith inner pore channel surface.
• the methane oxidation catalyst is present in the form of a coating, washcoat or a film of a thickness in the range of from 10 to 250 ⁇ on the monolith inner pore channel surface.
• the resulting noble metal content on the monolith is in the range of from 1 to 16 kg/m 3 of monolith substrate, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 8 kg/m 3 of monolith substrate.
• methane oxidation catalyst according to the invention provides higher methane oxidation activity or lower T50 (CH 4 ) values as well as better long term hydrothermal stability compared to those methane oxidation catalysts known in the prior art.
• methane oxidation catalyst it may also show activity toward the conversion of NO to N0 2 .
• This may be of particular value when the methane oxidation catalyst is to be used in an application wherein next to methane, there is a desire to convert NO (and optionally N0 2 ) to environmentally benign N 2 by using a combination of methane oxidation catalyst to convert the NO to N0 2 and then a commercially available SCR (selective catalytic reduction) catalyst to reduce NO and /or N0 2 to N 2 .
• SCR selective catalytic reduction
• the methane oxidation catalyst may therefore in a particular embodiment of the invention, be provided in combination with a SCR catalyst, e.g. a SCR catalyst comprising titanium(IV)oxide (Ti0 2 ), tungsten(VI)oxide (WO 3 ), vanadium(V)oxide (V 2 O 5 ), molybdenum(VI) oxide, noble metals, transition metal-exchanged zeolite or a zeolite.
• a SCR catalyst e.g. a SCR catalyst comprising titanium(IV)oxide (Ti0 2 ), tungsten(VI)oxide (WO 3 ), vanadium(V)oxide (V 2 O 5 ), molybdenum(VI) oxide, noble metals, transition metal-exchanged zeolite or a zeolite.
• the methane oxidation catalyst only needs to convert part of the NO to N0 2 as most SCR catalysts show a more optimal conversion to N 2 where a mixture of NO and N0 2
• the catalyst of the present invention shows improved methane oxidation activity, which is evidenced by the lower T50 (CH 4 ) values obtained when oxidizing methane, in particular methane present in diluted methane comprising gas streams.
• the T50 (CH 4 ) of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 405 °C for the catalyst according to the invention.
• the T50 (CH 4 ) value of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 400 °C.
• the T50 (CFL value of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 395 °C.
• the T50 (CH 4 ) value of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 405 °C for the catalyst according to the invention.
• the T50 (CH 4 ) value of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 400 °C.
• the weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia in the t/m-Zr0 2 is in the range of from 15:1 to 25:1 the T50 (CH 4 ) value of the methane oxidation catalyst may be equal to or less than 395 °C.
• the invention provides a process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst.
• the process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst comprising the following steps:
• a. calcining a non-modified zirconia precursor at a temperature in the range of from 675 to 1050 °C to prepare tetragonal zirconia wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia, if any is present, is greater than 31:1;
• step b. conducting a mechanochemical treatment on the zirconia obtained from step a.) to prepare zirconia comprising tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is in the range of from 1 : 1 to 31 : 1 ;
• step b. impregnating the zirconia obtained from step b.) with a noble metal precursor- comprising impregnation solution;
• mechanochemical treatment is selected from the group consisting of grinding, compressing, crushing, and milling.
• a zirconia precursor may be provided in a calcined form.
• a single zirconia precursor is provided. Any zirconia precursor that can be thermally and mechanochemically converted into a dispersion of tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia may be used.
• the zirconia precursor is tetragonal zirconia.
• at least part of the tetragonal zirconia may be converted to monoclinic zirconia.
• small nuclei of monoclinic zirconia will be created in the tetragonal matrix during step a.) that may not be discernable via powder XRD measurement.
• a subsequent mechanochemical treatment such as the one achieved during grinding, compressing, crushing or milling of the calcined zirconia of step (a) will be sufficient to trigger a transformation of the zirconia into a tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia matrix with the desired beneficial weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia.
• the zirconia precursor may be amorphous zirconia or a zirconium- comprising precursor, including zirconium hydroxide.
