WO2018029935A1 - 電気化学反応単セルおよび電気化学反応セルスタック - Google Patents
電気化学反応単セルおよび電気化学反応セルスタック Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018029935A1 WO2018029935A1 PCT/JP2017/018758 JP2017018758W WO2018029935A1 WO 2018029935 A1 WO2018029935 A1 WO 2018029935A1 JP 2017018758 W JP2017018758 W JP 2017018758W WO 2018029935 A1 WO2018029935 A1 WO 2018029935A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8621—Porous electrodes containing only metallic or ceramic material, e.g. made by sintering or sputtering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
- H01M4/9025—Oxides specially used in fuel cell operating at high temperature, e.g. SOFC
- H01M4/9033—Complex oxides, optionally doped, of the type M1MeO3, M1 being an alkaline earth metal or a rare earth, Me being a metal, e.g. perovskites
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0094—Composites in the form of layered products, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/124—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte
- H01M8/1246—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides
- H01M8/1253—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the process of manufacturing or by the material of the electrolyte the electrolyte consisting of oxides the electrolyte containing zirconium oxide
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the technology disclosed in this specification relates to an electrochemical reaction single cell.
- a solid oxide fuel cell (hereinafter referred to as “SOFC”) is known as one type of fuel cell that generates electricity using an electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
- a fuel cell single cell (hereinafter simply referred to as “single cell”), which is a constituent unit of SOFC, includes an electrolyte layer containing a solid oxide and a predetermined direction (hereinafter referred to as “first direction”) across the electrolyte layer.
- first direction hereinafter referred to as “first direction” across the electrolyte layer.
- the electrolyte layer is formed to include, for example, YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) or ScSZ (scandia stabilized zirconia).
- the air electrode is formed so as to include, for example, LSCF (lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide) and LSM (lanthanum strontium manganese oxide).
- SrZrO 3 (hereinafter referred to as a high resistance material) "SZO"
- SZO a high resistance material
- a reaction prevention layer containing, for example, GDC (gadolinium doped ceria) is disposed between the air electrode and the electrolyte layer, and both of them near the boundary between the electrolyte layer and the reaction prevention layer.
- GDC gallium doped ceria
- the solid solution layer generated by mutual diffusion between the electrolyte layer and the reaction preventing layer is a high resistance layer itself, if the thickness of the solid solution layer is set to a predetermined value or more, the solid solution layer is also in the first direction. The electric resistance increases, and the power generation performance of the single cell decreases.
- Such a problem is also common to an electrolytic single cell, which is a constituent unit of a solid oxide electrolytic cell (hereinafter also referred to as “SOEC”) that generates hydrogen using an electrolysis reaction of water. It is a problem.
- SOEC solid oxide electrolytic cell
- the fuel cell unit cell and the electrolysis unit cell are collectively referred to as an electrochemical reaction unit cell.
- Such a problem is not limited to SOFC and SOEC, but is common to other types of electrochemical reaction single cells.
- An electrochemical reaction unit cell disclosed in this specification includes an electrolyte layer containing Zr, a fuel electrode disposed on one side in a first direction of the electrolyte layer, and the first of the electrolyte layer.
- the reaction preventing layer includes: Zr is contained at a content of 0.015 (wt%) or more and 1 (wt%) or less.
- the reaction preventing layer contains Zr at a content of 0.015 (wt%) or more, it diffuses from the air electrode to the electrolyte layer side due to Zr scattered in the reaction preventing layer. Sr that comes in can be trapped, and Sr can be prevented from diffusing up to a region near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer and the electrolyte layer, and high-resistance SrZrO 3 is generated in a layer form in the region. It can suppress that the performance of an electrochemical reaction single cell falls.
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer is 1 (wt%) or less, it is possible to suppress an excessive amount of diffusion of elements other than Sr from the air electrode, and the composition of the air electrode changes. And it can suppress that reliability falls.
- the Zr content in the reaction preventing layer may be 0.18 (wt%) or less. According to this electrochemical reaction single cell, since the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer is 0.18 (wt%) or less, the diffusion amount of elements other than Sr from the air electrode is excessive even after the start of use. It can be suppressed that the composition of the air electrode is changed after the start of use and the durability reliability is lowered.
- the Zr content in the reaction preventing layer may be 0.05 (wt%) or more. According to this electrochemical reaction single cell, since the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer is 0.05 (wt%) or more, it diffuses from the air electrode to the electrolyte layer side due to Zr scattered in the reaction preventing layer. The incoming Sr can be effectively trapped, and the deterioration of the performance of the electrochemical reaction single cell can be effectively suppressed.
- the reaction prevention layer may include Gd. According to this electrochemical reaction unit cell, diffusion of Sr to the electrolyte layer 112 side can also be suppressed by Gd contained in the reaction prevention layer, and the performance of the electrochemical reaction unit cell is effectively reduced. Can be suppressed.
- the electrolyte layer may include a solid oxide.
- the degradation of the performance of the electrochemical reaction unit cell is suppressed while suppressing the decrease in the reliability of the air electrode. can do.
- the electrochemical reaction single cell may be a fuel cell single cell. According to the present electrochemical reaction single cell, it is possible to suppress a decrease in power generation performance while suppressing a decrease in reliability of the air electrode.
- an electrochemical reaction single cell fuel cell single cell or electrolytic single cell
- a plurality of electrochemical reaction single cells It can be realized in the form of an electrochemical reaction cell stack (fuel cell stack or electrolytic cell stack), a manufacturing method thereof, and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an external configuration of a fuel cell stack 100 in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an XZ cross-sectional configuration of a fuel cell stack 100 at a position II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a YZ cross-sectional configuration of a fuel cell stack 100 at a position of III-III in FIG. It is explanatory drawing which shows XZ cross-section structure of the two electric power generation units 102 adjacent to each other in the same position as the cross section shown in FIG. It is explanatory drawing which shows the YZ cross-section structure of the two electric power generation units 102 adjacent to each other in the same position as the cross section shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a detailed configuration around a reaction preventing layer 180 in a single cell 110.