• the amorphous zirconia or zirconium-comprising precursor during the calcination of step (a), is initially converted to tetragonal zirconia, and subsequently part of the tetragonal zirconia is converted to monoclinic zirconia.
• the zirconia precursors for the preparation of the tm-Zr0 2 of this invention include, but are not limited to, tetragonal zirconia, amorphous zirconia and zirconium-comprising precursors, wherein suitable zirconium-comprising precursors include, but are not limited to zirconium hydroxides and zirconium hydroxide sols, zirconium hydroxide gels, ZrOCl 2 , ZrCl 4 , ZrO(NC>3) 2 , Zr(NC>3) 4 , zirconium lactate, zirconium alkoxides, zirconium acetate, Zr(CH 2 CHC0 2 ) 4 , Zirconium(IV) carbonate, Zr(HP0 4 ) 2 , and Zr(S0 4 ) 2 .
• suitable zirconium-comprising precursors include, but are not limited to zirconium hydroxides and zirconium hydroxide sols
• the zirconia precursor may contain impurities and other elements that are naturally present in the precursor compounds or are unintentionally introduced during the zirconia manufacturing process.
• the group of possible impurities and elements includes, but is not limited to the group consisting of hafnium and silicon compounds, for example, hafnia and silica.
• the zirconia of the invention is a non-modified zirconia.
• Non-modified zirconia is defined as a zirconia or a zirconium-comprising compound that has not been modified or doped with another element or compound during the methane oxidation catalyst manufacturing process.
• Non-modified zirconia of this invention does not include sulfated zirconia or tungsten modified zirconia.
• modified zirconia i.e., sulfated or tungsten-modified zirconia
• zirconia precursor compounds such as hafnium
• silicon or silica as described above
• the zirconia precursor is calcined at a temperature in the range of from 675 to 1050 °C.
• tetragonal zirconia may be present or will form at calcination temperatures above 500 °C, significant conversion, e.g. of tetragonal zirconia, to monoclinic zirconia may occur at temperatures of 675 °C and higher.
• the monoclinic zirconia does not form during this calcination step, or at least not at detectable levels.
• predominantly to almost pure monoclinic zirconia is obtained upon calcination at very high temperatures of 1100 °C and above.
• the zirconia precursor is calcined at a temperature of in the range of from 750 to 1050 °C and then mechanochemically treated, as the tm-Zr0 2 obtained by these steps was found to result in methane oxidation catalysts having a weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia according to the present invention.
• the catalysts thus obtained were found to have an improved methane oxidation activity.
• the zirconia precursor is calcined at a temperature in the range of from 800 to 1025 °C and then mechanochemically treated as the tm-Zr0 2 obtained by these steps was found to result in methane oxidation catalysts with an even further improved methane oxidation activity.
• the resulting zirconia precursor comprises tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia (if any) wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is in the range of greater than 31:1.
• the zirconia is mechanochemically treated and the resulting zirconia in the methane oxidation catalyst comprises tetragonal zirconia and monoclinic zirconia wherein the weight ratio of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic zirconia is in the range of from 1:1 to 31:1, preferably in the range of from 2: 1 to 31:1, even more preferably 2:1 to 28:1, still more preferably 5:1 to 28:1, even still more preferably the range from 10:1 to 27.5:1 and yet even more preferably in the range of from 15:1 to 25:1, yet still even more preferably, 15:1 to 23:1.
• Calcination processes are well known in the art and the selection of the most suitable calcination temperature and calcination time will depend on the choice of the zirconia precursor. Such a selection of calcination conditions is within the skills of the person skilled in the art.
• weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia is within the range provided by the present invention, the exact choice of zirconia precursor, calcination procedure and temperature, and mechanochemical treatment procedure, which were used to come to such a weight ratio are of less significance.
• the step of calcining and mechanochemically treating the zirconia precursor are preferably performed in an oxygen-comprising atmosphere, preferably air.
• the zirconia obtained in step (b) is impregnated with a noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution.
• the impregnation solution is an aqueous noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution.
• the noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution may comprise one or more noble metal precursors, preferably one or more noble metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, osmium and iridium. More preferably, the noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution comprises one or more noble metals selected from the group consisting of palladium, platinum and rhodium.
• the impregnation of step (c) comprises two or more sequential impregnation steps with the same or different noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solutions.
• Using different impregnation solutions may allow for an alternative way to achieve the impregnation of the zirconia with different noble metals.
• Any noble metal precursor that is soluble in the impregnation solution may be used.
• Suitable palladium, platinum and rhodium noble metal precursors include, but are not limited to, Pd(N0 3 )2,
• Rhodium (II) citrate Rhodium (II) oxalate and Rh(N0 3 ) 3 .
• the impregnating solution may comprise at least one or more noble metal complexing or chelating compounds in a molar ratio of a complexing or chelating compound to noble metal of from 1:1 to 5:1.
• Suitable complexing or chelating compounds include, but are not limited to citric acid, sorbitol, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, acetic acid, crown ethers, bipyridine, bipyrimidine, acetylacetone, ethyldiamine, phenanthroline, trisodium citrate, ammonium citrate, lactic acid, pantoic acid, hydroxypyruvic acid, mannitol, glucose, fructose, hydroxybutyric acid, and methyl cellulose. It was found that the addition of such noble metal complexing or chelating compounds, and in particular citric acid, to a palladium precursor-comprising impregnation solution may lead to higher catalyst activity for me
• the wet noble metal-impregnated zirconia is dried in step (d) at a temperature of no more than 120°C.
• the wet noble metal- impregnated zirconia is dried in step (d) for a period of at least 1 hour.
• the dried noble metal-impregnated zirconia is subsequently calcined in step (e) at a temperature in the range of from 400 to 650 °C, preferably of from 450 to 600 °C.
• the dried impregnated zirconia is calcined in step (e) for a period of at least 1 hour.
• the step of calcining the noble metal-impregnated zirconia is preferably performed in an oxygen- comprising atmosphere, preferably air. During the calcining in step (e) at least part of the noble metal will be converted to noble metal oxides.
• a sufficient amount of noble metals is provided during the impregnation to provide a methane oxidation catalyst comprising in the range of from 0.5 to 15 wt% of noble metal, based on the total combined weight of noble metal(s) and the total weight of the tm-Zr0 2 .
• methane oxidation catalyst comprises at least 1 wt% of noble metal, based on the total combined weight of noble metal(s) and the total weight of the tm-Zr0 2 .
• the methane oxidation catalyst may be prepared in the form of particles, in particular particles with a size in the range of from 0.1 to 500 ⁇ .
• the zirconia precursor may be shaped into particles of a desired particle size prior to step (b) or alternatively the zirconia obtained from step (b) may be shaped into particles of a desired particle size.
• Suitable methods for preparing the zirconia or zirconia precursor particles of a desired particle size include, but are not limited to: wet milling, wet grinding, dry grinding, mulling, thermal treatment, precipitation or spray drying.
• Such zirconia particles have a high surface area, allowing for an improved distribution of the noble metal on the zirconia, which is beneficial for the methane oxidation activity of the final catalyst.
• some methods to reduce the particle size of the zirconia or zirconia precursor particles may cause a change to the crystallographic zirconia phase composition, i.e., change in the weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia in the zirconia.
• change in the weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia in the zirconia i.e., change in the weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia in the zirconia.
• the weight ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia in the tm-Zr0 2 could be slightly reduced.
• this further formation of monoclinic zirconia is caused by the occurrence of localized increases in the temperature caused by the friction between the particles and/or, in general, by the energy impact of the milling process on the crystalline tetragonal zirconia structure. This increased temperature may locally result in a small additional thermal conversion of tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia.
• the methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention may be prepared in any suitable form or size, including but not limited to the above mentioned particles, powders, extrudates, rings, pellets, tablets, or monoliths.
• the methane oxidation catalyst may be deposited on a substrate in the form of a layer, film or coating.
• the process for preparing the methane oxidation catalyst according to the invention comprises depositing the noble metal-impregnated zirconia after calcination in step (e) in the form of a layer, film or coating on a ceramic or metallic monolith substrate.