- FIG. It is explanatory drawing which shows a performance evaluation result. It is explanatory drawing which shows an example of the intensity
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an external configuration of the fuel cell stack 100 in the present embodiment
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an XZ cross-sectional configuration of the fuel cell stack 100 at a position II-II in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram showing a YZ cross-sectional configuration of the fuel cell stack 100 at the position III-III in FIG.
- XYZ axes orthogonal to each other for specifying the direction are shown.
- the positive direction of the Z axis is referred to as the upward direction
- the negative direction of the Z axis is referred to as the downward direction.
- the fuel cell stack 100 is actually different from such an orientation. It may be installed. The same applies to FIG.
- the fuel cell stack 100 includes a plurality (seven in this embodiment) of power generation units 102 and a pair of end plates 104 and 106.
- the seven power generation units 102 are arranged side by side in a predetermined arrangement direction (vertical direction in the present embodiment).
- the pair of end plates 104 and 106 are arranged so as to sandwich an assembly composed of seven power generation units 102 from above and below.
- the arrangement direction (vertical direction) corresponds to the first direction in the claims.
- a plurality of (eight in the present embodiment) holes penetrating in the vertical direction are formed in the peripheral portion around the Z direction of each layer (power generation unit 102, end plates 104, 106) constituting the fuel cell stack 100.
- the holes formed in each layer and corresponding to each other communicate with each other in the vertical direction to form a communication hole 108 extending in the vertical direction from one end plate 104 to the other end plate 106.
- the holes formed in each layer of the fuel cell stack 100 to form the communication holes 108 may also be referred to as communication holes 108.
- the bolts 22 extending in the vertical direction are inserted into the communication holes 108, and the fuel cell stack 100 is fastened by the bolts 22 and the nuts 24 fitted on both sides of the bolts 22. 2 and 3, between the nut 24 fitted on one side (upper side) of the bolt 22 and the upper surface of the end plate 104 constituting the upper end of the fuel cell stack 100, and the bolt An insulating sheet 26 is interposed between the nut 24 fitted on the other side (lower side) of 22 and the lower surface of the end plate 106 constituting the lower end of the fuel cell stack 100.
- an insulating sheet disposed between the nut 24 and the surface of the end plate 106 on the upper and lower sides of the gas passage member 27 and the gas passage member 27, respectively. 26 is interposed.
- the insulating sheet 26 is made of, for example, a mica sheet, a ceramic fiber sheet, a ceramic powder sheet, a glass sheet, a glass ceramic composite agent, or the like.
- the outer diameter of the shaft portion of each bolt 22 is smaller than the inner diameter of each communication hole 108. Therefore, a space is secured between the outer peripheral surface of the shaft portion of each bolt 22 and the inner peripheral surface of each communication hole 108.
- the fuel cell stack 100 is located near the midpoint of one side (the X-axis positive direction side of two sides parallel to the Y-axis) on the outer periphery around the Z-direction.
- the space formed by the bolt 22 (bolt 22A) and the communication hole 108 through which the bolt 22A is inserted is introduced with the oxidant gas OG from the outside of the fuel cell stack 100, and the oxidant gas OG is generated by each power generation.
- oxidant gas introduction manifold 161 that is a gas flow path to be supplied to the unit 102, and is the midpoint of the side opposite to the side (X-axis negative direction side of two sides parallel to the Y-axis)
- the space formed by the bolts 22 (bolts 22B) located in the vicinity and the communication holes 108 through which the bolts 22B are inserted contains the oxidant off-gas OOG that is the gas discharged from the air chamber 166 of each power generation unit 102.
- Burning Functions as the oxidizing gas discharging manifold 162 for discharging to the outside of the cell stack 100. In the present embodiment, for example, air is used as the oxidant gas OG.
- the vicinity of the midpoint of one side (the side on the Y axis positive direction side of two sides parallel to the X axis) on the outer periphery of the fuel cell stack 100 around the Z direction The space formed by the bolt 22 (bolt 22D) positioned at the position and the communication hole 108 through which the bolt 22D is inserted is introduced with the fuel gas FG from the outside of the fuel cell stack 100, and the fuel gas FG is generated by each power generation.
- the space formed by the (bolt 22E) and the communication hole 108 through which the bolt 22E is inserted is a fuel cell stack in which the fuel off-gas FOG that is the gas discharged from the fuel chamber 176 of each power generation unit 102 is supplied to the fuel cell stack. 00 and to the outside to function as a fuel gas discharge manifold 172 for discharging.
- the fuel gas FG for example, hydrogen-rich gas obtained by reforming city gas is used.
- the fuel cell stack 100 is provided with four gas passage members 27.
- Each gas passage member 27 has a hollow cylindrical main body portion 28 and a hollow cylindrical branch portion 29 branched from the side surface of the main body portion 28.
- the hole of the branch part 29 communicates with the hole of the main body part 28.
- a gas pipe (not shown) is connected to the branch portion 29 of each gas passage member 27.
- a forming the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161 communicates with the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161.
- the hole of the main body portion 28 of the gas passage member 27 disposed at the position of the bolt 22 ⁇ / b> B that forms the oxidant gas discharge manifold 162 communicates with the oxidant gas discharge manifold 162. Further, as shown in FIG. 3, the hole of the main body portion 28 of the gas passage member 27 arranged at the position of the bolt 22D forming the fuel gas introduction manifold 171 communicates with the fuel gas introduction manifold 171 and the fuel gas The hole of the main body portion 28 of the gas passage member 27 disposed at the position of the bolt 22 ⁇ / b> E forming the discharge manifold 172 communicates with the fuel gas discharge manifold 172.
- the pair of end plates 104 and 106 are substantially rectangular flat plate-shaped conductive members, and are formed of, for example, stainless steel.
- One end plate 104 is disposed on the upper side of the power generation unit 102 located on the uppermost side, and the other end plate 106 is disposed on the lower side of the power generation unit 102 located on the lowermost side.
- a plurality of power generation units 102 are held in a pressed state by a pair of end plates 104 and 106.
- the upper end plate 104 functions as a positive output terminal of the fuel cell stack 100
- the lower end plate 106 functions as a negative output terminal of the fuel cell stack 100.
- (Configuration of power generation unit 102) 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an XZ cross-sectional configuration of two power generation units 102 adjacent to each other at the same position as the cross section shown in FIG. 2, and FIG. 5 is adjacent to each other at the same position as the cross section shown in FIG. It is explanatory drawing which shows the YZ cross-section structure of the two electric power generation units.
- the power generation unit 102 includes a single cell 110, a separator 120, an air electrode side frame 130, an air electrode side current collector 134, a fuel electrode side frame 140, and a fuel electrode side.
- a current collector 144 and a pair of interconnectors 150 constituting the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer of the power generation unit 102 are provided.
- the separator 120, the air electrode side frame 130, the fuel electrode side frame 140, and the periphery of the interconnector 150 around the Z direction are formed with holes corresponding to the communication holes 108 through which the bolts 22 are inserted.
- the interconnector 150 is a substantially rectangular flat plate-shaped conductive member, and is formed of, for example, ferritic stainless steel.
- the interconnector 150 ensures electrical continuity between the power generation units 102 and prevents reaction gas from being mixed between the power generation units 102.
- one interconnector 150 is shared by two adjacent power generation units 102. That is, the upper interconnector 150 in a power generation unit 102 is the same member as the lower interconnector 150 in another power generation unit 102 adjacent to the upper side of the power generation unit 102.
- the power generation unit 102 located at the top in the fuel cell stack 100 does not include the upper interconnector 150 and is located at the bottom.
- the power generation unit 102 does not include the lower interconnector 150 (see FIGS. 2 and 3).
- the unit cell 110 includes an electrolyte layer 112, a fuel electrode (anode) 116 disposed below the electrolyte layer 112, an air electrode (cathode) 114 disposed above the electrolyte layer 112, the electrolyte layer 112 and air.
- a reaction preventing layer 180 disposed between the electrode 114 and the electrode 114.
- the single cell 110 according to the present embodiment is a fuel electrode-supported single cell that supports other layers (the electrolyte layer 112, the air electrode 114, and the reaction preventing layer 180) that constitute the single cell 110 with the fuel electrode 116. .
- the electrolyte layer 112 is a substantially rectangular flat plate-shaped member, and is formed so as to include YSZ (yttria stabilized zirconia) which is a solid oxide.
- the air electrode 114 is a substantially rectangular flat plate member.
- the air electrode 114 includes a current collecting layer 220 and an active layer 210 positioned on the electrolyte layer 112 side (lower side) from the current collecting layer 220 (see FIG. 6).
- the active layer 210 of the air electrode 114 is a layer mainly functioning as an ionization reaction field of oxygen contained in the oxidant gas OG, and includes LSCF (lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide) and GDC (gadolinium doped) as an activating substance.
- the current collecting layer 220 of the air electrode 114 is a layer mainly functioning as a field for collecting the electricity obtained by the power generation reaction while diffusing the oxidant gas OG supplied from the air chamber 166. It is formed to include.
- the fuel electrode 116 is a substantially rectangular flat plate-like member, and is formed of, for example, Ni (nickel), cermet made of Ni and ceramic particles, Ni-based alloy, or the like.
- the single cell 110 of this embodiment is a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) using a solid oxide as an electrolyte.
- the reaction prevention layer 180 is a substantially rectangular flat plate-shaped member, and is formed so as to include GDC (gadolinium-doped ceria).
- GDC gallium-doped ceria
- the reaction preventing layer 180 prevents Sr diffused from the air electrode 114 from reacting with Zr contained in the electrolyte layer 112 to generate high-resistance SZO.
- the configuration around the reaction preventing layer 180 in the single cell 110 will be described in detail later.
- the separator 120 is a frame-like member in which a substantially rectangular hole 121 penetrating in the vertical direction is formed near the center, and is made of, for example, metal.
- the peripheral part of the hole 121 in the separator 120 is opposed to the peripheral part of the surface of the electrolyte layer 112 on the air electrode 114 side.
- the separator 120 is bonded to the electrolyte layer 112 (single cell 110) by a bonding portion 124 formed of a brazing material (for example, Ag brazing) disposed in the facing portion.
- the separator 120 divides the air chamber 166 facing the air electrode 114 and the fuel chamber 176 facing the fuel electrode 116, and gas leaks from one electrode side to the other electrode side in the peripheral portion of the single cell 110. It is suppressed.
- the air electrode side frame 130 is a frame-like member in which a substantially rectangular hole 131 penetrating in the vertical direction is formed near the center, and is formed of an insulator such as mica, for example.
- the hole 131 of the air electrode side frame 130 forms an air chamber 166 that faces the air electrode 114.
- the air electrode side frame 130 is in contact with the peripheral edge portion of the surface of the separator 120 opposite to the side facing the electrolyte layer 112 and the peripheral edge portion of the surface of the interconnector 150 facing the air electrode 114. .
- the pair of interconnectors 150 included in the power generation unit 102 is electrically insulated by the air electrode side frame 130.
- the air electrode side frame 130 has an oxidant gas supply passage 132 communicating the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161 and the air chamber 166, and an oxidant gas communicating the air chamber 166 and the oxidant gas discharge manifold 162.
- a discharge communication hole 133 is formed.
- the fuel electrode side frame 140 is a frame-like member in which a substantially rectangular hole 141 penetrating in the vertical direction is formed near the center, and is made of, for example, metal.
- the hole 141 of the fuel electrode side frame 140 forms a fuel chamber 176 that faces the fuel electrode 116.
- the fuel electrode side frame 140 is in contact with the peripheral portion of the surface of the separator 120 facing the electrolyte layer 112 and the peripheral portion of the surface of the interconnector 150 facing the fuel electrode 116.