• the process for preparing the methane oxidation catalyst according to the invention comprises depositing the zirconia obtained in step (b) in the form of a layer, film or coating on a ceramic or metallic monolith substrate and subsequently impregnating and treating the zirconia deposited on the monolith substrate according to steps (c) to (e).
• Suitable ceramic or metallic monoliths have been described herein above.
• the zirconia or impregnated zirconia are preferably deposited by contacting the monolith with a suspension of zirconia, that is preferably aqueous or impregnated zirconia particles, in particular particles with a size in the range of from 0.1 to 500 ⁇ .
• the noble metal-impregnated zirconia obtained in step (e) or the zirconia obtained in step (b) is deposited on the ceramic or metallic monolith by a washcoating step.
• the noble metal-impregnated zirconia obtained in step (e) or the zirconia obtained in step (b) are provided in the form of a suspension to the washcoating step.
• the zirconia or noble metal-impregnated zirconia particles are suspended in the washcoat suspension prior to application to the monolith substrate.
• the substrate results in depositing of a thin layer of zirconia particles or noble metal- impregnated zirconia particles on the surface of the pore channels of the monolith substrate, which in turn maximizes the catalytically active surface of the catalyst available for the oxidation of methane.
• the noble metal-impregnated zirconia obtained in step (e) or the zirconia obtained in step (b) is deposited on the ceramic or metallic monolith substrate by a washcoating step
• the preferred particle size of the noble metal-impregnated zirconia or the zirconia particles in the washcoat is in the range of from 0.1 to 50 ⁇ , more preferably of from 0.1 to 20 ⁇ as determined by light scattering. If the particle size of the zirconia is too large, the washcoat suspension may be subjected to wet milling in order to reduce the particle size of the zirconia or impregnated zirconia particles to sizes in the above mentioned range.
• the process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst comprises following step (b), but before step (c):
• step (iv) washcoating a layer of the suspension obtained in step (iii) on the surface of a ceramic or metallic monolith substrate;
• the washcoated ceramic or metallic monolith substrate is impregnated with the noble metal precursor-comprising impregnation solution after which it is dried and calcined according to step (d) and (e) to produce the finished methane oxidation catalyst.
• the washcoated ceramic or metallic monolith substrate of step (v) is calcined at a temperature in the range of from 400 to 650°C, preferably of from 450 to 600°C, for a period of at least 1 hour prior to impregnation with the noble metal impregnation solution.
• steps (i) to (v) are performed after step (e) using the noble metal-impregnated zirconia to prepare the aqueous suspension in step (i).
• step (v) is followed by a calcination of the dried washcoated ceramic or metallic monolith substrate at a temperature in the range of from 450 to 650 °C, preferably of from 450 to 600 °C, for a period of at least 1 hour to produce the finished methane oxidation catalyst.
• the washcoating step may be performed using any suitable washcoating procedure, including but not limited to (1) dipping the monolith substrate into the suspension, (2) pouring the suspension over the monolith substrate or (3) forcing the suspension through the pore channels of the monolith substrate.
• a binder material may be added to the zirconia particle suspension prior to step (iii).
• a viscosity modifying compound may be added to the zirconia particle suspension prior to step (iii).
• Suitable viscosity modifying compounds include, but are not limited to acetic acid, citric acid, methyl cellulose, chitin, starch, glucose and fructose.
• Alumina or zirconia may be used as a binder, but the amount of alumina or zirconia introduced as a binder in the catalyst should be limited to less than 20 wt%, based on the weight of the methane oxidation catalyst. If used, the amount of alumina or zirconia should be in the range of from 1 wt% to 20 wt%, preferably in the range of from 2 wt% to 10 wt%. Preferably, in the range of from 50 to 400 kg, more preferably of from 75 to 300 kg, of zirconia, excluding any zirconia added as binder, is washcoated on the monolith substrate per m 3 of monolith substrate.
• an amount of noble metal precursor is absorbed or adsorbed or deposited on the zirconia to obtain a final catalyst comprising in the range of from 1 to 16 kg of noble metal per m 3 of monolith substrate, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 8 kg of noble metal per m 3 of monolith substrate.