- the fuel electrode side frame 140 has a fuel gas supply communication hole 142 that connects the fuel gas introduction manifold 171 and the fuel chamber 176, and a fuel gas discharge communication hole 143 that connects the fuel chamber 176 and the fuel gas discharge manifold 172. And are formed.
- the fuel electrode side current collector 144 is disposed in the fuel chamber 176.
- the fuel electrode side current collector 144 includes an interconnector facing portion 146, an electrode facing portion 145, and a connecting portion 147 that connects the electrode facing portion 145 and the interconnector facing portion 146.
- the electrode facing portion 145 is in contact with the surface of the fuel electrode 116 on the side opposite to the side facing the electrolyte layer 112, and the interconnector facing portion 146 is on the surface of the interconnector 150 on the side facing the fuel electrode 116. In contact.
- the interconnector facing portion 146 in the power generation unit 102 has a lower end plate. 106 is in contact. Since the fuel electrode side current collector 144 has such a configuration, the fuel electrode 116 and the interconnector 150 (or the end plate 106) are electrically connected. Note that a spacer 149 made of, for example, mica is disposed between the electrode facing portion 145 and the interconnector facing portion 146.
- the fuel electrode side current collector 144 follows the deformation of the power generation unit 102 due to the temperature cycle and the reaction gas pressure fluctuation, and the fuel electrode 116 and the interconnector 150 (or the end plate 106) via the fuel electrode side current collector 144.
- the electrical connection with is maintained well.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 is disposed in the air chamber 166.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 is composed of a plurality of current collector elements 135 having a substantially quadrangular prism shape, and is formed of, for example, ferritic stainless steel.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 is in contact with the surface of the air electrode 114 opposite to the side facing the electrolyte layer 112 and the surface of the interconnector 150 facing the air electrode 114.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 in the power generation unit 102 includes the upper end plate. 104 is in contact.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 has such a configuration, the air electrode 114 and the interconnector 150 (or the end plate 104) are electrically connected.
- the air electrode side current collector 134 and the interconnector 150 are formed as an integral member. That is, a flat plate portion perpendicular to the vertical direction (Z-axis direction) of the integrated member functions as the interconnector 150 and is formed so as to protrude from the flat plate portion toward the air electrode 114.
- the current collector element 135 that is a plurality of convex portions functions as the air electrode side current collector 134.
- the integral member of the air electrode side current collector 134 and the interconnector 150 may be covered with a conductive coat, and between the air electrode 114 and the air electrode side current collector 134, A conductive bonding layer to be bonded may be interposed.
- the oxidant gas OG is supplied through a gas pipe (not shown) connected to the branch portion 29 of the gas passage member 27 provided at the position of the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161. Then, the oxidant gas OG is supplied to the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161 through the branch portion 29 of the gas passage member 27 and the hole of the main body portion 28, and the oxidant gas introduction manifold 161 oxidizes each power generation unit 102. It is supplied to the air chamber 166 through the agent gas supply communication hole 132. Further, as shown in FIGS.
- the fuel gas FG is supplied through a gas pipe (not shown) connected to the branch portion 29 of the gas passage member 27 provided at the position of the fuel gas introduction manifold 171. Then, the fuel gas FG is supplied to the fuel gas introduction manifold 171 through the branch portion 29 of the gas passage member 27 and the hole of the main body portion 28, and the fuel gas supply communication of each power generation unit 102 from the fuel gas introduction manifold 171.
- the fuel chamber 176 is supplied through the hole 142.
- each power generation unit 102 When the oxidant gas OG is supplied to the air chamber 166 of each power generation unit 102 and the fuel gas FG is supplied to the fuel chamber 176, power is generated by an electrochemical reaction between the oxidant gas OG and the fuel gas FG in the single cell 110. Is called. This power generation reaction is an exothermic reaction.
- the air electrode 114 of the single cell 110 is electrically connected to one interconnector 150 via the air electrode side current collector 134, and the fuel electrode 116 is connected via the fuel electrode side current collector 144.
- the other interconnector 150 is electrically connected.
- the plurality of power generation units 102 included in the fuel cell stack 100 are electrically connected in series.
- each power generation unit 102 electrical energy generated in each power generation unit 102 is taken out from the end plates 104 and 106 that function as output terminals of the fuel cell stack 100. Since SOFC generates power at a relatively high temperature (for example, 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C.), the fuel cell stack 100 is heated by a heater (after the start-up until the high temperature can be maintained by the heat generated by the power generation. (Not shown).
- the oxidant off-gas OOG discharged from the air chamber 166 of each power generation unit 102 is discharged to the oxidant gas discharge manifold 162 via the oxidant gas discharge communication hole 133 as shown in FIGS.
- the fuel cell stack 100 is connected to the branch portion 29 via a gas pipe (not shown) through the holes of the main body portion 28 and the branch portion 29 of the gas passage member 27 provided at the position of the agent gas discharge manifold 162. Is discharged outside.
- the fuel off-gas FOG discharged from the fuel chamber 176 of each power generation unit 102 is discharged to the fuel gas discharge manifold 172 via the fuel gas discharge communication hole 143, and further to the fuel gas.
- the gas passage member 27 provided at the position of the discharge manifold 172 passes through the body portion 28 and the branch portion 29 and passes through a gas pipe (not shown) connected to the branch portion 29 to the outside of the fuel cell stack 100. Discharged.
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram showing a detailed configuration around the reaction preventing layer 180 in the single cell 110.
- FIG. 6 shows an XZ cross-sectional configuration of the single cell 110 in a region (region X1 in FIG. 4) including a part of the electrolyte layer 112 and a part of the air electrode 114 with the reaction preventing layer 180 interposed therebetween. .
- the unit cell 110 includes a reaction preventing layer 180 containing GDC between the air electrode 114 (active layer 210 thereof) containing LSCF and the electrolyte layer 112 containing YSZ.
- the reaction preventing layer 180 includes a predetermined amount of YSZ in addition to GDC. That is, as conceptually shown in FIG. 6, a predetermined amount of Zr elements are scattered in the reaction preventing layer 180. In the vicinity of the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112, a solid solution layer 182 generated by mutual diffusion between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 exists.
- the reaction preventing layer 180 does not contain Zr
- the Sr diffused from the air electrode 114 reaches a region near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 and reacts with Zr in that region. To do. Therefore, SZO is generated in a layered manner in the region near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 (region in the vicinity of the solid solution layer 182), thereby increasing the electric resistance in the vertical direction, and the power generation performance of the single cell 110 Decreases.
- the reaction preventing layer 180 contains Zr
- Sr diffused from the air electrode 114 toward the electrolyte layer 112 is scattered in the reaction preventing layer 180.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing the performance evaluation results. As shown in FIG. 7, the samples have different Zr contents (wt%) of the reaction preventing layer 180 from each other. Specifically, the samples S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, and S7 have a higher Zr content in the reaction preventing layer 180 in this order.
- A-4-1 Manufacturing method of the single cell 110: Each sample of the single cell 110 was manufactured according to the following manufacturing method.
- NiO powder specific surface area by BET method: 3 to 4 m 2 / g
- YSZ powder specific surface area by BET method: 5 to 7 m 2).
- a mixed powder is obtained by mixing with 45 parts by mass.
- a butyral resin, DOP as a plasticizer, a dispersant, and a mixed solvent of toluene and ethanol are added and mixed in a ball mill to prepare a slurry.
- the obtained slurry is thinned by a doctor blade method to obtain a fuel electrode green sheet having a thickness of, for example, 270 ⁇ m.
- An electrolyte layer green sheet and a fuel electrode green sheet are attached and dried. Thereafter, firing is performed at 1400 ° C., for example, to obtain a laminate of the electrolyte layer 112 and the fuel electrode 116.
- the obtained paste for reaction preventing layer is applied to the surface of the electrolyte layer 112 in the laminate of the electrolyte layer 112 and the fuel electrode 116 by screen printing, and baked at 1300 ° C., for example. Thereby, the reaction preventing layer 180 is formed, and a laminated body of the reaction preventing layer 180, the electrolyte layer 112, and the fuel electrode 116 is obtained. In this firing, mutual diffusion between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 occurs, and a solid solution layer 182 is formed near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112.
- LSCF powder, GDC powder, alumina powder, polyvinyl alcohol as an organic binder, and butyl carbitol as an organic solvent are mixed, the viscosity is adjusted, and an air electrode active layer paste is prepared.
- the obtained paste for the air electrode active layer is applied by screen printing to the surface of the reaction preventing layer 180 in the laminate of the reaction preventing layer 180, the electrolyte layer 112, and the fuel electrode 116 described above and dried.
- LSCF powder, alumina powder, polyvinyl alcohol as an organic binder, and butyl carbitol as an organic solvent are mixed, the viscosity is adjusted, and an air electrode current collecting layer paste is prepared.
- the obtained paste for an air electrode current collecting layer is applied on the above-described air electrode active layer paste by screen printing and dried. Thereafter, firing is performed at 1100 ° C., for example. Thereby, the active layer 210 and the current collection layer 220 of the air electrode 114 are formed. Through the above steps, the unit cell 110 having the above-described configuration is manufactured.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of intensity data acquired by TOF-SIMS. As shown in FIG. 8, the strength of ZrO + is higher than the strength of Gd + on the electrolyte layer 112 side, and conversely, the strength of Gd + is higher than the strength of ZrO + on the reaction prevention layer 180 side.
- first reference point P1 and second reference point P2 were set in order to match the baseline for each sample.
- the first reference point P1 is a point at a position where a curve representing the intensity of ZrO + and a curve representing the intensity of Gd + intersect. That is, the first reference point P1 is a point assumed to be a position near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 (a position near the solid solution layer 182).
- the second reference point P2 is set with measurement points at 0.2 ⁇ m intervals starting from the first reference point P1 toward the air electrode 114, and the ratio of the intensity of ZrO + to the intensity of Gd + is sequentially measured at each measurement point.
- Zr / Gd intensity ratio (Hereinafter referred to as “Zr / Gd intensity ratio”) is calculated as an integer value, and the Zr / Gd intensity ratio at the three consecutive measurement points becomes the same value for the first time. This is the measurement point farthest from one reference point P1. That is, the second reference point P2 is a point representing a position where the Zr / Gd intensity ratio in the reaction preventing layer 180 becomes substantially constant.
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 is the degree that the region near the boundary between the reaction preventing layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 is covered with high-resistance SZO (that is, SZO is generated in a layered manner in the region). Degree).
- SZO high-resistance
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show the Sr / Gd intensity ratio (Sr + / Gd +) and the Zr / Gd intensity ratio (ZrO + / Gd +) in the range from the first reference point P1 to the second reference point P2 for the samples S1 and S4, respectively. )It is shown.
- the absolute value of the slope of the imaginary straight line IL connecting the values of the Sr / Gd intensity ratios of the first reference point P1 and the second reference point P2 hereinafter referred to as “Sr / Gd intensity ratio slope”. I also investigated.
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio slope represents the degree of diffusion of Sr from the air electrode 114 to the electrolyte layer 112 side. If the Sr / Gd intensity ratio slope is relatively large as shown in FIG. 9, a large amount of Sr diffuses to a region near the first reference point P1, and the Sr / Gd intensity ratio slope is compared as shown in FIG. If it is small, Sr is trapped by Zr scattered in the reaction preventing layer 180, and Sr diffused to a region near the first reference point P1 is small.
- continuous energization for 1000 hours (temperature: 700 ° C., current density: 0.55 A / cm 2 , air electrode side atmosphere: oxygen 50 ml / min and nitrogen 200 ml / min, fuel electrode side atmosphere
- continuous energization the presence or absence of aggregation of Co and Fe was similarly examined.
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 was less than 50%.