• the invention provides a methane oxidation catalyst prepared by a process for preparing a methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention.
• the invention provides a method of oxidizing methane.
• This method comprises contacting a gas stream comprising methane with a methane oxidation catalyst according to the present invention, as described herein, in the presence of oxygen and oxidizing at least part of the methane in the gas stream to carbon dioxide and water.
• the gas stream comprising methane is an exhaust gas from a natural gas- fueled engine.
• the natural gas-fueled engine may be fueled by a fuel comprising atmospheric pressure natural gas, compressed natural gas, liquefied natural gas, or a combination thereof.
• the natural gas-fueled engine is fueled by compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas.
• the natural gas fuel could be spark ignited or diesel ignited.
• the natural gas-fueled engine is fueled by a mixture of natural gas and one or more other hydrocarbon fuels, including, but not limited to gasoline, kerosene, diesel or gasoil, in particular a mixture of compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas with diesel or gasoil.
• the natural gas-fueled engine may be fueled by either natural gas or by a hydrocarbon fuel.
• Natural gas-fueled engines may operate alternatively in either fuel-lean or fuel-rich burn modes.
• Fuel-lean burn mode refers to engine operation in which fuel is burned with an excess of air, i.e. oxygen.
• oxygen molecules and methane molecules may be provided to the natural gas-fueled engine in a molar ratio of oxygen to methane molecules (also referred to as 0 2 :CH 4 ratio) up to 100:1.
• Fuel-rich burn mode means maintaining an, approximately, stoichiometric ratio of oxygen molecules to hydrocarbon molecules, i.e. an 0 2 :CH 4 ratio of 2.
• the natural gas-fueled engine is operated in a fuel lean burn mode.
• a fuel lean mode By operating the natural gas-fueled engine in a fuel lean mode, at least part, and preferably all, of the oxygen required to oxidize the methane in the exhaust gas is provided as part of the exhaust gas.
• the method to oxidize methane according to the present invention may be used with an exhaust gas which contains a methane concentration of less than or equal to 10000 ppm by volume (ppmv), preferably in the range of from 25ppmv to 10000 ppmv, more preferably of from 50 to 5000ppmv and even more preferably from 100 to 3000 ppmv.
• ppmv ppm by volume
• the methane and oxygen are contacted with the methane oxidation catalyst in a 0 2 :CH 4 ratio at least 2:1, more preferably at least 10:1, even more preferably at least 30:1, still even more preferably at least 50:1, yet more preferably at least 100:1.
• the methane and oxygen are contacted with the methane oxidation catalyst in a 0 2 :CH 4 ratio of in the range of from 2:1 to 200:1, more preferably of from 10:1 to 200: 1, even more preferably of from 30:1 to 200:1, still even more preferably of from 50:1 to 200:1, yet more preferably if from 100:1 to 200:1.
• the methane and oxygen are contacted with the methane oxidation catalyst at a temperature in the range of from 120 to 650°C, more preferably of from 250 to 650°C, still more preferably 300 to 600°C.
• the oxygen used to oxidize the methane may be provided as part of the gas stream comprising methane, for instance the exhaust gas, and/or from an external source, such as air, oxygen enriched air, pure oxygen or mixtures of oxygen with one or more other, preferably inert, gases.
• an external source such as air, oxygen enriched air, pure oxygen or mixtures of oxygen with one or more other, preferably inert, gases.
• part or all of the oxygen is provided from a source other than an exhaust gas it may be advantageous to preheat the oxygen prior to contacting the oxygen with the methane.
• the gas stream comprising methane may further comprise in the range of from 0 to 20 vol% water, preferably of from 8 to 15 vol%.
• the gas stream which comprises methane may further comprise from 0 to 50 ppm by volume of S0 2 , preferably of from 0 to 30 ppm by volume of S0 2 .
• Sulphur is known to those skilled in the art for its ability to deactivate noble metal catalysts.