- a relatively large amount of Zr is scattered in the reaction preventing layer 180, and most of Sr diffused from the air electrode 114 to the electrolyte layer 112 side is trapped by the Zr in the reaction preventing layer 180, and the reaction occurs. It is considered that the amount of Sr that reached the position near the boundary between the prevention layer 180 and the electrolyte layer 112 (first reference point P1) was small. This is apparent from the fact that the sample 4 has a relatively small Sr / Gd intensity ratio slope as shown in FIG.
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is 0.05 (wt%) or more
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 is less than 30%, which is a smaller value. . Therefore, it can be said that the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is more preferably 0.05 (wt%) or more.
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is 0.18 (wt%) or less, no aggregation of Co or Fe was observed in the initial state or after the continuous operation. Therefore, it can be said that the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is more preferably 0.18 (wt%) or less.
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 was 50% or more, and therefore, it was determined as rejected (x).
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 was less than 50%, and no aggregation of Co or Fe was observed in the initial state.
- the Sr / Gd intensity ratio at the first reference point P1 was less than 30%, and no aggregation of Co or Fe was observed even after continuous energization. In particular, it was determined to be good ()).
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 when the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is not less than 0.015 (wt%) and not more than 1 (wt%), the composition of the air electrode 114 changes and the reliability decreases. Therefore, it can be said that it is preferable to prevent the power generation performance of the single cell 110 from being lowered. Further, when the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is 0.18 (wt%) or less, it is possible to suppress a decrease in durability reliability due to a change in the composition of the air electrode 114 after the start of use. It can be said that it is more preferable. Moreover, it can be said that it is more preferable that the Zr content rate of the reaction preventing layer 180 is 0.05 (wt%) or more because a decrease in power generation performance of the single cell 110 can be effectively suppressed.
- the Zr content rate of the reaction preventing layer 180 in the single cell 110 can be specified as follows, for example. First, the air electrode 114 is scraped from the single cell 110 to expose the reaction preventing layer 180. The exposed reaction preventing layer 180 is shaved to obtain a powder of the reaction preventing layer 180. By analyzing this powder with an ICP-AES apparatus, the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 can be specified. The Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 produced using the reaction preventing layer paste can also be identified by analyzing the powder obtained by degreasing the reaction preventing layer paste using an ICP-AES apparatus.
- the configuration of the single cell 110 or the fuel cell stack 100 in the above embodiment is merely an example, and various modifications can be made.
- the air electrode 114 has a two-layer configuration of the active layer 210 and the current collecting layer 220, but the air electrode 114 includes other layers other than the active layer 210 and the current collecting layer 220.
- the air electrode 114 may have a single layer configuration.
- the number of unit cells 110 included in the fuel cell stack 100 is merely an example, and the number of unit cells 110 is appropriately determined according to the output voltage required for the fuel cell stack 100 or the like.
- the material which comprises each member in the said embodiment is an illustration to the last, and each member may be comprised with the other material.
- the electrolyte layer 112 includes YSZ.
- the electrolyte layer 112 only needs to be configured to include Zr.
- ScSZ sinandia stable
- Other materials such as zirconia
- the air electrode 114 includes LSCF.
- the air electrode 114 may be configured to include Sr, and instead of the LSCF, or In addition to LSCF, other materials such as LSM (lanthanum strontium manganese oxide) may be included.
- the reaction preventing layer 180 includes GDC and YSZ. However, the reaction preventing layer 180 may be replaced with GDC or in addition to GDC, for example, other materials such as SDC (samarium-doped ceria). In addition to YSZ or in addition to YSZ, other materials such as ScSZ may be included.
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is not necessarily in the above-described preferred range (for example, 0.015 (wt%) or more, 1 (wt)) for all the single cells 110 included in the fuel cell stack 100. %) The following range), and for at least one single cell 110 included in the fuel cell stack 100, if the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 180 is within the above-described preferred range, There is an effect that it is possible to suppress a decrease in power generation performance while suppressing a decrease in reliability due to a change in the composition of the air electrode 114.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory view schematically showing a configuration of a fuel cell stack 100a in a modified example.
- the fuel cell stack 100a in the modification shown in FIG. 11 includes a plurality of power generation units 102a that are arranged side by side with a predetermined interval in the Z direction.
- the plurality of power generation units 102a are electrically connected in series via a current collector 870 disposed between adjacent power generation units 102a.
- Each power generation unit 102a has a flat columnar appearance, and includes an electrode support 830, a single cell 110a, and an interconnector 810.
- the single cell 110a includes a fuel electrode 840, an electrolyte layer 850, an air electrode 860, and a reaction preventing layer 900.
- the Z direction in the modification shown in FIG. 11 corresponds to the first direction in the claims.
- the electrode support 830 is a columnar body having a substantially elliptical cross section, and is formed of a porous material.
- a plurality of fuel gas flow paths 820 extending in the extending direction of the columnar body are formed inside the electrode support 830.
- the fuel electrode 840 is provided so as to cover one of a pair of flat surfaces parallel to each other and two curved surfaces connecting the ends of the flat surfaces among the side surfaces of the electrode support 830.
- the electrolyte layer 850 is provided so as to cover the side surface of the fuel electrode 840.
- the air electrode 860 is provided so as to cover a portion of the side surface of the electrolyte layer 850 located on the flat surface of the electrode support 830.
- the reaction preventing layer 900 is disposed between the electrolyte layer 850 and the air electrode 860.
- the interconnector 810 is provided on the flat surface of the electrode support 830 on the side where the fuel electrode 840 and the electrolyte layer 850 are not provided.
- the current collector 870 electrically connects the air electrode 860 of the power generation unit 102a and the interconnector 810 of the power generation unit 102a adjacent to the power generation unit 102a.
- the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer 900 in at least one single cell 110a is 0.015 (wt%) or more and 1 (wt%) or less as in the above embodiment.
- the SOFC that generates electricity using the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen contained in the fuel gas and oxygen contained in the oxidant gas is targeted.
- the present invention can be similarly applied to an electrolytic single cell that is a constituent unit of a solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOEC) that generates hydrogen by using hydrogen, and an electrolytic cell stack including a plurality of electrolytic single cells.
- SOEC solid oxide electrolytic cell
- the configuration of the electrolytic cell stack is well known as described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2016-81813, and thus will not be described in detail here. However, it is schematically the same as the fuel cell stack 100 in the above-described embodiment. It is the composition.
- the fuel cell stack 100 in the above-described embodiment may be read as an electrolytic cell stack
- the power generation unit 102 may be read as an electrolytic cell unit
- the single cell 110 may be read as an electrolytic single cell.
- a voltage is applied between the two electrodes so that the air electrode 114 is positive (anode) and the fuel electrode 116 is negative (cathode).
- Water vapor as a source gas is supplied.
- an electrolysis reaction of water occurs in each electrolysis cell unit, hydrogen gas is generated in the fuel chamber 176, and hydrogen is taken out of the electrolysis cell stack through the communication hole.
- a reaction preventing layer is provided between the electrolyte layer and the air electrode, and the Zr content of the reaction preventing layer is 0.015 (wt %) Or more and 1 (wt%) or less, the deterioration of the performance of the electrolytic cell can be suppressed while suppressing the reliability of the air electrode composition from changing.
- the solid oxide fuel cell has been described as an example.
- the present invention is applicable to other types of fuel cells (or electrolytic cells) such as a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC). Applicable.
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Abstract
Description
A-1.構成:
(燃料電池スタック100の構成)
図1は、本実施形態における燃料電池スタック100の外観構成を示す斜視図であり、図2は、図1のII-IIの位置における燃料電池スタック100のXZ断面構成を示す説明図であり、図3は、図1のIII-IIIの位置における燃料電池スタック100のYZ断面構成を示す説明図である。各図には、方向を特定するための互いに直交するXYZ軸が示されている。本明細書では、便宜的に、Z軸正方向を上方向と呼び、Z軸負方向を下方向と呼ぶものとするが、燃料電池スタック100は実際にはそのような向きとは異なる向きで設置されてもよい。図4以降についても同様である。
一対のエンドプレート104,106は、略矩形の平板形状の導電性部材であり、例えばステンレスにより形成されている。一方のエンドプレート104は、最も上に位置する発電単位102の上側に配置され、他方のエンドプレート106は、最も下に位置する発電単位102の下側に配置されている。一対のエンドプレート104,106によって複数の発電単位102が押圧された状態で挟持されている。上側のエンドプレート104は、燃料電池スタック100のプラス側の出力端子として機能し、下側のエンドプレート106は、燃料電池スタック100のマイナス側の出力端子として機能する。
図4は、図2に示す断面と同一の位置における互いに隣接する2つの発電単位102のXZ断面構成を示す説明図であり、図5は、図3に示す断面と同一の位置における互いに隣接する2つの発電単位102のYZ断面構成を示す説明図である。
図2および図4に示すように、酸化剤ガス導入マニホールド161の位置に設けられたガス通路部材27の分岐部29に接続されたガス配管(図示せず)を介して酸化剤ガスOGが供給されると、酸化剤ガスOGは、ガス通路部材27の分岐部29および本体部28の孔を介して酸化剤ガス導入マニホールド161に供給され、酸化剤ガス導入マニホールド161から各発電単位102の酸化剤ガス供給連通孔132を介して、空気室166に供給される。また、図3および図5に示すように、燃料ガス導入マニホールド171の位置に設けられたガス通路部材27の分岐部29に接続されたガス配管(図示せず)を介して燃料ガスFGが供給されると、燃料ガスFGは、ガス通路部材27の分岐部29および本体部28の孔を介して燃料ガス導入マニホールド171に供給され、燃料ガス導入マニホールド171から各発電単位102の燃料ガス供給連通孔142を介して、燃料室176に供給される。
図6は、単セル110における反応防止層180周辺の詳細構成を示す説明図である。図6には、反応防止層180を挟んで電解質層112の一部と空気極114の一部とが含まれる領域(図4の領域X1)における単セル110のXZ断面構成が示されている。
上述したように、本実施形態の単セル110では、反応防止層180がZrを含んでいるため、単セル110の発電性能の低下を抑制することができる。そこで、反応防止層180におけるZrの適切な含有率を特定するため、複数の単セル110のサンプルを作成し、性能評価を行った。図7は、性能評価結果を示す説明図である。図7に示すように、各サンプルは、反応防止層180のZr含有率(wt%)が互いに異なっている。具体的には、サンプルS1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S6,S7は、この順に、反応防止層180のZr含有率が高くなっている。
以下の製造方法に従い、単セル110の各サンプルを製造した。