• the method according to the invention may therefore include contacting the gas stream comprising methane with a S0 2 absorbent, prior to contacting the methane oxidation catalyst, to remove at least part of the S0 2 from the gas stream comprising methane.
• the step of contacting a stream which comprises methane with the methane oxidation catalyst occurs at a stream gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) in the range of from 10,000 to 120,000 h ⁇ preferably of from 20,000 to 100,000 hr "1 .
• GHSV stream gas hourly space velocity
• the method of oxidizing methane results in at least 50 vol% of the methane in the exhaust gas stream being oxidized at a temperature of equal to or less than 450 °C, preferably 405°C, more preferably 400°C, still more preferably 395°C, even still more preferably 390°C.
• the catalyst methane oxidation activity measurements were carried out in a fully automated parallelized high throughput catalyst testing rig with 48 fixed bed reactors (each reactor with a total volume of 1 mL) made from stainless steel.
• the catalysts were tested using simulated exhaust gas compositions and operating conditions similar to those of natural gas fueled engines operated with an oxygen surplus (fuel-lean). The conditions used for the testing are shown in Table 1.
• a sieved fraction of the catalysts with particle sizes from 315-500 ⁇ was used for the catalytic performance testing.
• the desired catalyst mass was diluted with an inert material (corundum) of the same particle size fraction to a total reactor volume of 1 mL. This was done in order to mimic a methane oxidation catalyst provided on a monolith substrate with a deposition of 200 g of a methane oxidation catalyst washcoat per liter of catalyst volume (including the monolith substrate).
• Diffrac.EVA software Bragg-Brentano geometry
• the quantitative phase analysis was carried out for diffraction patterns of the samples using the TOPAS software package (Version 4.2) available from Bruker company. Reference materials were used for peak identification [tetragonal zirconia (00-050-1089) / monoclinic zirconia (00-037-1484) / palladium oxide (00-041-1107)]. These reference materials data are available in the TOPAS software package. Quantitative phase analysis was performed using software assisted Rietveld refinement. The refinement was performed by least-square fitting of a theoretical powder diffraction pattern against the measured powder diffraction pattern. The fitting included a Chebychev polynomial fit and a Pearson VII profile fit function while having lattice parameters and crystallite sizes as open parameters.
• crystallographic phase structure was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to a temperature of 850 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• a 2 g quantity of Sample 1A was impregnated with 0.213 mL of an aqueous HNO 3 -containing Pd(NC>3) 2 solution (Pd concentration 3.651 mol/L) diluted with 0.287 mL deionized (further referred to as DI) water prior to impregnation to match the pore volume of the zirconia.
• the impregnated wet sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven.
• the prepared catalyst sample was placed in an oven and calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• the Pd content of the final Pd/tm-Zr0 2 catalyst was determined to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample.
• a tetragonal zirconia powder (Saint-Gobain, ID# SZ61152, 3 mm diameter, lot# 2005820395) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes in the range of 315-500 ⁇ . The resulting powder was then calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• a methane oxidation catalyst was prepared using 3 g of the zirconia of Sample 4, which was impregnated with 1.164 mL of an aqueous HNO 3 -containing Pd(N0 3 ) 2 solution (Pd concentration 1 mol/L) which was diluted with 0.636 mL of DI water prior to impregnation.
• the impregnated sample was aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the catalyst sample was placed in an oven and calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• the Pd content of the final catalyst sample was determined to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample.
• a monoclinic zirconia powder (Saint- Gobain, ID# SZ31164, 3.175 mm diameter, lot# SN2004910029) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes in the range of 315-500 ⁇ .
• the resulting powder was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours.