YSZ粉末(BET法による比表面積:5~7m2/g)に対して、ブチラール樹脂と、可塑剤であるジオクチルフタレート(DOP)と、分散剤と、トルエンとエタノールとの混合溶剤とを加え、ボールミルにて混合して、スラリーを調製する。得られたスラリーをドクターブレード法により薄膜化して、例えば厚さ約10μmの電解質層用グリーンシートを得る。また、NiOの粉末(BET法による比表面積:3~4m2/g)をNi重量に換算して55質量部となるように秤量し、YSZの粉末(BET法による比表面積:5~7m2/g)45質量部と混合して混合粉末を得る。この混合粉末に対して、ブチラール樹脂と、可塑剤であるDOPと、分散剤と、トルエンとエタノールとの混合溶剤とを加え、ボールミルにて混合して、スラリーを調製する。得られたスラリーをドクターブレード法により薄膜化して、例えば厚さ270μmの燃料極用グリーンシートを得る。電解質層用グリーンシートと燃料極用グリーンシートとを貼り付けて、乾燥させる。その後、例えば1400℃にて焼成を行うことによって、電解質層112と燃料極116との積層体を得る。
GDC粉末(Ce:Gd=8:2(モル比)、BET法による比表面積:15m2/g)に高純度ジルコニア玉石にてサンプル毎に定められた量のYSZ粉末(8YSZ、BET法による比表面積:14m2/g)を添加し、60時間分散混合を行う。混合後の粉末に、有機バインダとしてのポリビニルアルコールと、有機溶媒としてのブチルカルビトールとを加えて混合し、粘度を調整して反応防止層用ペーストを調製する。得られた反応防止層用ペーストを、上述した電解質層112と燃料極116との積層体における電解質層112の表面にスクリーン印刷によって塗布し、例えば1300℃にて焼成を行う。これにより、反応防止層180が形成され、反応防止層180と電解質層112と燃料極116との積層体を得る。なお、この焼成の際に、反応防止層180と電解質層112との相互拡散が発生し、反応防止層180と電解質層112との境界付近に固溶層182が形成される。
LSCF粉末と、GDC粉末と、アルミナ粉末と、有機バインダとしてのポリビニルアルコールと、有機溶媒としてのブチルカルビトールとを混合し、粘度を調整して、空気極活性層用ペーストを調製する。得られた空気極活性層用ペーストを、上述した反応防止層180と電解質層112と燃料極116との積層体における反応防止層180の表面にスクリーン印刷によって塗布し、乾燥させる。また、LSCF粉末と、アルミナ粉末と、有機バインダとしてのポリビニルアルコールと、有機溶媒としてのブチルカルビトールとを混合し、粘度を調整して、空気極集電層用ペーストを調製する。得られた空気極集電層用ペーストを、上述した空気極活性層ペーストの上にスクリーン印刷によって塗布し、乾燥させる。その後、例えば1100℃にて焼成を行う。これにより、空気極114の活性層210および集電層220が形成される。以上の工程により、上述した構成の単セル110が製造される。
本性能評価では、空気極114から電解質層112側へのSrの拡散状況およびSr以外の元素(Co,Fe)の拡散状況について評価を行った。
単セル110の各サンプルのZ方向に平行な断面を、飛行時間型2次イオン質量分析(TOF-SIMS)により分析した。具体的には、TOF-SIMSにより、以下の条件で、ZrO+、Gd+、Sr+、CeO+のそれぞれの強度データを取得した。
・1次イオン:Bi3++
・2次イオン極性:正
・測定領域:20μm×20μm
・積算回数:16サイクル、512ピクセル
単セル110の各サンプルについて、空気極114から反応防止層180側へのCoおよびFeの拡散状況を調べた。具体的には、製造された単セル110の各サンプルのZ方向に平行な断面をTEMにて観察し、CoおよびFeの凝集(偏析)の有無を調べ、CoまたはFeの凝集が観察された場合には、それらの元素が反応防止層180内に拡散していると判定した。空気極114から反応防止層180側へのCoやFeの拡散が発生すると、空気極114の組成が変化して信頼性が低下するため好ましくない。そのため、CoまたはFeの凝集が観察された場合には、不合格(×)と判定した。なお、上記初期状態の評価に加えて、1000時間連続通電(温度:700℃、電流密度:0.55A/cm2、空気極側雰囲気:酸素50ml/分および窒素200ml/分、燃料極側雰囲気:水素320ml/分、露点:30℃)を行った後の状態(以下、「連続通電後」という)においても、同様に、CoおよびFeの凝集の有無を調べた。
上述したSrの拡散状況の評価、および、Sr以外の元素(Co,Fe)の拡散状況の評価を踏まえ、第1基準点P1におけるSr/Gd強度比が50%以上である場合、または、初期状態においてCoまたはFeの凝集が観察された場合に、不合格(×)と判定し、第1基準点P1におけるSr/Gd強度比が50%未満であり、かつ、初期状態においてCoまたはFeの凝集が観察されなかった場合に、合格(〇)と判定した。また、合格判定の内、第1基準点P1におけるSr/Gd強度比が30%未満であり、かつ、連続通電後においてもCoまたはFeの凝集が観察されなかった場合に、特に良好(◎)と判定した。
図7に示すように、Srの拡散状況の評価において、反応防止層180のZr含有率が0.01(wt%)と最も低いサンプルS1では、第1基準点P1におけるSr/Gd強度比が50%以上であるため、不合格(×)と判定された。サンプルS1では、反応防止層180中に存在するZrの量が十分ではなく、空気極114から電解質層112側に拡散してくるSrの多くが反応防止層180内においてトラップされず、反応防止層180と電解質層112との境界付近の位置(第1基準点P1)まで達したものと考えられる。このことは、図9に示すように、サンプル1ではSr/Gd強度比傾きが比較的大きいことからも明らかである。
本明細書で開示される技術は、上述の実施形態に限られるものではなく、その要旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の形態に変形することができ、例えば次のような変形も可能である。
Claims (7)
- Zrを含む電解質層と、前記電解質層の第1の方向の一方側に配置された燃料極と、前記電解質層の前記第1の方向の他方側に配置され、Srを含む空気極と、前記電解質層と前記空気極との間に配置された反応防止層と、を備える電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記反応防止層は、0.015(wt%)以上、1(wt%)以下の含有率でZrを含むことを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 請求項1に記載の電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記反応防止層におけるZrの前記含有率は、0.18(wt%)以下であることを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 請求項1または請求項2に記載の電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記反応防止層におけるZrの前記含有率は、0.05(wt%)以上であることを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか一項に記載の電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記反応防止層は、Gdを含むことを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 請求項1から請求項4までのいずれか一項に記載の電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記電解質層は、固体酸化物を含むことを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 請求項1から請求項5までのいずれか一項に記載の電気化学反応単セルにおいて、
前記電気化学反応単セルは、燃料電池単セルであることを特徴とする、電気化学反応単セル。 - 前記第1の方向に並べて配置された複数の電気化学反応単セルを備える電気化学反応セルスタックにおいて、
前記複数の電気化学反応単セルの少なくとも1つは、請求項1から請求項6までのいずれか一項に記載の電気化学反応単セルであることを特徴とする、電気化学反応セルスタック。
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