• Comparative Example 5A Pd/m-Zr02 catalyst
• Comparative Sample 5 An amount of 3 g of Comparative Sample 5 was impregnated with 1.162 mL of an aqueous HNC>3-containing Pd(N0 3 ) 2 solution (Pd concentration 1 mol/L) which was diluted with 1.238 mL of DI water prior to impregnation. The impregnated sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the catalyst sample was placed in an oven and calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours. The Pd content of the final catalyst sample was determined to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample. Comparative Sample 6 (gamma- AI2O3)
• the impregnated wet catalyst sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the dried catalyst sample was calcined in a flow of air by heating it at 5 °C/min to 600 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours. The Pd content of the so obtained prior art catalyst sample was found to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample. Comparative Sample 7 (PdPt/gamma-AhO 3 catalyst)
• alumina extrudate sample (Saint-Gobain, ID# SA 6175, 1.59 mm diameter, lot# 9608006) was crushed and sieved in order to obtain a fraction with particle sizes on the range of 315-500 ⁇ .
• the resulting powder was calcined in air at 650 °C for 12 h.
• 3 g of the alumina fraction was impregnated with a solution containing 0.97 mL aqueous HNO 3 -containing Pd(N0 3 ) 2 (cone. 1 mol/L) and 0.22 mL aqueous HNO 3 -containing Pt(N0 3 ) 2 (cone.
• the obtained wet catalyst sample was aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the catalyst was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• the total (Pd and Pt) noble metal content of the final catalyst was found to be 4 wt. %; 3.6 wt.% Pd and 0.4 wt.% Pt, based on the whole catalyst sample.
• Comparative Sample 8 (physically mixed t-ZrC>2 and m-Zr02) A tetragonal zirconia powder (Saint-Gobain, ID# SZ61152, 3 mm diameter, lot# 2005820395) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes from 315-500 ⁇ . The resulting powder was then calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours to obtain zirconia that shows only XRD reflections belonging to t-Zr0 2 (Zirconia powder A).
• a monoclinic zirconia powder (Saint-Gobain, ID# SZ31164, 3.175 mm diameter, lot# SN2004910029) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes from 315-500 ⁇ .
• the resulting powder was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours to obtain a zirconia which exhibited powder XRD reflections belonging to pure m-Zr0 2 (zirconia powder B).
• a tetragonal, sulfur-modified zirconia powder (Saint-Gobain, ID# SZ61192, 3 mm diameter, lot# 2013820069) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes in the range of 315-500 ⁇ .
• the resulting powder was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours.
• Comparative Sample 9 An amount of 3 g of Comparative Sample 9 was impregnated with 1.163 mL of an aqueous HNO 3 containing Pd(NC>3) 2 solution (Pd concentration 1 mol/L) which was diluted with 0.036 mL of DI water prior to impregnation.
• the impregnated t-Zr0 2 -S sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the catalyst sample was placed in an oven and calcined in a flow of air using 5°C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• the Pd content of the final PD/t-Zr0 2 -S catalyst sample was determined to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample.
• a tetragonal, tungsten-modified zirconia powder (Saint-Gobain, ID# SZ61143, 3 mm diameter, lot# 2014820006) was crushed and sieved to obtain a fraction with particle sizes in the range of 315-500 ⁇ .
• the resulting powder was calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 650 °C and holding at this temperature for 12 hours.
• Comparative Sample 10 An amount of 3 g of Comparative Sample 10 was impregnated with 0.580 mL of aqueous HNO 3 containing Pd(NC>3) 2 solution (Pd concentration 1 mol/L) which was diluted with 0.560 mL of DI water prior to impregnation. The impregnated sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Subsequently, the sample was impregnated for a second time with 0.580 mL of an aqueous HNO 3 containing Pd(NC>3) 2 solution (Pd concentration 1 mol/L) which was diluted with 0.560 mL of DI water prior to impregnation.
• the impregnated sample was then aged for 3 hours in a closed container at room temperature and dried for 16 hours at 80 °C in a drying oven. Finally, the catalyst sample was placed in an oven and calcined in a flow of air using 5 °C/min heating rate to 600 °C and held at this temperature for 12 hours.
• the Pd content of the final Pd/t-Zr0 2 -W catalyst sample was determined to be 4 wt.%, based on the whole catalyst sample.
• Table 3 shows the T5o(CH 4 ) values of the zirconia based catalyst Samples IB and comparative catalyst Samples 4A and 5A. Table 3 further shows the T5o(CH 4 ) value for alumina based comparative catalyst Sample 6A.

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